land-use planning (and its relationship to public health) land-use planning (and its relationship to...
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Land-Use Planning
(and its Relationship to Public Health)
Land-Use Planning
(and its Relationship to Public Health)
Marya Morris, AICP
American Planning Association
NACCHO Environmental Health
Advisory Committee
Albuquerque, October 22, 2003
Elements of a Comprehensive PlanElements of a Comprehensive Plan
• Goals & objectives • Land use • Community facilities• Transportation• Housing• Parks and recreation• Historic preservation
•Urban design
•Economic development
•Environment
•Natural hazards
•Implementation
• Health ???
Land-Use Element Land-Use Element
• Purposes– Provide pattern for the location and characteristics of future development
– Principal plan element upon which others are based
• Supporting Analyses– Inventories, trend analysis, environmental scan, infrastructure capacity,
population and economic projections
• Contents– Existing land use map– Statement of goals and policies– Future land use map– Narrative that explains how the future land-use pattern relates to the
goals, policies, and guidelines
Steps in Land-Use Element (Plan) PreparationSteps in Land-Use Element (Plan) Preparation
1. Complete land use survey and other supporting analysis
2. Establish proposed locational goals, policies, and guidelines
3. Account for state and federal land use goals, policies, and guidelines
4. Establish guideline densities and intensities
5. Project land uses by category
6. Identify on a map factors influencing or limiting developability
7. Develop alternatives; allocate future land uses on map; account for constraints
8. Evaluate alternatives
9. Select optimal alternative
The Zoning OrdinanceThe Zoning Ordinance
Lists Land-Use Districts Contains Development
Regulations for Each District Yards Height Bulk or Floor Area Ratio Maximum lot coverage Maximum impervious
surface ratio
Other Zoning RegulationsOther Zoning Regulations
Conditional uses Accessory structures and
uses Landscaping Off-street parking and
loading Home occupations Signs
Subdivision RegulationSubdivision Regulation
Purposes Legal authority Contents
• Submission requirements• Standards for:
• Streets• Sidewalks• Stormwater• Open space• Lot sizes• Erosion• Utilities
Subdivision Review ProcedureSubdivision Review Procedure
Pre-application conference Preliminary plat review Final plat review Public improvement guarantees Time limits Exactions & fees in lieu
Parks & school sites Storm drainage
Other Terms and TechniquesOther Terms and Techniques
Adequate public facility ordinances
Impact fees Exclusive farmland districts Traditional neighborhood
development zones Overlay districts Transfer of development
rights Planned unit development Density bonuses and
incentives Urban growth boundaries
“The built environment in post-industrial culture represents a
tremendous unexamined resource for improving human and
environmental health.”
Laura E. Jackson National Health and
Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (2002)
“The built environment in post-industrial culture represents a
tremendous unexamined resource for improving human and
environmental health.”
Laura E. Jackson National Health and
Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (2002)
Public HealthPublic Health Community Planningand Design
Community Planningand Design
Physically Active Communities
Physically Active Communities
A Convergence of Priorities A Convergence of Priorities
Planning/Public Health Chronology(from a planner’s perspective)
Planning/Public Health Chronology(from a planner’s perspective)
1850 - 1920s: The public health roots of planning
1920 – 1930s: Zoning and subdivision regulations emerge to deal with nuisance issues, property values, quality of life
1945 – present: Urban decentralization, vast changes in jobs/housing proximity, consumer preferences, wealth; (now) conventional development patterns become norm
1970 – 1985: Environmental movement; State growth management movement
1990 – present: Major change in Federal transportation priorities ISTEA (1990); TEA-21 (1997); TEA 3 (2003 reauthorization)
1990 – present: Smart growth movement
1997 – present: Public health and planning renew their marriage vows
What is Urban Sprawl?What is Urban Sprawl?
Sprawl is a fiscally and environmentally unsustainable development pattern that consumes farmland and open
space and can have numerous negative effects on quality of life in a community.
Ten Principles of Smart GrowthTen Principles of Smart Growth
1. Mix land uses
2. Take advantage of compact building design
3. Create a range of housing opportunities and choices
4. Create walkable neighborhoods
5. Foster distinctive, attractive communities with a strong sense of place
6. Preserve open space, farmland, natural beauty, and critical environmental areas
7. Strengthen and direct development towards existing communities
8. Provide a variety of transportation choices
9. Make development decisions predictable, fair, and cost effective
10. Encourage community and stakeholder collaboration in development decisions
Health implications of sprawl, part IHealth implications of sprawl, part I
air pollution
greenhouse gas emissions
heat island effect
physical activityphysical activity
vehicle crashes
Social capital
Source: Richard Jackson, Howard Frumkin PowerPoint presentation, October 4, 2001.Source: Richard Jackson, Howard Frumkin PowerPoint presentation, October 4, 2001.
Health implications of sprawl, part IIHealth implications of sprawl, part II
Pedestrian death and injury
Water quantity and quality
? Mental health consequences
Social equity
Source: Richard Jackson, Howard Frumkin PowerPoint presentation, October 4, 2001.Source: Richard Jackson, Howard Frumkin PowerPoint presentation, October 4, 2001.
