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BiranchiBarwa VDc Profile

9 789937 296656

cover Biranchibarwa.indd 1 9/13/2015 12:09:27 PM


BiranchiBarwaVDc Profile

df]xDdb co'a Mohammad Ayub 8]le8 Pg= u]Ng/ David N. Gellner lbg]z kf7s Dinesh Pathak alGbtf l;hfktL Bandita Sijapati cdGbf :g]nGh/ Amanda Snellinger k|s[lt yfdL Prakriti Thami

Biranchibarwa 16 Sept.indd 1 9/17/2015 1:48:16 PM

© Centre for the Study of Labour and Mobility and ESRC Alchemists Project, September 2015

ISBN: 978 9937 2 9665 6

Centre for the Study of Labour and MobilitySocial Science Baha345 Ramchandra Marg, Battisputali, Kathmandu – 9, NepalTel: +977-1-4472807, 4480091 • Fax: [email protected] • www.ceslam.org

Printed in Nepal

In addition to support from CESLAM, the Parsa Study 2014 surveys were funded by the UK’s Economic and Social Research Council [Grant Number ES/J011444/1] as part of the project ‘Alchemists of the Revolution? The Politics of Educated Unemployed Youth’ (2012-2016) led by Professor Craig Jeffrey (then of the University of Oxford, now University of Melbourne).

Nepali Translation: Mohan Bista, Sudip Gautam, Himalaya KharelLayout and Design: Chiran Ghimire and Ajay Subedi


ljifo;"rL (Contents)

!= k[i7e"ld (Background) 1@= cWoog ul/Psf] :yfg (Study Site) 2#= hg;f+lVos agf]6 (Demography) 4 #=! 3/w'/L / hg;+Vofsf] agfj6 (Household and Population Composition) 4 #=@ pd]/ ;d"x cg';f/ hg;+Vofsf] ljt/0f (Population and Age Distribution) 6$= ;fdflhs–cfly{s ;+/rgf (Socio-Economic Composition) 7 $=! d"nsf] cfwf/df 3/kl/jf/sf] ljt/0f (Macro-Ethnic Category) 7 $=@ hfthflt (Caste and Ethnicity) 7 $=# wd{ (Religion) 9 $=$ j}jflxs l:ylt (Marital Status) 9 $=% d'Vo ultljlw (Primary Occupation/Activity) 10 $=^ z}lIfs l:ylt (Educational Attainment) 11 $=& hGd :yfg (Place of Birth) 14 $=* gful/stfsf] cj:yf (Citizenship Status) 15 $=( 3/kl/jf/sf] ;DklQdf :jfldTj (Ownership of Household Assets) 16%= k|jf;g / /]ld6\ofG; (Migration and Remittances) 17 %=! k|jf;L / u}/ k|jf;L 3/kl/jf/ (Migrant and Non-Migrant Households) 18 %=@ n}+lus cfwf/df k|jf;L hg;+Vof (Migrant Population by Gender) 19 %=# k|jf;gsf sf/0f (Reason for Migration) 20 %=$ k|jf;gsf] klxnf] uGtJo (First Migration Destination) 21 %=% k|jf;L / clGtd uGtJosf] k];f (Migrants and Occupations at Last Destination) 22 %=^ /]ld6\ofG; /sd (Remittance Amount) 23 %=& /]ld6ofG;sf] dfWod (Channels of Remittances) 24 %=* /]ld6\ofG; x:tfGt/0fsf] af/Daf/tf (Frequency of Remittance Transfer) 25^= k|jf;gsf ;fdflhs–cfly{s k|efjx¿ (Socio-Economic Impacts of Migration) 26 ^=! cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]tdf k|efj (Impact on Source of Income) 26 ^=@ 3/kl/jf/sf] vr{df k|efj (Impact on Household Expenditure) 27 ^=# k|jf;L 3/kl/jf/sf] :jf:Yo ;]jfdf k|fyldstf (Healthcare Preferences of Migrant 28

Households) ^=$ k|jf;gn] kf/]sf] cfly{s k|efjsf] d"Nof+sg (Assessment of the Economic Impact 28

of Migration) ^=% dlxnf ;xeflutf / lg0f{odf k|jf;gsf] k|efj (Impact of Migration on Female 30

Participation and Decision Making) ^=^ j[4j[4fx¿df k|jf;gsf] k|efj (Impact of Migration on the Elderly Population) 31


List of Tables

Table 1: Household and Population Composition 4Table 2: Distribution of Population by Age and Gender 6Table 3: Distribution of Population by Caste and Ethnicity 8Table 4: Distribution of Population by Marital Status 9Table 5: Distribution of Population by Primary Occupation/Activity 10Table 6: Illiteracy Rate by Caste and Ethnicity and Gender 13Table 7: Migrant Households and Population 17Table 8: Distribution of Households by Migration Status 18Table 9: Distribution of Migrant Population by Gender 19Table 10: Amount Remitted 23Table 11: Primary Source of Income Pre- and Post-Migration 26Table 12: Distribution of Household by Primary Household Expenditure Pre- and 27 Post-Migration

List of Figures

Figure 1: Parsa District and Study Sites 2Figure 2: Distribution of Population by Literacy 11Figure 3: Distribution of Population by Literacy [Census 2011] 12Figure 4: Distribution of Total Population by Place of Birth 14Figure 5: Distribution of Population by Citizenship Status and Gender 15Figure 6: Ownership of Household Assets 16Figure 7: Primary Reason for Migration 20Figure 8: Migrant Population by First Destination 21Figure 9: Migrant Population by Occupation at Last Destination 22Figure 10: Channels of Remittance 24Figure 11: Frequency of Remittance Transfers 25Figure 12: Primary Healthcare Preference Pre- and Post-migration 28Figure 13: Self-Assessment of Economic Impact of Migration 29Figure 14: Migration and Women’s Decision Making within the Household 30Figure 15: Impact of Migration on Elderly Population 31


1

The University of Oxford and the Centre for the Study of Labour and Mobility (CESLAM) with the help of Divya Youth Club, Parsa, conducted a study in February and March 2014 entitled ‘Labour Migration: Impacts on Households in Parsa’. The study was undertaken in an effort to uncover the nuances associated with migration in the Tarai region.

The study (hereafter, Parsa Study 2014) covered all the households in three village development committees (VDCs) of Parsa District, namely, Bagwana, Biranchibarwa and Jhauwa Guthi, with the principal objective of collecting data on the current trends in and the history of the migratory process from these VDCs. Besides providing a general overview of migration, Parsa Study 2014 also covered areas such as reasons for migration, professions in the countries of destination, methods of remittance transfer and socio-economic impacts of migration, among others. This paper discusses the findings from Biranchibarwa.

This report discusses the findings of the study as they pertain to the VDC of Biranchibarwa and where applicable refers to the data from the National Population and Housing Census 2011 to present a more time sensitive depiction of the VDC.

cS;kmf]8{ ljZjljBfnon] ;]G6/ km/ b :68L ckm n]a/ PG8 df]laln6L -;]:nd_ / :yfgLo ;f´]bf/ lbJo o'jf Sna, k;f{;Fusf] ;xsfo{df …>d k|jf;gM k;f{df 3/kl/jf/df k|efjÚ gfds ;j]{If0f km]a|'c/L–dfr{ @)!$ df u/]sf] lyof] .

of] ;j]{If0f -o;kl5 k;f{ cWoog @)!$ elgg]_ k;f{ lhNnfsf] tLgj6f uflj; — afujfgf, la/GrLajf{ / ´f}jfu'7Ldf ul/Psf] lyof] . o; cWoogsf] d'Vo p2]Zo k;f{ lhNnfsf 5flgPsf uflj;df k|jf;g ;DaGwL Oltxf; / clxn]sf] k|j[lQsf af/] tYof+s pknAw u/fpg' lyof] . k;f{ cWoog @)!$ n] k|jf;gsf sf/0fx¿, uGtJo d'n'sdf ckgfPsf] k];f, /]ld6\ofG; k7fpg] dfWod nufot k|jf;gsf ;fdflhs, cfly{s k|efj h:tf If]qx¿nfO{ ;d]6]/ k|jf;gsf] ;fdfGo ;dLIff u/]sf] 5 .

o; l/kf]6{n]] la/GrLajf{ uflj;sf] cWoogaf6 k|fKt lgisif{x¿nfO{ ;d]6\g'sf ;fy} cfjZostf cg';f/ /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)!! -@)^* lj=;+=_ sf] tYof+sx¿nfO{ klg pkof]u u/]sf] 5 .

