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URBAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES PROJECT Contract No 608-C-OO-96-00000

LANDFILL DEVELOPMENT AND OPERATIONS PLAN: MUNICIPALITY OF AZROU

Plepared For

United States Agency for International Development Rabat, Morocco

The OffIce of Environment and Urban Programs

By

James A. Dohrman, P.E.

15121 Technical Snpport Services, Inc. 1012 N Street, NW WashIngton, DC 20001-4297 USA

January 1998

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Landfill Development and Operabon In Azrou

Acknowledgments

The project WIshes to acknowledge the many people who contnbuted to the completIOn of tins landfill development and operatIons plan In partlcular, the presIdent, secretary generale and engtneer for the muruclpahty of Azrou Also the directIOn and comments proVlded by the staffMuustry of the EnVlronment and the Muustry of Intenor contnbuted to the completIOn of tins plan

landfiU Development and Operation In Azrou

LANDFILL DEVELOPMENT AND OPERATION IN AZROU

Table of Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1 BACKGROUND 1 1 Intent of TIns Plan

1 1 1 Problem Statement 1 1 2 ObjectIves

1 2 NatIonal GUIdelmes 1 3 PreVlous Reports

2 PLANNING ISSUES 2 1 General 22 Waste GeneratIon

2 2 1 Populatton 2 2 2 Waste GeneratIon 223 Waste GeneratIon Database

2 3 Waste CollectIOn 2 4 MedIcal Waste

3 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 3 1 General

3 1 1 PreVlous Studies, SIte SelectIon 3 1 2 Landfill Slzmg 3 1 3 EXIstmg Dumpmg SIte

3 2 Site Access 33 SIte Topography 3 4 Hydrogeology 3 5 EnVlronmental Issues

35 1 General 3 5 2 Leachate Generatton 3 5 3 Leachate Management 3 5 4 Landfill Gas Generation 3 5 5 EnVlronmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

3 6 Landfill ConstructIon 3 6 1 Imttal ConstructIon 3 6 2 LIft and Cell ConstructIOn 363 Surface Water Control 3 6 4 Closure Plan

3 7 DeSign and ConstructIOn Summary

4 MANAGEMENT, STAFFING AND EQUIPMENT 41 General 4 2 Management Structure 4 3 Staffing Levels

4 3 1 Permanent Staff 432 Part TimelTemporary Staff

6

8 8 9 9 9 9

10 10 10 10 11 11 12 12

13 13 13 13 14 15 15 15 17 17 17 17 18 18 19 19 19 19 19 20

21 21 21 21 21 21

Landfill Development and Operation In Azrou

4 3 3 Staff Tralrung 4 4 Mecharuzed EqUipment

5 OPERATIONS 5 1 General 5 2 OperatlOns Procedures

5 2 1 Landfill Area PreparatIon 5 2 2 SIte Access Control 5 2 3 Commencmg OperatlOns 5 2 4 Waste ReceIpt and Placement 5 2 5 Load Trackmg and InspectlOn 5 2 6 Mecharuzed EqUIpment Procedures

5 2 7 Cover ApphcatlOn 5 2 8 CompactlOn 5 2 9 ScavengmglRecychng 5 2 10 NUIsance Control 5 2 11 MedIcal Waste

6 MAINTENANCE 6 1 General

6 2 Mamtenance Procedures 6 2 1 Access Road Mamtenance 6 2 2 SIte Mamtenance 6 2 3 SIte Clean-up 6 2 4 EqUipment Mamtenance

7 HEALTH AND SAFETY 71 General 7 2 Health and Safety Plan

7 2 1 Personnel ProtectIve Clothmg 7 2 2 Health Exposure Control 7 2 3 EqUIpment Safety

8 MONITORING 8 1 General 8 2 Envrronmental Control 8 3 Vector Morutonng 8 4 Operations/Performance Morutonng

8 5 SIte OperatIons

9 COST ESTIMATES

10. IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 10 1 General 10 2 Addtttonal StudIes 103 Access 10 4 Intenm Dumpmg Area

10 5 Landfill ConstructlOn 10 6 Landfill Operatton 10 7 Fmancial

10 8 Future ConsIderatIon

21 22

24 24 24 24 24 25 25 25 26 26 27 2~

28 29

30 30 30 30 31 31 31

33 33 33 33 34 34

35 35 35 35 35 36

37

39 39 39 39 39 39 39 40 40


APPENDICES

AppendIX A SolId Waste GeneratlOn Database AppendIX B NatlOnal Guidehnes

List of Figures

FIgure 2 1 - PopulatIOn ProJectton - Flgure 22 - Waste-Generatlon and Collection

FIgure 3 1 - LocatlOn Map FIgure 3 2 - Landfill SIze FIgure 3 3 - EXIstmg Condittons FIgure 3 4 - Prehmmary DesIgn FIgure 3 5 - ConstructlOn Details FIgure 36 - Fmal Contours FIgure 5 1 - ConstructlOn Sequence FIgure 5 2 - LIft 1 ConstructlOn

10 11 ~ ~

13 14 14 18 19 20 25 26

PageS


EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

General - Although a new landfill sIte was selected by the Mumcipahty m 1993, the dumpmg of waste at the new sIte has been uncontrolled and currently occumng on pnvate grazmg land and not m the fonnallandfill sIte Tills Landfill Development and OperatIOns Plan has been prepared to give the procedure to upgrade then waste dIsposal to a controlled landfill as defined by the new NatIOnal Waste Management GUIdehnes

Waste Generation - The Muruclpahty of Azrou has an esttmated populatIon of 44,172 m 1998, mcreasmg to 64,350 at the end of the 20-year plamng penod It IS esttmated that 18 tonnes per day Will be collected and placed m the new landfill Tills IS projected to mcrease to 26 tonnes per day at the end of the 20-year planmng penod

SIte SelectIOn - The selectIOn of the new landfill sIte followed the completIOn of a hydrogeology study and enVIronmental assessment performed by mumcipahty Tills report was completed before NatIOnal GUIdelmes were Issued willch recommendeu cntena for landfill sIte locatIOn and EnVtronmental Impact Assessments The report was very general and dId not address all of the Issues mcluded m the new NatIonal GUIdelmes Based on our reVIew of the ongmal report and the new gUIdehnes, we recommend that addItIonal work be performed to IdentIfy SIte charactenstics and enVIronmentaltmpacts

Hydrogeology - The SIte has some sIgmficant hydrogeologtc features willch Will make landfill operatIOn dIfficult In addItIon to surface water directed through the landfill SIte by eXIstmg topography, the general wet season groundwater was found at or near the ground surface m several locatIOns A spnng located wttilln the llffilts of the new landfill flows from December to Apnl Considenng these SIte charactenstlcs the landfill may cause pollutIon oflocal shallow groundwater and surface water streams A more m-depth hydrogeology study should be performed to define these Issues m greater detaIl The hydrogeology study should be followed by an EIA to define tmpacts to the enVIronmental and adjacent agncultural actIVIties

EXlstmg Dumpmg Area - Due to an mcomplete access road, waste has been dumped m a pnvately owned field adjacent to the landfill Tills uncontrolled dumpmg has created a Widespread wtndblown btter problem and pOSSIble contammatIOn oflocal wells It was reported dunng the January 1998 that sheep grazmg m the area have dIed from eatmg plastlc bags ongtnatmg from the dumpmg area Tills area should be cleared of all waste after the formal landfill has been Implemented

Landfill DeSIgn and ConstructIOn - The new NatIOnal GUIdehnes define several levels of landfill classificattons based on vanable factors The Azrou landfill has been deSigned to be operated as a Level 1- Controlled Landfill A Due to the rugh average ramfall of 887 mm per year, the landfill has been deSIgned to collect and treat leachate that IS generated m the landfill The deSIgn assumes that the soIls under the landfill are clay and relattvely Impermeable Tills must be confirmed by addItIonal hydrogeology study The leachate treatment Will conSIst of an evaporatIOn pond

The flow of surface water through the SIte and the eXistence of a spnng wtthm the landfill are problematIC Issues reqUInng a draIn under the landfill The dram must be budt m a trench and made water tIght With compacted clay backfill In general the SIte IS less than Ideal and the deSIgn and operatIOn IS proposed to bmtt and manage enVIronmental tmpacts rather than prevent them


Landfdl OperatIOn - The landfill operatmg plan has been prepared followmg the National Guidehnes for a Level 1- Controlled Landfill A Tills classIficatIon reqmres only pen odIc covenng of the waste Waste WIll be receIved and stored and then pushed and compacted mto cells on a monthly baSIS A full tune staff of three persons IS recommended to dIrect dumpmg, record waste dehvenes and perform routme morutonng and lItter clean-up tasks The staffwtll be responsIble for morutonng the leachate collectIOn and treatment systems and adVlSmg murucipal offiCIals of any problems

Fmancmg - The cost estImate, presented m Chapter 9, esttmates a total constructIOn cost of948,000 dh and an annual operatmg cost of269,400 dh per year The MUruCIpalIty has Issued two tenders for completIon of the access road and for constructIOn of stone wall enclosmg the SIte We strongly recommend completlng the access road but the stone wall enclosure IS not requrred The combmed value of these two tenders IS approXimately 600,000 dh wInch IS snU 348,000 dh short of the estImated constructIOn budget AddItIonal sources of fundmg Wtll be ilecessary to construct the landfill and fund the annual operatIon

Implementation Plan - The tmplementatlOn plan, presented m Chapter 10, places a strong emphasIS on completmg the access road and termmatmg the eXlstmg uncontrolled dumpmg actIVIty m the area adjacent to the landfill SIte In addItIon to constructmg the structural components of the controlled landfill, we recommend addttIon hydrogeologIcal study and an EIA to define the probable negatIve Impacts from landfill actIVItIes

LandfiU Development and Operation In Azrou

SECTION 1 - BACKGROUND

1 1 Intent of This Plan

ThIs report has been prepared by the Untted States Agency for Internattonal Development (USAID) as part of Its efforts to promote the effectIve development and operatton ofsohd waste landfills throughout Morocco TIus USAID solId waste management effort IS part the Urban and EnVIronmental SerVIces Project (U&ES) Through thIS program, solId waste management systems were evaluated were m

• Meknes

• Sefrou

• Azrou

• Oulad Teuna & Guerdane

ThIs landfill development and operatIons plan has been prepared for the MUruCIpality of Azrou (MUruCIpallty) by a project team conslstmg of a local engmeer and a Uruted States sohd waste management consultant It IS mtended to define the physical charactenstIcs, development and operatIOn of the new Azrou landfill Through the progreSSIve ImplementatIOn of the recommendatIOns and procedures outlmed m thIs report, the Murucipahty of Azrou wIll contmue the progress that has been made through the USAID project m achIevmg long term effectIve solId waste management

