laboratory works semiconductor … notes 4 preliminary notes about the workflow circuit preparation...

Department of Electrical Engineering

LABORATORY WORKS in

SEMICONDUCTOR ELECTRONICS

Valery Vodovozov and Zoja Raud

http://learnelectronics.narod.ru

Tallinn

2014

2

Contents Safety warnings...................................................................................................... 3 Preliminary notes about the workflow ..................................................................... 4

Circuit preparation .............................................................................................. 4

Wiring................................................................................................................. 5

Experimentation and reporting............................................................................ 6

Job instructions ................................................................................................... 7 Work 1. Diodes................................................................................................... 7

Target............................................................................................................. 7

Lesson preparation......................................................................................... 7

Experimentation.............................................................................................. 7

Report contents .............................................................................................. 8

Optional section.............................................................................................. 8

Work 2. Transistors ............................................................................................ 9

Target............................................................................................................. 9

Lesson preparation......................................................................................... 9

Experimentation.............................................................................................. 9

Report contents ............................................................................................ 10

Optional section............................................................................................ 10

Work 3. Thyristors ............................................................................................ 11

Target........................................................................................................... 11

Lesson preparation....................................................................................... 11

Experimentation............................................................................................ 11

Report contents ............................................................................................ 12


Work 4. Operational amplifiers ......................................................................... 13

Target........................................................................................................... 13

Lesson preparation....................................................................................... 13

Experimentation............................................................................................ 13

Report contents ............................................................................................ 14


References.......................................................................................................... 14 Annexes .............................................................................................................. 15

1. Diode datasheet ........................................................................................... 15

2. Transistor datasheet..................................................................................... 15

3. Thyristor datasheet....................................................................................... 15

4. Opamp datasheet......................................................................................... 15

5. Color coding ................................................................................................. 16

6. Breadboard layout ........................................................................................ 17

Safety warnings

3

Safety warnings This is a tutorial aid to implement laboratory works in electronics. The students are expected to have acquired knowledge of electronic components, electrical wiring, and electrical schematic symbols [1]. The manual complies with the curriculum and the syllabus of the course AAR3320 “Electronics and Semiconductor Engineering” [2], [3]. The laboratory has dangerous equipment whose voltages above 60 VDC or 30 VAC can pose a shock hazard, therefore read carefully the following safety warnings and respect all the safety precautions.

1. Never apply the mains power if it may cause a danger or an injury. In the case of an accident, switch off the nearest safety switch and release the sufferer from the voltage. Thereafter call the rescue service (numbers 112 and 0112) and provide the first aid.

2. In the case of overheating, smelling, the sparkles or electric arc between contacts, switch off the supply immediately. Additional red safety push-button is located on the front panel of the main laboratory switchboard. In the case of an emergency, press this button to switch off all the lab benches. After avoiding an emergency, pull out this push-button to restore the supply.

3. To avoid an electric shock, never switch on the supply without the instructor’s permission, never open the covers, and do not touch with wires while the circuit is powered.

4. Enable free access to the feeder board, lab bench, emergency switches, and all the devices, which are adjusted during the experimentation. All equipment and appliances should be well visible and their displacement or pulling down from the table should be avoided.

5. When assembling the circuits, connect no more than two conductors to one terminal or socket. To change the circuit, switch off the power.

6. Before energizing the lab bench, make sure that all devices and measuring instruments are suitable for operation throughout the voltage and current ranges provided by this manual. Do not run the circuits over the rated voltages and currents and do not allow their overloading. Do not use equipment if it looks damaged or operates abnormally.

7. It is prohibited to lean and sit, to hang clothes, to place bags, cases etc. on the workplaces, to leave and to enter the laboratory without the instructor’s permission, to eat, drink and smoke in the laboratory, to touch the devices not needed for the given work, and to implement the experiments alone.

Preliminary notes

4

Preliminary notes about the workflow

Circuit preparation

1. Every student should implement the mandatory part of the works and may employ the optional part given in small print in this tutorial aid.

2. Prepare for a work beforehand. Using the annexes of this manual, find the data of the studied semiconductor devices, resistors, and the breadboard layout.

