l’innovazione scientifica per la nutrizione€¦ · ühaptoglobinconcentration was higher 24 h...

L’innovazione scientifica per la nutrizione

Giovanni SavoiniDEP. OF HEALTH, ANIMAL PRODUCTION AND FOOD SAFETY (VESPA)

UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI MILANO

Approccio olistico nell’ alimentazione della bovina da latte

Dietary manipulation of fatty acids (FA)composition of milk fat – CLA, omega 3 fatty acids

Omega-3 FA and rumen methanogenesis

Bioactive FA and animal health

Summary

Lodi 16 ottobre 2015 Giovanni Savoini

Ø Fat concentration : 0.1-1.0 percentage unitsØProtein concentration : 0.1-0.4 percentage unitsØ Selenium concentration : dietary selenium (organic Se) - limitation

in supplementing Se in feed (0.5 ppm)-ØTransfer of vitamin E from feed to milk is low, around 1.6% - 2.2%,

Milk is one of the most important source of healthy and functional food ingredients: can we further improve an excellent food through animal feeding ?

Baldi et al., 2011


Dietary manipulation of fatty acids (FA)composition of milk fat – CLA, omega 3 fatty acids



Summary


CLAü Milk usually contains 0.2-0.9 % of CLA ü The major CLA isomer (cis-9, trans-11)

derives mainly from the endogenous synthesis via the action of SCD in mammary epithelial cells on vaccenic acid (trans-11 18:1)

ü CLA milk concentration can be increased by grazing, fresh grass or by feeding sources of unsaturated fatty acids (C18:2n-6,C18:3n-3), such as plant oils, oilseeds, fish oil or marine algae, CLA rumen protected

ü CLA milk concentration is affected by stage of lactation, it increases in late lactation (Wang et al., 2013, Tudisco et al., 2013, Cattaneo et al., 2006)

Linoleic acid(cis-9,cis-12 18:2)

CLA(cis-9,trans-11 CLA)

Vaccenic acid(trans-11 18:1)

Stearic acid (18:0)

Rumen biohydrogenation of FA


Grazing CLA (%TFA)

Pasture-grazing 2.22 Coppa et al., 2011

Grass hay 0.62Pasture-alfa alfa 1.53 Abu Ghazaleh et al., 2006

Corn silage alfa alfa hay 0.84

Effect of grazing on the CLA content of milk (Shingfield et al., 2013 mod.)

Ruminal biohydrogenation can be affected by:ü Ruminant speciesü Endogenous lipolysis (LP)ü Plant secondary metabolites (PSM)ü Polyphenol oxidase (PPO)ü Role of odd branched chain fatty acids (OBCFA) (Buccioni et al., 2012)


Effect of dietary lipids on milk CLA content

Relationship between dietary fat supplementation and milk CLA content in

sheep (Nudda et al., 2014)

CLA concentration in milk of goats fed high or low forage (HF, LF) and soybean oil (NO,O)

HF/NO HF/O LF/NO LF/O

0.61 3.79 0.8 2.67

Dietary sunflower (SF) and fish oil (FO) increase CLA concentration in dairy cows

ü Tannins can affect ruminalbiohydrogenation, increasing content of CLA when animals are fed diets rich in linoleic acid (Buccioni et al., 2015)

ü Level and type of starch influence the concentration of bioactive FA in milk (Toral et al., 2014)

Mele et al., 2008

Cruz-Hernandes et al, 2007


CLA content increases in milk fatwhen fish oil is included in thediet because DHA reduces theconversion of vaccenic to stearicacid in rumen

Linoleic acid(cis-9,cis-12 18:2)

CLA(cis-9,trans-11 CLA)

Vaccenic acid(trans-11 18:1)

Stearic acid (18:0)

DHA (FO)

Control Soy bean +fish oil

CLA 0.57a 4.04b

Inclusion of fish oil in dairy goat diet improves milk content of CLA (% TFA) (Tsiplakou and Zervas, 2013)

16 ottobre 2015 Giovanni Savoini

Omega 3 fatty acidsü n-3 FA (α-linolenic acid -ALA-, EPA and DHA) in milk can be

increased by feedingü Fish oilü Algaeü Flax seeds

But the transfer efficiency of EPA and DHA is quite low because of the preferential incorporation of absorbed EPA and DHA into plasma PL and CE of HDL, rather than TAG of circulating VLDL and chylomicrons (Palmquist, 2009)

Apparent transfer efficiency dairy goats fed fish oil : 7.0-14.0 % EPA, 7.0-8.0 % DHA

Apparent transfer efficiency dairy cows fed fish oil : 2.6-4.73 % EPA, 2.45-7.6 % DHA


Fish oil Dairy cows EPA-20:5n-3 (%TFA) DHA -22.6n-3(% TFA) Authors

Control 0.08 0.04 Loor et al., 2005

Fish oil (270 g/h/d)) 0.36 0.17

Algae Dairy cows

Control NR 0.09 Boeckart et al., 2008

Algae (201 g/h/d) NR 1.10

Fish oil sheep

Control 0.03 0.02 Toral et al., 2010

Fish oil (27.5 g/h/d) 0.15 0.38

Fish oil goats

Control NR NR Cattaneo et al., 2006

Fish oil (45g/h/d) 0.54 0.37

Effect of dietary fish oil and marine algae supplements on EPA and DHA content of ruminant milk (Shingfield et al., 2013 mod.)