!= k[i7e"ld (Background)


2

Biranchibarwa is located in central Parsa. It borders Basantpur VDC to the north, SirsiyaNautan to the east is Harhapur Birta to the west, and Parshurampur to the south. It lies at a distance of 21.5 km from Birganj and the closest bazaar is Pokhariya. The total area covered by Biranchibarwa is approximately 6.64 square kilometres.1

@= cWoog ul/Psf] :yfg (Study Site)

lrq !M aL/GrLajf{, k;f{ lhNnf (Figure 1: Parsa District with Study Sites)

Source: Adapted from http://un.org.np/resources/maps/pptmap

la/GrLajf{ k;f{ lhNnfsf] dWo efudf kb{5 . o;sf] pQ/df a;Gtk'/, k"j{df l;/l;of gf}tg, klZrddf xl/x/k'/ latf{ / blIf0fdf k/z'/fdk'/ uflj; kb{5 . o; uflj;af6 jL/uGh @!=% lsnf]ld6/ 5 / o;sf] glhssf] ahf/ kf]vl/of xf] . la/GrLajf{sf] If]qkmn nueu ^=^$ ju{lsnf]ld6/ 5 . !


3

Historically, a Madhesi Brahmin family owned 90 per cent of the land in the village and the extended family still owns at least 30 per cent of that although the majority are absentee landlords. The VDC boasts a community girls’ school, an active cooperative and youth club, which were started by a local organisation called Dibya Yuba Club. Dibya itself was created in 1993 by local young people to support the lower castes who had been historically marginalised in the VDC.

The majority of the households work in the agricultural sector, with 346 hectares of the VDC cultivated and 43 not cultivated. All the households own some land, with half owning less than 5 kattha, a third owning between 6 and 10 kattha, 10 per cent between 21 and 60 kattha, and 5 per cent between 60 and 100 kattha.2

Biranchibarwa is in Parsa district’s Constituency Number 4, a seat that was won by the CPN-UML in the first CA election (2008) and by the Nepali Congress in the second (2013).

klxn] oxfFsf] () k|ltzt hUufsf] :jfldTj Pp6} dw]zL a|fXd0f kl/jf/df /x]sf] lyof] . clxn] klg pgLx¿sf gft]bf/x¿;Fu ufpFsf] #) k|ltzt hUuf /x]sf] 5, oBlk w]/}h;f] hldgbf/x¿ ufpFdf a:b}gg\ . ufpFdf ;fd'bflos sGof ljBfno, Pp6f ;xsf/L / Pp6f o'jf Sna /x]sf] 5 h;n] lbJo o'jf Sna ;'? u/]sf] xf] . lbJo o'jf Snasf] :yfkgf :yfgLo o'jfx¿n] @)%) ;fndf u/]sf x'g . o; Snan] P]ltxfl;s ¿kdf pk]lIft ufpFsf tNnf] hftnfO{ ;xof]u ul//x]sf] 5 .

oxfFsf clwsf+z 3/kl/jf/x¿ s[lif If]qdf sfd ub{5g\ . uflj;sf] #$^ x]S6/ hldgdf v]tL ul/Psf] 5 eg] $# x]S6/df v]tL ul/Psf] 5}g . ;a} 3/kl/jf/;Fu yf]/} eP klg hldg 5 . uflj;sf cfwfh;f];Fu % s6\7feGbf sd hUuf 5 eg] PsltxfO;Fu ^ b]lv !) s6\7f, !) k|ltzt;Fu @! b]lv ^) s6\7f / % k|ltzt;Fu ^) b]lv !)) s6\7f;Dd hldg 5 .@

la/GrLajf{ k;f{ If]q g+= $ df kb{5 / oxfFaf6 klxnf] ;+ljwfg ;ef r'gfjdf g]skf -Pdfn]_ n] / bf];|f]df g]kfnL sf+u|];n] lht]sf] lyof] .


4

#=! 3/w'/L / hg;+Vofsf] agfj6 (Household and Population Composition)

#= hg;f+lVos agfj6 (Demography)

l/kf]6{sf] o; v08n] cWoogsf] lgisif{ tyf 3/kl/jf/ / hg;+Vofsf] agfj6 b]vfpF5 . o;n] j8f:t/df n}+lustfsf] lx;fan] ul/Psf] hgu0fgf / uflj;sf afl;Gbfx¿sf] pd]/ ;d"x ;DaGwL hfgsf/Lx¿ klg pknAw u/fPsf] 5 .

This section of the report will present the findings of the study vis-à-vis household and population composition. It will also provide the gender-disaggregated population count at the ward level and information on the age composition of the residents of the VDC.

Parsa Study 2014 surveyed a total of 522 households spread over the nine wards as given in Table 1. The average size of a household in Biranchibarwa VDC is 6.6, with 92.7 per cent (i.e., 484) reporting males as household heads. Only 36 households reported female household heads and two had both males and females as heads of household.

k;f{ cWoog @)!$ n] tflnsf ! df b]vfP cg';f/ ( j6f j8fdf /x]sf %@@ 3/kl/jf/sf] ;j]{If0f u¥of] . la/GrLajf{ uflj;df 3/kl/jf/sf] cf};t cfsf/ ^=^ 5 h;df (@=& k|ltzt 3/w'/Ldf -cyf{t\ $*$ 3/w'/Ldf_ 3/d"nL k'?if 5g\ . #^ 3/w'/Ldf dlxnf 3/d"nL / @ 3/w'/Ldf dlxnf / k'?if b'j} 3/d"nL 5g\ .

Tflnsf !M 3/w'/L / hg;+Vofsf] agf]6 (Table 1: Household and Population Composition)

WardParsa Study 2014 Census 2011

Households Male Female Total Households Male Female Total1 55 170 169 339 76 202 190 3922 63 223 203 426 77 241 221 4623 43 137 130 267 47 160 150 3104 61 214 203 417 64 221 215 4365 51 193 200 393 56 199 212 4116 51 159 146 305 50 148 137 2857 65 204 206 410 62 216 228 4448 80 276 260 536 77 275 259 5349 53 190 173 363 49 184 167 351

Total 522 1,766 1,690 3,456 558 1846 1779 3625


5

The total population enumerated in Biranchibarwa VDC was 3456 with a gender distribution of 1766 males and 1690 females. The gender ratio in Biranchibarwa is approximately 104, i.e., there are roughly 104 males for every 100 females in the VDC. Wards 5 and 7 are the only two wards in the VDC where the female population is greater than the male population.

The National Population Census of 2011 recorded a total of 558 households in Biranchibarwa VDC. While it was found that 14 households had migrated and relocated outside the VDC, this does not account for all of the discrepancy. There has also been a decrease of 169 individuals (80 male and 89 female) in the VDC.

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/fli6«o hgu0fgf @)!! n] la/GrLajf{ uflj;df %%* 3/w'/Lsf] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . !$ 3/w'/L a;fOF ;/L uflj; aflx/ uPsf] kfOP tfklg o;n] ;a} leGgtfnfO{ eg] ;Daf]wg ub}{g . oxfF !^( JolQmx¿ -*) k'?if / *( dlxnf_ 36]sf 5g\ .


