lab.a. (4)

ISBN: 0-07-243810-X

Description: ©2004 / Spiral Bound/Comb / 192 pages

Publication Date: April 2003

Overview

This full color atlas is intended to effectively supplement the A&P laboratory course and aidstudents in their studies. Eder's high-quality visuals, in combination with its unique tables (termsand definitions; as well as tables describing the origin, insertion, action, and innervation of muscles)make it a valuable supplement in any lab course. It illustrates the dissection structures as theyactually exist so that students will be able to easily recognize the parts when they are dissecting ortaking an exam.

Features• Highlights human skeletal anatomy using a combination of full color photographs and complementary colorillustrations, with extensive labeling.• Extensive reference tables include tables of origin, insertion, action, and innervation of a variety of muscles.• Full-Page, Full-Color Dissections. The dissection photos are crucial as they illustrate to the student just how thevarious stages of dissection should look as they do it themselves. These fantastic full-color photos will be as large as afull page and truly be the best on the market.• The Eder atlas provides students with vivid, full-color, real-life images that are often not included in theirlaboratory manual.• Features more than 100 common histology images with labeling and descriptions.

Eder et al.: Laboratory Atlas of Anatomy and Physiology, Fourth Edition

1. Histology Text © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2003

Histology

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

C H A P T E R 11

1



2 C H A P T E R 1

Chromosomes

Spindle fibers

Astral rays

Figure 1-1Interphase Nuclear envelope intact withchromatin visible. (�250)

Figure 1-2Prophase Duplicated chromosomescondensed into visible strands; nuclearenvelope absent. (�250)

Figure 1-3Metaphase Darkly stained chromosomespositioned by microtubular framework toalign at cell equator. Spindle fibers and astral rays visible. (�250)

Chromatin

Nuclear envelope

Chromosome

Plasma (cell) membrane



H i s t o l o g y 3

Figure 1-4Anaphase Darkly stained chromosomesmove to opposite poles under microtubularinfluence. Spindle fibers and astral raysvisible. (�250)

Cleavage furrow at equator

Chromosomes

Figure 1-5Telophase Separated chromosomes lose microtubular attachments. Belt ofactinomyocin forms at equator, assists information of new cell membranes andcytokinesis. Cleavage furrow forms twodaughter cells. (�250)

Spindle fibers

Astral rays

Chromosomes



4 C H A P T E R 1

Figure 1-6Simple Squamous Epithelium Single layerof flat cells covering a surface. From humanomentum. (�250)

Figure 1-7Simple Squamous Epithelium Surface viewof flattened cells. Human mesothelium.(�250)

Figure 1-8Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Althoughnot strictly cube shaped, cuboidal cells areroughly equidimensional in length, width,and depth. Single layer of cells liningsurface of kidney tubules. Cross section.(�250)

Nucleus

Cuboidal cell

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Lumen of tubule

Basement membrane (circled)

Fixed macrophage

Simple squamous epithelium

Nucleus

Basement membrane

Plasma (cell) membrane



H i s t o l o g y 5

Figure 1-9Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Longitudinalsection of kidney tubule. (�250)

Figure 1-10Simple Columnar Epithelium Cellularheight is much greater than width or length.Nuclei generally appear in a row. Frompancreatic duct. (�250)

Figure 1-11Pseudostratified Ciliated ColumnarEpithelium Nuclei appear to lie in tworows, but in fact all cells in single layer are in contact with basement membrane.Section shows well-defined cilia, threegoblet cells, basement membrane,underlying connective tissue. From monkey trachea. (�100)

Basement membrane

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Lumen of tubule

Nucleus

Simple columnar epithelium

Basement membrane

Nucleus

Cilia

Goblet cell

Basement membrane



Figure 1-12Pseudostratified Ciliated ColumnarEpithelium Section shows cilia, multiplelayers of nuclei, basement membrane,underlying connective tissue. From humantrachea. (�250)

Figure 1-13Stratified Squamous Epithelium Flattenedcells at surface change to less flattenedmorphology in deeper layers. Oral cavity of rabbit. (�100)

Cilia

Nucleus

Basement membrane

6 C H A P T E R 1

Lumen

Stratified squamous epithelium

Connective tissue



H i s t o l o g y 7

Figure 1-14Stratified Squamous Epithelium Flattened,keratinized cells at surface show variationsin form in deeper layers. From human skin.(�100)

Figure 1-15Transitional Epithelium from Urinary Bladder Umbrella cells stretch and flatten as bladder fills. Basement membraneseparates epithelium from underlyingconnective tissue containing blood vessels.(�250)

Umbrella Cell

Transitional epithelium

Basement membrane

Connective tissue

Keratinized cells

Papilla

Stratified squamous epithelium

Connective tissue



8 C H A P T E R 1

Figure 1-16Elastic Connective Tissue Extracellularelastic fibers running parallel in a plane.Structure permits tissue elasticity and recoil.From aorta. (�100)

Figure 1-17Reticular Connective Tissue Mesh ofreticular fibers appears as dark lines;provides scaffold for cellular organization of this lymph node. (�250)

Figure 1-18Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue Pinkbands of collagen fibers run in all directionsthrough intercellular spaces of subcutaneoustissue, which permit flexible resistance tomechanical stress. (�100)

Elastic fiber

Reticular fiber

Nucleus of fibroblast

Elastic fiber

Collagen fibers

Fibroblast



H i s t o l o g y 9

Figure 1-19Dense Regular Connective Tissue Bandsof collagen fibers running in regular, parallelrows resist mechanical stress mainly alongcourse of fibers. Monkey tendon. (�250)

Figure 1-20Dense Irregular Connective Tissue Bandsof collagen running in irregular rows givemultidirectional tensile strength. Collagen-secreting fibroblasts appear throughout.(�100)

Figure 1-21Adipose Tissue Large, polyhedral vacuolesdominate small, eccentrically located cellnuclei of adipocytes. Fine capillaries runthrough tissue. (�100)

Collagen fibers

Nucleus of fibroblast

Nuclei of fibroblasts

Collagen fibers

Vacuole

Nucleus

Capillary



10 C H A P T E R 1

Figure 1-22Fibrocartilage Cell nests of chondrocytesin territorial matrix surrounded by coarseextracellular fibers. (�250)

Figure 1-23Hyaline Cartilage During interstitialgrowth, cartilage cells often form smallclusters and move apart as they secreteextracellular matrix. (�100)

Lacunae

Collagen fibers

Chondrocyte

Chondrocytes

Matrix

Lacunae



H i s t o l o g y 11

Figure 1-24Hyaline Cartilage Artifactual vacuolationforms characteristic lacunae aroundchondrocyte cell bodies. From trachea.(�250)

Figure 1-25Elastic Cartilage Extracellular matrixcontains elastic fibers that confer elasticrecoil to this tissue. (�250)

Matrix

Lacuna

Chondrocyte

Chondrocyte

Elastic fiber

Lacunae



12 C H A P T E R 1

Figure 1-26Skin Thick, keratinized, multilayeredstratum corneum rests atop grainy stratumgranulosum (stratum lucidum not clearlyevident). Stratum spinosum, composed ofirregularly shaped cells with indistinctnuclei, lies atop single, clearly nucleatedstratum basale. Human palm. (�100)

Figure 1-27Skin Squamous epidermis with cornifiedlayers overlying darkly stained stratumbasale and connective tissue of underlyingdermis. Single papilla visible. Human scalp. (�100)

Figure 1-28Meissner’s Corpuscle in Dermis Elongatedoval body located in dermis just belowstratum basale is thought to be responsiblefor part of fine touch reception. (�100)

Stratum corneum

Stratum granulosum

Stratum spinosum

Stratum basale

Dermis

Epidermis

Dermis

Stratum basale (epidermis)

Meissner’s corpuscle

Dermis

Cornified layer

Papilla




Figure 1-29Pacinian Corpuscle Encapsulatednerve ending found deep in dermis andthroughout interior of body detects pressure. (�25)

Figure 1-30Human Scalp with Hair Follicle Follicleroot, with sheath embedded in pale adiposetissue, has sebaceous glands surrounding itnear surface. (�10)

Figure 1-31Detail of Sebaceous Gland Nucleatedgerminative cells at base of gland matureand accumulate lipid. At duct, theydegenerate and lyse to release their oilyproduct, sebum. (�100)

Capsule

Free nerve ending

Hair papilla

Hair follicle

Root sheath

Hair root

Sebaceous gland

Sebaceous gland

Hair root

Hair follicle



14 C H A P T E R 1

Figure 1-32Compact Bone Center of “tree ring”structure, osteonic Haversian canal containsblood vessel. Osteocytes imprisoned insmall, dark lacunae surrounding centralosteonic canal receive nutrition andcommunicate via canaliculi, or little canals.Human. (�50)

Figure 1-33Detail of Compact Bone Osteon (Haversiansystem) evident. (�100)

Figure 1-34Cancellous (Spongy) Bone Osteoblasts onspongy bone are engaged in secretion of newbony matrix. (�100)

Osteocytes

Osteonic canal

Lacunae

Osteon

Canaliculi

Osteonic canal

Osteocyte in lacuna

Lamella

Osteon

Osteocyte

Resting osteoblast

Spongy bone

Osteoblast




Figure 1-35Red Bone Marrow Medullary cavity in thehead of long bones of the adult containsstem cells, precursors to red blood cells, andwhite blood cells and platelets. Human.(�250)

Figure 1-36Developing Bone at Epiphyseal PlateMiddle belt of cartilage undergoing primarycalcification is replaced by new bone.