In many countnes, mcreasmg populatIOn and urbaruzatIOn has caused slgruficant problems m most enVIronmental sectors, mcludmg 1) potable water supply, 2) wastewater dISpOSal, 3) groundwater pollutIOn, 4) deforestatIon and 5) sohd waste management Many countrIes, hke Morocco, are Just begmrung to deal WIth enVIronmental problems that have been years In the making In Morocco, the ablltty to aclueve effectIve enVIronmental management IS mfluenced by a number offactors, not the least of whIch IS the lack of financial resources to pay for new facilitIes and eqUipment, and to operate at a new, lugher enVIronmental standard EffectIve enVIronmental management can be relatIvely costly when new systems and procedures are requrred TYPICally, countnes WIth hmIted resources have been faced WIth competmg pnontIes that have often Impeded therr progress m enVIronmental management WIth a recogrutIon of thIs fundamental fact, the landfill plan defined In thIs report has been developed to achIeve reasonable practIcal results m the development and operatIon of the Azrou landfill whIle usmg a mIrumum of resources

1 1 1 Problem Statement - The basIC problem to be addressed through thIs landfill plan can be defined by the follOWIng facts

• Azrou must take full control of the landfill, but, In general, there are lImIted finanCial resources to do so

• PreVIous solId waste dISpOSal methods (random dumpmg, etc) contmue to eXist proVIdmg unhealthy but low cost dISpOSal alternatIves to controlled landfilhng Currently, sohd waste IS bemg dumped at an uncontrolled site on pnvate grazIng land adjacent to the proposed landfill SIte

Currently, not all sohd waste m Azrou IS collected Some dtSpOSallS accomplIshed through random dumpmg or burrung near the locations where the waste IS generated or stored for collectIon In addItIon, some of the waste that IS collected may not reach the landfill but may be dISpOSed ofm other locatIons TYPICally, the deSIgn basIS for an effectIve sohd waste management system separates the sources of pollutIOn from the people and places

LandflU Development and Operation In Azrou

waste matenals m controlled facIlIt1es such as landfills If thts general gOal1S mamtamed, more waste should reach the landfill In the future so long as the financial resources eXIst to do thIs The project team's prOjectIOns oflandfill capac1ty requrrements m Azrou are based on the assumptIon that more waste matenal WIll be collected m the future and that most of the collected waste will be brought to the landfill Thts, m addItion to other factors such as mcreasmg population, etc , forms the baSIS for landfill capac1ty projectIOns and deSIgn recommendatIOns contamed In thts report

11 2 Objectives - Tills mtent ofthts report IS to define procedures for landfill development and operatIOns for the MUruClpallty of Azrou The objectIves of the plan are as follows

• Sustam the progress that has been made by USAID and the Mumclpahty In developmg the MumclpalIty's new landfill and ehmmate the enVIronmental threat of the eXIstmg landfill

• Estabhsh procedures for effective operatIOn of the landfill at a reasonable enVIronmental standard that can be achteved WIth mmIffium finanCIal resources

1 2 National GUidelines

In September, 1996 the Munstry of the Envrronment completed a comprehenSIve study on NatIOnal Gutdehnes for Sohd Waste Management m Morocco Tills 7-volume document presents techrucal as well as mstitutIOnal gutdehnes for the management of sohd waste In particular, Volume 6, Part 2, Techrucal GUldehnes, mclude documentatIon and techrucal data regardmg waste dISposal Pertment sectIons of these gutdehnes wtll be used m thts document and the entIre portIOn of the gUIdelmes dealmg WIth landfill constructIOn and operatIOn are presented m AppendIX B of tills plan for reference

1 3 PrevIous Reports

Several preVIOUS reports on sohd waste management have been prepared under the U&ES program mcludmg a Preltmmary Assessment of Waste Management Systems m Azrou, July 1995 Thts trutIal report was updated by a second field VISIt and report m June 1997 These reports IdentIfied slgmficant problems WIth the waste dISpOSal are m Azrou and performed an made numerous recommendatIOns for Improvements

Landfill Development and Operation in Azrou

SECTION 2 - PLANNING ISSUES

21 General

Azrou IS a medlUm sIzed mumcipahty located m the footht1ls of the Atlas Mountams Due to ItS relatIvely hIgh elevanon (1,250 m) ItS chmate IS cooler and wetter than ItS neighbors to the west, and south mc1udmg Meknes Average annual ramfall m Azrou IS 887 mm per year compared to 577 mm m Meknes The CIty IS a favonte tounst destmanon for resIdents ofMeknes and Fes durmg the hot summer months

2 2 Waste Generation

2 2 1 Population - Due to the changmg econormc condItions, It IS very dtfficult to deterrmne actual populatlOn m many areas of Morocco With a hIgh degree of accuracy PreVIous estImates have placed the 1997 populanc11 of Azrou at approxunately 43,290 Based on OffiCIal planmng projectIOns It IS expected to grow at the rate of 2% per year for the foreseeable future

For the purposes of tills report, we have assumed a 1998 populatIon of 44,172 and a growth rate of 2% through a 20 year planmng penod The populanon prOjectIon IS shown graphIcally m FIgure 2 1, Populanon ProjectIons As you can see from the graph, the populatIOn of Azrou at the end of the 20-year planmng penod IS approxunately 64,300

FIGURE 2.1

POPULATION PROJECTION AZROU

65000

60000 z

~ 55000

ir 50000 -o a...

45000

40000 o 5 10 15

YEAR (1=1998) 20

Landfill Development and Operation in Azrou

2 2 2 Waste GeneratIon - PreVIous studies have estimated that the average dally waste generatIon m Azrou IS 0 5 kg per person per day Actual waste generatton WIll vary throughout the regIOn, based on soclo-economtc COndItiOnS, and housing denSIties On a per capIta basiS, waste generated In market areas and urban centers Will exceed the 0 5 kg per capIta estImate, whtle generation m the poorer areas WIll be slgmficantly less For the plannmg purposes of thIs report we Will use the 0 5 kg per capIta per day waste generation factor as an average, apphed to the entIre populatIon

The estImated waste generatIOn IS shown graphIcally In FIgure 22 - Waste GeneratIOn and CollectIon Waste generatIon m 1998 for Azrou IS estImated at 22 tonnes per day wmch Increases to 32 tonnes per day at the end of the 20 year planrung penod

Based on Intervtews With muruclpal offiCials and observatIOns of the collectIon system, It IS esttmated that 80% of the generated waste IS actually collected In Azrou and taken to the dIsposal site ThIs IS the result of mformal diSposal, arumal feedmg and recyclmg

FIGURE 2 2

WASTE GENERATION AND COLLECTION AZROU

34 32

~ 30 ~28 If 26 fa 24 z 22 z 020 I-

18 16

o 5 10 YEAR (1=1998)

15 20

The estImated amount of waste collected and placed m the dIsposal sIte IS shown on the lower half of Figure 22 Tms dISposal estImate assumes the 80% collectIOn percentage wtll remam constant throughout the 20-year planrung penod

223 Waste GeneratIon Database - Pnor to evaluatmg speCIfic aspects of the landfill, a waste generatIon database was prepared ThIs database mcludes population estImates,

LandfiD Development and Operabon In Azrou

waste generatIo~ collectIOn efficIency and landfill SIze estunates The database calculates these vanables throughout a 20-year planrung penod ThIs database IS Intended to be a plannmg tool for the murucIpahty as It proceeds to upgrade solId waste management practIces It should be reVIsed penodIcally to adjust for actual condItIOns encountered that dlffer from the assumed values Tills database forms the basIS for FIgures 2 1 and 2 2, and many of the numencal values mentIoned m tills report The data base IS Included as AppendIx A

2 3 Waste Collection

Waste IS collected In Azrou uses 6 manually loaded dump trucks The mumcIpahty operates a very effiCIent eqUIpment depot and the trucks are well mamtamed The only SIgru:ficant collectIOn problem IS the dIstance and steep road to the new landfill The trucks suffer frequent breakdowns due to tills dIfficult travel The murucIpahty IS consIdenng the InstallatIon of a transfer st~hon and larger truck to reduce the dIfficulty In acceSSIng the new landfill

2 4 Medical Waste

The generatIon and dISpOSal of InfectIOUS medIcal waste IS a sigruficant problem m all regIOns of Morocco At the present tIme, all hOSPItal waste, IncludIng potentIally mfectious medIcal waste, IS not separated and IS collected and dIsposed of With all other waste Considenng the amount of recychng and arumal feedIng that occurs at the dISpOSal SIte, tills practIce IS potentIally harmful

Several programs have been proposed for a natIOnal program of medIcal waste IdentIficatIOn and dISposal but none have been tmplemented nor are they hkely to be Implemented In the near future Thts operatIng plan Will mclude mtenm measures for dIspOSIng medIcal waste untIl a more appropnate system IS Implemented


SECTION 3 - DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

31 General

3 1.1 PrevIous StudIes, SIte SelectIOn -The MUruClpahty began operatmg a new landfill m 1992 Based on the volume calculated m the hydrogeology/enVIronmental assessment report (prepared by the MuruclpalIty) and the waste generation estlmates, the landfill was reported to have a capacity of apprmamately 15 to 20 years The site for tlus landfill, wruch was the result of a hydrogeologic study of the regton, IS located about 15 kIlometers from the MuruClpahty along the road to Fes The road between the Muruclpallty and the landfill, Highway 21, nses approxunately 200 meters and has several sharp turns Tms road IS closed penodlcally dunng the wmter months due to snow The access road to the SIte from HIghway 21 IS approxunately 1,000 meters long, but only the first 600 meters has been lmproved Wlth a deep all-weather gravel base The remammg 400 meters of access road IS only a rough farm road and IS not passable m wet weather The landfill locatIOn IS shown m FIgure 3 1, Location Map

Both the lIlltial report m 1995 and the updated field report m 1997, reported the poor condItion of the access road and made strong recommendatIOns for lmprovmg the remammg 400 meters of the road Although the murucipality ISSUed a tender for Improvmg the road m March of 1997, construction has not yet begun

3 1 2 Landfdl SlZmg - The waste generatIon database, presented m SectIon 2 2 4, mcludes estImates landfill SIZeS based on several vanables These mclude populatIOn, growth, per capIta waste generatIon, collection efficIency and landfill operation The most ddncult vanable to estimate was collection effiCIency wruch WIll have a dIrect Impact on landfill SIZe and capaCIty

One of the ObjectIves of the database was to estimate the amount ofland needed for a landfill over a 20 year planrung penod The results of the database mdlcate that as-year landfill Wlll reqUITe a land area of 45 hectares dependmg on how effiCIent the collectIOn system becomes A 10-year landfill Wlll reqUlre 97 hectares At the assumed vanables, the 20-year landfill would reqUIre a 2 15 hectare SIte The landfill SIZe estimate IS shown graprucally m FIgure 3 2 assurrung a 10 meter landfill depth

The preltmmary deSIgn of the landfill presented m later sectIons of tlus report has reVIsed the trutial estrmates presented m the waste generatIOn data base, based on an actual topographtc assessment of the SIte Based on the prehmmary deSIgn, the landfill has a usable volume ofapprmamately 100,000 m\ whIch based on the assumptlOns used m the waste generatIon data base, IS good for a ltfe of only 10 years

/311'

FIGURE3l

LOCATION MAP

Landfill Development and Operabon In Azrou

25

o ~15 :J

~ 0:: 1

US ~ 05

o o

FIGURE 3.2

LANDFILL AREA REQUIRED (AT 10 METER HEIGHl)