6

cfwf hg;+Vof @% jif{eGbf sd pd]/ ;d"xsf 5g\ -%@=& k|ltzt_ / sfd ug]{ pd]/ ;d"x -cyf{t\ !% b]lv %( jif{;Ddsf _ sf] cg'kft %@=% k|ltzt 5 . la/GrLajf{df cfl>tx¿sf] cg'kft $&=% k|ltzt 5 . pd]/ cg';f/sf] hg;+Vof, hgu0fgf @)!! sf] cg'kftdf w]/} kl/jt{g ePsf] 5}g .

Over half of the population (52.7 per cent) is below the age of 25 years and the proportion of the working-age population (i.e., between 15 and 59 years) is 52.5 per cent. The dependency ratio in Biranchibarwa is 47.5 per cent. The age distribution in Biranchibarwa has not changed much in comparison to the census of 2011.

#=@ pd]/ ;d"x cg';f/ hg;+Vofsf] ljt/0f (Population and Age Distribution)

tflnsf @M pd]/ / lnËsf cfwf/df hg;+Vof ljt/0f (Table 2: Distribution of Population by Age and Gender)

Parsa Study 2014 Census 2011Male Female Total Male Female Total

No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %00-04 years 207 11.7 205 12.1 412 11.9 182 9.9 195 11.0 377 10.405-09 years 244 13.8 241 14.3 485 14.0 311 16.8 281 15.8 592 16.310-14 years 212 12.0 192 11.4 404 11.7 179 9.7 218 12.3 397 11.015-19 years 158 8.9 137 8.1 295 8.5 181 9.8 127 7.1 308 8.520-24 years 112 6.3 115 6.8 227 6.6 142 7.7 128 7.2 270 7.425-29 years 105 5.9 119 7.0 224 6.5 136 7.4 150 8.4 286 7.930-34 years 122 6.9 111 6.6 233 6.7 131 7.1 153 8.6 284 7.835-39 years 113 6.4 136 8.0 249 7.2 140 7.6 101 5.7 241 6.640-44 years 116 6.6 108 6.4 224 6.5 98 5.3 98 5.5 196 5.445-49 years 108 6.1 64 3.8 172 5.0 84 4.6 56 3.1 140 3.950-54 years 60 3.4 51 3.0 111 3.2 46 2.5 52 2.9 98 2.755-59 years 38 2.2 42 2.5 80 2.3 47 2.5 51 2.9 98 2.760-64 years 47 2.7 49 2.9 96 2.8 45 2.4 46 2.6 91 2.565-69 years 47 2.7 47 2.8 94 2.7 51 2.8 53 3.0 104 2.970-74 years 47 2.7 45 2.7 92 2.7 48 2.6 55 3.1 103 2.875 years and

above 29 1.6 24 1.4 53 1.5 25 1.4 15 0.8 40 1.1

Missing/ Not Stated 1 0.1 4 0.2 5 0.1

Total 1766 100.0 1690 100.0 3456 100 1846 100.0 1779 100.0 3625 100.0


7

$= ;fdflhs–cfly{s ;+/rgf (Socio-Economic Composition)

o; v08n] hfthflt, hGd :yfg, gful/stfsf] cj:yf, wfld{s cf:yf, hfthfltsf] a[xt\ juL{s/0f, j}jflxs l:ylt, z}lIfs l:ylt / ufpFn]x¿sf] d'Vo ultljlwx¿af/] hfgsf/L lbG5 . o;df 3/kl/jf/sf] ;DklQdf :jfldTj ;DaGwdf klg hfgsf/L lbOPsf] 5 .

This section of the report will present information on the caste and ethnicity, place of birth, citizenship status, religious affiliation, macro ethnic category, marital status, educational attainment and primary activity of the population in the VDC. It will also present cursory information on ownership of household assets.

$=! d"nsf] cfwf/df 3/kl/jf/sf] ljt/0f (Macro Ethnic Category)

la/GrLajf{sf clwsf+z afl;Gbfx¿ -#$#& hgf jf ((=% k|ltzt_ cfkm"nfO{ dw]zL eG5g\ . ToxfFsf !% hgfn] dfq cfkm"nfO{ kxf8] d"nsf] / $ hgfn] cGo d"nsf] atfP .

In Biranchibarwa, the vast majority of individuals identify themselves as being of Madhesi origin (i.e., 3437 individuals, or 99.5 per cent). There are only 15 individuals who identify as being of Pahadi origin and 4 individuals who identify as being of some other origin.

la/GrLajf{df s'dL{x¿sf] ;+Vof ;a}eGbf w]/} -@)=( k|ltzt_ 5 eg] To;kl5 dw]zL blnt / s]j6 /x]sf 5g\ . k;f{ cWoog @)!$ n] dw];L blntx¿nfO{ Pp6} ;d"xdf /fv]sf] 5 . hgu0fgf / k;f{ cWoog b'j}n] la/GrLajf{df dw]zL hfltsf] afx'Notf /x]sf] / To;kl5 dw]zL blnt ePsf] hgfPsf] 5 . t/, hgu0fgfn] eg] kxf8] hghflt / cGo kxf8] hftsf] pkl:ylt pNn]vgLo ¿kdf b]vfPsf] 5 . /fli6«o hgu0fgfn] sds/nfO{ du/ / rf}xfgnfO{ 5]qLsf] ¿kdf unt klxrfg u/]sfn] kxf8] hghflt / kxf8] hfthfltx¿sf] ;+Vof pNn]Vo ¿kdf b]vfPsf] 5 .

The Kurmis constitute the largest group (20.9 per cent), followed by Madhesi Dalits and Kewats. It should be noted here that the Parsa Study 2014 grouped all the Madhesi Dalits together as a single group. Both the Census and the Parsa Study document Tarai castes as being the majority in Biranchibarwa, followed by Madhesi Dalits. Because it misrecognized Kamkars as Magars and Chauhans as Hill Chhetris, the Census mistakenly recorded significant numbers of Hill Janajati and Hill Castes.

$=@ hfthflt (Caste and Ethnicity)


8

tflnsf #M hfthfltsf cfwf/df hg;+Vof ljt/0f# (Table 3: Distribution of Population by Caste/Ethnicity)3

CasteParsa Study 2014

CasteCensus 2011

Number of individuals Per cent Number of

individuals Per cent

Hill Janajati 0 0.0 Hill Janajati 296 8.2Magar 296 8.2

Hill Caste 4 0.1 Hill Caste 289 7.7Bahun 4 0.1 Chhetree 194 5.4

Sanyasi/Dashnami 62 1.4Bahun 33 0.9

Tarai Caste 2541 73.4 Tarai Caste 2377 65.5Kurmi 723 20.9 Kurmi 713 19.7Kewat 391 11.3 Kewat 441 12.2Kamkar 260 7.5 Teli 179 4.9Chauhan 191 5.5 Dhunia 168 4.6Teli 159 4.6 Kalwar 133 3.7Kalwar 139 4.0 Lohar 125 3.4Brahmin-Tarai 110 3.2 Kanu 103 2.8Kanu 108 3.1 Brahman-Tarai 98 2.7Mali 76 2.2 Bin 77 2.1Giri 54 1.6 Kayastha 73 2.0Goadh 51 1.5 Mali 72 2.0Bin 46 1.3 Hajam/Thakur 52 1.4Hajam 45 1.3 Mallaha 51 1.4Lohar 45 1.3 Kathbaniyan 35 1.0Shrivastav 39 1.1 Sonar 28 0.8Sonar 29 0.8 Terai Others 18 0.5Rauniya 23 0.7 Yadav 11 0.3Turaha 17 0.5Sanyasi 14 0.4Yadav 9 0.3Dhunia 7 0.2Koiri 5 0.1

Tarai Dalit 668 19.3 Tarai Dalit 652 18.0Madhesi Dalit 668 19.3 Chamar/Harijan/Ram 324 8.9

Dusadh/Pasawan/Pasi 250 6.9Dhobi 78 2.2

Other 232 6.7 Others 11 0.3Muslim 232 6.7

Missing 11 0.3Total 3456 100.0 Total 3625 100.0


9

la/GrLajf{df !) jif{eGbf dflysf ^%=& k|ltzt dflg;x¿ ljjflxt 5g\ . oLdWo] & hgfn] ax'ljjfx u/]sf 5g\ . @) jif{dflysf $=$ k|ltzt dfq la/GrLajf{df cljjflxt 5g\ .