Figure 1-37Detail of Epiphyseal Plate Epiphysealplate cartilage at right transforms into zonesof proliferating chondrocytes with primaryossification occurring on their calcifiedremnants. Newly formed bone appears at left. (�50)

Cartilage of epiphyseal plate

White blood cell precursors

Eosinophilic myelocyte

Myeloblast

Basophilic myelocyte

Neutrophilic stab cell

Neutrophil

Erythroblasts Proerythroblast ErythroblastsRed blood cell precursors

New spongy bone

Proliferating chondrocytes



16 C H A P T E R 1

Figure 1-38Striated (Skeletal) Muscle (Cross Section)Eccentrically located multiple nucleiaccompany individual cells (fibers), each of which contains many myofibrils. Human tongue. (�250)

Figure 1-39Striated (Skeletal) Muscle Fiber(Longitudinal Section) Banded appearancearises from regular arrangement ofoverlapping bundles of thick and thinfilaments (myosin and actin, respectively).Eccentrically located nuclei are thin and elongated. (�250)

Figure 1-40Striated (Skeletal) Muscle Fibers(Longitudinal Section) Each light (I) bandhas a dark (Z) line through it. Each dark(A) band has a light (H) zone through it.(�250)

Muscle fibers

Nucleus

Striations

Nucleus

H zone

Z line

A band

Nucleus

I band




Figure 1-41Cardiac Muscle (Longitudinal Section)Striated muscle fibers branch andanastomose at junctions marked by darkintercalated disks. (�250)

Figure 1-42Smooth Muscle (Longitudinal Section)Canoe- or spindle-shaped muscle cells lackstriations, and each has a single, elongatednucleus. (�250)

Figure 1-43Innervation of Skeletal Muscle: MotorEndplate Branching nerve bundleterminates to form the myoneuraljunctions. Nerve terminals release smallquantities of chemical neurotransmitter tostimulate muscle contraction.

Nucleus

Intercalated disk

Nucleus

Terminal branches of motor neuron

Synaptic bulb

Skeletal muscle fibers

Myoneural junction

Smooth muscle cell



18 C H A P T E R 1

Figure 1-44Astrocytes (Neuroglia) Star-shapedsupporting cells of central nervous systemmodulate ionic environment. Cytoplasmicextensions make contact with blood vessel.Cat. (Silver stain; �280)

Figure 1-45Purkinje Cells (Neurons) Numerousbranched processes (dendrites) receiveinformation for processing. Single process(axon) sends information to other neurons.Human cerebellum. (�100)

Figure 1-46Pyramidal Cells Neurons from humancerebral cortex directly receive informationfrom hundreds of other cells; sendinformation on to hundreds of others. (Fox-Golgi stain; �100)

Astrocyte

Blood vessel

Dendrites

Nucleus

Cell body

Axon

Dendrites

Axon




Figure 1-47Dorsal Root Ganglion Sensory signalsrepresenting pain, temperature, pressure,muscle tension, joint position, and othersdepend on these cells. Their dendrites collect sensory information throughoutthe body and axons route it into the spinal cord. (�100)

Figure 1-48Nerve Fibers (Longitudinal Section) Clearareas show dimpling characteristic of nodesof Ranvier. (�250)

Figure 1-49Motor Neurons of the Spinal CordIntegrated command information from thebrain and sensory signals enter these cells,whose efferent activity controls muscularcontraction. Numerous synapses occur ondendrites and cell body (soma). (�50)

Node of Ranvier

Cell body of neuron

Cell body of neuron

Nucleus

Neuronal processes

Neuroglia



20 C H A P T E R 1

Figure 1-50Myelinated Nerve Fibers (Cross Section)Central core stains dark; insulating myelinappears white. (�250)

Figure 1-51Spinal Cord, Lumbar Region (Cross Section)Top is dorsal, bottom is ventral. Lightcentral dot is central canal. Darkly stainingH-shaped region is gray matter of cell bodies;surrounding lighter material is composed ofmyelinated axons. Ventral horns of graymatter contain motor neurons; dorsal hornscontain cell bodies of sensory pathways.(�4)

Figure 1-52Retina Layered structure evident. Darkline of cells near top is pigment epithelium.Broad striped region representsphotoreceptors (rods and cones), whosenuclei stain heavily immediately beneath.Below receptor nuclei lie synaptic regionand a layer of nuclei belonging to bipolarcells. Bipolar cell output synapses ontoganglion cells, only a few of which appearnear bottom. Axons of ganglion cells formoptic nerve. (�100)

White matter

Dorsal horn

Central canal

Ventral horn

Pigmented epithelium

Rods and cones

Receptor nuclei

Bipolar cell nuclei

Ganglion cells

Core of nerve

Axon

Myelin sheath

Neurilemma

Capillary




Figure 1-54Taste Bud Dissolved chemicals enterfungiform papilla through small pore todirectly stimulate sensory cells and initiatetaste perception. (�100)

Nerve fibers

Tectorial membrane

Hair cells of Organ of Corti

Basilar membrane

Taste bud

Taste pore

Figure 1-53The Organ of Corti Thick finger oftectonial membrane extends from right tostimulate complex of four hair cells (threeon left, one on right) of central structurethat rests on basilar membrane. Nervefibers from hair cells exit right to spiralganglion for processing and transmissionof messages to brain. (�500)

Fungiform papillus



22 C H A P T E R 1

Figure 1-55Thyroid Gland Follicles Cuboidalepithelium surrounds endocrine follicles ofthe thyroid gland, the only gland that storessubstantial amounts of its own hormone.(�100)

Figure 1-56Parathyroid Gland Section through theparathyroid gland. (�40)

Thyroid follicle

Cuboidal cells

Extrafollicular cells

Colloid

Capsule

Trabecular blood vessels




Figure 1-57aPituitary Gland The pituitary glandconsists of two components: the posteriorcomponent, or neurohypophysis (lightstain), consists of mainly nervous tissue,whereas the anterior component, oradenohypophysis (dark stain) consists of aglandular epithelium. (�10)

Islet of Langerhans

Exocrine cells of pancreas

Figure 1-57bPituitary Gland The cleft between theneurohypophysis and adenohypophysis isvisible in this view of the pituitary gland.(�100)

Figure 1-58Pancreas The pancreatic islet ofLangerhans cells form the endocrine portionof the pancreas. Alpha cells secreteglucagon, beta cells secrete insulin, anddelta cells secrete somatostatin. Theexocrine portion of the pancreas secretesdigestive enzymes through a series of ducts.