Plasma EPA e DHA content dairy goats (% TFA)

Plasma DHA content kids (%)Control Fish oil Stearate

DHA 1.35b 2.09a 1.62

Feeding fish oil to dairy goats increased EPA and DHA content in goats and kids plasma

Plasma EPA content kids (%)Control Fish oil Stearate

EPA 0.28b 1.38a 0.38

Ferroni et al., 2015


Milk oxidationMilk with a high content of LCFA may benefit human health, but at the same time is more vulnerable to oxidation. In this context, increasing milk vitamin E content may represent an useful tool to protect lipids from peroxidation and to maintain milk nutritional and organoleptic quality (Baldi et al, 2011).

Item SMCFA Butterfat LCFA

SOD 5.26a 4.58ab 4.22b

GSH-Px 430.17a 395.74bc 408.13b

CAT 36.51a 33.40b 35.52a

T-AOC 1.58 1.62 1.42

MDA 1.03b 1.15a 1.14a

Zhao et al., 2013

Concentration of enzymatic radical scavenging and lipid oxidation products in milk response to

different dietary fatty acids (U/ml)


Milk or cheese enriched in bioactive FA are useful for human health ?

Pintus et al., 2013

BASE CTRL (90g/d) ENCH (90g/d)Total cholesterol (mmol/l) 6.29a 6.62a 5.96b

LDL-C (mmol/l) 4.29a 4.41a 4.00b

Plasma total cholesterol and LDL-C levels in volunteers after an intake of 90 g/d of the control cheese (CTRL) or enriched cheese (ENCH-ALA,VA,CLA)

Plasma concentration of endocannabinoid anandamidein volunteers after an intake of 90 g/d of the control

cheese (CTRL) or enriched cheese (ENCH-ALA, VA, CLA) Trans fatty acids (TFA) mayhave adverse consequences

on human health?


Dietary manipulation of fatty acids (FA)composition of milk fat



Summary


Omega-3 FA and rumen methanogenesisü Lipid supplementation usually decreases methane (CH4) yield

ü Increasing doses of coconut and fish oil quadratically decreased concentrations of methane in vitro (Patra and Yu, 2013)

ü Fish oil supplementation to dairy cows did not affect CH4 yield (EE 3.2 % DM), but the addition of fish oil to low starch diets lowered CH4 yield (14.5 vs 13.3 g of CH4 /kg ECM) (Pirondini et al., 2015)

ü Camelina oil decreases ruminal CH4 production, but this is related, at least in part, to lowered dry matter intake

ü Camelina oil had no effect on ruminal CH4 emission intensity (g/kg of digestible organic matter intake or milk yield)(Bayat et al., 2015).


Dietary manipulation of fatty acids (FA)composition of milk fat



Summary



üDo bioactive FA (omega n3), used to modify fatty acids composition of milk fat, affect animal health?


Long chain n-3 PUFA affect fertility

Fish oil

Fish oil decreases the concentration of PGF2α (Mattos

et al., 2004)

Santos et al., 2014


Long chain n-3 FA modulate immune functions in several ways:ü By replacing arachidonic acid during the eicosanoid signaling cascade, reducing

production of inflammatory eicosanoidsü Interfering directly with cytokine gene expressionü Regulating cell surface expression of anti-inflammatory mediators (resolvins)

Long chain n-3 PUFA modulate immune response

Sordillo et al., 2009


Agazzi et al., 2004

In transition dairy goats dietary fish oil was found to be effective

on cell-mediated immune response, with modified

mononuclear and polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells

ratio as a result


EPA and DHA may improve the defensive performance of goat neutrophilsand monocytes against bacteria by increasing their phagocytic activity

Pisani et al., 2009

Neutrophils

Monocytes

Lecchi et al., 2012


Gene expression of IL-6 in BAEC exposed to NEFA with differentfatty acids composition (Contreras et al., 2012)


n-6/n-3 FA in the dietR4 3.9 ( 0.7 % fish oil)R5 4.9 (0.41 % fish oil)R6 (5.9 0.2 % fish oil)

CS of fish oil

n-6/n-3= 3.9

n-6/n-3= 3.9

LPS challenge in the mammary gland in early lactating dairy cows:

ü Haptoglobin concentration was higher 24 h after LPS challenge in the mammary gland in cows fed diet n-6/n-3 5.9

ü IL-6 concentration in plasma increased as the ratio of n-6 to n-3 FA increased

Greco et al. 2015


Stryker et al.,2013

After a LPS challenge at 135 d of pregnancy ewes fed fish meal showed an attenuated febrile response compared to soybean meal, and the basal HP concentration was lower after a sensitization with HEWL during lactation


Conclusion


ü Through dairy ruminant nutrition it is possible to increase the amount of bioactive fatty acids (FA) in milk

ü Positive effects on human health from consuming milk products containing bioactive FA

ü Transfer efficiency of EPA and DHA is quite lowü Milk oxidation can increase

ü Not conclusive results on methanogenesis when ruminants are fed omega n3 FA

ü Omega 3 fatty acids can modulate immune and inflammatory response in dairy ruminants


ü Dietary LCFA supplementation in ruminants may affect the directionand dimension of changes in lipid metabolism gene networks in keyphysiological organs such as liver, adipose tissue and mammarygland (Hosseini and Loor, 2014), temporal modulation on lipidmetabolism.

ü Some of the data available highlight differences among ruminantspecies in terms of the molecular response to dietary fatty acids,microbiome

ü Effects of feeding bioactive FA to pregnant animals and effects on progeny health status

Molecular mechanism, gene expressions, gene networks


l’innovazione scientifica per la nutrizione€¦ · ühaptoglobinconcentration was higher 24 h...

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