ladders & stairways - clicksafety.com · • found in ansi a14.3 and in osha regs • distance...
TRANSCRIPT
Stairways and Ladders• Course Overview
• Objective: to fulfill training requirements in stairways and ladders in accordance with OSHA 10 Hour Outreach program
• Estimated Length: 1 hour • Audience: Workers, Supervisors, Managers• References: 1926.1050-Subpart X - Stairways and
Ladders
Introduction
Introduction
Course Agenda• This course will focus on:
• Terms and Definitions• Temporary Stairs• Ladder Types• Safe Use• Inspection• Straight, Step, and Fixed Ladders
Introduction
Get Site-Specific Training!• This training course:
• provides basic occupational safety and health information
• is not intended to be a substitute for provisions of OSHA Act or for OSHA standards
• is not a substitute for specific, hands-on training and information
Ladder Accidents• Falls from ladders:
• are a leading cause of work place fatalities and injuries
• from 1984 to 1997, these falls accounted for approximately:
• 3,000 fatalities• 65,000 disabling injuries
Introduction
OSHA Citations -Stairways & Ladders
• One recent year, OSHA cited these violations:
• 598 citations for no handrail
• 488 citations: Ladder does not extend 3 feet beyond landing
• 253 citations: No stairway or ladder provided
• 137 citations: Damaged ladder
Introduction
Stairway & Ladder Definitions • Common terms:
• Cleats:- crosspieces between vertical
side rails• Single-cleat:
• standard ladder configuration of cleats and side rails
Definitions
Definitions
Definitions • Double-cleated ladder:
• Two vertical side rails, one center rail• allows for two-way traffic up and down
• Extended trestle: (extension ladder) • A self-supporting portable ladder • with adjustable section to increase length and height
Definitions
Definitions • Job-made and Portable Ladders: • Job-made:
• fabricated on site to ANSI A.14.4-1979• Portable Ladders:
• readily moveable
Definitions
Definitions• Maximum intended load:
• ladder’s ability to support combined weight of people, equipment, and materials
Definitions • Fixed-Ladder: part of permanent structure
• Stair rail system: • a vertical barrier for fall protection
• typically 36 inches above the tread• Tread is top horizontal surface of a step• Tread depth:
• measurement of tread front-to-back
Definitions
Definitions
Definitions• Unprotected sides and edges:
• Areas with no stair rail system or wall 36” + in height
• Any side of edge with no wall or guardrail system 39” + in height
• Except entrances at point of access
Definitions
Definitions• Metal pan stairs and landings are:
• stair forms before they are filled with concrete • may create a tripping hazard
Tripping Hazards • To prevent tripping hazards:• Pan stairs are required to be filled • Treads must be of a non-slip material or coating• Stairs must be swept frequently and kept clear of tripping
hazards
Temporary Stairs
Temporary Stairs• Basic Requirements
• For elevation break of 19 in. or more: • Stairs, ladder, or ramp required
• Handrail required at 4 or more risers• Landing 30 in. by 22 in. is required at every 12 ft.
of vertical rise
Temporary Stairs
Temporary Stairs
Basic Requirements • Temporary stairs:
• should be installed between 30 degrees and 50 degrees • riser height and tread depth shall be uniform
• variations not to exceed one-fourth inch
Temporary Stairs
Basic Requirements • Good housekeeping
• Slippery conditions corrected immediately• Electrical cords not strung across stairs • Materials and tools should not be left or stored
on stairs or landings• Stairway must be free of projectiles, sharp
edges, or nails
Basic Requirements • Adequate lighting is critical: • 5 foot-candles of illumination (minimum) must be
available at all times• Door opening directly onto a stairway requires a
platform at the same level• Minimum clearance: 20 inches
Temporary Stairs
Temporary Stairs
Spiral Stairways • Spiral stairways:
• Should be part of permanent structure• Shall be equipped with handrail offset to prevent
walking where tread is less than 6”• See OSHA Standards 1926.1051(a) 1 and 1926.1052c2
Stairway Handrails
• Stairways:
• at 4 or more risers or 30 inches, whichever is less
• shall be equipped with at least one handrail
• and one stair rail system on all unprotected sides
• Handrail height = 30-37 inches (from the tread to top of handrail)
Temporary Stairs
Temporary Stairs
Stairway Handrails
• Midrails to be installed:
• At midway point between tread and handrail
• Mesh may also be required
• Must be constructed to withstand 200 lbs. of force
• Toeboards around floor openings and stairwells
Types of Ladders • Four Types:
• 1. Straight ladder• 2. Extension Ladder• 3. Step ladder• 4. Fixed ladder 24’ or higher must
have:• Cage• Self-retracting lifeline• Rest platform
Types Of Ladders
Types Of Ladders
Ladder Materials • Common ladder materials:
• Wood • Aluminum• Fiberglass
• Each has its limitations, advantages, and disadvantages
Duty Rating• When selecting a ladder, consider:
• Rated load capacity
• Found on manufacturer’s label
• Total Weight (weight of worker + PPE + tools + equipment)
Types Of Ladders
Types Of Ladders
Duty Rating • Type IA = Heavy duty, industrial rating, 300 lb.
weight limitation
• Type I = Heavy duty, 250 lb. weight limit
• Type II = Medium duty, 225 lb. weight limit
• Type III = Light duty 200 lb. weight limit (Household ladder)
Using Ladders Safely • You must:
• Understand and follow proper ladder safety practices• Can you eliminate exposure to potential injury?