Cleft

Neurohypophysis

Adenohypophysis

Pituitary gland

Cleft

Adenohypophysis

Neurohypophysis



24 C H A P T E R 1

Figure 1-59Adrenal Cortex Outer zone of roundedgroups of cells (zona glomerulosa) secretesmineralcorticosteroids (aldosterone).Middle zone of cells appearing in rows (zonafasciculata) secretes glucocorticosteroids.Innermost zone of cells arranged in ameshwork (zona reticularis) secretes mainlyandrogens. (�50)

Zona glomerulosa

Zona fasciculata

Zona reticularis

Figure 1-60Neutrophil Most numerous (65%) of the leukocytes, it is characterized by amultilobed nucleus and granular cytoplasm.Engages in phagocytosis. (Neutral dyes stain; �640)

Barr body

Nucleus




Figure 1-61Basophil Normally the rarest (1%) of theleukocytes, its kidney-shaped nucleus maybe almost obscured by cytoplasmic granules.These cells contain numerous chemicalsinvolved in inflammation. (Basic dyesstain; �640)

Figure 1-62Eosinophil Relatively rare (6%) leukocyte.Usually identifiable because of red-to-orange-staining cytoplasmic granules.Function not definitely known but elevatedespecially in allergies. (Selective eosin stain; �640)

Nucleus (two lobes)

Granules



26 C H A P T E R 1

Figure 1-63Lymphocyte Common (25%).Characterized by single-lobed, “dented”nucleus surrounded by clear cytoplasm. Maybe large or small. Heavily involved in theimmune response including synthesis ofantibodies. (�640)

Figure 1-64Monocyte Relatively rare (3%). Lobed,often kidney-shaped nucleus is surroundedby clear cytoplasm. Largest of theleukocytes, this cell is a precursor to amacrophage, which engages in phagocytosis.(�640)

Nucleus




Figure 1-67Artery (A) and Vein (V) Blood vesselspossess a tunica intima that lines the lumen,outside of which is a muscular tunica media,and a connective tissue covering, the tunicaadventitia. The tunica media of arteries istypically much thicker than that of veins.(�100)

A

V

Tunica adventitia

Tunica media

Tunica intima

Figure 1-65Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells) and PlateletsCirculating erythrocytes are far more commonthan any of the leukocytes. Normally theyhave no nucleus but contain the red pigmenthemoglobin, which permits them to transportoxygen and carbon dioxide throughout thebody. Typically they assume the shape of abiconcave disk. Their diameter of about7 microns is useful for comparing sizes ofother histological structures. Platelets arecellular remnants of a much larger precursor.These remnants contain numerous chemicals,including those important for clotting andinflammation. Platelets initiate blood clottingby forming a plug at wound sites. (�500)

Figure 1-66Sickle Cell Anemia Genetic alteration ofhemoglobin results in altered membranestructure and abnormal wavy or elongated,curved shape that often resembles a sickle(upper left). Oxygen-carrying capacity ismuch reduced. (�500)

Platelets

Erythrocytes



28 C H A P T E R 1

Figure 1-68aArterial Cross Section Single layer ofdarkly stained cells, the tunica intima lines the lumen. Thick tunica media iscomposed of canoe-shaped smooth musclecells. Outer adventitial layer of connectivetissue provides elastic support and strength.(�50)

Tunica media

Tunica adventitia

Lumen

Tunica intima

Fatty deposit

Artery wall

Lumen filled with blood

Figure 1-68bAtherosclerosis Cross section of an arterywith advanced atherosclerosis. (�40)




Figure 1-71Lymph Node Outer cortex containingseveral follicles surrounds medulla, with itsnarrow, dark medullary cords. Notch is thehilum, through which blood and lymphaticvessels pass. (�5)

Follicle (germinal center)

Hilum

Medulla

Cortex

Figure 1-70Capillary with Red Blood Cells in Single FileCapillary wall is made of flattenedendothelial cells without complex tunics, a simple structure that facilitates theexchange of gases, nutrients, wastes, and hormones. (�400)

Endothelium

Red blood cell

Figure 1-69Detail of Arterial Wall Inner endothelialcells of tunica intima (left) lie on a basementmembrane. A thin layer of smooth musclecells and elastic tissue (lamina propria)throws this tunic into folds. The tunicamedia contains multiple layers of smoothmuscle cells regularly arranged. A wavyexternal elastic membrane separates thetunica media from the adventitia.

Tunica adventitia

Tunica media

Lamina propria

Tunica intima

External elastic membrane



30 C H A P T E R 1

Figure 1-72Valve of Lymphatic Vessel One-way flowof lymph, from left to right in this figure, isensured by valve action in lymph vessel.Vessels themselves are thin walled and lackmusculature; pumping action occursthrough compression by neighboringmuscles. (�25)

Figure 1-73aThymus Various lobules contain thick,darkly staining cortex surrounding a smaller,lighter-staining medulla. Small, roundcellular patches in medulla are Hassall’scorpuscles. In adults, much of thymusdegenerates and is replaced by adiposetissue. (�10)

Valve

Cortex

Medulla

Hassall’s corpuscle

Hassall’s (thymic) corpuscles

Figure 1-73bThymus Under higher magnification, the appearance of Hassall’s corpusclesdistinguish the thymus from other organs.Surrounding the corpuscles are reticulateepithelial cells. (�400)




Figure 1-76Alveoli Thin-walled respiratory exchangesurfaces aid in rapid diffusion of gases.Bronchiole terminates at atrium, which acts as entryway into several individualalveoli, greatly multiplying surface area.(�50)

Alveoli

Atrium

Figure 1-75Spleen Central blood vessels aresurrounded by area of densely staining white pulp composed of lymphoid cells. Less densely staining red pulp, with fewercell nuclei, surrounds white pulp. (�25)

Figure 1-74Palatine Tonsil Outer capsule surroundssubcapsular sinus, under which are severallarge, rounded germinal centers surroundingtrabecular arteries and veins. Efferent lymphvessel leads out to upper left. (�5)

Lymph vessel

Germinal center

Blood vessel

White pulp

Red pulp



32 C H A P T E R 1

Figure 1-77Details of Alveolus Squamous cellscompose alveolar wall, which is bordered by thin-walled blood vessels (upper left)containing erythrocytes. (�100)

Blood vessels

Free alveolar macrophage

Erythrocyte

Simple squamous epithelium

Figure 1-78Bronchiole Epithelial layer that lines thelumen is surrounded by layer of smoothmuscle, which regulates bronchiolardiameter. Round structures outside ofsmooth muscle layer are blood vessels.(�100)

Blood vessel

Smooth muscle

Lumen

Epithelium

Figure 1-79Esophagus Surrounding the lumen,esophageal structure contains, in order, thefour basic layers of the alimentary canal:mucosa (composed of epithelium, the thicklamina propria, and dark muscularis),submucosa (light with spaces, blood vessels,and lymph channels), two thick layers ofthe muscularis (circular and longitudinal),and the thin, connective adventitia on thesurface. Cross section, human. (�3)

Lumen

Mucosa

Submucosa

Adventitia

Muscularis




Figure 1-80aStomach Mucosa Visible at entrances togastric pits are mucus-secreting goblet cellsof columnar epithelium. Deeper in pits areacid-secreting parietal cells and enzyme-secreting chief cells. Endocrine-secretingcells near tip of pits are noncolumnar andsmaller, with dark, round nuclei. Gastric pits penetrate deep into submucosal layer.Edge of muscularis layer is visible. (�50)

Gastric pits

Endocrine cells

Goblet cells

Parietal cells

Chief cells

Figure 1-80bGastric Pit The opening of a gastric pitinto the stomach, surrounded by therounded apical surfaces of the columnarepithelial cells of the mucosa.

Figure 1-81Small Intestine, Villi of Ileum (LongitudinalSection) Numerous pale goblet cellspunctuate columnar epithelium that coverseach villus. Core of villus contains smallblood vessels and blind lymph channel(lacteal). Deep in crypts are endocrine cells,identifiable as dark, round nuclei in anoncolumnar cytoplasm. Human. (�50)

Endocrine cells

Blood vessel and lacteal

Goblet cell



34 C H A P T E R 1

Figure 1-83Large Intestine (Colon) (Cross Section)Surface is thrown into folds but devoid ofvilli. Thick submucosa contains bloodvessels and lymph channels. (�10)

Submucosa

Blood vessel

Lymph channel

Figure 1-82Small Intestine, Villi of Ileum (Cross Section)Goblet cells emptying contents throughbrush border surface are evident. Core ofvillus contains blood vessels, lymphchannels, and lymphocytes. Human.(�100)

Core of villus

Brush border

Goblet cell

Lymphocyte

Mucosa

Muscularis

Lumen




Figure 1-84aLiver with Central Vein and SinusoidsParenchymal hepatocytes lie in radialarrangement around central vein that islined with single endothelial layer. Cords of hepatocytes are separated by spaces(sinusoids). Sinusoidal surface is covered by microvilli. (�100)

Figure 1-84bLiver The liver consists of numerouslobules. A single lobule is in the center ofview. At the junction of three adjacentlobes is a bile duct, a branch of the hepaticartery, and a branch of the hepatic portalvein. These three tubes are called a triad.(�40)