$=$ j}jflxs l:ylt (Marital Status)

w]/}h;f] 3/w'/L] -(#=! k|ltzt_ n] lxGb"sf] ¿kdf klxrfg u/fPsf lyP eg] ^=( k|ltztn] cfˆgf] wd{ O:nfd ePsf] atfP . 3/kl/jf/leqsf] wfld{s cf:yfdf Ps¿ktf 5 . Pp6f 3/w'/Ln] dfq kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿df leGg wfld{s cf:yf ePsf] atfP .

The vast majority of households, 93.1 per cent, identified as Hindus, while 6.9 per cent gave their religion as Islam. The religious composition within the households in the VDC is largely homogeneous; only one household reported members with different religious denominations.

The majority, 65.7 per cent, of the population over the age of 10 in Biranchibarwa is married. Of these, 7 individuals are in polygamous marriages. Only 4.4 per cent of the population above the age of 20 is single in Biranchibarwa.

$=# wd{ (Religion)

tflnsf $M j}jflxs l:ylt -!) jif{ / ;f]eGbf dfly_ sf] cfwf/df hg;+Vof ljt/0f (Table 4: Distribution of Population by Marital Status [10 years and above])

Male Female TotalNumber of individuals Per cent Number of

individuals Per cent Number of individuals Per cent

Married 826 62.9 851 68.6 1677 65.7

Single 430 32.7 291 23.5 721 28.2

Widowed 41 3.1 84 6.8 125 4.9

Marriage without gauna4 6 0.5 9 0.7 15 0.6

Separated 3 0.2 4 0.3 7 0.3

Polygamy 7 0.5 0 0.0 7 0.3

Divorced 1 0.1 1 0.1 2 0.1

Total 1314 100.0 1240 100.0 2554 100.0


10

la/GrLajf{sf dflg;x¿sf] d'Vo k];f -@^=@ k|ltzt_ s[lif xf] . la/GrLajf{sf k|foM ;a}h;f] dlxnfx¿ -$(=* k|ltzt !) jif{ jf o;eGbf dfly pd]/sf_ u[lx0fL 5g\ . w]/}h;f] k'?ifx¿ s[lif -#)=# k|ltzt_ df ;+nUg 5g\ . o:t} @@=$ k|ltzt hg;+Vof ljBfyL{ 5g \.

$=% d'Vo k];f jf ultljlw -!) jif{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L pd]/sf_ (Primary Occupation/Activity [10 years and above])

The primary occupation/activity of the people of Biranchibarwa is farming (26.2 per cent). Most of the females in Biranchibarwa are housewives (49.8 per cent of those10 years of age and above), while most men are engaged in farming (30.3 per cent). Also, it was reported that the primary activity of 22.4 per cent of the population (10 years and above) is education (student).

tflnsf %M k|fylds lqmofsnfk -!) jif{ / ;f]eGbf dfly_ sf] cfwf/df hg;+Vof ljt/0f (Table 5: Distribution of Population by Primary Occupation/Activity [10 years and above])

Occupation/ActivityMale Female Total

Number Per cent Number Per cent Number Per cent

Farmer 398 30.3 271 21.9 669 26.2

Housewife 0 0.0 617 49.8 617 24.2

Student 303 23.1 268 21.6 571 22.4Self-employed (non-agriculture) 181 13.8 7 0.6 188 7.4

Other 152 11.6 16 1.3 168 6.6

Private sector employee 137 10.4 5 0.4 142 5.6

Government employee 73 5.6 10 0.8 83 3.3

Unable to work 18 1.4 43 3.5 61 2.4

Unemployed/Looking for work 43 3.3 2 0.2 45 1.8

Retired 8 0.6 0 0.0 8 0.3

Missing/Not Stated 1 0.1 1 0.1 2 0.1

Total 1314 100.0 1240 100.0 2554 100.0


11

The literacy rate in Biranchibarwa stands at 70.8 per cent. The study documented 143 individuals who had had no schooling but were literate. There are also five individuals who received their education in a Madrasa.

Since the census of 2011 which documented that 40.1 per cent of the population in the VDC could not read and write,5 the VDC has seen an increase in the literate population. The VDC has also witnessed a significant increase in the number of people pursuing higher-level

$=^ z}lIfs l:ylt -% jif{ jf a9L_ (Educational Attainment [5 years and above])

lrq @M ;fIf/tfsf] cj:yf cg';f/ hg;+Vofsf] ljt/0f -% jif{ jf ;f]eGbf dfly_ (Figure 2: Distribution of Population by Literacy [5 years and above])

Master’s (MA, MSc etc) or higher

Bachelors (BA, BSc etc.)

Grades 11 to 12

Grades 9 to 10

Grades 6 to 8

Grades 1 to 5

Below grade 1

Madrasa

No schooling/Literate

No schooling/Iliterate

16 (0.5%)

68 (2.2%)

122 (4.0%)

359 (11.8%)

444 (14.6%)

22 (0.7%)

886 (29.2%)

143 (4.7%)

5 (0.2%)

974 (32.1%)

200 400 600 800 1000 1200

la/GrLajf{df ;fIf/tf b/ &)=* k|ltzt 5 . cWoogn] !$# hgf :s'n guPsf t/ ;fIf/ hg;+Vof kfPsf] lyof] . oxfFsf % hgfn] db/;fdf lzIff lnPsf lyP .

hgu0fgf @)!! n] uflj;sf $)=! k|ltzt hg;+Vof n]vk9 ug{ g;Sg]% b]vfPsf]df clxn] ;fIf/tf b/ a9]sf] 5 . o:t}u/L uflj;df pRr lzIff k|fKt ug]{x¿sf] ;+Vof klg pNn]vgLo ¿kdf a9]sf] 5 . tn tflnsfdf lbOP h:t} ;fIf/tfsf] b/ hflt cg';f/ km/s 5 . dw]zL blnt -#$=# k|ltzt_ /


12

s]j6 -#%=@ k|ltzt_ df lg/If/sf] b/ pRr 5 . w]]/} hg;+Vof ePsf hfthfltdf -!)) hgf eGbf a9L hg;+Vof ePsf_ dw]zL blnt -#$=# k|ltzt_ / s]j6 -#%=@ k|ltzt_ df lg/If/tf b/ w]/} 5 . o:t} uflj;df k'?if lg/If/tfsf] b/ dlxnfsf] eGbf bf]Aa/ a9L -k'?if $!=% / dlxnf !&=$ k|ltzt_ 5 .

education. The literacy rates in the VDC, as evidenced in Table 6 below vary across caste and ethnic groups. Among the larger caste and ethnic groups (i.e., for our purpose here, those with a total population of over 100), the Madhesi Dalits (34.3 per cent) and Kewat (35.2 per cent) have the highest illiteracy rate. The illiteracy rate for females in the VDC is more than double that of the male population (41.5 per cent compared to 17.4 per cent among males).

lrq #M ;fIf/tfsf] cj:yf cg';f/ hg;+Vofsf] ljt/0f -% jif{ / dfly_

(Figure 3: Distribution of Population by Literacy [5 years and above] [Census 2011])

Non-formal education

Others

Post Graduate & equiv.

Graduate & equiv.

Intermediate & equiv.

S.L.C. & equiv.

Secondary (9-10)

Lower secondary (6-8)

Primary (1-5)

Beginner

200 400 600 800 1000

4 (0.2%)

4 (0.2%)

0 (0.0%)

11 (0.6%)

39 (2.1%)

65 (3.4%)

35 (1.8%)

391 (20.6%)

900 (47.5%)445 (23.5%)

Note: 5 unstated values.


