INTRODUCTION TO INTRODUCTION TO BROADCASTINGBROADCASTING

INTRODUCTION TO INTRODUCTION TO BROADCASTINGBROADCASTING

LADY LEELADY LEEBAMC-2CBAMC-2C

FRANZ JOSEPH MENDOZAFRANZ JOSEPH MENDOZAPROFESSORPROFESSOR

PHILOSOPHY OF PHILOSOPHY OF DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT BROADCASTINGBROADCASTING

People must be reached at their present age of educational

attainment and level of interest and understanding in order to help them

attain their articulated needs and interests. An implicit requirement that

these needs and interests be known and fully understood.

Uses Of BroadcastingUses Of Broadcasting

1.1. Reinforce messages Reinforce messages

2.2. Informative or alerting device Informative or alerting device

3.3. Effects change by creating Effects change by creating awarenessawareness

4.4. Provide a perspective for Provide a perspective for considering changeconsidering change

5.5. Help identify reference groupsHelp identify reference groups

RADIORADIOTELEVISIONTELEVISION(CABLE TELEVISION)(CABLE TELEVISION)

What Are The Broadcast Media?

What is the equipment and What is the equipment and who are the personnel who are the personnel found in the TV Studio?found in the TV Studio?

CONTROL ROOMCONTROL ROOM

Video makerVideo maker VTRs for playbacks & VTRs for playbacks &

RecordingRecording TV monitors for TV monitors for

cameras, preview and cameras, preview and programprogram

Special effects consoleSpecial effects console Computer graphics Computer graphics

equipmentequipment Lights control panelLights control panel Audio MixerAudio Mixer

Executive producerExecutive producer DirectorDirector Technical DirectorTechnical Director Audio EngineerAudio Engineer VTR/Playback personVTR/Playback person Computer Graphics Computer Graphics

ArtistArtist (Writer)(Writer)

Equipment Personnel

STUDIO PROPERSTUDIO PROPER

Lights Lights Cameras (with Cameras (with

TelePrompTers)TelePrompTers) MicrophonesMicrophones Earphones or Earphones or

OverdrivesOverdrives

TalentsTalents CameramanCameraman Floor DirectorFloor Director Lights PersonsLights Persons Set/Props personsSet/Props persons Make-up artistsMake-up artists

Equipment Personnel

What are the different What are the different camera shots?camera shots?

According To Size Of According To Size Of Subject:Subject:

CLOSE-UP SHOTCLOSE-UP SHOT MEDIUM SHOTMEDIUM SHOTFULL / LONG / WIDE SHOTFULL / LONG / WIDE SHOT

According To Body According To Body Coverage:Coverage:

HEADHEADBUST / CHESTBUST / CHESTWAISTWAISTKNEEKNEE

What Are The Camera What Are The Camera Movements?Movements?

Tilt up, downTilt up, downPan left, rightPan left, rightDolly in, outDolly in, outTrack left, rightTrack left, rightZoom in, outZoom in, outFocus, DefocusFocus, Defocus

What Are The Different TV What Are The Different TV Transition Techniques?Transition Techniques?

CutCutDissolve Dissolve Superimposition, ‘Super’Superimposition, ‘Super’Special effects such as wipes, flip Special effects such as wipes, flip

and tumble, etc. and tumble, etc.

What Are The Different What Are The Different Production Modes Or Set-Production Modes Or Set-

ups in the Broadcast Media?ups in the Broadcast Media?Live or TapedLive or TapedStudio or RemoteStudio or RemoteRaw or EditedRaw or EditedNew, Fresh or File, StockNew, Fresh or File, StockENG or SNGENG or SNG

How Are Broadcast How Are Broadcast Stations Classified?Stations Classified?

Private / Commercial or Private / Commercial or GovernmentGovernment

Sales Oriented or Program Sales Oriented or Program OrientedOriented

How Are Broadcast How Are Broadcast Programs Classified?Programs Classified?