Sinusoid

Hepatocyte

Central vein

Hepatocytes

Sinusoids

Central vein

Lobule

Figure 1-84cLiver A single liver lobule consists of acentral vein (shown in the center), whichcollects blood as it flows through narrowendothelial-lined channels, or sinusoids.The cells bordering the sinusoids are calledhepatocytes. (�400)

Interlobularvein

Bileducts

Interlobular

vein

Sinusoids

Centralvein

Branch of

hepatic artery



36 C H A P T E R 1

Figure 1-85Gallbladder Mucosal folds are covered byepithelium with well-developed microvilli.Lamina propria contains blood vessels.(�25)

Muscularis

Lamina propria

Blood vessel

Figure 1-86Vermiform Appendix (Cross Section)Overall structure resembles that of colon.Large, darkly staining structures arelymphoid follicles, the size and number ofwhich decrease with age. Human. (�3)

Lymphoid follicle(germinal center)

Figure 1-87Sublingual Salivary Gland Large, pale,mucus-secreting cells, some with caps ofserous demilunes, secrete their contents into ducts that may be lined with striatedepithelial cells indicative of ion exchangeactivity. (�100)

Epithelial cells

Salivary duct

Serous demilunes

Mucosal folds

Lumen




Figure 1-90Glomerular (Bowman’s) Capsule andGlomerulus (Renal Corpuscle) Tuft ofcapillaries, surrounded by podocytes,protrudes into space of glomerular capsule.Parietal surface is lined with single layer ofsimple squamous cells. (�100)

Glomerulus

Space in glomerular capsule

Podocytes

Squamous cell

Figure 1-88Parotid Salivary Gland Granular serouscells with numerous, large, zymogengranules surround duct. Several tiny ductsrun between clusters within the plane ofsection. Human. (�100)

Figure 1-89Submandibular Salivary Gland with Mucous(Light Staining) and Serous (Dark Staining)Components Striated duct is visible atlower left. (�100)

Zymogen granules

Serous cells

Epithelial cells of salivary duct

Lumen of salivary duct

Lumen of salivary duct

Mucous cells

Serous cells



38 C H A P T E R 1

Figure 1-91Two Glomeruli and Glomerular Capsules“Lacy” edges of glomerulus on left showscharacteristics of pregnancy-inducedhypertension (PIH), here inducedexperimentally in a pregnant rat. (�50)

Figure 1-92Distal Convoluted Tubules Lined withCuboidal Epithelium Cross section from rat.(�400)

Cuboidal cell

Figure 1-93Ureter Star-shaped lumen is lined withtransitional epithelium that varies inthickness to change shape as lumenstretches. Delicate lamina propria separates epithelium from alternating layers of circular and longitudinal smoothmuscle. (�25)


Lumen

Smooth muscle and adventitial connective tissue

Space in glomerular capsules

Glomeruli




Figure 1-96Seminiferous Tubules of Testis Lined withSertoli Cells and Germinativum in VariousStages of Development Tunica propriasurrounds each tubule. Interstitial spacescontain blood vessels and clumps ofinterstitial (Leydig) cells that secretetestosterone. (�50)

Spermatozoa

Tunica propria

Basement membrane

Interstitial cells

Spermatocytes

Sertoli cells

Figure 1-94Urinary Bladder Umbrella cells oftransitional epithelium stretch and flatten as bladder fills. Basement membraneseparates epithelium from underlyingconnective tissue containing blood vessels.Monkey. (�100)

Figure 1-95Urethra (within Penis) Lumen is lined with transitional epithelium and isembedded in corpus spongiosum of thepenis. Paraurethral glands located above the lumen in the figure secrete mucus into the urethra. A smooth muscle layer(tunica muscularis) surrounds the urethral structures. (�10)

Umbrella cells

Lumen of bladder

Basement membrane

Paraurethral glands

Corpus spongiosum

Tunica muscularis

Lumen




40 C H A P T E R 1

Figure 1-97Spermatozoa Head contains numerousenzymes and nucleus with DNA. Thickmidpiece just behind head is packed withmitochondria. (�250)

Figure 1-98Epididymis Tall, pseudostratified columnarepithelium with microvilli surrounds alumen packed with clumps of spermatozoa.Narrow band of smooth muscle cellsencircles each tubule.

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Spermatozoa in lumen

Smooth muscle

Figure 1-99Ductus Deferens Ciliated columnarepithelial cells line a spermatozoa-filledlumen. Three layers of smooth muscle cellssurround mucosa, a circular layer betweentwo longitudinal ones. (�50)

Spermatozoa in lumen

Columnar epithelium of mucosa

Smooth muscle

Head of sperm

Midpiece

Tail




Figure 1-102Ovary with Numerous Primordial Folliclesand Two Primary Follicles Primordialfollicles contain oocytes that are notstimulated to complete the first meioticdivision. Two primary follicles each containan ovum with nucleus and clear surroundingcytoplasm. Thin, clear zona pellucida issurrounded by a ring of even cuboidal cells,the corona radiata. (�25)

Corona radiata

Primary follicles

Cytoplasm

Membrane of ovum

Primordial follicle

Figure 1-100Prostate Gland Mucosal surfaces, linedwith tall columnar cells and darkly stainedbasal nuclei, are arranged in numerous deep folds. Lumina open directly intoprostatic urethra. Smooth muscle andfibrocollagenous stroma surround luminalstructures. Human. (�50)

Columnar epithelium

Smooth muscle and fibrocollagenous bundles

Figure 1-101Penis Two corpora cavernosa lie superiorto single corpus spongiosum containingpenile urethra. Septum between corporacavernosa is incomplete. Dense fibrousconnective tissue, tunica albuginea,surrounds the three vascular cavernosa. The inferior aspect appears on the left, the superior aspect on the right. (�5)

Tunica albuginea

Corpora cavernosa

Urethra

Corpus spongiosum



42 C H A P T E R 1

Figure 1-103Detail of Oocyte in Primordial FollicleClear nucleus contains well-definednucleolus. Neither zona pellucida norcorona radiata is evident. (�250)

Figure 1-104Secondary Ovarian Follicle with OvumBright zona pellucida surrounds outermembrane of ovum and in turn issurrounded by dark, cellular corona radiata.A large antrum has formed where the egg is not anchored to the follicular wall ofgranulosa cells. (�100)

Nucleolus

Nucleus

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Nucleus

Membrane of ovum

Zona pellucida

Corona radiata

Antrum

Cell membrane of ovum

Cytoplasm of ovum

Granulosa cells of follicular wall




Figure 1-105Fallopian (Uterine) Tube Extensive foldingof mucosa, lined with ciliated columnarepithelium, is common. Epithelium rests on thin basement membrane and flatconnective tissue layer. Rhythmic beating of cilia helps transport ovum toward uterus;cell structure also suggests secretoryfunction. Human. (�100)

Cilia

Columnar epithelium

Connective tissue

Basement membrane

Figure 1-106Uterus Endometrial lining (right) duringproliferative phase of uterine cycle showsthickening of epithelial surfaces andnumerous coiled glandular ducts. (�25)

Endometrium

Endothelial lining

Glandular ducts


2. Human Skeletal Anatomy Text © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2003

Human Skeletal Anatomy

Compact Bone.Light micrograph, magnification: �265

C H A P T E R 22

45



46 C H A P T E R 2

Figure 2-1Skull: Anterior View

BONES

1. Frontal2. Inferior nasal concha3. Lacrimal4. Mandible5. Maxilla6. Nasal7. Parietal8. Sphenoid9. Temporal

10. Vomer11. Zygomatic

FORAMINA

12. Inferior orbital fissure13. Infra-orbital foramen of

maxilla14. Lacrimal canal15. Mental foramen of

mandible16. Optic canal of sphenoid17. Superior orbital fissure18. Supra-orbital foramen of