, -- - ~

5 10 15 YEAR (1=1998)

Page 14

20

3 1 3 EXlstmg Dumpmg Site - As stated earher, both preVIOUS reports noted the poor condItIon of the ummproved portIon of the access road Thts has created a large dumpmg area m a pnvate arumal pasture In front of the landfill Smce trucks cannot enter the formal landfill SIte dunng wet weather, they are dumping In thts pasture and wherever they see fit DespIte prevlOus recommendatlOns to do so, the Mumcipahty does not supefVlse or control where the trucks dump therr waste

Dunng the most recent SIte InSpectlOn, performed In January, 1998 the SItuatIon continues to worsen At the present ttrne the Informal dumpmg outSIde the SIte has covered a portlOn of the untrnproved access road, so that even In dry weather, the trucks do not enter the landfill site but continue to dump on the pnvate pasture land

Due to the htgh elevatlOn of thts SIte, wmds are frequent and strong Smce the eXIstmg open dumpmg IS not covered, plastIc bags are blown from the waste pdes onto nelghbormg property The areas adjacent to the SIte are pnme graztng land for sheep, but the land IS httered With plasttc bags from the eXIstmg dumpmg actiVIty Dunng the January 1998 field mspectlOD, several farmers were IntefVlewed They stated that many sheep dIe In this area from eatmg the plastic bags

When the landfill site was truttally opened, the access road was mamtamed dunng dry weather and a slgmficant amount of waste was placed In the formal landfill SIte This dumping WithIn the SIte was also performed In an uncontrolled manner and has never been covered FIgure 33, EXlstIng CondIttons, IS an approXImate sketch of the eXisting landfill SIte and a portlOn of the pasture land where current dumpmg IS occumng TIns figure IS based on a topographIc survey map prepared by the mumClpahty

.........

~ \

t _ANIMAL

PASTURE

~

t __ ANIMAL PASTURE --

o 10 10 JO 40 SO 100

__ ANIMAL [ASTURE .--- SCALE

~ ... -CiJ

ts - '«

is ~ > CI

-.( ..-W;\STE PILES .. ~

.: , ,.

\. ...... , ,.,.

(J 000 oiC'c:.~ ~ ........ l.Il~h li'0-ib

qlO~

oi)-~/)

FIGURE33

... r

""'-

./

-'"

EXISTING CONDITIONS

....

Landfill Development and Operation In Azrou Page 15

3 2 Site Access

The first 600 meters of the gravel access road-has been lITlproved and IS m good condItion A tender was prepared and Issued m March 1997 for the lITlprovement of the remammg 400 meters and for pavmg the entrre 1,000 meters Wlth asphalt od and stone The tenders were received but negotlations have not been completed With the successful bIdder The eXIstmg Improved pornon of the access road IS m good condItIon Without an asphalt covenng which IS not necessary It IS recommended that the access road negotIatIOns tnclude the ehmmatIon of the asphalt m order to have addItIOnal funds for other site Improvements

The tmprovement of the access road Will mclude new dramage ditches on either side of the road These dItches Will dlfect dramage mto the landfill SIte through the eXIstmg openmg m the rock wall A VISUal mspectlon of the site mdlcates that this IS the only pOSSIble outlet for this dramage, through the landfill Tlus IS a very undesrrable SItuatIOn, stnce this dramage may add to the volume of leachate produced by the landfill

33 Site Topography

FIgure 3 3 shows the apprmamate topography of he SIte TIns figure IS based on a hffilted topographic survey performed by the Mumcipalrty and supplemented by the mternatlOnal consultant based on VISUal observatIOns The apprOXImate contours are SUItable for the purposes of this plan, mcludmg prehmmary deSIgns, but a more detaIled topographIc survey WIll be requrred for final deSign of several landfill components, mcludmg the dramage pIpe and leachate evaporatIon pond

The SIte IS approXImately 4 hectares and IS surrounded on three SIdes by hIlls up to elevatIOn 1435 The floor of the depreSSIOn IS at an elevatIon of approXimately 1429 This natural depreSSIon offers some protectIon from the wmd As stated earher, the SIte IS surrounded by pnvate ammal pastures

3 4 Hydrogeology

Dunng preVIous Site VISItS, mumcipal OffiCIals stated that the eXIstmg SIte was the result of a hydrogeolOgIcal study of potential landfill sites m the Azrou regIon Although we had requested a copy ofthts report, It was not gIven to us unttl the January 1998 field mspectton PreVIous statements by offiCIals mdicated that the SIte was located m an area With 2 to 3 meters of clay and a very deep groundwater Smce the prevtous field VISitS m 1995 and 1997 were performed dunng the dry summer months, (June and July) the project team had not observed the SIte dunng the wet season In January, 1998 the most recent mspectlOn has observed the site dunng the wet season and many Issues of concern were noted regardmg groundwater

The most dramatIC wet weather condItIon observed IS the eXistence of spnngs m and adjacent to the landfill SIte These new observations are contrary to preVIous assumptIons mat the groundwater levels were deep The spnng Wlthm the landfill IS espeCIally troublesome smce It must be Isolated from the landfill operanon to aVOId contact With the waste This WIll reqUtre a sealed dram pIpe through and under the landfill

One of the local farmers showed us a well on his property which IS about 800 meters southeast of the SIte The well IS approXImately 20 meters deep and the water level on January 12, 1998 was Within t meter of the surface The farmer observed the constructIon of the well and stated that the sod from the surface to a depth of approXImately 10 meters IS a mtxture oflarge stones and clay Below the 10 meter mIxed layer It IS all clay

LandfiD Development and Operabon In Azrou Page 16

The descnptlOn of the sol1 types and depths presents an mterestmg questlOn regardmg the ongm of the spnngs, whIch appear to be located at the mterface between the upper stone/clay sOlI and the deeper clay There are two possIble scenanos

1 The spnng water could be raInwater whIch has mfiltrated through the upper ffilXed formatlOn and IS runrung along the top of the unpermeable lower clay formatIon

2 Or, under the second scenarIo, deeper groundwater under pressure could be floWIng up through the clay or out of the bedrock WithIn the clay

The source of the spnng water IS Important for the operation of the landfill In eIther case, the landfill must employ leachate management methods to nurunuze contammatton to eIther groundwater or surface water m the area

The hydrogeology/envrronmental assessment report, prepared by the MunICIpalIty as part of the SIte selectIon process IS very general, and IS based on SUrfiCIal observatlOns and general reglOnal geologtcal formatIons The report found the SIte to be a potentIal source groundwater contammatIOn One of ItS recommendatIOns was the mstallatlOn of a clay lmer m the landfill before begtnrung the landfill ThIs clay lmer has not been mstalled Before proceedmg With the development of the landfill SIte, a more detaIled hydrogeologtcal analYSIS should be performed, mcludmg

1 Test Bonngs Install soIl bonngs and/or test pItS WIthm the site to determme soIl types, depths and permeabIhtIes, groundwater elevatlOns and ongm

2 Test Wells Install at least two groundwater testmg wells down gradIent of the landfill, one m the upper ffilXed formatIon and one m the lower clay formatIon to determme groundwater charactenstIcs Morutor groundwater levels dunng both dry and wet seasons

3 Water QualIty Testmg ObtaIn water samples from water sources at the SIte and determme phySical and chermcal charactenstIcs Repeat samphng on a penodic baSIS The follOWIng locatton are recommended

1 Spnng WithIn the landfill

2 Spnng located 100 m north of the landfill

3 Stream where It leaves the landfill SIte

4 Pnvate well located 800 m east of the landfill

5 Proposed Test Wells

As a mmtmum the analYSIS should mclude the follOWIng parameters

1 FIeld temperature

2 PH

3 SpeCIfic Conductance


4 Hardness (calcIUm)

5 BOD (5 day)

6 Fecal Coliform

7 Iron

8 Manganese

9 Flow Measurement (Spnngs and Stream

3 5 EnVironmental Issues

3 5 1 General - Based on recent data obtaIned dunng the January 1998 field InSpectIOn, the operation of the Azrou landfill may have slgruficant enVironmental tmpacts, subject to the completIOn of a more m-depth hydrogeology study of subsurface conditIons

3 5 2 Leachate GeneratIOn - Leachate generatIOn IS a result of the orgaruc decomposItIOn oforgaruc waste and Will be a functIOn of many vanables The quahty of the leachate wtli be determIned by the nature of the waste placed In the landfill Azrou IS predomInantly a resldentialIagncultural area With mtrumal commercial and mdustnal waste Trus Will result m a waste compOSItIon wluch IS rugh m orgaruc matenal and low m Industnallcommerclal waste wruch can contaIn orgamc pollutants and heavy metals Industnal solvents and other such wastes can create pollutants that Will travel further In the sol1s under the landfill PreVIous studies have estimated an orgamc waste content from 60 to 70 percent Leachate produced by the Azrou landfill Will have a relatIvely rugh orgamc content (BOD) and low heavy metals as compared to typICal leachate m more developed countnes

The quanttty of leachate generated m a landfill wtll be a factor of the tnlt1al mOIsture content of the waste (estImated at apprmamately 50%), raInfall and evapotransprratlon EvapotransprratlOn IS the loss of water through evaporation and uptake by plants, and IS a factor of sunshIne, relatIve humidIty and temperature The analysls of raInfall and evapotransprratlOn IS called a water balance In additIon to raInfall and evapotranspIratIon, waste m a landfill has a water storage capaCIty, wruch can be compared to a sponge The waste storage capacity IS called the field water capacIty The landfilled waste wtll not produce sIgmficant leachate, untults water storage capaCIty IS nearly full ThIs storage potential also allows uncovered waste to absorb water dunng penods of raInfall and then release that water dunng non-ram penods through evapotranspIratIOn The relatlonslup between cover matenal, ramfall, evapotranspIratton and leachate generatIon wIll be dIscussed m more detaIl m the operatIons sectIon of thts report

The average annual ramfall m Azrou, based on the recorded average IS 887 mm (35 mches), most ofwruch falls m the wet season between December and Apnl It estimated that the landfill Will produce a sigruficant amount ofleachate especIally dunng the Winter months

3 5 3 Leachate Management - The landfill IS located In excellent sods for natural leachate attenuation Attenuatlon IS a techrucal term used to descnbe the many phYSical and chemtcal treatment processes that occur as leachate flows through natural sod These attenuanon processes are very effectIve m remoVing most, If not all of the pollutants typIcally found In leachate Therefore, the first leachate management objectIve Will be to dIrect leachate mto the sod Smce permeability tests have not been performed on the base

Landfill Development and Operabon in Azrou Page 18

SOlIs, we cannot accurately predict the amount of leachate that the base sod can accept Based on the annual ramfall, the amount ofleachate produced w1l1 exceed the penneablhty of the base sou and an active leachate management system Will be reqUired

Dunng the wet season, December to Apnl, excessIve leachate WIll be produced m the landfill whIch may contammate surface streams m the area below the landfill The amount ofleachate flowmg from the landfill Will vary based on raInfall patterns, depth of the landfill and the use of cover soIl The prehmmary deSIgn of the landfill shown on FIgure 3 4 shows a leachate evaporatIon pond to collect and confine any leachate that may dram from the landfill The pond should be constructed of clay to prevent the leachate from entermg the ground or the stream below the landfill