13

tflnsf ^M hfthflt / n}+lus cfwf/df lg/If/tfsf] b/ -% jif{ / dfly_ (Table 6: Illiteracy Rate by Caste and Ethnicity and Gender [5 years and above])

CasteMale Female Total

Number of Individuals Per cent Number of

Individuals Per cent Number of Individuals Per cent

Kurmi 65 20.5 139 43.8 204 32.2

Madhesi Dalit 67 24.1 127 44.1 194 34.3

Kewat 40 23.1 79 47.9 119 35.2

Kamkar 26 20.6 47 42.0 73 30.7

Muslim 21 19.3 44 45.8 65 31.7

Chauhan 9 10.3 34 41.0 43 25.3

Teli 7 9.3 31 41.9 38 25.5

Mali 5 13.2 17 53.1 22 31.4

Kanu 4 7.4 15 36.6 19 20.0

Kalwar 2 3.1 16 26.7 18 14.5

Goadh 8 29.6 8 50.0 16 37.2

Giri 2 9.1 12 46.2 14 29.2

Bin 2 8.3 7 43.8 9 22.5

Sonar 3 20.0 6 60.0 9 36.0

Hajam 2 10.5 6 30.0 8 20.5

Lohar 0 0.0 7 30.4 7 16.7

Turaha 2 25.0 5 71.4 7 46.7

Dhunia 2 66.7 1 25.0 3 42.9

Rauniya 0 0.0 3 33.3 3 14.3

Sanyasi 1 14.3 2 40.0 3 25.0

Shrivastav 0 0.0 3 18.8 3 9.4

Yadav 1 33.3 2 33.3 3 33.3

Koiri 1 50.0 1 100.0 2 66.7

Brahman-Tarai 0 0.0 1 2.1 1 1.0

Bahun 0 0.0 1 100.0 1 33.3

Missing/Not Stated 1 16.7 1 20.0 2 18.2

Total 271 17.4 615 41.5 886 29.2


14

tnsf] lrqdf pNn]v u/] cg';f/ la/GrLajf{sf *&=% k|ltzt hg;+Vofn] cfˆgf] hGd k;f{ lhNnfd} ePsf] atfPsf lyP eg] !)=^ k|ltztn] -cyf{t\ #^^ hgfn]_ cfˆgf] hGd:yn ef/t ePsf] atfP . ef/tdf hlGdPsfdWo] dlxnfx¿sf] ;+Vof w]/} -#$# hgf jf (#=& k|ltzt_ lyof] . la/GrLajf{df ef/tdf hlGdPsf dlxnf a9L x'g'sf] sf/0f k'?ifx¿n] ;Ldfkfl/af6 tL dlxnfx¿nfO{ lax] u/]/ NofOPsfn] xf] .

As illustrated in the figure below, 87.5 per cent of the total population in Biranchibarwa was born in the district of Parsa itself. However, a significant 10.6 per cent (i.e., 366 individuals) reported India as their place of birth. Females constitute the vast majority of those born in India (343 individuals, or 93.7 per cent, of those born in India). Given the close proximity of Biranchibarwa to India, the significant number of women born in India can safely be explained by men from the VDC marrying women from across the border.

$=& hGd :yfg (Place of Birth)

lrq $M hGd :yfgsf cfwf/df hDdf hg;+Vofsf] ljt/0f (Figure 4: Distribution of Total Population by Place of Birth)

Note: : 1 missing/unstated values.

Parsa India Any other country (0.1%)In another district within Nepal

(98.4%)

0.2%1.3% 0.1%

Female Total

76.1%

3.4% 0.1%

20.3%

Male

87.5%

10.6%

1.8% 0.1%


15

!^ jif{eGbf dflysf la/GrLajf{sf s'n hg;+Vofsf] *)=@ k|ltzt;Fu g]kfnL gful/stf 5 . * hgf;Fu -^ hgf ef/tLo gful/s ;lxt_ cGo b]zsf] gful/stf 5 eg] !(=% k|ltzt;Fu s'g} k|sf/sf] gful/stf k|df0f kq 5}g . To;}u/L gful/stf ePsf k'?ifsf] ;+Vof -*(=# k|ltzt_ eGbf dlxnfsf] ;+Vof -&!=@ k|ltzt_ sd 5 .

$=* gful/stfsf] cj:yf -!^ jif{ jf ;f]eGbf dfly_ (Distribution of population by Citizenship Status [16 years and above])

In Biranchibarwa, 80.2 per cent of the population 16 years and above hold Nepali citizenship. While there are eight residents with citizenship from other countries (including six Indian citizens), a sizeable 19.5 per cent does not hold citizenship papers of any kind. Further, the percentage of females with citizenship (71.2 per cent) is considerably lower than the percentage of males (89.3 per cent).

lrq %M gful/stf / ln+usf cfwf/df hg;+Vof ljt/0f -!^ jif{ jf ;f]eGbf dfly_ (Figure 5: Distribution of Population by Citizenship Status and Gender [16 years and above])

946

114

711

288

1657

402

6 2 8

Nepali No citizenship Others

Male Female Total


16

$=( 3/kl/jf/sf] ;DklQdf :jfldTj (Ownership of Household Assets)

la/GrLajf{ uflj;df ;j]{If0f ul/Psf %@@ 3/kl/jf/dWo] #^# jf ^(=% k|ltzt 3/kl/jf/;Fu s[lifof]Uo hldg lyof] . $%& -*&=^ k|ltzt_ 3/kl/jf/;Fu 6]lnkmf]g jf df]afOn, #&& -&@=@ k|ltzt_ ;Fu ;fOsn / @)% -#(=# k|ltzt_ ;Fu l6eL ePsf] kfOof] . t/, sDKo'6/ ePsf 3/kl/jf/ eg] @# -$=$ k|ltzt_ dfq lyP .

Of the 522 households in Biranchibarwa, 363 households, or 69.5 per cent, reported owning agricultural land. Further, 457 households (87.6 per cent) own a telephone or a mobile phone, 377 (72.2 per cent) a bicycle, and 205 (39.3 per cent) a TV. However, only 23 households (4.4 per cent) reported owning a computer.

lrq ^M 3/kl/jf/sf] ;DklQdf :jfldTj -3/kl/jf/sf] ;+Vof_ (Figure 6: Ownership of Household Assets [Number of Households])

457

377 363

205

82 70 63

23

Tele

phon

e/M

obile

Cycl

e

Agric

ultu

ral L

and TV

Mot

orcy

cle

Radi

o

Gas s

tove

Com

pute

r


17

%= k|jf;g / /]ld6\ofG; (Migration and Remittances)

k|jf;g v08df k;f{ cWoog k|ZgfjnLn] ;j]{If0f ul/Psf 3/kl/jf/sf] s'g} klg ;b:o s'g} klg ;do, w]/} jf yf]/} cjlwsf nflu st} uPsf -cfGtl/s jf afXo jf b'j}_, klxn] jf clxn] k|jf;gdf uPsf 3/kl/jf/sf] ;b:ox¿nfO{ ;"lrs[t u/]sf] lyof] . /fli6«o hgu0fgfn] k|jf;gsf nflu ^ dlxgf 3/b]lv cg'kl:yt /xg'kg]{ / uflj; aflx/ uPsf] x'g'kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] ePtf klg k;f{ cWoog @)!$ n] eg] o;sf] ;Ldf tf]s]sf] 5}g .