frontal bone

PROCESSES

19. Anterior nasal spine ofmaxilla

20. Mandibular alveolus21. Maxillary alveolus22. Perpendicular plate of

ethmoid23. Ramus of mandible24. Supra-orbital notch of

frontal bone25. Zygomatic process of

maxilla

1

3

2

6

7

8

89

25

23

24

19

16

17

12

17

18

13

14

15

20

4

21

10

1122

5



H u m a n S k e l e t a l A n a t o m y 47

3

4

52

6

7

8

9

10

33

22

30

23

19

29

26

34

14

16

15

13

17

20

21

27

18

1

25

28 31

11

12

32

24

Figure 2-2Skull: Lateral View

BONES

1. Frontal2. Lacrimal3. Mandible4. Maxilla5. Nasal6. Occipital7. Parietal8. Sphenoid (greater wing)9. Temporal

10. Wormian (small bones betweensutures)

11. Zygomatic

SUTURES

12. Coronal13. Frontozygomatic14. Lambdoid15. Sagittal16. Squamous17. Temporozygomatic

FORAMINA & PROCESSES

18. Angle of mandible19. Anterior nasal spine of maxilla20. Condylar process of mandible21. Coronoid process of mandible22. External acoustic meatus of

temporal bone

23. Foramen magnum of occipitalbone

24. Frontal process of zygomatic bone25. Lacrimal groove26. Mandibular alveolus of mandible27. Mandibular notch28. Mastoid process of temporal bone29. Maxillary alveolus of maxilla30. Mental foramen of mandible31. Styloid process of temporal bone32. Temporal process of zygomatic

bone33. Zygomatic arch34. Zygomatic process of temporal

bone



48 C H A P T E R 2

1

3

2

5

6

4

Figure 2-3Skull: Calvarium, Superior View

BONES

1. Frontal2. Occipital3. Parietal

SUTURES

4. Bregma5. Coronal6. Sagittal




Figure 2-4Skull: Floor of Cranium, Internal View

BONES

1. Ethmoid2. Frontal3. Occipital4. Parietal5. Sphenoid6. Temporal

FORAMINA & DEPRESSIONS

7. Carotid canal of temporalbone

8. Foramen lacerum9. Foramen magnum of

occipital bone10. Foramen ovale of sphenoid11. Foramen spinosum of

sphenoid12. Grooves for transverse and

sigmoid sinuses13. Internal acoustic meatus of

temporal bone14. Jugular foramen of temporal

bone15. Optic canal of sphenoid

PROCESSES

16. Cribriform plate of ethmoid17. Crista galli of ethmoid18. Frontal sinus19. Greater wing of sphenoid20. Lesser wing of sphenoid21. Orbital plate of frontal

bone22. Petrous portion of temporal

bone (The incus, malleus,and stapes are not shown.They reside within thepetrous portion of thetemporal bone.)

23. Sella turcica of sphenoid

2

3

4

6

1

5

9

1015

23

22

21

18

87

14

13

12

12

12

11

16

17

20

19



50 C H A P T E R 2

1

2

2

3

4

4

5

6

10

11

7

12

14

9

30

23

20

28

24

1629

18

15

13

1727

25

31

2626

32

8

19

22

21

33

34

35

Figure 2-5Skull: Base, Inferior View

BONES

1. Maxilla (palatine process)2. Occipital3. Palatine4. Temporal5. Vomer6. Zygomatic

FORAMINA

7. Carotid canal of temporalbone

8. Condylar fossa and canalof occipital bone

9. Foramen lacerum10. Foramen magnum of

occipital bone11. Foramen ovale of

sphenoid12. Foramen spinosum of

sphenoid13. Greater palatine foramen14. Hypoglossal canal of

occipital bone15. Incisive canal of maxilla16. Inferior orbital fissure17. Jugular fossa of temporal

bone18. Stylomastoid foramen of

temporal bone

PROCESSES, DEPRESSIONS, &SUTURES

19. External occipital crest20. External occipital

protruberance of occipitalbone

21. Highest nuchal line ofoccipital bone

22. Inferior nuchal line ofoccipital bone

23. Lesser palatine foramina ofpalatine bone

24. Mandibular fossa oftemporal bone

25. Mastoid process oftemporal bone

26. Medial and lateral pterygoidprocesses of sphenoid

27. Occipital condyle28. Occipitotemporal suture29. Posterior nasal spine of palatine bone30. Spheno-occipital synchondrosis

31. Styloid process of temporal bone32. Superior nuchal line of occipital

bone33. Temporal process of zygomatic bone34. Zygomatic arch35. Zygomatic process of temporal bone




35

1314

11

10

12 4 6

8

1

29

7

Figure 2-6Frontal and Sphenoid Bones: Internal View, Frontosphenoidal Suture Separated

PROCESSES & DEPRESSIONS

1. Carotid sulcus of sphenoid2. Frontal crest of frontal bone3. Greater wing of sphenoid4. Lateral plate of pterygoid process of sphenoid5. Lesser wing of sphenoid6. Medial plate of pterygoid process of sphenoid7. Orbital part of frontal bone8. Sella turcica of sphenoid

FORAMINA

9. Ethmoidal notch of frontal bone10. Foramen ovale of sphenoid11. Foramen rotundum of sphenoid12. Foramen spinosum of sphenoid13. Optic canal of sphenoid14. Superior orbital fissure of sphenoid

(external views)



52 C H A P T E R 2

3

4

911

7

10

21 6

8

5

7

9 10

4

8

11

1

6

3

2

5

Figure 2-7Sphenoid: Anterior View

PROCESSES

1. Lateral plate of pterygoid process ofsphenoid

2. Medial plate of pterygoid process ofsphenoid

3. Orbital surface of sphenoid4. Rostrum of sphenoid5. Temporal surface of sphenoid

FORAMINA

6. Foramen ovale of sphenoid7. Foramen rotundum of sphenoid8. Foramen spinosum of sphenoid9. Optic canal of sphenoid

10. Pterygoid canal of sphenoid11. Superior orbital fissure of sphenoid

Figure 2-8Frontal and Zygomatic Bones: Anterior View

PROCESSES

1. Frontal process of zygomatic bone2. Maxillary border of zygomatic bone3. Orbital border of zygomatic bone4. Orbital part of frontal bone5. Temporal border of zygomatic bone6. Temporal process of zygomatic bone7. Zygomatic process of frontal bone

FORAMINA

8. Ethmoidal notch of frontal bone9. Supra-orbital foramen of frontal bone

10. Supra-orbital notch of frontal bone11. Zygomatico-orbital foramen of

zygomatic bone

Note: Supra-orbital foramen and notch onright side are separate; on left they aresuperimposed.




6

1

103

4

8

7

25

9

8

5

92

6

13

12

11

17

10

34

Figure 2-9Right Temporal and ParietalBones: Lateral View,Squamosal Suture Separated

STRUCTURES

1. External acoustic meatusof temporal bone

2. Frontal border of parietalbone

3. Mandibular fossa oftemporal bone


5. Occipital border ofparietal bone

6. Parietal notch oftemporal bone

7. Squamosal border ofparietal bone

8. Styloid process oftemporal bone

9. Suprameatal triangle oftemporal bone

10. Zygomatic process oftemporal bone

Figure 2-10Left Temporal and ParietalBones: Internal View,Squamosal Suture Separated

STRUCTURES

1. Frontal border of parietalbone

2. Groove for sigmoid sinus oftemporal bone

3. Grooves for frontal branchof middle meningeal vessels

4. Grooves for parietal branchof middle meningeal vessels

5. Internal acoustic meatus oftemporal bone


7. Occipital border of parietalbone

8. Parietal notch of temporalbone

9. Petrous portion of temporalbone

10. Sagittal border11. Squamosal border of

parietal bone12. Squamosal border of

temporal bone13. Styloid process of temporal

bone

(external views)



54 C H A P T E R 2

43

10

511

13

8

97

6

12

1

2

4

A B

8 7

2

1

3

48

2

65

Figure 2-11Occipital Bone: InteriorView

STRUCTURES

1. Cerebellar fossa2. Cerebral fossa3. Condylar fossa and

canal4. Foramen magnum5. Groove for sigmoid

sinus6. Groove for superior

sagittal sinus7. Groove for transverse

sinus8. Internal occipital

crest9. Internal occipital

protuberance10. Jugular notch11. Jugular tubercle12. Lambdoidal margin13. Mastoid margin

Figure 2-12Palatine Bones: (A) Right fromAnteriomedial View, (B) Left fromAnteriosuperior View