Based on standard engmeenng practIces, adopted to ramfall patterns and waste m Morocco, It IS estunated that the landfill Will produce an average of 6,500 lIters per day dunng the wet season, dururushmg to neglIgIble amounts dunng the dry season The evaporatIon pond should be a conservatIve deSIgn, assummg 6,500 lIter per day for the entIre 5-month wet season ThIs results m an evaporatIon pond volume of approXimately 1,000 m3 The pond should be shallow and have a large surface area to promote evaporatIOn of the collected leachate

FIgure 3 4 shows a 100 mm pIpe through the landfill berm to allow leachate to flow from the bottom of the landfill mto the leachate evaporatIOn pond Although It IS standard practIce to collect leachate from the bottom of the landfill, there may be ttmes when leachate flows from the SIdes of the landfill ThIs may be the case dunng very wet penods when the landfill becomes saturated, resultIng m a honzontal rather than vertIcal flow of leachate ThIs may requrre surface trenches around the landfill to dIrect surface leachate to the evaporatIon pond

3 5 4 LandfUI Gas GeneratIon - The same factors whIch control leachate generatIOn also control landfill gas generatIon Landfill gas contams methane, whIch can be explOSIve If It IS pernutted to accumulate m a confined space Both leachate and gas are products of the bIOlOgIcal deCOmpOSItiOn of orgamc waste Landfill gas becomes a major concern If there IS a potentIal for the gas to travel off-SIte and mto nearby houses or other structures where explOSIOns may occur Dunng normal landfill actIVItIes, landfill gas wIll escape to the atmosphere through uncovered waste or through sandy mtermedlate cover sot!

Landfill gas problems nonnally occur only after the landfill has been completed and the final 50 cm of clay cover soli IS apphed and compacted Thts final cover sod WIll block the escape of gas to the atmosphere and gas vents will be requlfed through the final cover sod at the upper grades of the landfill

3 5 5 EnVironmental Impact Assessment (EIA) - The mitial hydrogeology and envrronmental report prepared by the town IS very general and does not meet the EIA cntena as presented m the Nattonal GUldehnes It IS recommended that a new EIA be prepared followmg the NatIonal Guidelmes addressmg the followmg specmc Issues

1 Leachate generatIon and treatment

2 Impacts to water resources

3 Impacts to farmmg acttVltIes

t ANIMAL

-PASTURE

TESTWELL~ LEACHATE POND CONTROL MANHOLE

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II

LEACHATE EVAPORATION

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---ANIMAL PASTUID:_

~

t ___ ANIMAL PAS11JRE ---

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I mTIruMDmwrnG~A I L ___________ .J

CONNECT SPRING AREA TO DRAIN PIPE

600 mm DRAIN PIPE IN CLAY TRENCH

~o=:==::.":::::===--::::.-::::_l"""::::__ L --- -=-- - .::::--~~

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f

, o \0 20

SCALE

100

FIGUREJ.4

PRELIMINARY DESIGN


3 6 Landfill Construction

3 6 1 IDltlal ConstructIOn - As stated preVIously, the Azrou landfill has some senous groundwater and surface water Issues that must be addressed before landfilhng resumes WIthm the formal landfill area

Figure 3 4 show the prehrnmary ahgnment of a 600 mm plpehne under and through the proposed landfill TIns plpehne Will collect surface water run-off from the access road and low areas east of the landfill and the spnng WIthm the formal landfill sIte Thts pIpe must be watertIght and sealed from contact With any waste or leachate generated WIthm the landfill Figure 3 5, ConstructIon Detalls, shows a detatl of the proposed plpehne and the connectmg of the eXIstmg spnng As shown, the pipe should be mstalled m a shallow trench, backfilled and conpacted With clay to obtaIn a water-tIght seal If the pIpe IS not sealed, leachate from the landfill will ffilX WIth the ramwater and spnngwater, causmg contarnmatlOn of the stream below the landfill

The upstream entrance to thts pipelme should mclude a grate structure to prevent plastIC bags or other waste from entenng and cloggmg the plpehne The downstream eXIt of the pipeime should discharge mto the eXIstmg stream, below the leachate evaporatIon pond

The Irutlal constructIOn should also mclude the constructlOn of the landfill berm and leachate evaporatIon pond as shown m FIgures 3 4 and 3 5 The landfill berm IS Intended to confine the first lIft of the landfill and act as a water tIght dam for the collecttng of any leachate that may be generated In the landfill One or more pIpes, Installed through the bottom of the berm WIll allow collected leacate to flow Into the evaporatlOn pond

As shown m Figure 33, the SIte contaIns many ptles of waste, dumped m an uncontrolled manner over the last 3 years Dunng the lnltial constructIOn penod, thts waste should be pushed mto storage pdes, to allow for constructIon of the dram pIpe and landfill berm An mtenm dumpmg area should be created to accept waste dunng the mtIal constructIon penod and for waste that has been removed from the mformal dumpmg areas along the access road After the IrutIal constructIon has been completed, the stockptled waste should be pushed and compacted to form the IrutIal cells of landfill hft one as descnbed In SectIOn 5

The eXIstmg recychng storage area should be relocated outSIde the landfill area dunng the lIDtIallandfill constructlOn phase

3 6 2 Lift and Cell Construction - Each phase of the landfill will be constructed WIth multIple layers of waste and cover matenal called lIfts A cell IS defined as a volume of waste to be landfilled WIthIn a penod of tIme The dImenslOns of each cell and hit are a functIOn of how the landfill1s operated and the eqUIpment avaIlable for spreadmg and compactIng the waste ThIs WIll be dIscussed m more detaIl m a SectIon 5 of thIs report

3 6 3 Surface Water Control - The control of surface water WIll be an Important operatlOnal aspect of the Azrou landfill In addItion to dlvertmg upstream surface water under and through the landfill, there IS a need to control surface water dunng the active phases of the landfill and after the landfill IS closed

3.6 4 Oosure Plan - The prehmmary deSign of the landfill mcludes the final contours as shown on Figure 3 6, Fmal Contours Thts plan has been used to calculate the estimated hfe of the landfill and the deSIgn of post-closure use of the site As shown on the contour plan, It IS anttClpated that the SIte WIll be filled to a maXImum elevatton of 1435 to match the elevation of the eXlsmg hills whtch form the natural boundanes of the site

--

FILL SPRING WITH GRAVEL

- , 4 ...

LEACHATE EVAPORATION POND

- ,

POND OVERFLOW PIPE

600 mm DRAIN FROM SPRING AND ACCESS ROAD

a (I -

,. ~_ < LANDFILL -, I

( ,..

200 mm LEACHATE DRAINPIPE

LEACHATE POND DETAIL

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COVER SPRING AND DRAIN WITH 200 mm OF CLAY

I

COMPACfCLAY BACKFILL

~

100 mm SPRING PIPE 600 mm DRAIN PIPE

DRAIN AND SPRING DETAIL

11~

FIGURE 3 5

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS


The final contours nse from the landfill berm at a slope of 3 1 but flatten to 3 to 5 percent on the top These slopes are desIgned to dram ramwater from the landfill Wlthout causmg exceSSIve erOSIon The surface water dramage pattern IS presented on the plan usmg small arrows showmg dramage swales on the final landfill surfaces

The apprOXimate locatIOns of the gas vents are also shown on FIgure 3 6

At the concluslOn of all landfill actiVities, It IS recommended that the landfill be planted With natIve grasses and used for arumal grazrng

3 7 Design and Construction Summary

General

• Based on the preltmmary deSIgn the SIte has a usable volume of 99,000 m3 and a hfe of 10 years

• The eXIstmg access road must be completed as soon as pOSSIble

• EXIstmg uncontrolled dumpmg IS a hazard to arumals graztng m the area and must be termmated as soon as pOSSIble

• SIte has problematIc hydrogeologtcal features requmng a dram under the landfill

• The landfill wtll produce slgruficant quanttttes of leachate and gas wmch must be managed properly

ImtIaI ConstructIon

• Complete the last 400 meters access road

• StockpIles eXIstmg waste pdes

• Construct 600 mm dram under the landfill

• Construct landfill berm and leachate evaporatIon pond

t

! LEACHATE POND CONTROL MANHOLE

-'9 '0

II \I II /I

LEACHATE EVAPORATION

POND

"1.::=========="::;:/

t .04-- ANlMALPASTURE -

---

* \ CAS VENT

1435 __ __ t

1434-----~

-

SCALE

o 10 20 JO ~o 30 100

SPRING rA\ (100m) ~

C@£2 ----- ::::--

fJ-#._EXISTING WALL

I

CAS VENT

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FIGURE36

FINAL CONTOURS


SECTION 4 - MANAGEMENT, STAFFING AND EQUIPMENT

41 General

Any work assocIated WIth the landfill reqUires that there be effective management and staff to operate the facIlIty m the correct and cost effiCIent way The basIC role of management IS to proVIde dIrectIOn for mdIVlduals who WIll be drrectly responsIble for performance of all day to day tasks at the landfill The project team belIeves that a clear lme of responsIbIlIty must eXIst to assure that all operatIOn of the landfill IS done m the manner recommended m thIs report and adopted by the Muruclpaltty

4 2 Management Structure

Management of the landfill WIll be proVIded by the MUruCIpallty of Azrou We recommend that the same 10dtVldual respon5!ble for sohd waste collectIon be gIven responsIbIlIty for the landfill smce thIs WIll help to coordmate actiVItIes m both solId waste management processes

4 3 Staffing Levels

An adequate number of people IS reqUired to perform the tasks outhned m thIs report As WIll be descnbed 10 greater detatllater 10 thIs report, we recommend a modIfied area method of landfill operatIOn ThIs IS compatIble WIth NatIonal GuIdelInes and WIth the fact that finanCIal resources avatlable to operate the landfill are hnuted Through thIs approach, some operatmg tasks WIll only have to be done penodlcally and full tIme staff or eqUIpment will not be necessary to perform them All of the work tasks requrred to effectIVely operate the landfill may be accomphshed usmg a combmatIon of full tIme and temporary staff and murucipal eqUIpment or eqUIpment from outSIde contractors

4 3 1 Permanent Staff - The project team recommends that three full time people be employed at the landfill m Irutial operatIons Once the collectton system becomes more effectIve and more waste reaches the landfill, addItIOnal staffing may be requrred The permanent landfill staff will be responsIble for the follOWIng actIVItIes at the landfill

• Controllmg traffic at the landfill and directmg trucks to the correct locatIon for dumpmg

• Recordmg all solId waste dehvenes

• InspectIOn of waste loads

• Lmnted slte clean-up

• Regular commurucatlon Wlth the MuruclpalIty's sohd waste manager concermng condItIons at the landfill and coordmatIOn WIth the collectIOn staff

4 3 2 Part Tlme/Temporary Staff - The project team IS also recommendmg that temporary staffbe penodically used for tasks that do not have to be performed every day Generally, temporary staffing WIll be used to accomphsh labor mtensive tasks such as penodic SIte clean-up