The migration section of the Parsa Study questionnaire started with the listing of the names of each family members of the surveyed household who had left the house for any amount of time and gone elsewhere (internally or externally or both), either in the past or currently. As evidenced in the table below, migration in Biranchibarwa VDC is quite high. It should be noted here that the Parsa Study 2014 did not place any time limit for movement away from the VDC to count as migration unlike the six months’ absence required by the national census.

tflnsf &M k|jf;L 3/w'/L / hg;+Vofsf] ljt/0f (Table 7: Migrant Households and Population)

Migrant Household 396

Migrant Population 735

Male 655

Female 80


18

%=! k|jf;L / u}/k|jf;L 3/w'/Lsf] ljt/0f (Distribution of Migrant and Non-Migrant Households)

la/GrLajf{df ePsf s'n 3/kl/jf/dWo] &%=^ k|ltzt 3/kl/jf/ s'g} g} s'g} lsl;dn] k|jf;gdf uPsf 5g\ . la/GrLajf{sf ( j6} j8fx¿sf] k|jf;L 3/kl/jf/ t'ngf ubf{ j8f g+= ! df k|jf;L 3/kl/jf/ a9L -*%=% k|ltzt_ /x]sf] 5 . t'ngfTds ¿kdf j8f g+= % df k|jf;L 3/kl/jf/ sd -%*=* k|ltzt_ /x]sf] 5 .

In Biranchibarwa, 75.6 per cent of all the households are migrant households in the sense that at some point or the other a member of the household had migrated elsewhere. While migrant households form the majority in all the nine wards in Biranchibarwa, Ward 1 has the highest proportion of migrant households (85.5 per cent). In comparison, Ward 5 has the lowest proportion, albeit still substantial, at 58.8 per cent.

tflnsf *M j8f cg';f/ k|jf;L 3/w'/Lsf] ljt/0f (Table 8: Distribution of Households by Migration Status)

Ward Non-migrant Migrant Total Percent of total

1 8 47 55 85.5

2 15 48 63 76.2

3 9 34 43 79.1

4 10 51 61 83.6

5 21 30 51 58.8

6 10 41 51 80.4

7 19 46 65 70.8

8 13 67 80 83.8

9 21 32 53 60.4

Total 126 396 522 75.6


19

%=@ n}+lus cfwf/df k|jf;L hg;+Vof (Migrant Population by Gender)

la/GrLajf{sf] s'n hg;+Vofsf]] @!=# k|ltzt k|jf;gdf uPsf 5g\ . aflx/ uPsf &#% hgfdWo] !)=( k|ltzt -*) hgf_ dfq dlxnf lyP . la/GrLajf{df k|jf;gdf klxnf] k6s hfg]x¿sf] cf};t cfo' ;fnfvfnf @# jif{ /x]sf] 5 . klxnf] k6s aflx/ hfg] dlxnfx¿sf] cf};t cfo' !* jif{ 5 eg] k'?ifx¿sf] @# jif{ /x]sf] 5 .

Migrants constitute 21.3 per cent of the total population in Biranchibarwa. Of the 735 migrants, only 10.9 per cent (80 individuals) were female. Further, the average age at first migration in Biranchibarwa is approximately 23 years old. The average age at first migration for females from the VDC is 18, while for males it is 23.

tflnsf (M n}+lus / j8fsf] cfwf/df k|jf;L hg;+Vof (Table 9: Distribution of Migrant Population by Gender)

Ward Male Female Total Per cent of Total

1 70 4 74 21.8

2 86 11 97 22.8

3 52 3 55 20.6

4 82 15 97 23.3

5 50 11 61 15.5

6 69 5 74 24.3

7 70 4 74 18.0

8 125 20 145 27.1

9 51 7 58 16.0

Total 655 80 735 21.3


20

la/GrLajf{sf k|jf;gdf uPsf %($ hgf -*@=&Ü_ n] /f]huf/LnfO{ k|jf;gsf] k|d'v sf/0f eg]sf 5g\ . ToxfFsf $% hgf -^=#Ü_ lzIff jf tflndsf nflu aflx/ uPsf lyP eg] @^ hgfn] eg] kfl/jfl/s bafasf sf/0f hfg'k/]sf] atfP . s]xLn] eg] wfld{s jf ;f+:s[lts sf/0f -! hgf_, ljjfxsf nflu -$ hgf_, w]/} tnasf nflu % hgf_ cGo s'/fn] -$# hgf_ ubf{ eGg] sf/0f lbP .

%=# k|jf;gsf sf/0fx¿ (Reason for Migration)

For the vast majority of the migrant population in Biranchibarwa (i.e., 82.7 per cent or 594 migrants), employment was the primary reason for migration. There are also 45 individuals (i.e., 6.3 per cent) who migrated for education and/or training and 26 individuals (i.e., 3.6 per cent) who migrated due to family and/or peer pressure. The few remaining migrants reported religious or cultural reasons (1 individual), marriage (4 individuals), higher salary (5 individuals) and other reasons (43 individuals).

lrq &M k|jf;gsf] d'Vo sf/0f (Figure 7: Primary Reason for Migration)

Employment (82.7%)

Education/Training (6.3%)

Others (6.0%)

Family/ Peer pressure (3.6%)

Higher salary/ Income (0.7%)

Marriage (0.6%)

Religious/Cultural (0.1%)

Note: 17 missing/unstated values.


21

la/GrLajf{af6 k|jf;gdf uPsfdWo] ^@=! k|ltztsf] klxnf] uGtJo ef/t lyof] eg] #^=! k|ltzt b]zleq} uPsf lyP . !# hgf jf !=* k|ltztsf]] klxnf] uGtJo g]kfn / ef/teGbf aflx/ /x]sf] lyof] . &@=* k|ltztn] Ps k6seGbf a9L k|jf;gdf uPsf] atfP .

%=$ k|jf;gsf] klxnf] uGtJo (First Migration Destination)

For 62.1 per cent of the migrants from Biranchibarwa, India was their first destination of migration, while a further 36.1 per cent had migrated internally. Only 13 individuals, or 1.8 per cent, had ventured beyond Nepal and India on their first migration. Further, 72.8 per cent of the migrants reported having migrated more than once.

lrq *M klxnf] uGtJosf] cfwf/df k|jf;L hg;+Vof (Figure 8: Migrant Population by First Destination)


India (62.1%)

Within Nepal (36.1%)

Others (1.8%)


22

k|jf;gsf] clGtd :yfgdf la/GrLajf{sf clwsf+zn] lgdf{0f If]qdf -@(=& k|ltzt_ / sf/vfgfdf -@*=* k|ltzt_ sfd u/]sf lyP . !=* k|ltzt k|jf;Ln] dfq} clGtd uGtJodf s[lif If]qdf sfd u/]sf] atfP . 3/]n' sfdbf/sf] ¿kdf sfd u/]sfx¿df @@ hgfdWo] @! dlxnf lyP .

%=% k|jf;L / clGtd uGtJosf] k];f (Migrants and Occupations at Last Destination)

At the last place of migration, the majority of migrants from Biranchibarwa worked in the construction sector (29.7 per cent) and factories (28.8 per cent). Only 1.8 per cent of the migrants reported agriculture as being their occupation in their last migration destination. Of the 22 individuals who reported their occupation as domestic work, 21 were female.

lrq (M clGtd uGtJodf k];fsf] cfwf/df k|jf;L hg;+Vof (Figure 9: Migrant Population by Occupation at Last Destination)

Others (35.8%)

Construction (29.7%)

Factory (28.8%)

Domestic Work (3.1%)Agriculture (1.8%) Driving (0.7%)

Mining (0.1%)



23

la/GrLajf{sf clwsf+z k|jf;Lx¿n] -&^=# k|ltzt jf $#% hgf_ n] Ps k6sdf !),))) ?k}ofFeGbf sd /sd k7fPsf lyP . c¿ !)% k|jf;Lx¿n] -!*=$ k|ltzt_ eg] ?= !),)))–@),))) k|ltk6s k7fPsf lyP .