STRUCTURES

A. Right palatine boneB. Left palatine bone1. Ethmoidal crest of palatine bone2. Horizontal plate of palatine

bone3. Maxillary process of palatine

bone4. Orbital process of palatine bone5. Perpendicular plate of palatine

bone6. Pyramidal process of palatine

bone7. Sphenoidal process of palatine

bone8. Sphenopalatine notch of

palatine bone




A B

17

55

9

15

11

43

822

10

12 13

16

14

6

1

7

5

104

2

8

1

39

4

7

6

11

Figure 2-13Maxillae: (A) Left from Lateral View, (B) Right from Medial View

STRUCTURES

A. Left maxillaB. Right maxilla1. Alveolar process of maxilla2. Anterior nasal spine of maxilla3. Canine eminence of maxilla4. Canine fossa of maxilla5. Ethmoidal crest of maxilla6. Frontal process of maxilla7. Greater palatine canal of maxilla8. Incisive fossa of maxilla9. Infra-orbital foramen of maxilla

10. Infra-orbital margin of maxilla11. Infratemporal surface of maxilla12. Lacrimal groove of maxilla13. Maxillary hiatus and sinus of maxilla14. Nasal crest of maxilla15. Orbital surface of maxilla16. Palatine process of maxilla17. Zygomatic process of maxilla

Figure 2-14Mandible: Left Lateral View

STRUCTURES

1. Alveolar process of mandible2. Angle of mandible3. Body of mandible4. Coronoid process of mandible5. Head of mandible6. Lingula of mandible7. Mandibular foramen of mandible8. Mental foramen of mandible9. Mental protuberance of mandible

10. Neck of mandible11. Ramus of mandible

Note: Together 5 & 10 form the condylarprocess of mandible



56 C H A P T E R 2

2

1

5

3

3 6

4

4

A

B

Figure 2-15Ethmoid Bone: (A) View from Above, Right, and Behind,(B) View from Below, Right, and Behind

STRUCTURES

1. Cribriform plate of ethmoid2. Crista galli of ethmoid3. Ethmoidal labyrinth (with air cells)

of ethmoid4. Middle nasal concha of ethmoid5. Orbital plate of ethmoid6. Perpendicular plate of ethmoid




G

K

H

H

E

F

G

J

K

J

J

A

B

C

I

D

Figure 2-16aVertebral Column: View from Left and Behind

STRUCTURES

A. AtlasB. AxisC. 7 Cervical vertebrae (Arrow near C—Cervical curvature)D. 12 Thoracic vertebrae (Arrow near D—Thoracic curvature)E. 5 Lumbar vertebrae (Arrow near E—Lumbar curvature)E. 5 Fused sacral vertebrae (Arrow near F—Sacral curvature)G. Intervertebral diskH. Intervertebral foramenI. Mentum nuchae (spinous process of 7th cervical vertebra)J. Spinous processes

K. Transverse processes

Figure 2-16bThe Vertebral Column, Anterior and Posterior Views

Cervicalvertebrae

Thoracicvertebrae

Atlas (C1)Axis (C2)

C7

Lumbarvertebrae

Sacrum

Coccyx Coccyx

Anterior view Posterior view

T1

T12

L1

L5

S1

S5



58 C H A P T E R 2

E

C

A

F

D

B

10

10

10

10

10

1

5

5

55

4

4

6

6

6

3

7

7

7

7

7

8

8

9

9

9

11

1111

11

2

Figure 2-17Vertebrae

STRUCTURES

A. AtlasB. AxisC. Cervical vertebraD. 7th cervical vertebraE. Thoracic vertebraF. Lumbar vertebra

1. Bifid spinous process2. Costal facet3. Dens4. Lamina5. Monofid spinous process6. Pedicle7. Superior articular process and facet

8. Transverse foramen9. Transverse process

10.Vertebral body(Heavy arrows—Vertebralarches—comprised of lamina andpedicle)

11. Vertebral foramen




3

A

B2

4

7

7

9

8

8

1

6

5

9

1

5

4

6

73

32

2

9

1

1

58

Figure 2-18(A) Atlas and (B) Axis Articulated

STRUCTURES

1. Anterior arch of atlas(Heavy arrow—Posterior arch of atlas)

2. Bifid spinous process3. Body of axis4. Dens of axis5. Lamina of axis6. Pedicle of axis7. Superior articular facet8. Transverse foramen9. Transverse process

Figure 2-19Sacrum: (A) Anterior View, (B) Posterior View

STRUCTURES

1. Auricular surface2. Lateral sacral crest3. Median sacral crest

4. Sacral canal5. Sacral foramen6. Sacral hiatus7. Sacral promontory

8. Site of fusion of 1st and 2nd sacralvertebrae

9. Superior articular process and facet

A

B

A B



60 C H A P T E R 2

5

A

B

C

62121

3

8

9

56212

1

117

3

4

10

56 2 12

1

3

Figure 2-20Sternum and Ribs

Figure 2-21Ribs: (A) 1st, (B) 2nd, Right Side, SuperiorView, (C) 7th, Right Side, Inferior View

STRUCTURES

1. Angle2. Articular facet3. Body4. Costal groove5. Head6. Neck7. Scalene tubercle8. Serratus anterior tuberosity9. Site for attachment of levator costa

10. Site for attachment of scalenus medius11. Subclavian groove12. Tubercle

True ribs(vertebrosternal ribs)

Falseribs

Floating ribs(vertebral ribs)

(Vertebrochondralribs)

Sternal angle

Jugular notch

Thoracic vertebra

Clavicular notch

Sternum

Manubrium

Body

Xiphoidprocess

Costalcartilage




A

B

C

D

E

21

4

4

3

5

106

9

87

A B

32

13

12

11

8

7

1041

5

3

29

11

8

7

6

14

4

1

5

Figure 2-22Sternum and Clavicles:Sternum from the Front, (D) Right Clavicle, SuperiorView, (E) Left Clavicle,Inferior View

STRUCTURES

A. Manubrium of sternumB. Body of sternumC. Xiphoid process of

sternum1. Clavicular notch2. Jugular notch3. Notches for costal

cartilages (2–7)4. Sternal angle and

manubriosternal joint5. Xiphisternal jointD. Right clavicleE. Left clavicle6. Acromial end7. Conoid tubercle8. Site for costaclavicular

ligament9. Site for deltoid

10. Sternal end

Figure 2-23Scapulare: (A) RightScapula, Anterior View,(B) Left Scapula, PosteriorView

STRUCTURES

A. Right scapulaB. Left scapula1. Acromial angle2. Acromion3. Coracoid process4. Glenoid cavity5. Inferior angle6. Infraspinous fossa7. Lateral (axillary)

border8. Medial (vertebral)

border9. Spine of scapula

10. Subscapular fossa11. Superior angle12. Superior border13. Suprascapular notch14. Supraspinous fossa



62 C H A P T E R 2

A B

82

15

14

7

4

6

1

10 16 1213

8a2

15

14

11

10

79

6

1 4

3

8b

16 12

5

A B C D

4a

4b

6

10

1

5

9

5

711 2

12

33

8 4

6

10

5

5

913

14

7

3

Figure 2-24Humerus with Scapulae: (A) Right Humerus, Anterior View,(B) Left Humerus, Posterior View

STRUCTURES

A. Right humerus and scapulaB. Left humerus and scapula1. Acromion of scapula2. Anatomical neck of humerous3. Capitulum of humerous4. Coracoid process of scapula5. Coronoid fossa of humerous6. Deltoid tuberosity of humerous7. Greater tubercle of humerous8. Head (epiphysis) of humerous

a. proximalb. distal

9. Intertubercular sulcus of humerous10. Lateral epicondyle of humerous11. Lesser tubercle of humerous12. Medial epicondyle of humerous13. Olecranon fossa of humerous14. Shaft (diaphysis) of humerous15. Surgical neck of humerous16. Trochlea of humerous

Figure 2-25Ulna and Radius: Right, Anterior ViewLeft, Posterior View

STRUCTURES

A. Right radiusB. Right ulnaC. Left radiusD. Left ulna1. Anterior oblique line of radius2. Coronoid process of ulna3. Distal extremity of radius4. Head of radius

a. Head of radiusb. Head of radius

5. Interosseous border6. Neck of radius7. Olecranon of ulna8. Radial notch of ulna9. Radial styloid process

10. Radial tuberosity of radius11. Trochlear notch of ulna12. Tuberosity of ulna13. Ulnar notch of radius14. Ulnar styloid process

14 14




53

84 6

712

9

9 9 9

9

I

IIIII

IV

V

14

11

13

13

13 13

12

12

1212

10

10

1010

6

4

3

2

1

11

14

18

5

13

12

9

7

10

17

8

15

16

Figure 2-26Left Hand, Dorsal View

BONES & PROCESSES

CARPALS

1. Capitate2. Hamate3. Lunate4. Pisiform5. Scaphoid (navicular)6. Trapezium (greater multangular)7. Trapezoid (lesser multangular)8. Triquetrum (triangular)9. METACARPALS I–V