Block time, Station Produced or Block time, Station Produced or Co-ProductionCo-Production

News & Public Affairs, News & Public Affairs, Entertainment or ‘Information’Entertainment or ‘Information’

Profit Center or Prestige ProgramProfit Center or Prestige ProgramLocal or Foreign (‘canned’)Local or Foreign (‘canned’)

Where Lies The Difference Where Lies The Difference Between News And Public Between News And Public

Affairs?Affairs?NEWS- a report or account of an event, fact, development or opinion

that reporters and editors, acting as agents for the public, believe will

interest or some may of those who receive it.-Inform people urgently need in getting their bearings in a rapidly

changing world.

-Report of a recent event mark by fairness, currency, accuracy,

conciseness, balance, and objectivity.

P U B L I C A F F A I R S P R O G R A M S

those who are geared towards building an enlightened

citizenry through the discussion and clarification of issues of

national concern and international significance.• Provide a forum for articulating views and opinions

from all sectors of society (KBP Television Code)

What Are The Different What Are The Different Program Formats under Public Program Formats under Public

Affairs?Affairs?TALK SHOWS- Interview, Discussion, Debate

•Talk Shows- Interview, Discussion, Debate

•News Special

•News Magazine

•Documentary

•Investigative Report

•Special / cultural Event

What are the 3Vs of What are the 3Vs of being a TV News Anchor being a TV News Anchor

Or Program Host?Or Program Host?

•VOICE: HOW TO SOUND GOOD

4Ps- Projection

Pronunciation

Phrasing

Pacing

•VISUAL: HOW TO LOOK GOOD

“CAM”- Carriage

Attire

Make-up & Hair

•VALUES: HOW TO BE GOOD

4Cs- Credibility

Competence

Confidence

Concern

What Are The Different What Are The Different Roles Of A TV Program Roles Of A TV Program

Host?Host? ANCHORANCHOR INTERVIEWERINTERVIEWER LISTENERLISTENER MODERATORMODERATOR FACILITATORFACILITATOR INTERPRETERINTERPRETER INTERROGATORINTERROGATOR SYNTHESIZERSYNTHESIZER

SPOKESPERSONSPOKESPERSON AD-LIB MASTERAD-LIB MASTER RESEARCHER / RESEARCHER /

REPPORTERREPPORTER ANALYSTANALYST DEVIL’S ADVOCATEDEVIL’S ADVOCATE SUMMARIZERSUMMARIZER

PRIVELEGE OF TVPRIVELEGE OF TV

Advantages:Advantages:

1.1. Reality/ concreteness of message is Reality/ concreteness of message is reinforcedreinforced

2.2. Offers a common base of experiences to Offers a common base of experiences to those who watch the program at the those who watch the program at the same timesame time

3.3. Can bring people, places, events on Can bring people, places, events on screenscreen

4.4. Can magnify small objectsCan magnify small objects

L I m I t a t I o n s:L I m I t a t I o n s:

1.1. Passivity/ inattentiveness (habitual Passivity/ inattentiveness (habitual watching)watching)

2.2. Highly competitiveHighly competitive

3.3. TV never tends to become criticalTV never tends to become critical

4.4. More ExpensiveMore Expensive

5.5. Delayed FeedbackDelayed Feedback

6.6. ExorableExorable

How To Become A Good How To Become A Good Interviewer?Interviewer?

Always be on time.Always be on time. Be sure to introduce yourself and explain the Be sure to introduce yourself and explain the

purpose of the interview properly.purpose of the interview properly. Be curious but ask only intelligent questions.Be curious but ask only intelligent questions. Until you develop your own style, go ahead…be a Until you develop your own style, go ahead…be a

copycat.copycat. Keep a simple conversational style.Keep a simple conversational style. Be conscious of your appearance, voice, language, Be conscious of your appearance, voice, language,

mannerisms, gestures, facial expressions, posture mannerisms, gestures, facial expressions, posture and behavior.and behavior.

Be bold and direct.Be bold and direct. Do not lose control.Do not lose control. Plan your approach accordingly for any type of Plan your approach accordingly for any type of

interview.interview.