%=^ /]ld6\ofG; /sd (Remittance Amount)

In Biranchibarwa, it was reported that the vast majority of the migrants (76.3 per cent or 435 individuals) remitted less than NPR 10,000 per transaction. Another 105 migrants (i.e., 18.4 per cent) remitted NPR 10,000-20,000 per transaction.

tflnsf !)M /]ld6\ofG;sf] /sd (Table 10: Amount Remitted)

Amount in NPR Number Per cent

Less than 10,000 435 76.3

10,000-20,000 105 18.4

30,000-50,000 18 3.2

50,000-100,000 10 1.8

100,000-200,000 1 0.2

More than 200,000 1 0.2

Total 570 100.0


24

la/GrLajf{sf %*% hgf jf &(=% k|ltzt k|jf;Ln] k};f k7fPsf]] atfPsf lyP . clwsf+zn] /]ld6\ofG; k7fpg cgf}krfl/s dfWod h:tf] $*=@ k|ltztn] ;fyL / kl/lrtdfkm{t k7fPsf lyP eg] #^=( k|ltztn] cfk"m;Fu} NofPsf lyP . !!=* k|ltztn] dfq /]ld6\ofG; k7fpg a}+ssf] k|of]u u/]sf lyP eg] b'O{ hgfn] dlg 6«fG;km/sf] k|of]u u/]sf lyP .

%=& /]ld6\ofG;sf] dfWod (Channels of Remittances)

In Biranchibarwa, it was reported that 585 individuals or 79.5 per cent of the migrants had sent money back. Most migrants had used informal channels to send remittances, i.e., 48.2 per cent had sent remittances with friends or acquaintances, while 36.9 per cent had brought the money back themselves. Only 11.8 per cent of the migrants had used banks and only two migrants had used money transfer agencies.

lrq !)M /]ld6\ofG;sf] dfWod (Figure 10: Channels of Remittance)


Others (0.2%)

Friends/Acquaintances (49.5%)Self (37.9%)

Banks (12.1%)

Money Transfer (0.4%)


25

tnsf] lbOPsf] lrqdf b]vfOP h:t} !#=% k|ltzt k|jf;Ln] dfq lgoldt /]ld6\ofG; k7fPsf lyP -k|To]s # dlxgfdf jf k|To]s ^ dlxgfdf jf k|To]s jif{_ . w]/}h;f]n] 3/kl/jf/nfO{ cfjZostf k/]sf a]nf -%)=% k|ltzt_ k7fPsf] jf cfkm" kms{+bf -#%=$ k|ltzt_ NofPsf lyP .

%=* /]ld6\ofG; x:tfGt/0fsf] af/Daf/tf (Frequency of Remittance Transfers)

As evidenced in Figure 11, only 13.5 per cent of the migrants remitted with regularity (i.e., every 3 months or 6 months or every year). Most migrants remitted only when the household needed money (50.5 per cent) or brought the money back with themselves when returning home (35.4 per cent).

lrq !!M /]ld6\ofG; x:tfGt/0fsf] af/Da/tf (Figure 11: Frequency of Remittance Transfers)


Whenever required (50.5%)Upon return

(35.4%)

Once every three months

(12.6%)

Once every six months (1.1%) Yearly (0.2%)

Others (0.2%)


26

^= k|jf;gsf ;fdflhs–cfly{s k|efjx¿ (Socio-Economic Impact of Migration)

l/kf]6{sf] o; v08df k|jf;gsf] ;fdflhs–cfly{s k|efjsf af/]df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . o;n] cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]tx¿, vr{ ug]{ tf}/tl/sf / :jf:Yodf lbOPsf] k|fyldstfsf ;DaGwdf ePsf tYox¿nfO{ s]nfPsf] 5 . o; v08n] k|jf;gn] kf/]sf] ;fdflhs k|efjsf af/]df klg vf]hLgLlt u/]sf] 5 .

This section of the report discusses the findings of the study with regard to the socio-economic impact of migration. It presents findings on income sources, expenditure patterns, and healthcare preferences in migrant households. This section also presents the findings on some of the social impacts of migration.

kl/jf/sf] ;b:o k|jf;gdf uPkl5 3/kl/jf/sf] vr{ rnfpg] d'Vo JolQm 3/d"nLdflysf] lge{/tf sd x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . k|jf;gcl3 3/d"nLnfO{ cfDbfgLsf] k|d'v ;|f]tsf] ¿kdf lrgfPsf @** 3/w'/L -&@=& k|ltzt_ sf] ;+Vof 36]/ k|jf;gkl5 @%@ -^#=^ k|ltzt_ df k'u]sf] 5 . aflnu ;Gtfg klg cfosf] k|d'v ;|f]tsf ¿kdf $ -! k|ltzt_ af6 a9]/ !#* -#$=( k|ltzt_ /x]sf] kfOof] .

Dependency on the household head as the primary bread winner is seen to decrease with migration. While the household head was identified as being the primary source of income prior to the migration of a family member among 288 households (72.7 per cent), that number decreased to 252 (63.6 per cent) following the migration of a family member. There is also a concurrent increase seen in adult children being reported as the primary source of income from 4 (1 per cent) to 138 (34.9 per cent).

^=! cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]tdf k|efj (Impact on Source of Income)

tflnsf !!M d'Vo cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]t -k|jf;g cl3 / kl5_ (Table 11: Primary Source of Income Pre- and Post-migration)

Source of income Pre-Migration Post-MigrationHousehold Head 288 252Spouse 5 4Children 4 128Grandchildren 0 7Sibling 8 2Other Household Member 88 2Loan/Moneylender 1 0Other 2 1Total 396 396


27

3/kl/jf/sf] ;b:o k|jf;gdf hfg'cl3 xf];\ jf kl5 kl/jf/sf] d'Vo vr{ vfB ;fdu|L lsGgdf x'GYof] . t/ clxn] s]xL 3/df eg] kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, pNn]vgLo 3/kl/jf/n] lzIff / :jf:Yodf a9L vr{ eO/x]sf] atfPsf 5g\ . s]xLn] lgdf{0f, hUuf lsGg / Jofkf/ ug{ nufgL u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . C0f ltg{ -;DejtM k|jf;gdf hfg] k|lqmofdf lnPsf] C0f_ sf nflu vr{ u/]sf 3/kl/jf/ klg a9]sf -@ af6 *_ 5g\ .

While most of the migrant households reported food items as being the primary household expense both before and after migration, there were changes for some household. For instance, the number of household reporting education and healthcare as their primary expense increased significantly. Further, there were some who were able to invest in construction, land and businesses. There was also an increase in households (from 2 to 8) that reported repaying debts as their primary expense, which could possibly have been the result of taking loans to finance the migration process.

^=@ 3/kl/jf/sf] vr{df k|efj (Impact on Household Expenditure)

tflnsf !@M k|jf;gcl3 / kl5 k|fylds vr{sf] cfwf/df 3/w'/Lsf] ljt/0f (Table 12: Distribution of Household by Primary Household Expenditure Pre- and Post-Migration)

Primary Expenditure Pre- Migration Post-Migration

Food items 338 314

Education 7 19

Healthcare 8 21

Construction 0 5

Land purchase 3 4

Investments/Business 0 1

Repaying Debts 2 8

Marriage/funeral 35 23

Other 1 0

Missing/Not Stated 2 1

Total 396 396


28

;fdfGotof eGg'kbf{ :jf:Yo pkrf/sf nflu :jf:Yo rf}sLdf hfg] k|jf;L 3/kl/jf/sf] ;+Vof -!%! 3/kl/jf/ cyf{t\ #*=! k|ltztaf6 @^! cyf{t\ ^%=( k|ltzt_ a9]sf] 5 . o:t} k|jf;L 3/kl/jf/sf] :jf:Yo pkrf/sf nflu ;/sf/L c:ktfndf hfg] ;+Vof k|jf;gcl3 &! 3/w'/L -!&=( k|ltzt_ af6 k|jf;gkl5 !& 3/w'/L -$=#Ü_ df ´/]sf] 5 .