3. Basing on the schemes shown in Fig. 1, develop the principal circuit diagram for experimentation. Each circuit includes a studied semiconductor device and voltage dividers. Restrict the supply voltage Us = 10 V and set its polarity accordingly the component data. Limit the power consumption of every part P ≤ 1 W. Calculate the buffer resistors R1 to limit the current through a component. Connecting a semiconductor without such resistors is a sure-fire way to kill it! To adjust the voltage U2 across the component, apply the potentiometers R2 of 1 kΩ or 10 kΩ. Therefore,

R1 ≥ max Us / Imax; Us2 / P

P1 ≥ Us2 / R1

I1 ≤ Us / R1

Fig. 1. Basic schemes for experimentation

4. Add a circuit to indicate whether the scheme is energised using a LED and a resistor:

RLED ≥ (Us – ∆ULED) / ILED

PLED ≥ ILED2⋅RLED

5. To estimate the voltages and currents, supplement your circuit with meters. Use the digital multimeter or a voltmeter to measure the voltage across two leads. To this aim, place the positive terminal on the lead with higher voltage (if known) and the negative terminal on the lead with a lower voltage. A digital multimeter can be used as an ammeter to determine the current flow through a wire or electrical component. This measurement is accomplished by placing the multimeter or the ammeter in series with the wire that the current is flowing through. Draw expected characteristics.

UAC

VS VT R2

R1 R1G

R2C

R1B

R2B

IC IB

UBE

R1C

Us

R2C

IA IG

UGC

R1A

Us

R2A IA Us

RLED

LED UCE UAC

VD

Preliminary notes

5

Wiring

1. Develop the wiring diagram. Every workplace is accomplished with a breadboard, a board with a studied device, a power supply, and measuring devices. Converting the principal circuit to a wiring diagram, example of which is shown in Fig. 2, is not straightforward because the arrangement of components will look quite different from the principal circuit.

Fig. 2. Example of a wiring diagram

2. Place the resistors, potentiometers, and LED on the breadboard layout. Use the clip rows for the parts those thin leads do not exceed 0,6 mm in diameter and the clip columns at the foot of the breadboard for the potentiometers and resistors with thicker leads.

3. Link the components routing the jumper wires around the parts, not over them thus making changing the components easier when needed. Wire the red positive supply socket of the breadboard with a red bus strip and the black negative supply socket with a black bus strip. Do not insert the component leads to the bus

Bread board

Power supply

Board of the studied device

– Us +

PV

PA

VD

RLED

R1

Clip columns

Clip rows

Jumper wires

Components

Sockets Bus strips

Measuring devices

Coloured safety wires

R2

LED

DO NOT COPY

Preliminary notes

6

strips; instead, use the jumper wires to wire the bus strips with the leads pushed into the clips.

4. Apply the blue and green sockets to wire the emitter and collector of the transistor board or the anode and cathode of the diode and thyristor boards. Use the yellow socket to wire the control leads (base, gate).

5. Connect also the external board of a studied device, the supply, the measuring devices, and the signal generators (if required) to these sockets.

Experimentation and reporting

1. Assemble the circuit accordingly the wiring diagram by pushing the component leads to the breadboard clips. Keep the jumper wires on the board flat, so that the board does not look cluttered.

2. Provide the link-up of the breadboard with the board of a studied device and the measuring devices using the coloured cord set of special safety wires belonging to the workplace outfit. Choose the red wires for the positive polarity and the black ones for the negative polarity.

3. Before experimentation, check all the connections carefully. Make sure that semiconductor devices are the correct way round and no leads are touching (unless they connect to the same block).

4. When selecting the measuring range of the meters, ensure that the maximum is above the expected reading anticipated. Selection of a high range prevents the meter overloading. When the range of the value to be measured is unknown, set the highest possible range or, wherever possible, choose autoranging.

5. Adjust the supply voltage to about 10 V and then turn off the power with the pushbutton. After that, connect the breadboard to the positive (red) and negative (black) terminals of the power supply and press the pushbutton to test the circuit. If your circuit does not work, deenergize the breadboard and very carefully re-check every connection against the circuit diagram.

6. In experimentation, change the voltages by potentiometers and measure voltages and currents. Any overvoltage, overcurrent, and overheating are prohibited! During the measuring you can optimise the meter range for the best reading. If possible, enable all the leading digits to not read zero, and in this way the greatest number of significant digits can be read.

7. Before changing functions or experiments, power off the breadboard. Never perform resistance or continuity measurements on live circuits!

8. At the end of experimentation, submit the protocols and other results to the instructor. After instructor’s permission, take off the circuit, switch off and return the measuring devices and equipment onto their places, and leave the workplace in order.