What Are The 3 Ways Of What Are The 3 Ways Of Conducting An Interview?Conducting An Interview?

INFORMATION INTERVIEW-INFORMATION INTERVIEW- When you gather When you gather

information to be used in reporting and tracking down information to be used in reporting and tracking down

additional information from other sources: Face to face additional information from other sources: Face to face or or

on telephone.on telephone.

FIELD INTERVIEW-FIELD INTERVIEW- Requires a camera to pick up Requires a camera to pick up sound sound

bites which should be incorporated in news stories and bites which should be incorporated in news stories and

documentaries.documentaries.

PRODUCTION INTERVIEW-PRODUCTION INTERVIEW- Requires 2 cameras Requires 2 cameras and is and is

done in a studio, in a carefully chosen location done in a studio, in a carefully chosen location outside the outside the

studio, or sometimes with the interviewer and studio, or sometimes with the interviewer and interviewee in interviewee in

different places.different places.

- - May be an entire program, a segment of a May be an entire program, a segment of a program or a live program or a live

interview in a news program.interview in a news program.

What Are News Packages?What Are News Packages?

1.1. In Radio, there are 2 Types:In Radio, there are 2 Types: VoicerVoicer WraparoundWraparound

2.2. In TV, there are also 2 Types:In TV, there are also 2 Types: PackagePackage WraparoundWraparound

What Are 3 The Basic What Are 3 The Basic Patterns Of A News Patterns Of A News

Packages?Packages? Reporter- Sound Bite- ReporterReporter- Sound Bite- Reporter

Reporter- Sound Bite- Reporter- Sound Reporter- Sound Bite- Reporter- Sound Bite- ReporterBite- Reporter

Reporter- Sound Bite- Sound Bite- ReporterReporter- Sound Bite- Sound Bite- Reporter

What Is The Basic Structure What Is The Basic Structure Of A News Packages?Of A News Packages?

A line or two of the hard newsA line or two of the hard news

Set up sound bite (s)Set up sound bite (s)

Add some informationAdd some information

Then close with a signature (name, news Then close with a signature (name, news organization, dateline)organization, dateline)

Some Ground Rules:Some Ground Rules:

Whatever is said to the Whatever is said to the journalist may be journalist may be

published and directly attributed by the published and directly attributed by the name to name to

the interviewee. It is by far the best way the interviewee. It is by far the best way to get to get

your message across.your message across.

On The RecordOn The Record

Whatever is said to the journalist may be Whatever is said to the journalist may be

published, but with attribution to a previously published, but with attribution to a previously

agreed upon identification. It is generally used agreed upon identification. It is generally used

when the institutional interests represented by when the institutional interests represented by

the interviewee may be damaged by direct the interviewee may be damaged by direct

attribution. Examples: “an official spokesman attribution. Examples: “an official spokesman of of

…”…”, “a well informed source”, “an expert on…”, “a well informed source”, “an expert on…”

On BackgroundOn Background

Whatever said to the journalist may be Whatever said to the journalist may be

published, but without attribution of any kind. published, but without attribution of any kind.

The information should appear as a conclusion The information should appear as a conclusion

drawn by the journalist as a result of his inquiries. drawn by the journalist as a result of his inquiries.

It should only be uses when “On Background” It should only be uses when “On Background”

would lead to quick identification to the would lead to quick identification to the

interviewee and serious institutional damage, interviewee and serious institutional damage,

since it represents difficulty for the journalist.since it represents difficulty for the journalist.

On Deep BackgroundOn Deep Background

Often misused, this ground rule, as the Often misused, this ground rule, as the

words imply, means that the journalist will receivewords imply, means that the journalist will receive

information that is not to be published under any information that is not to be published under any

circumstances. Use is generally restricted to circumstances. Use is generally restricted to

emergency situations involving the physical well-emergency situations involving the physical well-

being of the participants in the interview, or being of the participants in the interview, or

others who may be the subject of the interview.others who may be the subject of the interview.