Generally speaking, the number of migrant households with primary preference for health posts increased after migration, with the number going up from 151 households (38.1 per cent) to 261 households (65.9 per cent). There has also been a concurrent decrease in the number of migrant households that prefer government hospitals post-migration as their primary healthcare provider, from 71 households (17.9 per cent) to 17 households (4.3 per cent).

^=# k|jf;L 3/kl/jf/sf] :jf:Yo ;]jfdf k|fyldstf (Healthcare Preferences of Migrant Households)

lrq !@M k|fylds :jf:Yo ;]jfdf k|fyldstf -k|jf;g k"j{ / kl5_ (Figure 12: Primary Healthcare Preference Pre- and Post-migration)

Health Post Local Pharmacy Government Hospital

Private Hospital Community Healthcare

Worker

Ojha/Dhami/Jhakri

Others

151

261

9878 71

17 834 32

3 025

10 3

Note: 1 missing/unstated values for Pre-Migration; 1 missing/unstated values for Post-Migration.

^=$ k|jf;gn] kf/]sf] cfly{s k|efjsf] d"Nof+sg (Assessment of the Economic Impact of Migration)

k|jf;g 3/kl/jf/nfO{ 3/sf] Ps ;b:o k|jfl;t x'Fbf csf]{ ;b:on] sfd ug{ 5f8]sf] lyof] eg]/ k|Zg ul/Psf] lyof] . #% 3/kl/jf/df -^=# k|ltzt_ of] ;To 7xl/of] . k|jf;Ln] cfly{s cfjZostf k"/f

Migrant households were asked whether the migration of a member of the household has resulted in members of the household having stopped working, and it was found to


29

lrq !#M k|jf;gn] kf/]sf] cfly{s k|efjsf] :jd"Nof+sg (Figure 13: Self-Assessment of Economic Impact of Migration)

Slightly positive Very positive No effect Slightly negative Don't know

173

133

80

7 3

be true in only 35 households (6.3 per cent). However, ‘financial needs fulfilled by migrant’ was cited in only three cases as the reason for a member quitting a job. The rest listed having to compensate for household responsibilities and other factors as the primary reason.

The study respondents of migrant households were also asked to make an assessment of the economic impact of migration on their respective households. The majority felt that the migration of a household member had had a positive impact on their household’s economic status: 133 households (33.6 per cent) reported that migration had had a very positive impact, while 173 households (43.7 per cent) reported that it had had a slightly positive impact. Nonetheless, there were 7 households that reported that migration had had a slightly negative impact and 80 households (20.2 per cent) which reported that it had had no effect.

u/]sf]n] sfd ug{ 5f8]sf] eGg] # j6f s];x¿ dfq e]l6of] . c¿n] eg] kl/jf/df ylkPsf] lhDd]jf/L / cGo sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ sfd ug{ 5f8]sf] atfP .

cWoogn] pQ/bftfx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] 3/kl/jf/df k|jf;gn] kf/]sf] cfly{s k|efjsf af/]df d"Nof+sg ug{ klg eg]sf] lyof] . clwsf+zn] 3/kl/jf/sf] ;b:o k|jf;gdf uPsfn] kl/jf/sf] cfly{s cj:yfdf ;sf/fTds k|efj k/]sf] dx;'; u/]sf lyP . !## 3/w'/L -##=^ k|ltzt_ n] k|jf;gaf6 w]/} g} ;sf/fTds k|efj k/]sf] atfP eg] !&# 3/w'/L -$#=& k|ltzt_ n] s]xL dfqfdf ;sf/fTds k|efj k/]sf] atfP . o:t} & 3/w'/Ln] k|jf;gn] s]xL xb;Dd gsf/fTds k|efj kf/]sf] atfP / *) 3/w'/L -@)=@ k|ltzt_ n] s'g} klg k|efj gkf/]sf] atfP .


30

k|jf;g 3/kl/jf/df 3/sf] ;b:o k|jfl;t x'Fbf ;fj{hlgs If]qdf dlxnfsf] ;xeflutfnfO{ k|efj kf/]sf] lyof] jf lyPg eGg] k|Zg klg ;f]lwPsf] lyof] . clwsf+z k|jf;L 3/kl/jf/ %@=^ k|ltzt jf @)& 3/kl/jf/n] ;fj{hlgs If]qdf dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf a9]sf] atfP . t/ !*^ 3/w'/L -$&=$ k|ltzt_ n] s'g} kl/jt{g gePsf] atfP .

k|jf;L 3/kl/jf/nfO{ kl/jf/sf] ;b:o k|jf;gdf uPsf a]nf kfl/jfl/s dfldnfdf lg0f{o ln+bf dlxnfsf] ;+nUgtf x'g] gx'g] ljifodf klg ;f]lwPsf lyof] . clwsf+z 3/w'/L -^^ k|ltzt jf @^) 3/w'/L_ n] kl/jf/sf] ;b:o k|jfl;t x'Fbf 3/kl/jf/leq dlxnfsf] lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtfdf s'g} k|efj gk/]sf] atfPsf 5g\ . ##=% k|ltzt -!#@ 3/w'/L_ n] a9]sf] / @ 3/w'/Ln] 36]sf] atfPsf 5g\ .

Respondents from migrant households were also asked whether the migration of a household member had had any effect on women’s participation in the public sphere. The majority of the migrant households, 52.6 per cent or 207 households, reported that the migration of a household member had resulted in an increase in women’s participation in the public sphere. However, 186 households (47.4 per cent) reported that there had been no change.

The migrant households were also asked whether the migration of a household member had had any effect on women’s involvement in decision-making within the household. While majority of the households (66 per cent or 260 households) reported that the migration of a household member had had no impact, 33.5 per cent (i.e., 132 households) reported an increase. There were also two households which reported a decrease.

^=% dlxnf ;xeflutf / lg0f{odf k|jf;gsf] k|efj (Impact of Migration on Female Participation and Decision Making)

lrq !$M k|jf;g / 3/kl/jf/leq lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/df dlxnfsf] ;+nUgtf (Figure 14: Migration and Women’s Involvement in Decision Making within the Household)

Decreased (0.5%)

No change (66.0%)

Increase (33.5%)



31

k|jf;g 3/kl/jf/nfO{ kl/jf/sf] ;b:o k|jf;gdf /xFbf j[4j[4fx¿df s:tf] k|efj k/]sf] 5 eg]/ klg ;f]lwPsf] lyof] . clwsf+z 3/kl/jf/ %*=! k|ltztn] s'g} k|efj gkf/]sf], #*=& k|ltztn] ;sf/fTds k|efj kf/]sf], #=@ k|ltztn] gsf/fTds k|efj kf/]sf] atfP .

Migrant households were also asked if the migration of a household member had had an impact on the elderly. While the majority, 58.1 per cent, reported that there had been no impact, 38.7 per cent reported that it had had a positive impact, and a small proportion of 3.2 per cent reported that migration had had a negative impact on the household elderly.

^=^ j[4j[4fx¿df k|jf;gsf] k|efj (Impact of Migration on the Elderly Population)

lrq !%M j[4j[4fdf k|jf;gsf] k|efj (Figure 15: Impact of Migration on Elderly Population)

No change (58.1%)Positive (38.7%)

Negative (3.2%)



32

Endnotes

1. Mega Publication and Research Centre, Village Development Committee and Demographic Profile of Nepal 2013. Kathmandu: Mega Publication and Research Centre, 2013.

2. Parsa DDC, VDC Household Survey, 2067. Birgunj: Parsa DDC.3. Sharma, Pitamber, Some Aspects of Nepal’s Social Demography: Census 2011 Update. Kathmandu: Social Science Baha and Himal Books, Kathmandu, 2014.4. The final part of a marriage ceremony performed to officially send the bride to live with the groom’s family,

which usually occurs about a couple of years after the wedding.5. Central Bureau of Statistics. 2014. National Population and Housing Census 2011 (Village Development

Committee/Municipality),Volume 06, Kathmandu: National Planning Commission Secretariat.



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