9. Every student must prepare and defend the personal report about every work. The report includes the title sheet, protocols, tables of experiments, calculations, diagrams, and conclusions. In conclusions, evaluate compliance of the results with the theoretical aspects and valid standards, and expediency of the used methods. Pay attention to the differences of the results obtained, experimental errors, mistaken measurement readings, and their reasons.

Diodes

7

Job instructions

Work 1. Diodes

Target

Making the simple diode circuits and acquainting with diode characteristics.

Lesson preparation

1. Using Annex 1 in this manual, find the LED and the diode data: their types, maximum forward currents IF max, maximum reverse voltages UR max, and forward voltage drops ∆UF.

2. Familiarise with the available power source, its voltage Us max, and current Is max.

3. Develop the LED circuit indicating whether the breadboard is energised.

4. Develop the circuit and wiring diagrams to explore the forward volt-ampere characteristic of a studied diode. Calculate and place a voltage divider between the power supply and the diode to protect the circuit from overloading. Choose the potentiometer of 1 kΩ or 10 kΩ and the buffer resistor to this aim.

5. Provide the circuit link-up with:

• dc voltmeter PV to measure the diode forward voltage UF and reverse voltage UR

• dc ammeter PA to measure the diode forward current IF and reverse current IR

and find out the data of the available measuring devices: their types, measuring limits, and maximum measured values.

6. Sketch an expected volt-ampere characteristic and diode voltage waveforms.

Experimentation

1. Familiarise with a LED:

• Wire the red (positive) supply socket of the breadboard with a red bus strip and the black (negative) socket with a black bus strip.

• In the first breadboard row, assemble the circuit for indication whether the breadboard is energised by inserting the current-limiting resistor and the LED to the clips, putting them together, and linking to the bus strips.

• Adjust the power supply voltage to 10 V. Connect it to the breadboard sockets. Self-examine and ask an instructor to examine the assembled circuit.

• Power on the supply and ensure the LED beams. Then, power off the supply and ensure the LED dims. If a fault occurs in any instant, deenergize the breadboard immediately, examine the circuit and eliminate errors.

2. Tune the potentiometer:

• Put together the current-limiting resistor and the potentiometer and link to the bus strips. Wire the potentiometer slider with the blue socket and the negative (black) bus strip with the green socket.

Diodes

8

• Choose the measuring devices and assign their ranges and terminals for wiring. Connect the voltmeter across the blue and green sockets. Self-examine and ask an instructor to examine the assembled circuit.

• Power on the supply. Turn the potentiometer knob and find its positions that correspond to the maximum and minimum voltages. Assign the minimum voltage and then power off the supply.

3. Estimate the forward volt-ampere characteristic:

• Assemble the desired circuit, self-examine and ask the instructor to check it.

• Power on the supply. Turn the potentiometer smoothly until the maximum supply voltage or the diode permissible current is achieved. At every step, measure the diode voltage and current, fill the measured values in the protocol, and plot the diagram.

• Restore the minimum voltage and power off the supply.

4. Following the instructor’s permission, switch off the devices, take off the circuit, and introduce proper order at the workplace.

Report contents

1. Wiring diagram of the experimental setup with specification of the components.

2. Circuit diagram of the experimental setup.

3. Calculation of the resistors.

4. Tables of the observed data.

5. Scaled diagrams of the experimental volt-ampere characteristic.

6. Estimation of the knee voltage and the forward voltage drop ∆UF in the upper point of the volt-ampere characteristic.

7. Conclusions regarding estimation, comparison and explanation of the expected and obtained results.

8. Signed protocol.

Optional section

1. Design and assemble the circuit to estimate the reverse volt-ampere characteristic, repeat experimentation, and include the table and the characteristic obtained to your report.

2. Using a signal generator and an oscilloscope, develop and assemble the circuit to trace the diode voltage waveform and employ experimentation in the given point of the volt-ampere characteristic.

3. Calculate the diode power dissipation at the maximal anode current and prove your result with simulation.

4. Design the circuit whose supply voltage exceeds the diode breakdown (Us > UR max), calculate the voltage divider, and prove your design with simulation.

5. Design the rectifier circuit which load voltages and currents exceed the diode ratings (ULOAD > UR max, ILOAD > IF max), and prove your design with simulation.

Transistors

9

Work 2. Transistors

Target

Making the simple transistor circuits and acquainting with input and output characteristics of a transistor in the common emitter mode of operation.