Off The RecordOff The Record

RADIO NEWS STYLERADIO NEWS STYLE

Listeners depend only on their sense of Listeners depend only on their sense of hearing. hearing.

They cannot go back to a story once they miss They cannot go back to a story once they miss something. something.

The newscaster therefore should not be put in a The newscaster therefore should not be put in a doubtful doubtful

position while he reads. If there are difficult words position while he reads. If there are difficult words or phrasesor phrases

in a news story, the newscaster might stammer or in a news story, the newscaster might stammer or stutter.stutter.

Be Informal-Be Informal- write the way one talks to a friend write the way one talks to a friend across the table – minus the errors and across the table – minus the errors and objectionable words.objectionable words.

Avoid Long Sentences-Avoid Long Sentences- people are not used to people are not used to making long, complex sentences in ordinary making long, complex sentences in ordinary conversation.conversation.

Provide Breathers-Provide Breathers- give the announcer a chance give the announcer a chance to breathe.to breathe.

Mention The Source Of The Information-Mention The Source Of The Information- always always begin with the source of the story and not at the begin with the source of the story and not at the middle or at the end of the sentences.middle or at the end of the sentences.

Use Transitional Words-Use Transitional Words- like therefore, however, like therefore, however, likewise, also, furthermore at the beginning of likewise, also, furthermore at the beginning of sentence.sentence.

Prefer The Indirect Quotation-Prefer The Indirect Quotation- this makes for this makes for smoother, readable copy.smoother, readable copy.

Handle Figures Properly-Handle Figures Properly- avoid them unless they avoid them unless they are vital part of the story.are vital part of the story.

Avoid Abbreviations-Avoid Abbreviations- a good rule to follow in a good rule to follow in handling abbreviations is, when in doubt, write it handling abbreviations is, when in doubt, write it out.out.

Always Use The Present Tense Whenever Always Use The Present Tense Whenever Possible-Possible- this adds to immediacy.this adds to immediacy.

Avoid Tongue Twisters or Tanglers-Avoid Tongue Twisters or Tanglers- change change words or phrases which are hard to readwords or phrases which are hard to read..

Provide Phonetic Spelling-Provide Phonetic Spelling- new words and those new words and those difficult to pronounce should be provided with a difficult to pronounce should be provided with a phonetic spelling right after the word.phonetic spelling right after the word.

Radio Program FormatsRadio Program FormatsMusical Program

•Integrated

•Diversed

News Program

Talk Program

Panel Discussion

Variety Program

Drama

Radio Vision

Documentary

Farm, Homemaking

Special Events

•Scheduled

•Unscheduled

Public Service / Affairs

School-On-The-Air

Radio Forum

Radio Spots / Plugs

Magazine Program

News

•Subject

•Special Audience

•Variety

Elements Of AudioCraftElements Of AudioCraft SOUND EFFECTSSOUND EFFECTS

Functions And Sound Functions And Sound EffectsEffects

ActionAction SettingSetting SymbolicSymbolic

5. Establish time, event 5. Establish time, event and placeand place

6. Heighten Emotions6. Heighten Emotions

Principles of Musical Principles of Musical ScoringScoring

NoveltyNovelty ConsistencyConsistency UnobtrusivenessUnobtrusiveness

• MUSICMUSICUses Of MusicUses Of Music1.1. Theme MusicTheme Music2.2. Shift ScenesShift Scenes3.3. Bridge/Transition Bridge/Transition

MusicMusic4.4. Indicate ActionIndicate Action

VOICEVOICE

Pacing and DeliveryPacing and Delivery

1.1. MarkingMarking

2.2. Intended UseIntended Use

3.3. Visualize audienceVisualize audience

Pronunciation and Pronunciation and EnunciationEnunciation

1.1. Speak NaturallySpeak Naturally

2.2. Role ModelRole Model

3.3. Pronunciation GuidePronunciation Guide

EmotingEmoting

1.1. ““Picture” in mindPicture” in mind

2.2. Body LanguageBody Language

3.3. Stress Stress

4.4. PracticePractice

ModulationModulation

THE ENDTHE END