4 3 3 Staff Trammg - Fundamental tratrung should be prOVIded to all staff mvolved 10 the operatIon of the landfill Thts tratrung will be tmportant 10 assunng the health and safety of landfill staff and to estabhsh the unportance of effectIve operatIOns Dunng IrutIal operatIons where only three full time staff WIll work at the landfill, tratrung should be


proVIded on the followmg subjects

• General waste charactenzatlOn

• Estimatmg of solId waste quantitIes dehvered

• Health and safety

• Waste placement

• Waste load mspectIon

• Waste receIpt recordmg

Gtven the hmtted scope of temporary staff actIVItIes at the landfill, we recommend that only basIC health and safety mstructIon be given to those mdiVIduals who will have any dIrect contact With solId waste matenals

44 Mechanized EqUipment

Penodlcally, mecharuzed eqUipment will be reqUired for operation, mamtenance and expanSIOn tasks at the landfill Common mecharuzed eqUipment work tasks mclude the followmg

• Access road mamtenance and Improvement

• Storm water diverslOn mamtenance and Improvement

• Landfill area preparatIOn

• Waste dlstnbutIOn and compactlOn

• Penodlc cover excavatIOn, transport and applIcatIOn

At a mInImum, the mecharuzed eqUipment to be reqUired Will mclude

• 1 Bulldozer (CaterpIllar D-4 or eqUIvalent)

• 1 Dump Truck (ffilntmum 8 cm3 capaCIty)

• 1 Front-end Loader

Through the procedures outhned m thIs operatIOns plan, the mecharuzed equIpment will only be reqUIred penodically The frequency at whIch mecharuzed eqUipment tasks are performed Will be based on the amount of waste collected and transported to the landfill Iruttally, the project teams recommends that the mecharuzed eqUipment tasks be performed at I-month mtervals However, thIs should be reVIewed at the end of SIX months to detemune tf the ttme between mecharuzed eqUipment tasks should be mcreased or decreased The factors that should be evaluated m lookmg at the tasks frequency Includes

• The amount of waste collected and deltvered to the landfill,

• The extent of vectors (tbes, etc ), and odors at the SIte,

• The dtfficulty m controllmg waste dumpmg locatIOns at the stte,

• The extent of fires, and

• Recyclmg actIVIty

The actual amount of waste recetved will also determtne the frequency at whIch new landfill cells must be constructed

Landfill Development and Operation in Azrou Page 23

In the future, some dedicated mecharuzed eqUipment may be reqUired for the landfill as the amount of waste brought to the landfill mcreases However, m the munedtate future, we are recommendmg that mecharuzed eqUipment from the muruclpaltty and/or a pnvate contractor be unhzed for mecharuzed work tasks

It IS our understandmg that the muruclpahty has ItS own dump trucks and will obtam a bulldozer m the near future wruch could be made avatlable for pen odic use at the landfill, subject to other responslblhnes

G1Ven the penodlc nature of the tasks requmng mecharuzed eqUipment, pnvately contracted eqUIpment should also be considered Through contracted sefV1ces, mecharuzed eqUipment would only be rured at the nme that It IS reqUIred to complete mecharuzed equIpment tasks A large quarry located approxunately 2 km from the SIte IS operated by a pnvate contractor


SECTION 5 .. OPERATIONS

51 General

EffectIve landfill operatIons requrre a sufficIent level of defirutlOn and detad to meet acceptable operatlOn gUldelmes The procedures also need to be defined sufficIently so that those responsIble for the overall functIon of the landfill can morutor the tasks assIgned to other mdIVIduals or pnvate contractors

Accordmg to the NatIonal GUIdelines, the Azrou landfill should be operated as a Levell, Controlled Landfill A, or a Level 2, Controlled Landfill B The basIC dIfferences between the two classIficattons are that Level 2, Controlled Landfill B mcludes a truck scale and datly landfill cover Based on the relatIve small SlZe of the Azrou landfill, and hmtted finanCIal resources, a scale and da.ily cover are beyond current resources Therefore, the follow1Og operatIonal procedures follow Levell, Controlled Landfill A requrrements of the Nattonal Guldehnes As future resources perrrut, the landfill should be converted to a Level 2, Controlled landfill B classIficatlOn, WIth apphcatlOn of datly cover

The Azrou landfill WIll be constructed m hfts, follOWIng the sequence shown m Figure 5 1, ConstructlOn Sequence The upper portIon of thIs figure shows a not-to-scale elevatlOn of the landfill mcludmg 4 hfts The actual number ofhfts WIll be determmed by SIte condIttons and the resources avatlable to the operator

5 2 Operations Procedures

The follOWIng are recommended procedures for the operatlOn of the Azrou landfill These are based on an attempt to achIeve reasonable operatmg and enVIronmental standards through the apphcatlon of a mmImum of finanCial resources

521 Landfill Area Preparation - PenodIcally, mecharuzed eqUIpment WIll be used to prepare new landfill areas for waste receipt Preparatton work WIll conSIst of remOVIng surface vegetatton, soIl excavatlOn and general gradmg for truck access

5 2 2 Site Access Control .. SIte access should be controlled to prevent unauthonzed dumpmg, scavengmg and arumal feedmg However, as IS the case m many landfills m developmg countnes, the abIlIty to control access may be ltmtted unless structures such as fencmg or natural bamers eXIst to prevent access Buddmg fences or other manmade bamers to control access IS costly and IS not recommended or requrred by the NatlOnal Guidehnes at thIs ttme The eXlstmg tender to construct the remaImng wall around the Azrou landfill should be canceled, WIth the budget transferred to other tasks

Truck access WIll be controlled by proVIdIng a full tune landfill staff at all tImes that trucks are expected at the landfill All trucks must use the deSIgnated access road All other access pomts to the landfill must be blocked Trucks should only unload waste at 10catlOns deSIgnated by the landfill staff Uncontrolled truck access often leads to dumpmg 10 Improper locatIOns that may Impede effectIve operattons, requmng conSIderable clean-up effort or causmg enVIronmental damage The hours of operatIon of the landfill (defined as the hours that the full tIme staff works at the landfill) should be coordmated WIth the antICIpated tIme (hours per day, days per week) of collectIon and dehvery of sohd waste to the landfill

landfill Development and Operation In Azrou Page 25

523 Commencmg Operations - Waste placement m new landfill areas should begm With a back to front configuratIon Care must be taken to assure that the first matenal placed m the new area IS along and agamst the back boundary of the area furthest away from the access pomt so as to make effectIve use of the entIre area

Once an area has been prepared and operatIons are to begIn, trucks Will enter from the mternal access road and proceed to the discharge pomt where they are directed to dump Waste loads Will be dumped m a row along the back boundary as close to the area penmeter as possIble As more loads are delIvered, progressIve rows Will be accumulated along the preVIously placed rows As a result, the rows Will progress toward the mternal access road After sufficIent matenal has been accumulated, mecharuzed eqUipment Will be used to spread the waste pues, compact the matenal and cover the waste The lrutIal operatIOns of the landfill are shown grapmcally and summartzed In FIgure 5 2, LIft 1 Construction

:; 2 4 Waste ReceIpt and Placement - Waste will be placed only m locatIOns deSignated by the landfill staff CollectIOn truck dnvers will be directed to place each load as close as possible to allow for the maxImum number ofloads to be placed m each area ThiS wIll help to decrease the frequency of pen odic compactmg and covenng of the waste Once the entIre surface area of each area has been covered and all matenal has been compacted mto a cell and covered, the next area Will commence by repeatmg the same steps used m waste placement for the lilltlal area

Waste Will be placed mto each area of the landfill m 2-meter lIfts that Will accomplIsh the deSign grade for each area As shown m FIgures 5 1 and 5 2 waste will be placed In multIple lIfts

5 2 5 Load Trackmg and InspectIon - All trucks dehvenng waste to the landfill should be recorded by the landfill attendant to keep baSIC records of waste debvery At a mlillmum, the waste receipt record should mclude the follOWing mformatlon

• If pubhc, truck number (lIcense plate, etc )

• Muruclpahty or sector of waste ongm

• If pnvate, hauler name and truck number

• TIme waste receIved

• An estImate of the amount of waste dehvered m m3

• Type of waste dehvered

• Any unusual charactenstIcs or circumstance associated With that particular load

The mformatlOn collected through the record wdl be Important m overall landfill morutonng and planmng and may also assist the MUruCIpality m determtrung the effiCIency and cost effectiveness of ItS collectIOn system In the future, more accurate mformatlon concerrung waste debvery may be reqUired Whtle truck scales are often used In landfills to determIne the exact quantIty of waste dehvered, tms IS not recommended for lrutIal operatIons at the Azrou landfill because of the small sIZe of the landfill and the costs assocIated WIth mstallatIon and operatIon of a truck scale

In addItIon to recordmg all trucks, a landfill attendant should also mspect all loads as the trucks are bemg emptIed to venfY that only matenals deSIgnated for landfillmg are receIved In partIcular, a landfill attendant should watch for large contamers that may

1437

1436

1435

1434

1433

1432

1431

1430

1429

1428

~ ~

---CQ /0 ~ -.-c: 1-f;I;.

Q Z

/ < 0

~

/ .. <l

, 1J

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L LIFT 1

Ii'-....

! ~ ~

~ ~ ~

S

n WALL A

~ LIFT 4 ,u ' ,~ lr \ -

--'"

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"

-,

- <I - " -- , - - ,

- LIFT 3 <'> .A , - - .a - " ... - -

- '" -d ,

LIFT! -, - - ,

- <. .. - - --... A _

----,... rr ... \;I'

4

3

ELEVATION (NTS)

6

5

..

8

7

....