• If possible, don’t use a ladder and eliminate the risks --falls, contact with over - head utilities, back and muscle strain
Using Ladders Safely
When you have to use a ladder • Protect yourself from injury: • Wear good work boots or shoes with a heel and non-slip soles• Ensure boots are clean before starting to climb the ladder• Gloves are recommended • Be aware of jewelry that might catch on the ladder
Using Ladders Safely
Top Ten Rules1. Inspect the ladder for damage or defects
• Do not use a damaged ladder • Remove it from work area• Is it free of oil, grease, other slipping hazards?• All warning stickers should be clearly affixed
Using Ladders Safely
Using Ladders Safely
Top Ten Rules • 2. Inspect the location
• Is it stable?• Free of debris, liquids?• Any overhead utilities, other obstructions? • Equipment, traffic or tripping hazards?
Using Ladders Safely
Top Ten Rules 3. Select the right ladder for the job:• long/tall enough, non-conductive?
Using Ladders Safely
Top Ten Rules• 4. Position the ladder correctly, using the four-to-one
rule.
Using Ladders Safely
Top Ten Rules
5. Face the ladder and use both hands when ascending and descending.
Using Ladders Safely
Top Ten Rules • 6. Secure the ladder to a rigid support
Using Ladders Safely
Top Ten Rules7. Do not carry materials or tools while ascending
and descending the ladders
Using Ladders Safely
Top Ten Rules8. Do not extend beyond the rails
Using Ladders Safely
Top Ten Rules 9. Never use a stepladder as a straight ladder
-- and never stand on the top 2 steps of a stepladder
Using Ladders Safely
Top Ten Rules
10. When setting up a step ladder:ALL four legs must be level and on a firm surface
Ladder Inspection• Ladders must be inspected:
• On a periodic basis• After any occurrence• By a competent person• Prior to use
Using Ladders Safely
Using Ladders Safely
Ladder Inspection• Wood ladders:
• Look for rot, cracked, split, loose• Should never be painted
• Metal ladders:• Inspect for corrosion • Defective ladders to be removed from
service.• Not to be used around electrical work
Using Ladders Safely
Ladder Inspection • Fiberglass ladders:
• Inspect for Damage by heat or corrosives• Always check rung locks on extension ladder and
check label • Tag damaged ladders “do not use” and remove
from work area
Straight Ladders- Requirements• Support 4 times the maximum intended load (see
manufacturer’s label)• Do not exceed the maximum load! • Spacing for rungs, cleats and steps must be
uniform 10”-14”• Rungs, cleats and steps are to be skid-resistant
Straight and Stepladders
Using Straight Ladders • Single section max. length = 30’• Double section ladders max. length = 48’• Triple section ladder max. length = 60’• Overlap of sections = 3-5’• Top section of an extension should not be used by itself
Straight and Stepladders
Common Types of Stepladders • Three Types of Stepladders, rated by height:
• Type I are Industrial, 3-20 ft. long, heavy duty, construction, industrial trades
• Type II are Commercial, 3-12 ft. long, medium duty, office, light duty trades
• Type III are Household, 3-6 ft. light duty• Not approved for use on construction projects
Straight and Stepladders
Using Stepladders• See ANSI A14.1, 14.3, or 14.5 • Rungs, cleats, or steps are to be skid
resistantSpacing for rungs, cleats or steps = 8 in. -12 in., uniformly
• Spreader/locking device is required
Straight and Stepladders
Using Stepladders• Top two steps are not to be used
• In California, top 3 steps cannot be used unless handhold available or fall protection available
Straight and Stepladders
Straight and Stepladders
Using Stepladders • Stepladders used only in fully open position:
• Placed on level ground• Do not use as a straight ladder• Must have permanently affixed label • Periodic inspection by a competent person, before use
by the worker
FIXED LADDERS –Definition• Fixed ladders:
• Permanent part of structure in most cases
• Provide access to roofs, tanks, or to large equipment
Fixed Ladders
Fixed Ladders
Fixed Ladders - Requirements• Standards for Fixed Ladders: • Found in ANSI A14.3 and in OSHA regs • Distance between rungs can not exceed 12
inches, and must be uniform• Metal ladders should be painted or otherwise treated to
resist corrosion and rusting.
Fixed Ladders
Clearances for Fixed Ladders• Clearances:
• Climbing side of ladder at least 30 inches from any other object
• Minimum clearance of 7 inches from back side of ladder to any other object
Fixed ladders must have:• For a vertical climb < 24’ but where top of
ladder is > 24’ above lower levels, fixed ladders shall have:
• Cages• Wells• Ladders safey devices, or• self – retracting life lines
• Landing platform every 20 feet if no cage, well, or ladder safety device
Fixed Ladders
Fixed Ladders • When Length of Climb exceeds 24 feet:
• Ladders must have a cage or well, and multiple ladder sections, each section not to exceed 50 feet
• Ladder sections shall be offset from adjacent sections, and landing platforms shall be provided at maximum intervals of 50 feet
Fixed Ladders
Fixed Ladders
Fixed Ladders: More Requirements • Fixed ladders without cages or wells shall
have: • a clear width to the nearest permanent
object of at least 15 inches on each side of the centerline of the ladder
Fixed Ladders
Towers, Water Tanks, & Chimneys • Ladder safety devices:
• can be used on tower, water, tank, and chimney ladders over 20 feet.
• No landing platform is required
Final Considerations
Summary • This course has covered the following with respect
to the OSHA standards:• Key Terminology • Temporary Stairs• Types of Ladders• Rules for Safe Use• Guidelines for Straight, Step, and Fixed • It’s up to you to apply this knowledge on your
worksite!