PHALANGES

10. Distal phalanx of digits II–V11. Distal phalanx of thumb12. Middle phalanx of digits II–V13. Proximal phalanx of digits II–V14. Proximal phalanx of thumb

Figure 2-27Pelvic Bones with Sacrum, Anterior View

STRUCTURES

1. Acetabular notch2. Acetabulum3. Anterior inferior iliac spine4. Anterior superior iliac spine5. Fusion of ischium and pubis6. Iliac crest7. Iliac fossa8. Inferior pubic ramus9. Ischial spine

10. Ischial tuberosity11. Obturator foramen12. Posterior inferior iliac spine13. Posterior superior iliac spine14. Pubic arch15. Pubic tubercle16. Ramus of ischium17. Superior pubic ramus18. Symphysis pubis (location indicated)



64 C H A P T E R 2

A

A B

B

9

4

3

2

1

16

16

18

17

13

14

20

12

8

8

19

7

7

4

3

11

18

17

13

10

1515

20

12

6

21

5

19

41

73

10

8 1214

16

17

9

18

41

73

10

6

19

2

11

812

15

5

Figure 2-28Pelvic Bones:(A) Right, Lateral View,(B) Left, Medial View

STRUCTURES

1. Acetabular notch2. Acetabulum3. Anterior inferior iliac spine4. Anterior superior iliac spine5. Arcuate line of ilium6. Auricular surface (for sacroiliac joint)7. Fusion of ischium and pubis8. Greater sciatic notch9. Iliac crest

10. Iliac fossa11. Iliopubic eminence12. Inferior pubic ramus13. Ischial spine14. Ischial tuberosity15. Lesser sciatic notch16. Obturator foramen17. Posterior inferior iliac spine18. Posterior superior iliac spine19. Ramus of ischium20. Superior pubic ramus21. Symphysis pubis (location shown)

Figure 2-29Femur: (A) Right Femur, Anterior View,(B) Left Femur, Posterior View

STRUCTURES

A. Right femurB. Left femur1. Neck2. Gluteal tuberosity3. Greater trochanter4. Head (both proximal and distal)5. Intercondylar fossa6. Intertrochanteric crest7. Intertrochanteric line8. Lateral condyle9. Lateral epicondyle

10. Lesser trochanter11. Linea aspera12. Medial condyle13. Medial epicondyle14. Patellar surface15. Popliteal surface16. Shaft (diaphysis)17. Site for attachment of anterior cruciate

ligament18. Site for attachment of posterior cruciate

ligament19. Spiral line

1313

9




A B

2

1

3 54

1

A B C D

1616

15

118

12

9

21

16 16

118

77 14

313

64

510

1

Figure 2-30Patellae: (A) Right Patella, Anterior Surface,(B) Left Patella, Posterior (Articular) Surface

STRUCTURES

A. Right patellaB. Left patella1. Apex (site for attachment of patellar

ligament)2. Base3. Facet for lateral condyle of femur4. Facet for medial condyle of femur5. Vertical ridge

Figure 2-31Tibia and Fibula: (A,B) Right Tibia andFibula, Anterior View,(C,D) Left Tibia and Fibula, Posterior View

STRUCTURES

A. Right fibulaB. Right tibiaC. Left fibulaD. Left tibia1. Apex of fibula2. Articular facet for tibia3. Fibular articular facet of tibia4. Groove for flexor hallicus longus

tendon5. Groove for peroneus brevis tendon6. Groove for tibialis posterior tendon7. Interosseous border8. Lateral condyle of tibia9. Lateral malleolus of fibula

10. Malleolar fossa of fibula11. Medial condyle of tibia12. Medial malleolus of tibia13. Site for attachment of posterior cruciate

ligament14. Soleal line of tibia15. Tibial tuberosity16. Tubercles of intercondylar eminence of

tibia



66 C H A P T E R 2

1

13

7

93

124

1011

8

56

2

1414

1414

14

19

16

I

IIIII

IV

V

18

1818

18

17

1717

1715

1515

15

20

3a

5

3b

5

6

2

1

1

4

4

Figure 2-32Right Foot: Dorsal (Superior) View

BONES & PROCESSES

TARSALS

1. Calcaneus2. Cuboid3. Groove for flexor hallucis longus tendon4. Head of talus5. Intermediate cuneiform6. Lateral cuneiform7. Lateral tubercle of talus8. Medial cuneiform9. Medial tubercle of talus

10. Navicular11. Navicular tuberosity12. Neck of talus13. Trochlea (articular surface) of talus14. Metatarsals I–V

PHALANGES

15. Distal phalanx of digits II–V16. Distal phalanx of great toe17. Middle phalanx of digits II–V18. Proximal phalanx of digits II–V19. Proximal phalanx of great toe20. Site for attachment of Achilles tendon

Figure 2-33Typical Long Bone Structure

STRUCTURES

1. Cancellous (spongy) bone2. Compact bone3. Head (epiphysis)

a. proximalb. distal

4. Medullary (marrow) cavity5. Neck (growth plate, metaphysis,

epiphyseal plate)6. Shaft (diaphysis)




1

2

34

5

6

8

9

7

10

11

15

16

19

20 21

26

22

23

2425

17

18

12

13

14

Figure 2-34The Cat Skeleton1. Maxilla2. Mandible3. Orbit4. Zygomatic arch5. Cranium6. Cervical vertebrae (7)7. Sternum8. Scapula9. Humerus

10. Radius11. Ulna12. Carpal bones13. Metacarpal bones14. Phalanges15. Thoracic vertebrae (13)16. Ribs17. Lumbar vertebrae (7)18. Pelvis19. Femur20. Tibia21. Fibula22. Calcaneus23. Tarsal bones24. Metatarsal bones25. Phalanges26. Caudal vertebrae (21–25)



68 C H A P T E R 2

Figure 2-35Cat Skull, Left Lateral ViewA. Mandible

1. Lower canine tooth2. Mental foramina3. Lower premolar teeth4. Lower molar teeth5. Angular process6. Condylar process7. Coronoid process

B. Incisive boneC. Nasal boneD. Maxilla

8. Upper canine tooth9. Infraorbital foramen

10. Upper premolar tooth11. Upper molar tooth

E. Lacrimal bone and fossaF. OrbitG. Frontal bone

12. Zygomatic process of frontalbone

H. Coronal sutureI. Zygomatic bone

13. Frontal process of zygomatic14. Temporal process of zygomatic

J. Temporal bone15. Zygomatic process of

temporal bone16. External auditory meatus17. Stylomastoid foramen18. Mastoid process

K. Parietal boneL. Squamosal sutureM. Occipital bone

19. External occipitalprotuberance

20. Nuchal crest21. Occipital condyle

N. AtlasO. AxisP. Cervical vertebrae (3–7)

22. Spinous process23. Transverse process24. Transverse foramen

1

B

C

9

EI

F

G

12

137

1514

2 5

6

K

L

16

18

17 21

20

M

N

22

22

22

22 22

O

P

P

P

P

P

24

24

23

23

23

23

19

J

H

D

10 1010

11

43

2 A3

8




1

1

4

5

E

7

68

9

12

10

G F

G

F

I

H

I

J

C

11

B

D

A

3

2

3

45

2

6

8

15

1116

9

10

12

17

13

1418

19

7

Figure 2-37Axial Skeleton of Cat,Dorsal View1. Frontal bone2. Parietal bone3. Sagittal suture4. Coronal suture5. Bregma6. Atlas7. Transverse process

(wing) of atlas8. Axis9. Cervical vertebrae (7)