~r \ ... , -,

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LIFT 1 - FILLING SEQUENCE (NTS)

FIGURE 51

CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE

U~

1437

1436

1435

1434

1433

1432

1431

1430

1429

1428

Landfill Development and OperatJon In Azrou Page 26

contam hqUIds that could cause sigruficant groundwater or surface water pollutlOn

5.2 6 MechanIZed EqUipment Procedures - Penodlcally, mecharuzed eqUipment Will be used to spread, compact and cover the waste that has been accumulated The mecharuzed eqUipment procedures are ulustrated In Figures 5 2 and 53 wruch presents the general sequence of accomphsrung the mecharuzed operatlons m each hft m a landfill cell Dunng the mecharuzed eqUipment work at the landfill, the folloWing procedures are recommended

• MechanIZed equtpment work at the landfill WIll be coordmated WIth muruclpal equtpment and! or contracted WIth a pnvate contractor

• A bulldozer will be used to push the accumulated pues of sohd waste Into a umform cell of waste

• The bulldozer will compact the sohd waste With a mmtffium of3 passes over the matenal after It has been spread

• Once the waste has been compacted, an mtermedlate cover layer of 30 em of sOll cover will be apphed All cover sou must be excavated from an oifstte location and transferred to the landfill m dump trucks

5 2 7 Cover Application - Due to the lack of resources and eqUipment, the project team IS not recommendmg the apphcatlOn of dally cover dunng the lmhal operahon of the landfill The standard practice, as defined In the NatlOnal GUldehnes, IS to prOVIde three forms of waste cover, Includmg dady, mtermedIate and final cover Generally, the apphcatlon of dally cover to sohd wastes can

• Reduce htter, odors, vectors and other nUisances

• Reduce mfiltratlOn of water and potentIal leachate generatIon

• Minmnze fire danger

• Improve the aesthehcs of the landfill, thereby Improvmg pubhc perceptlOn of the operation

IntermedIate cover IS normally apphed as landfillltfts are completed, to proVIde Improved storm water runoi( thereby redUCIng the amount ofleachate produced It IS also mtended to proVIde a workmg area for trucks to bnng waste m the next hft of the landfill

Fmal cover IS used once a landfill has been filled to capacity Generally, soIls are used for final cover that WIll allow the growth of vegetatIOn that WIll stabilize the final landfill surface Fmal cover should be Installed once mdIVIdual areas WIthm the landfill have reached capacity

Due to a lack of resources and eqUIpment, dally cover may IS not feaSible m the ImtIal operatIon of the Azrou landfill It IS recommended that mtermedtate cover be placed on an accumulated lIft of matenal after there are suffiCient waste plies from debvery vehtcles to JustIfy the use of mechamzed eqUIpment to spread and compact the waste The Imtlal penod IS recommended to be monthly After spreadmg the waste plies, and formmg a waste cell, 30 cm of mtermedlate sod cover Will be placed over the waste and compacted

Thts mtermedlate cover will serve the functlOns of both dally and IntermedIate cover as defined above

STAGE 1

STAGE 2

a. DUMP WASTE IN CLOSE PILES AT REAR OF ACfIVE LANDFILL AREA b PERMIT CONTROLLED RECYCLING OF MATERIALS e PROIDBIT ANIMAL FEEDING d. EXTINGUISH ALL FIRES

a. AT PERIODIC INTERVALS PUSH AND COMP ACf WASTE INTO A CELL. b EXCAVATE COVER SOIL FROM ADJACENT AREA e APPLY 30 em OF INTERMEDIATE COVER TO ALL WASTE SURFACES

,.--- 30 em INTERMEDIATE COVER

STAGE 3

a. REPEAT STAGE I, DUMPW ASTE IN CLOSE PILES

COMPLETE LIFT 1 a. ADD ADDmONAL SOIL AND COMPACT AS NECESSARY b CONSTRUCf ACCESS ROAD TO SUPPORT PLACEMENT OF LlFf 2

FIGURE 5.2

LIFT 1 CONSTRUCTION

LandfiH Development and Operation In Azrou Page 27

Smce only penodlc cover wtll be applIed, the landfill WIll expenence some conditIOns that would otherwtse by ehmmated by dally cover For example, mcreased vectors and lItter may result from the waste matenal that remams exposed between cover placement Procedures aimed at controllmg vectors and other nUlsances are presented m Section 5 2 lOAn mcreased number of vectors, such as fues, should only be a problem at the landfill site Itself Increased lItter, however, may requrre a greater effort to keep the landfill site clean The lack of dally cover may mcrease the potential for penodlc fires To the degree pOSSible, fires should be put out as they occur because of the dangerous effects of exposure to smoke from sohd waste fires

As discussed m Section 3 7 2 - Leachate GeneratIon, the Azrou landfill will generate a sigruficant amount of leachate The apphcatIOn of cover sou willmpact the amount of leachate generated Cover sou should be apphed and graded to shed ramwater away from the active areas of the landfill Cover sou apphcatlon should aVOId creatIng low pomts where ramwater can accumulate and percolate mto the waste

The Azrou landfill site has a reported 2 to 3 meters of clay soIl over bedrock ThIs general statement was made In the Irutlal hydrogeology study but was not confirmed by test pItS or bonngs whIch have been recommended m thIs plan Considenng the small size of the landfill and hIgh groundwater levels dunng the wet season, eXlstmg on-SIte soIl should not be excavated for use as cover SOlI cover matenal may ongmate from a number of sources mcludmg

• Waste sou, demolItIOn or constructIOn waste whIch IS brought to the landfill for disposal, or

• An off-Site quarry or other source of sod A nearby pnvately owned quarry has an adequate supply of cover sou

Durmg the first year of operation, It IS esttmated that the landfill wtll receIve 675 m3 of waste per month At an assumed hft depth of 2 meters, 337 m2 of waste surface will requIre covenng At a cover depth of 30 mm, the monthly volume of cover sod to be excavated and apphed IS approXlffiately 100 m3

5 2 8 CompactIOn - In Imtlal operatIons, the project team IS recommendmg hmlted compactIOn only at the time that accumulated waste pIles are spread for cover applIcation In large landfills, specialtzed eqUipment IS often used solely for the purpose of compactIOn However, the project team does not beheve that thIs IS feaSIble for the Azrou landfill A basIC level of compactIOn will be proVided dunng penodIc mechamzed eqUIpment operatIons through a rrummum of 3 passes by a D4 bulldozer at the tIme waste pIles are spread and formed mto cells

5 2 9 ScavengmgIRecychng - Scavengmg for recycle matenals IS common practIce at most Moroccan waste SItes The removal of recycle matenals, mcludmg paper, plastIC, metal, glass, wood or reusable Items IS benefiCIal to landfill operatIOn by reducmg the amount of waste to be landfilled Unfortunately, the removal of these Items from the landfill exposes the scavengers to mJury and dIsease Long term programs should be mttlated to encourage removal of these matenals at the source of generation or dunng collectIOn and eventually ehmmate all scavengmg at the landfill Assummg that scavengmg at the landfill WIll contInue m the foreseeable future, landfill attendants WIll take all precautIons to prevent harm to scavengers from haul vehIcles, mechanIzed eqUipment operations and exposure to dangerous matenals such as medical waste The scavengers

Landfill Development and OperatIon In Azrou Page 28

must cooperate With the landfill attendants so they Will not mterfere With necessary landfill operations

5210 NUisance Control- The pnmary nUisance conditIons assocIated With landfill operatIOns are dIsease vectors, dust, blOWing htter and odor Procedures that will be used m controllmg each are as follows

Disease Vectors - Typical landfill vectors can mclude brrds, rodents and msects Through contact With waste matenals placed m the landfill, these can all transmlt dIsease Vectors mclude brrds, msects, and rodents, which are capable of carrymg a pathogemc disease-causmg bactena, VlruS, fungus, or orgarusm from one host to another Expenence has shown that druly soIl cover (20 mm ffilnlfnum) IS the best means for acruevmg vector control (Typically, It IS also the best means for controllmg odor and blowmg lttter) However, smce druly cover will not be applted m the lruttal operatIOn, the landfill attendant should morutor the general level of landfill vectors to detefffilne tfvector control techruques must be tmplemented As a result, vector control may become a factor m detefffilnIDg the frequency of mecharuzed eqUipment operatIOns at the site or may ultunately lead to a conclUSion that daIly cover IS reqUIred

• Insects - Based on our observanons at the eXlstmg dumpmg area, we belteve that msects will be the most problematIC vector However, the locatIOn of the site should help to keep the vector problem Isolated to the landfill FlIes and mosqUItoes are two types of msects that are of concern at landfills, because they both spread diseases and are nUisances Fbes can spread many food-borne diseases by carrymg bactena from the waste matenals to food Adult fues, eggs, and larvae, often amve at a landfill m the soltd waste There they contmue to develop and/or reproduce smce they are suppbed With food, water, and shelter, as a result of the phYSICal condItIons of the sobd waste

MosqUitoes breed m water or m very wet waste and can carry dIseases from many sources to human bemgs Effective control mcludes ehmmatmg areas where water IS found and effectIve use of cover soIl

• Rodents - Rodents can spread dIseases such as rabies, rat bite fever, typhus and plague They can damage a landfill by burrowmg through cover or even gnaWing lmer matenal, butldmgs, electncal Wires and msulatlon Rodent populatIOns can be mtroduced to a landfill by bemg brought to the site m waste loads or by mlgratmg to the landfill from surroundmg areas They will remam at the facility IT there IS avatlable food, water and shelter Shelter areas for rodents can mclude structures, as well as salvage storage areas and the open spaces that can occur between bulky matenals A rodent InfestatIon can be IdentIfied by lookmg for droppmgs, eVidence of gnawmg, burrows, holes m buddmgs or berms, rodent runs, or by phYSICally observmg them m the landfill Normally, rodents are not Vlslble dunng workmg hours as most of their actIVity takes place at rught

Dust - Dust at landfill SItes IS normally caused by verucular traffic At landfill SItes where an appropnate source of water IS present, water IS often used to suppress dust along access roads and other areas where velucular traffic IS antICipated A truck or trader mounted tank can be used to wet down roads to keep dust levels

Landfill Development and Operabon In Azrou Page 29

down

Litter - All wmdblown or dropped htter from waste delIvery or waste pues m the landfill cells should be penodlcally collected and placed m the landfill cell Litter should be penodicalIy collected by the permanent or temporary staff on a regular basis Smce waste loads are to remam uncovered for extended penods, an effort should be made to collect htter at least weekly at the land:fi11 and along the access road leadmg to It ThIs IS tmportant for a number of reasons mcludmg

• The muruclpahty IS attemptmg to demonstrate that an effectively operated landfill IS lmportant m envrronmentally sound sohd waste management Uncontrolled htter defeats the purpose of thIs demonstratIOn

• Staff attItudes concernmg the envrronmental control aspects of the landfill will be enhanced by recogruzmg the Importance of a clean SIte

• Uncontrolled lItter can prOVide breedmg areas for vectors away from the landfill cells

Dependmg on the number of trucks that go to the landfill and the ttme reqUIre to dIrect them, the landfill attendant should work toward controllmg htter m the VlCIruty of the active dumpmg area ThIs will help to prevent the accumulatIOn of matenal and reduce the amount that will have to be penodically collected by temporary staff

LItter control can be Improved by plantmg trees or cactus around the landfill m the drrectIOn of the predorrunant wmd

6 2 11 Medical Waste - At the present tIme medIcal waste IS not separated from general waste Staff at the landfill should receive trammg on recogruzmg medIcal waste and aVOId any contact Scavengers should be prohIbIted from recychng any medIcal waste Item, mcludmg ''IV' bottles whIch IS now a common practIce The NatIOnal GUIdehnes have devoted a separate volume to medIcal waste ThIs volume presents medIcal waste defirutIOns, standards and an ImplementatIon strategy If the strategy IS Implemented, the first component will be the separatIOn of InfectIOUS medIcal waste mto color coded or otherwIse marked contamers or bags, and separate collectIOn systems Dependmg on other dISposal alternatIves, the landfill should estabhsh a separate dISposal area for medical waste whIch should be covered daIly Future dISpOSal optIons should mclude an mcmerator at the hOSPItal or landfill

Landfin Development and Operabon In Azrou Page::D

SECTION 6 - MAINTENANCE

61 General

EffectIve operations can only be sustamed If there IS effectIve maIntenance of the systems and structures required for operatIOns Matntenance procedures must mclude all eqUIpment and structures whose functlOn IS tmportant m the long term operatIon of the landfill Thts will certatnly mclude any mecharuzed eqUIpment but WIll also mclude fixed landfill sIte structures such as the completed landfill areas, dratnage ditcheslberms and access roads