Lesson preparation

1. Using Annex 2, find the transistor data: type, permissible collector-emitter voltage UCE max, base voltage UBE max, collector current IC max, power dissipation Pmax, beta gain β, and frequency fmax. Calculate an expected base current IB max.


3. Develop the wiring and circuit diagrams to study an input characteristic IB(UBE) at zero collector-emitter voltage UCE and an output characteristic IC(UCE) at different base currents IB of a transistor in the common emitter mode of operation. Consider the pnp or npn transistor structure to set the proper supply polarity. Calculate and place a voltage divider between the power supply and the base circuit to bias and protect the base. Calculate and place another divider between the power supply and the collector circuit to protect the collector. Choose the potentiometers of 1 kΩ or 10 kΩ in these dividers.


• dc voltmeters PV to measure the transistor collector-emitter voltage UCE and base voltage UBE

• dc ammeters PA to measure the transistor collector current IC and base current IB

and find the data of the available measuring devices: their types, measuring limits, and maximum measured values.

5. Sketch expected input and output characteristics and voltage waveforms.

Experimentation

1. Select the measuring devices and assign the required measuring ranges and sockets for wiring. Adjust the supply voltage to 10 V.

2. Find the positions of the potentiometer knobs that correspond to the maximum and minimum voltages and set the minimum voltages on their sliders.

3. Assemble the desired circuit to estimate the input characteristic IB(UBE) at an open collector. Self-examine and ask an instructor to examine your circuit.

4. Power on the base supply and ensure the circuit operates properly. If the fault occurs, power off the breadboard immediately, examine the circuit and eliminate errors.

5. To build the input characteristic, increase smoothly UBE by turning the base potentiometer knob until the maximum base voltage UBE or current IB max is achieved. At every step, measure the base voltage UBE and current IB, fill the measured values in the protocol, and plot the graph. Afterwards, remove the base voltage and the breadboard supply.

Transistors

10

6. Assemble the desired circuit to estimate the output characteristics IC(UCE), self-examine and ask the instructor to examine it also.

7. Using the selected resistor values, calculate the expected saturation current IC sat and cutoff voltage UCE cutoff.

8. To build an output characteristic, keep the base current IB far below the IB max and increase smoothly UCE until the cutoff voltage UCE cutoff is achieved or the collector current IC reaches the saturation level IC sat. At every step, measure IC, write down IB, UCE and IC to the protocol, and plot the graph.

9. Following the instructor’s permission, switch off the devices, take off the circuit, and introduce proper order in the workplace.

Report contents



3. Calculation of voltage dividers and an expected base current.

4. Tables of the observed data (UBE, IB) at an open collector and (UCE, IC) at given IB.

5. Scaled diagrams of the experimental input and output characteristics.

6. Estimation of the cutoff voltage (UBE cutoff) and saturation current (IC sat), load line, operating point at observed IB, beta and alpha gains, as well as the differential input and output resistances at the operating point.


8. Signed protocol.

Optional section

1. Find an output characteristic at the maximal base current and include to the report the table and the characteristic obtained, load line, operating point at observed IB, beta and alpha gains, as well as the differential input and output resistances at the operating point.

2. Estimate an input characteristic at IC > 0. To this aim, keep IC < IC max and increase smoothly UBE until the permissible base voltage UBE or current IB max of the transistor is achieved. At every step, measure the base voltage UBE and current IB, fill the measured values in the protocol, and plot the graph.

3. Using a signal generator and an oscilloscope, develop and employ the circuit to trace the base and collector voltage waveforms in the given point of the output characteristic.

4. Design an employ an additional experiment to demonstrate the non-linear modes of the transistor operation and prove your result with simulation.

5. Calculate the transistor input and output voltage drops at the operating point of the highest current gain and prove your result with simulation.

6. Calculate the transistor input and output power dissipation rates at the operating point of the highest power dissipation and prove your result with simulation.

Thyristors

11

Work 3. Thyristors

Target

Making the simple thyristor circuits and acquainting with input and output characteristics of a thyristor.

Lesson preparation

1. Using Annex 3, find the thyristor data: type, maximum forward current IF max, forward voltage UF max, reverse voltage UR max, gate voltage UG max, and gate current IG max.


3. Develop the circuit and wiring diagrams to study the input characteristic IG(UGC) at an open anode and output characteristic IF(UF) of a thyristor. Calculate and set a voltage divider between the power supply and the gate circuit to protect the power source and the gate from overloading. Calculate and set another voltage divider between the power supply and the anode/cathode circuit to protect the thyristor. Choose the potentiometers of 1 kΩ or 10 kΩ in these dividers.