The barriers we’ve built to physical activity: Planning as part of the problem
The barriers we’ve built to physical activity: Planning as part of the problem
• Separated land uses
• Auto-dominated community design
• Large lots
• Ignoring human scale
• Prohibited connections between origins and destinations
Physical Activity and SprawlPhysical Activity and Sprawl
SprawlSprawl
▲ trip distances
▲ vehicle trips
▼ walking
▼ physical activity
▲ trip distances
▲ vehicle trips
▼ walking
▼ physical activity
overweight obesity
overweight obesity
Availability and Access
Support for bicycling and walking
Support for incidental outdoor activity
Incentives for physical activity
Safety
Emerging Policy and Implementation Framework
City planners, parks officials
Public health officials
Building code officials
Transportation and transit
Education
Park districts, school districts,Law enforcement
NGOs, private sector, community
groups, media
Agents of Change Menu of Policies Desired Outcomes
• Conducive environments for
routine activity
• Increased physical activity
APA Survey of Planners on the Physical Activity Issue
APA Survey of Planners on the Physical Activity Issue
Purpose: Explore the extent to which planners are addressing the physical activity issue
10,000 planners emailed the survey in March 2003
1,000 responses tallied Respondents represent wide range of
jurisdiction size and type
For your jurisdiction’s elected and appointed officials, the physical activity of residents is . . .
For your jurisdiction’s elected and appointed officials, the physical activity of residents is . . .
5
33
36
28
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Unsure
Not underdiscussion
An emergingissue
An importantissue
% of Respondents (N = 1,000)
5
33
36
28
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Unsure
Not underdiscussion
An emergingissue
An importantissue
% of Respondents (N = 1,000)
For your jurisdiction’s elected and appointed officials, the relationship between community planning and design and the ability of residents to be physically
active is . . .
For your jurisdiction’s elected and appointed officials, the relationship between community planning and design and the ability of residents to be physically
active is . . .
5
33
39
25
0 10 20 30 40 50
Unsure
Not underdiscussion
An emerging issue
An importantissue
% of Respondents (N = 1,000)
5
33
39
25
0 10 20 30 40 50
Unsure
Not underdiscussion
An emerging issue
An importantissue
% of Respondents (N = 1,000)
Barriers to incorporating physical activity goals and objectives into plans, projects, and regulations
Barriers to incorporating physical activity goals and objectives into plans, projects, and regulations
13
13
26
28
40
0 10 20 30 40 50
Other
Would detract from other priorities
Lacks political support
It is an assumed, not stated goal
Not regarded as a planning issue
% of Respondents (N = 1,000)
Planning and Designing the Physically Active Community
APA Project Overview
• Literature Review (available now)• Web resources (available now)• National survey of planners (available now)• Planning Advisory Service Report (in
progress, forthcoming 2004)• Case Studies (2004)• Community Institutes (2003-04)
Five Strategic Points of InterventionFive Strategic Points of Intervention
1. Visioning and goal setting
2. Rethinking planning in all contexts
3. Local implementation tools
4. Site Design and Development
5. Siting Public Facilities and Capital Spending
1. Visioning and Goal Setting 1. Visioning and Goal Setting
• Begins with a discussion of shared values
• Results in a shared image of a community imagines most desired future
• Provides a broad context within which goals are set and plans are developed
• Majority of planning efforts now launched with a visioning exercise (reflective of more citizen participation)
2. Rethinking State and Local Planning
2. Rethinking State and Local Planning
• Comprehensive plans
• Neighborhood plans• Redevelopment
plans
…2. Functional Plans…2. Functional Plans
• Functional Plans– Health services– Bicycle and pedestrian– Transit– Streets and circulation– Trails– Parks– Housing– Economic development– Schools and campuses
Cambridge, MassachusettsPedestrian Plan (2000)
Cambridge, MassachusettsPedestrian Plan (2000)
• Why Cambridge, Mass. promotes walking– Fed, state, local rules
– Local growth policy
– Health(!)
• Vertical & horizontal policy integration
• Attention to the public realm• Technical specifications• Pedestrian advisory
committee
…3. More Implementation Tools…3. More Implementation Tools
• Capital improvement programs
• Streetscape improvements• Traffic calming in
neighborhoods• Transportation
enhancements• Financial set asides for
parks and trails
4. Site Design and Development4. Site Design and Development
• Improve the pedestrian environment
• Security, lighting, visibility• Protection from traffic• Adequate accommodation• Building orientation, setback
requirements• Public art• Architecture and appearance• Street trees, landscaping,
open spaces• Well connected routes
…4. Site Design and Development…4. Site Design and Development
• Bicycle facilities
• Sidewalk requirements
• Parking lot layout and design
• Amenities/conveniences for active people
• Encouraging signage
• Usable parks, open space
• Accessible stairways
5. Siting and Use of Public Facilities and Capital Spending
5. Siting and Use of Public Facilities and Capital Spending
Public Spaces Schools Post offices Libraries Museums Parks City Hall Campuses Community Centers