There are two classtficatlOns of mamtenance used m the care of the above structures and eqUIpment These mclude

• Repair Maintenance - In this form ofmatntenance, eqUIpment or structures are repatred when they breakdown or do not functIon as anticIpated In some cases, repatr mamtenance must occur ImmedIately smce an operatmg functlOn cannot be accomphshed WIthout the completion of the repatr In some cases, the nature of the requrred repaIr can allow the repatr to be deferred to a more converuent tIme Some care, however, must be taken to assure that deferred mamtenance does not lead to a more slgruficant breakdowns that reqUIres more tlffie and money to fix

• PreventatIVe Mamtenance - In this form of mamtenance, work IS done on the structures or eqUIpment to try to keep breakdowns from occumng In the case of mecharuzed eqUIpment, preventatIve mamtenance needs to be suffiCIent to assure that the eqUIpment WIll be effectIve for the longest possIble ttme

Generally, manufacturers ofmecharuzed eqUIpment speCIfy a mtrumum level of mamtenance that, through thetr expenence, Will gtve the most effecttve use of the eqUIpment over the longest ttme At a mtrumum, such recommendatIOns should be used as a basiS for preventatIve mamtenance work done on any specIfic Item of mecharuzed eqUIpment Expenence has shown that a lack of effectIve preventatIve mamtenance often leads to an mcreased level of repatrs and decrease hfe expectancy ThIs can have a major tmpact on the cost aSSOCIated WIth operatmg mecharuzed eqUIpment through mcreased repatr costs and premature replacement of the eqUIpment so as to mamtam ItS functIon It IS tmportant to note that effectIve preventatIve matntenance also mcludes the stmple tasks of makmg mspectlOns to venfy that condItIons eXist for contmued optImum performance Effecttve datly operatIon of mecharuzed eqUIpment, for example, normally begtns With an mspectIon of the eqUIpment and a check of operatmg flUIds and other cntIcal factors for the operatIon of the eqUIpment Regular preventatIve mamtenance mspections can mclude mecharuzed eqUIpment as well as fixed structures such as dramage diverSlOn dItches and benns

6 2 Maintenance Procedures

The project team recommends the followmg mtmmum mamtenance requrrements for the landfill

6 2 1 Access Road Mamtenance - The SIte access road must be mamtamed so that there IS a nnmmum of dtsruption m gettmg waste to the landfill If the landfill access road becomes drfficult to use, waste wtll be depOSIted m other areas away from the landfill SIte that are perceIved to be more convement

Landfin Development and operation In Azrou Page 31

The level of mamtenance reqUlred for the access road WIll be a functton of the natural and man-made factors that can damage surface condItIon of the road For example, traffic or wet weather may requtre penodIc gradmg of the roadway usmg a bulldozer or grader At a mmtmum, the project team recommends annual mamtenance of any area where condItIons could dIsrupt the travel of trucks to and from the landfi.Il sIte The landfill manager should reVIew such locatIOns to determme the actual frequency at whIch access road matntenance tasks must be performed At a rmrumum, followmg tasks should be used m access road mamtenance

• Pen odIc gradmg usmg the bulldozer prOVIded for the landfill cover operatIOn If requrred, thIs may be lnruted to those areas needmg the greatest amount of work

• Ftllmg m any major holes that develop m the road ThIs may be done by mecharuzed eqUlpment when on SIte, temporary staffwhen avatlable or by the landfill attendant for those areas near the actIve landfill cell

• Mamtatnmg the functIon of storm water dItches and culverts to prevent exceSSIve road floodmg or deterIOratIOn ThIs may requrre penodIcally clearung out the SOlI and sohd waste matenals that can accumulate

The benefits that Will be reahzed from effectively mamtatnmg the landfill access road mclude

• Easy access to the landfill wIll prevent waste depOSit m other more convement locatIOns where there IS greater potentIal for enVlfonmental and pubhc harm

• A well matntatned access road WIll decrease the wear and tear on the vehIcles that must travel to the landfill As a result, vehIcle mamtenance cost Will be decreased

6 2 2 Site Mamtenance - There are a number of mamtenance tasks that should be regularly performed by landfill staff At a nummum, these mclude the followmg

• Monthly, mspect all drrunage dIverSIOn ditches and berms to venfy that water cannot flow mto an active or completed waste cell

• Weekly, collect all debns from areas outSIde of the landfill cells and place thIs matenal m the actIve dISpOsal area The landfill attendant should be Instructed to keep the area near the landfill cells as clean as pOSSIble

• Annually, clean out all dramage dIverSIon ditches of any accumulated sedIment to renew ItS dramage performance The frequency of thIs work may mcrease If the accumulatIOn of matenals m the draInage dIverSIon dItches warrants It

6 2 3 Site Clean-up - At a rrurumum, general SIte cleanup should occur on a weekly baSIS To the degree pOSSible, the landfill's permanent staff should collect htter at the time that It occurs ThIs WIll durumsh the amount of htter that Will need to be collected weekly

6.2 4 EqUIpment Mamtenance - In latter phases of the landfill development and operatIOn, dedIcated eqUlpment may become avrulable Iflandfill staff becomes responsIble for that eqUlpment, an effecttve mruntenance program should be mcorporated mto the landfill's operatmg procedures Ifnew eqUlpment becomes avatlable, the mamtenance procedures should, at a rmmmum, conform to the program recommended by the manufacturer of the eqUlpment SpecIfic aSSIgnments should be made to assure that one mdIVldualIS responsIble for perfornung all datly and penodIc tasks reqUIred m the preventative maIntenance program

LandfiH Development and Operation in Azrou Page 32

The use of used eqUIpment m the future does not dlIIUIllSh the need for effectIve maIntenance If anythIng, there IS a greater need for effecttve mamtenance molder eqUIpment smce parts are more apt to wear out faster In some cases, used eqUIpment IS

not accomparued WIth any documentatIon presentmg the manufacturers recommendatIon for mamtenance procedures However, mformatl0n can usually be obtamed from the manufacturers At the very least, a program can be estabhshed based on sumlar eqUIpment


SECTION 7 - HEAL TR AND SAFETY

7.1 General

Landfill workers are exposed to many potentlally dangerous matenals and sItuatIOns as they supervIse and dIrect the dISpOSal of waste Landfill staff must be properly tramed and eqwpped to safeguard themselves from the dangerous propertIes of the waste matenals placed m the landfill Uruversally, the most common basts for health and safety procedures IS to nurumtze the contact between the waste and the people whose health could be affected by contact Thts IS partIcularly the case for dangerous matenals such as medIcal or tOXlC wastes

In Morocco, where envrronmental management IS Just evolvmg, all of the dtfferent forms of sohd waste are apt to be receIved at the landfill Thts remforces the need for effectIve health and safety control at the landfill Ulttmately, laws and regulatIOns may eXlst m Morocco, as mother countnes, where partIcularly hazardous matenals are separated from the normal waste stream and dIsposed of m a more appropnate manner than sImply mcorporatmg It mto the waste gomg to the murucipallandfill However, m the near term future, the health and safety approach for the Azrou landfill must assume that all forms of tOXlC sohd waste are mcluded m the solId waste receIved at the landfill The landfill staff should be tramed to IdentIfy the vanous types of sohd waste that Will be brought to the landfill so that they are cautIOUS when workmg around partIcularly dangerous matenals

7 2 Health and Safety Plan

The health and safety of landfill staff and others (waste delIvery verucle dnvers, eqwpment operators, scavengers) at the SIte can be affected by a number of factors, mcludmg

• Vehtcular OperatIOns

• Exposure to waste matenals partIcularly dangerous matenals such as medtcal and tOXlC waste, etc

• Exposure to arr errusslons from tOXlC wastes or fires at the landfill

The followmg are bastc health and safety procedures that are recommended to be adopted at the landfill to control the nsks aSSOCIated WIth health and safety hazards

7.2.1 Personnel ProtectIve Clothmg - Personnel protectIve clothmg should be prOVIded to the landfill staff At a mtnlmum, thts should mclude

• HIgh VISIbIlIty vests for workmg around mobtle eqUIpment,

• Leather work gloves,

• Rubber boots

Any temporary landfill staff who will come mto contact WIth waste matenals by collectmg htter should be temporanly Issued leather work gloves and rubber boots for the penod of tune that they work at the landfill

The followmg work rules should apply to personal protectIve clothtng

The landfill manager should be responSIble for mamtammg an mventory of personal protectlve clothtng so that It IS avaIlable for permanent and temporary landfill staff


Permanent or temporary staff reqUired to handle any waste matenals WIll be reqUired to use leather work gloves and rubber boots when handlmg or workmg around waste matenals TIns wtIlmclude landfi1l area operatIOns as well as site lltter clean-up

The use of thIs personal protective clotlung should be made a prereqUisIte for work at the landfill and all staff who are Issued eqUipment should be responsible for ItS care whIle they have It (personal protectIve clotlung WIll wear out m ttme As a result, leather work gloves may have to be ISSUed to the landfill full ttme staff every SIX months Replacement rubber boots may need to be Issued once a year Temporary staff requtred to handle solld waste matenals will be Issued gloves and boots that will be collected and stored upon the completton of theIr work at the landfill

All staff requrred to work around velucles dehvenng waste to the landfill or around mecharuzed eqUipment mvolved m waste spreadmg, compactIOn and cover should be requrred to wear high VlSIbillty safety vests to rod m preventmg vehIcle/pedestnan aCCIdents

722 Health Exposure Control- Long term exposure to certam elements of the waste can be harmful to the health of operattng personnel As a result, landfill operatIOns should be orgaruzed so that there IS a IDlrumum of exposure and contact to waste matenals Personnel who must work m proXlIDlty to the waste matenal placed m the landfill should be tramed as to the partIcular hazards of certam types of waste At a IDlrumum this should mclude

• Exposure to vanous forms of medIcal waste

• Controners With hqmds

• PossIbility of harm and mfection from sharp objects

• Long term danger from exposure to smoke from burrung waste

To the degree possible, fires should be prevented at the landfill Exposure to smoke from landfill fires can have a damagmg affect to the staff exposed to It and to other people away from the landfill who are exposed to It If a fire does occur, an attempt should be made to put the fire out usmg sod cover or water, If It IS avaIlable However, thIs attempt should only be made where there IS no drrect danger to the personnel attemptmg to put out the fire

The overall prmclple of operatIOns should be to prevent exposure and contact WIth sohd waste placed m the landfill Where contact cannot be aVOIded (SIte clean-up, etc) personal protectIve clothmg should be used

7 2 3 EqUIpment Safety - The landfill manager should work to make sure that all SIte staff (permanent and temporary) are aware of the dangers assocIated WIth workIng around the eqUlpment The landfill manager should also be responsIble for makmg sure that all eqUlpment operators operate theIr eqUlpment m a manner that does not endanger other people (landfill staff, scavengers, etc ) at the SIte


SECTION 8 - MONITORING

81 General

One of the keys to sustaInable effecnve operations IS performance momtonng The followmg mmnnum momtonng program IS recommended for the landfill