• dc voltmeters PV to measure the gate voltage UGC and thyristor voltage UF • dc ammeters PA to measure the gate current IG and the thyristor current IF

and find the data of the available measuring devices: names, measuring limits, and maximum measured values.

5. Sketch expected input and output characteristics and voltage waveforms.

Experimentation

1. Select the measuring devices and assign the required measuring ranges and sockets for wiring. Adjust the supply voltage to 10 V.

2. Find the positions of the potentiometers that correspond to the maximum and minimum voltages and set the minimum voltages on their outputs.

3. Assemble the desired circuit to estimate the input characteristic IG(UGC) at the open anode circuit. Self-examine and ask an instructor to examine the circuit.

4. Power on the supply source and ensure the circuit operates properly. If the fault occurs, power off the lab bench immediately, examine the circuit and eliminate errors.

5. To estimate an input characteristic, increase smoothly the gate voltage by the gate potentiometer until the accessible gate current or maximum gate voltage is achieved. At every step, measure the gate voltage and current, fill the measured values in the protocol, and plot the graph. Afterwards, remove the gate voltage and the breadboard supply.

6. Assemble the desired circuit to estimate the output characteristic IF(UF), self-examine and ask an instructor to check it. Make sure the gate voltage is zero.

7. To build the output characteristic, set the maximum accessible thyristor voltage UF and increase smoothly the gate voltage until the thyristor opens (i.e. until UF

Thyristors

12

drops and the anode current appears). Since the thyristor is open, remove the gate voltage and make sure the anode current continues to flow.

8. Then, decrease the thyristor voltage accurately and, at every step, measure the thyristor voltage and current, fill the measured values in the protocol, and plot the graph. Fix the hold point, i.e. the last non-zero point of this graph.

9. Following the instructor’s permission, switch off the devices, take off the circuit, and introduce proper order in the workplace.

Report contents



3. Calculation of voltage dividers.

4. Tables of the observed data UGC, IG and UF, IF.

5. Scaled diagrams of the experimental input and output characteristics.

6. Estimation of the hold voltage and hold current as well as the forward voltage drop ∆UF in the upper point of the output diagram.


8. Signed protocol.

Optional section

1. Find experimentally the gate currents to open the thyristor at a couple of other UF voltages and build the firing diagram IG(UF).

2. Using a signal generator and an oscilloscope, develop and employ the circuit to trace a voltage waveform UF(t) in the given point of the output diagram.

3. Assemble the circuit and plot the forward and reverse characteristics of the closed thyristor without the gate control.

4. Calculate the thyristor input and output impedances, prove your calculation with simulation, and explain their differences.

5. Calculate the thyristor input and output voltage drop at the highest current and prove your result with simulation.

6. Calculate the thyristor input and output power dissipations at the highest current and prove your result with simulation.

Annexes

13

Work 4. Operational amplifiers

Target

Acquainting with amplitude and phase frequency responses and voltage waveforms of a non-inverting voltage amplifier with negative feedback built on the operational amplifier (opamp).

Lesson preparation

1. Using Fig 3 and Annex 4, find the opamp data: type, supply voltage, open-loop voltage gain, slew rate, gain-bandwidth product, and input impedance. Acquire with the tuning knobs and plugs of the test board. Locate the output potentiometer R1, the feedback potentiometer R2, the input potentiometer R3, the signal inputs 1, 2, and the output 3.

Fig. 3. Circuit to study an opamp

2. Familiarise with the available power and signal sources: their names, voltage shapes, maximum voltage Us max, and maximum current Is max.

3. Develop the circuit diagram to study amplitude and phase frequency responses and voltage waveforms of a non-inverting voltage amplifier with negative feedback built on the base of an opamp. Provide the circuit link-up with the power source, signal generator on the input (1), and oscilloscope on the input (2) and output (3) of the amplifier.

4. Draw expected frequency responses and voltage waveforms of the voltage amplifier.

Experimentation

1. Assemble the desired circuit to estimate the input and output waveforms. Self-examine the assembled circuit and ask the instructor to examine it.

2. Switch on the power source and set the voltage of 10 V. Ensure the circuit operates properly. If the fault occurs in any instant, power off the lab bench immediately, examine the circuit and eliminate errors.

3. Switch on the signal generator and the oscilloscope. Set the sinusoidal waveform of the signal generator with the frequency of 100 Hz and attenuation of 50 dB (50 − 300 mV).