8 2 Environmental Control

Page 35

The landfill IS Intended to perform an Important envrronmental functIon In the Murucipahty of Azrou The SImple fact of gettmg the waste to the landfill accomphshes an Important part of that functIon However, the deSIgn and operatIon of the landfill must attempt to control the envrronmental effects of the matenal after It IS placed m the landfill Landfill envrronmental morutonng mcludes the placement ?l1d sampling of groundwater morutonng wells to determme that the landfill IS not damagmg groundwater In addItIon, surface water accumulatIOns are also tested to venfy that surface water IS not bemg contammated through contact Wlth waste matenals

The Azrou landfill has a leachate evaporatlOn pond and two groundwater morutonng wells are recommended The pond should be checked datly for any leaks and to determlne the depth and the esnmated volume of leachate contaIned m the pond These should be recorded m the operator's log book In addillon to checkmg the leachate pond for leaks, the staff should check the 600 mm draIn outlet to msure that only clear water IS flowmg from the pIpe If tros flow contaIns leachate or odors, It IS an mrucatlOn that leachate IS flowmg Into the draIn under the landfill The draIn Inlet structure should also be checked daIly to remove any bUllt up matenal that may block the pIpe

ImtIal water qualIty momtonng and tesnng has been recommended m the Section 3 4 Subject to avatlable resources, tros water quahty tesnng should be repeated at penodIc mtervals As a Inlrumum, the test wells should be sampled and analyzed once per year to assess potential contammatlOn of groundwater and to compare the results Wlth the Irutial testIng

8 3 Vector Momtonng

The use of penodIc mtermedlate cover rather than datly cover may PermIt vectors such as msects and rodents to mcrease above acceptable levels These vectors should be morutored datly to determme If preventive action IS requrred More frequent covermg, especIally dunng the wet season, may be necessary to control these vectors

8 4 Operations/Performance Momtonng

The tIme for developmg cells and performmg mecharuzed eqmpment tasks Wlll be a functlOn of how much waste IS actually receIved at the landfill Wlule the overall goal of sohd waste management m Azrou should be the deltvery of as much waste as pOSSIble to the landfill, there are Issues (costs of collection, etc) that may keep waste from reacrong the landfill

Close morutonng of the waste Wlll determlne the pace at which certaIn actiVIties are undertaken For example, the frequency at which depOSIted ptles ofmatenal are spread, compacted and covered will, more than hkely, be based on how much waste needs to be covered ThIs can be determIned by summanzmg waste dehvenes by the day, week, month and year A yearly plot of waste dehvenes (TPD) WIll Identify trends m waste dehvenes

landfill Development and Operabon In Azrou Page 36

that WIll effect future operatIons

8 5 Site Operations

Performance momtonng for tasks at the landfill IS sImply a conscIous effort by the person responsible for the landfill to regularly VISit the landfill and make sure that tasks are betng performed m the manner requrred It has been the project team's expenence that close morutonng m the form of a datly VISIt to the landfill by the person responsIble for Its operation IS lffiportant m assunng that reasonable condItIons and performance are mamtamed


SECTION 9 - COST ESTIMATES

It has been recogmzed that there are nnrumal resources aVallable to budd and operate the new landfill m Azrou The followmg cost esttmates assume nnrumal levels of effort to attam a reasonable level of operatIon In addItion to mmtmal costs, optIonal costs are presented m the event that addItIonal resources are obtamed

Clean EXlstmK Dump Site:

1 1 LoaderlBulldozer @ 3,000 db/day = 2

3

2 Dump trucks @ 2,000 ea per day = 10 Laborers @ 150 db/day =

Subtotal = TOTAL ESTIMATE @ 5 days

Imtlal Landfill ConstructIOn Costs

1 Access Road 400 meters@ 750 db/m = 2 Guard House = 3 600 mm dram 340 meters @ 1,500 dh/m =

4 Landfill Berm = 5 Leachate EvaporatIOn Pond

6 Test wells

4 Tools, protectIve clothmg, supplIes

=

=

=

3,000 db/day

4,000 db/day

1,500 dh/day

8,500 db/day

300,000 dh

10,000

510,000

20,000

40,000

6,000

2,000

Subtotal ConstructIOn Costs

Recommended OptIonal CapItal Costs

1 Utthtles, (telephone & electnclty) =

2 Office and todet facilities = TOTAL LANDFILL CAPITAL COSTS

Operatmg Costs

1 Staff 1 SIte Supemsor @ 36,000 dh/yr = 2 Laborers @ 24,000 db/yr =

40,000 dh

20,000

36,000 dh/yr

48,000 dhlyr

15,000 dhlyr

42,500 db

880,000 db

948,000 db

4 Part time staff@150 db/day x 25 =

Subtotal Staff 99,000 db/yr

2 Mecharuzed EqUIpment (pnvate Contract)

1 Bulldozer @ 3,000 dh/day =

1 dump truck @2,000 db/day

Subtotal

= =

3,000 db/day

2,000 db/day

5,00 db/day

Subtotal EqUIpment @24 days/yr 134,400 db/yr


3 Cover Sod from off-sIte source

1,200 m3 per yr @ 30 dh/m3

TOTAL OPERATING BUDGET

36,000 dh/yr

269,400 dh/yr

Page 38


SECTION 10 - IMPLEMENTATION PLAN

101 General

The tmplementatIOn plan for the Azrou landfill mcludes several components designed to termmate the eXlstmg dumpmg outside the fonnallandfill site and to prepare the site for reVised operatIon The followmg ImplementatIon tasks are ltsted m order of pnonty

10 2 Additional Studies

The landfill SIte has some sigruficant hydrogeological problems wroch were not fully evaluated when the SIte was ongmally located A more m-depth hydrogeological study IS recommended, mclm!tng the mstallatlon of two groundwater test wells

The new NatIonal GUldehnes mclude a fonnat for performmg EnVironmental Impact Assessments (EIA) for landfills Smce the Irutial study performed by the town was completed before the gUldehnes were Issued, It was very general and did not mclude all the Issues that are reqUlred by the new gUldehnes Therefore a new EIA report IS recommended

103 Access

The eXIstmg problem With the last 400 meters of access road should be addressed as soon as possIble Intenm measures should be employed to Improve the road untIl the tender process can be completed A local quarry, located 2 ktlometers from the srte can supply an adequate supply of gravel to perform temporary reparrs After nnproVIng the road, all trucks should be reqUlred to dump m the fonnallandfill SIte

10 4 Intenm Dumpmg Area

An area of the landfill should be cleared to accept waste for an mtenm penod unttl the SIte preparatIon IS completed As shown on FIgure 3 2 tros area should be along the northern portIon of the slte so as not to mterfere With the constructIOn of the dram pIpe or landfill berm All waste m the formal landfill SIte should be consohdated and stockpIled dunng the trutlal constructIOn phase

10 5 Landfill Construction

• Obtam all reqUlred permtts and approvals

• Install the 600 nun dram plpe

• Construct the mam landfill berm

• Construct the leachate evaporatIon pond

10 6 Landfill Operation

• Tram the landfill attendant as to the procedures requrred to operate the landfill

• Instruct all collectIon staff that they are to follow the dlrectIon of the landfill attendant m waste placement

• Fmd and secure the source of mecharuzed eqUIpment to be used for penodlc tasks at the landfill

Landfin Development and Operation in Azrou Page 40

• Hire or assIgn temporary staff for performance of temporary staff tasks as outhned m tins report

10 4 Financial

The murucipaltty of Azrou has an eXlstmg budget of approXImately 600,000 dh to complete the access road and fimsh the stone wall enclosmg the sIte ApproXImately 300,000 db will be needed to complete the gravel road but the completIon of the WallIS not necessary and the remammg budget should be apphed to other constructIOn components Other sources of funds should be pursued to meet the proposed constructIOn and operatIons budgets

10 5 Future Consideration

The deSign of the landfill has calculated a total capacIty of approxtmately 100,000 m3

whIch equals a hfe of only 1 ° years Smce locatmg a new landfill site m conformance With the new NatIonal Gwdehnes will be dIfficult, we recommend that the mumclpaltty begm the SIte search m the very near future

landfill Development and Operation 10 Azrou Page 41

APPENDIX A

Waste Generation Database

CITY AZROU 1994 POPULATION (CENSUS) 40000 PER CAPITA GENERATION (KG/CAP/DAy) 05 POPULATION GROWTH PER YEAR 2% LOOSE DENSITY (KG/M) 450 TRUCK COMPACT DENSITY (KG/M) 600 LANDFILL DENSITY (KG/M) 800 COVER SOIL (%) 10%

DAILY DAILY ANNUAL ANNUAL ANNUAL LANDFILL LANDFILL YEAR POPULATION WASTE WASTE WASTE LOOSE COMPACTOR LANDFILL LANDFILL LANDFILL CUMULATIVE AREA AREA

GEN COLLEC"COLLECT VOLUME TRUCK VOLUME VOLUME VOLUME VOILUME @10 METER (ha) (TIDAY) (T/DAY) (TIYR) (M/DAY) VOLUME WASTE COVER TOTAL 1M)

DEPTH (100%) (80%) (M/DAY) (MIYR) (MIYR) (MIYR)

1 1998 44172 22 18 6449 39 29 8061 806 8868 8868 887 009 2 1999 45055 23 18 6578 40 30 8223 822 9045 17,912 1,791 018 3 2000 45957 23 18 6710 41 31 8387 839 9226 27138 2714 027 4 2001 46876 23 19 6844 42 31 8555 855 9410 36548 3655 037 5 2002 47813 24 19 6981 43 32 8726 873 9598 46147 4615 046 5 YEAR 6 2003 48769 24 20 7120 43 33 8900 890 9790 55937 5594 056 7 2004 49745 25 20 7263 44 33 9078 908 9986 65924 6592 066 8 2005 50740 25 20 7408 45 34 9260 926 10186 76110 7611 076 9 2006 51,755 26 21 7556 46 35 9445 945 10390 86499 8650 086

"' 10 2007 52790 26 21 7707 47 35 9634 963 10598 97,097 9,710 097 10 YEAR t;; 11 2008 53845 27 22 7861 48 36 9827 983 10809 107906 10,791 108 12 2009 54922 27 22 8019 49 37 10023 1 002 11 026 118932 11893 1 19 13 2010 56021 28 22 8179 50 37 10224 1 022 11246 130178 13018 130 14 2011 57 141 29 23 8343 51 38 10428 1 043 11 471 141649 14165 142 15 2012 58284 29 23 8509 52 39 10637 1064 11 701 153350 15335 153 15 YEAR 16 2013 59450 30 24 8680 53 40 10850 1 085 11 935 165,284 16,528 165 17 2014 60639 30 24 8853 54 40 11 067 1 107 12173 177458 17,746 177 18 2015 61851 31 25 9030 55 41 11288 1 129 12417 189874 18987 190 19 2016 63088 32 25 9211 56 42 11 514 1 151 12665 202539 20254 203 20 2017 64350 32 26 9395 57 43 11 744 1 174 12918 215,458 21546 215 20 YEAR


APPENDIXB

National Guidelines

landfill development and operations plan: municipality …pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pdabq915.pdf ·...

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