R2

R3

R1

+Us

+

−−−−

DO NOT COPY

Annexes

14

4. Set the given feedback level and tune the maximum output sinusoidal signal of the amplifier using the input and output potentiometers. Measure the input peak-to-peak signal value Upk-pk in and write down it to the protocol.

5. Measure the output signal peak-to-peak value Upk-pk out and the time shift φ [µs] between input and output waveforms; write down them to the protocol.

6. Smoothly increasing frequency f [MHz], make 3−5 measurements in each of the three frequency bands − Hz, kHz, MHz (10−20 points altogether) − and repeat item 5 at every step.

7. Following the instructor’s permission, power off the devices, take off the circuit, and introduce proper order in the workplace.

Report contents

1. Circuit diagram of the experimental setup, with specification of the components.

2. Calculation example of the voltage amplification factor Ku [p.u.], Ku [dB] and the phase shift φ [rad].

3. Table of the observed and calculated data at the given input (Upk-pk in) and feedback signals: f [MHz], Upk-pk out [V], φ [µs] and φ [rad], Ku [p.u.] and Ku [dB].

4. Scaled diagrams of the amplitude and phase frequency responses Ku [dB] (f [MHz]) and φ [rad] (f [MHz]).

5. Bandwidth estimation.

6. Input and output voltage waveforms at the cutoff frequencies.


8. Signed protocol.

Optional section

1. Set another feedback level and repeat the abovementioned items 4 to 6. Build the graph of the bandwidth dependence upon the feedback fraction.

2. Set another signal shape and repeat the items 4 to 6. Build the graph of the bandwidth dependence upon the signal shape.

3. Define experimentally the frequency and voltage bands in which the opamp is a linear device. Build the input and output voltage waveforms of the non-linear opamp operation.

References

1. Vodovozov, V., Jansikene, R., Electronic Engineering, Tallinn: TUT, 2006, 148 p.

2. Vodovozov, V., Jansikene, R., Elektroonika ja Jõupooljuhttehnika (Tõlge inglise keelde), Tallinn: TTÜ, 2008, 140 lk.

3. Vodovozov, V. Introduction to Electronic Engineering, Available at: http://bookboon.com/int/student/electro/introduction-to-electronic-engineering

Annexes

15

Annexes

1. Diode datasheet

Quantity АЛ102А АЛ336Б Д206

(1N360) BAV21 1N4148 NTE177

Forward current IF max, mA 5 10 100 250 150 250 Reverse voltage UR max, V 2 2 100 200 75 150 Forward voltage drop ∆UF, V 2,8 2,0 0,5 1,0 1,0 1,0

Pinouts

2. Transistor datasheet

Quantity KT312Б (BF240)

KT345Б (BC513)

KT3107A (BC557) KT347A

KT816Б (BD234)

Structure npn pnp pnp pnp pnp

Collector-emitter voltage UCE max, V 35 20 45 15 45 Base-emitter voltage UBE max, V 4 4 5 4 5 Collector current IC max, mA 30 200 100 50 3000 Power dissipation Pmax, mW 225 300 300 150 1000 Beta gain β 25…100 50…150 20…140 30...400 25...275 Frequency fmax, MHz 120 350 200 500 3

Pinouts

3. Thyristor datasheet Quantity KУ201E BRX45-T 2N5060 NTE5402 Forward current IF max, mA 2000 800 800 800 Forward voltage UF max, V 100 60 30 100 Reverse voltage UR max, V 100 60 30 100 Gate voltage UG max, V 6 0,9 1,2 0,8 Gate current IG max, mA 100 0,2 0,2 0,05

Pinouts

4. Opamp datasheet Quantity OPA 2681 OPA 2703 OPA 300 OPA 337 Supply voltage, V ±6 4…12 2,7…5,5 2,7…5,5 Open-loop voltage gain, dB 56…100 120 95…106 100…120 Slew rate, V/µs 1200…2100 0,6 80 4,6 Gain-bandwidth product, MHz 45…90 1 150 12,5 Input impedance, Ω 105 109 1013 1013

C B E C B E

E C

B C

B

E E C B

A

G

C

C G A C G A

A C

A C

A C A C A C A C

A G C

Annexes

16

5. Color coding

Examples

Annexes

17

6. Breadboard layout

laboratory works semiconductor … notes 4 preliminary notes about the workflow circuit preparation...

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