10. Thoracic vertebrae (13)11. Ribs12. Lumbar vertebrae (7)13. Sacral vertebrae (3)14. Caudal vertebrae

(21–25)15. Scapula16. Humerus17. Ilium18. Ischium19. Femur

Figure 2-36Cat Skeleton, Front Right Lateral ViewA. Vertebral spinous

processB. SternumC. RibsD. Scapula

1. Supraspinous fossa2. Acromial spine3. Infraspinous fossa

E. Humerus4. Head5. Deltoid tuberosity6. Trochlea7. Lateral epicondyle8. Medial epicondyle

9. Radial fossaF. Radius

10. Radial tuberosity11. Styloid process

G. Ulna12. Olecranon process

H. Carpal bonesI. Metacarpal bonesJ. Phalanges



70 C H A P T E R 2

2

AB 34

E

67

F

F

10

11

G

G

H

HI

J

12

13

K

L

M

9

8

C

D

N

5

A A

III

2 2

Figure 2-38Cat Skeleton, Right Lateral ViewA. Lumbar vertebrae

1. Transverse processes2. Spinous processes

B. Ilium3. Cranial ventral iliac spine4. Caudal ventral iliac spine

C. Ischium5. Ischial tuberosity

D. PubisE. AcetabulumF. Femur

6. Head7. Greater trochanter8. Lateral condyle9. Medial condyle

10. TrochleaG. PatellaH. Tibia

11. Tibial tuberosity12. Medial malleolus

I. Fibula13. Lateral malleolus

J. CalcaneusK. Tarsal bonesL. Metatarsal bones

M. PhalangesN. Caudal vertebrae


3. Human Muscular Anatomy

Text © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2003

Human Muscular Anatomy

C H A P T E R 33

Heart Muscle.Colored transmission electron micrograph

71




72 C H A P T E R 3

Figure 3-1Superficial Skeletal Muscles; (A) Anterior view

Frontalis

Orbicularis oculiMasseter

Orbicularisoris

Trapezius

External abdominaloblique

Transversusabdominis

Gracilis

Gastrocnemius

Soleus

Adductor longus

Rectus abdominis

Serratus anterior

Sternocleidomastoid

Deltoid

Pectoralis major

Biceps brachii

Brachioradialis

Sartorius

Tensorfasciae latae

Rectus femoris

Peroneus longus

Extensor digitorum longus

Tibialis anterior

Zygomaticus major

Platysma

Flexor carpi radialis

(A)

Vastus lateralis

Vastus medialis

Pectoralis minor

Internal abdominaloblique




H u m a n M u s c u l a r A n a t o m y 73

Figure 3-1—cont’d.(B) Posterior view

Trapezius

Latissimusdorsi

Externalabdominaloblique

Gracilis

Iliotibial band

Soleus

Deltoid (cut) Teres minor

Tricepsbrachii

Gluteusmaximus

Gastrocnemius

Calcaneal tendon

(B)

Sternocleidomastoid

Occipitalis

Infraspinatus

Peroneuslongus

Teres major

Adductormagnus

Biceps femoris

Semitendinosus

Semimembranosus

Gluteusmedius

Semispinalis capitis

Levator scapulae

Rhomboideus minorRhomboideus major

Infraspinatus

Internal abdominal oblique

Erector spinae

Flexor carpi ulnaris

Extensor digitorum

Serratus posterior inferior

Serratus anterior

Supraspinatus

Splenius capitis

External abdominal oblique




74 C H A P T E R 3

Figure 3-2(A) Muscles of the head, anterior view, (B) Muscles of the head, lateral view

Frontalis

Procerus

Galea aponeurotica

Orbicularis oculi

Platysma

Mentalis

Orbicularis oris

MasseterZygomaticus minor

Levator labii superioris

Zygomaticus major

Risorius

Depressor anguli oris

Depressor labii inferioris

Nasalis

Corrugator supercilii

Buccinator

Temporalis

FrontalisGalea aponeurotica

Orbicularis oculi

Sternohyoid

Mentalis

Orbicularis oris

Occipitalis

Omohyoid

Sternothyroid

Inferior pharyngeal constrictor

Sternocleidomastoid

Masseter

Thyrohyoid

Zygomatic archLevator labii superioris

Zygomaticus minor

Zygomaticus major

Depressor labiiinferiorisDepressor anguli oris

Buccinator

Risorius (cut)

Nasalis

Corrugator supercilii

Levator anguli oris

Levator scapulae

(A)

(B)





Temporalis

Orbicularis oris

Masseter (cut)(C)

(D)

Buccinator

Posterior view

Medial pterygoid muscle

Medial pterygoid plate

Lateral pterygoid plate

Interior of oral cavity

Lateral pterygoid muscle

Figure 3-2—cont’d.(C) Muscles of mastication, (D) The lateral and medial pterygoid muscles

Superiorrectus

Lateralrectus

Medialrectus

Inferiorrectus

Inferioroblique

Opticcanal

Superioroblique

Trochlea

Figure 3-3Extrinsic muscles of the left eye, anterior view




76 C H A P T E R 3

Levator palpebraesuperioris muscle

Superior rectusmuscle

Medial rectusmuscle

Inferior obliquemuscle

Inferior rectusmuscle

Superiorobliquemuscle

(C)

(B)

(A)

Lateralrectusmuscle

Oculomotornerve (III)

Trochlearnerve (IV)

Abducensnerve (VI)

Frontal

Lateral

Superior

Superior obliqueMuscles

Superior oblique tendon

Muscles

Superior rectus

Lateral rectus

Medial rectus

Inferior obliqueInferior rectus

Superior oblique

Trochlea

Trochlea

Superior rectus

Lateral rectus

Levator palpebrae superioris

Medial rectus

Inferior rectus

Optic nerve

Optic nerve

Figure 3-4Extrinsic Muscles of the Eye. (a) Lateral view of the right eye. (b) Superior view ofthe right eye. (c) Innervation of the extrinsic muscles; arrows indicate the eye move-ment produced by each muscle.





Genioglossus

Styloglossus

Palatoglossus

Geniohyoid

Posterior belly of digastric (cut)

Stylohyoid

Superior pharyngeal constrictor

Middle pharyngeal constrictor


HyoglossusPosterior belly of digastric (cut)

Intermediate tendon ofdigastric (cut)

Styloid process

Mastoid process

Mylohyoid (cut)

Hyoid bone

Esophagus

Inferiorlongitudinalmuscle of tongue

Larynx

Trachea

Figure 3-5Muscles of the hypoglossal region and pharynx




78 C H A P T E R 3

Trapezius

Splenius capitis

Sternocleidomastoid

Levator scapulae

Scalenes

Inferior belly of omohyoid

Stylohyoid

Mylohyoid

Hyoglossus

Posterior belly of digastric

Thyrohyoid

Hyoid bone


Sternohyoid

Superior belly of omohyoid

Anterior bellyof digastric

Sternothyroid

Figure 3-7Muscles of the Neck, Left Lateral View

Levator scapulae

Scalenes

Sternocleidomastoid

Scalenes

Trapezius

Digastric Anterior belly Posterior belly

Stylohyoid

Mylohyoid

Sternohyoid

Suprahyoidgroup

Infrahyoidgroup

Hyoid bone

Clavicle

Thyrohyoid

Omohyoid Superior belly Inferior belly

Sternothyroid

Figure 3-6Muscles of the Neck, Anterior View





Semispinalis capitis

Sternocleidomastoid

Superficial muscles Deep muscles

Deltoid

Latissimusdorsi

Thoracolumbarfascia


Levator scapulae

Rhomboideus minor

Rhomboideus major

Infraspinatus

Teres minor


Erector spinae

Gluteus maximus

Gluteus medius

Serratus posteriorinferior

Serratus anterior

Supraspinatus

Splenius capitis

Teres major


Trapezius

Figure 3-8Neck, Back, and Gluteal Muscles. The most superficial muscles are shown on theleft, and the next deeper layer on the right.




80 C H A P T E R 3

Figure 3-9Muscles of the Back and Neck. Deep muscles of the back and the neck help move thehead and hold the torso erect. The splenius capitis and semispinalis capitis are removedon the left to show underlying muscles. The iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis musclescompose the erector spinae muscle.

Longissimus capitisSemispinalis capitis

Internal abdominal oblique

Erector spinaeSemispinalis thoracis

Multifidus

Quadratus lumborum

Superior nuchal line

Splenius capitis

Serratus posterior superior

Splenius cervicis

External abdominaloblique (cut)

Semispinalis cervicis

Serratus posterior inferior

Iliocostalis

Longissimus

Spinalis





Pectoralis major

Tendinousintersections

Linea alba

Latissimus dorsi

Rectus abdominis

Rectus sheath (cut edges)

Serratus anterior

Aponeurosis ofexternal abdominal oblique

Umbilicus

Transversus abdominis

Internal abdominaloblique (cut)


Rectus sheath

Figure 3-10Thoracic and Abdominal Muscles. Superficial muscles. The left rectus sheath is cutaway to expose the rectus abdominis muscle.




82 C H A P T E R 3

Subclavius

Pectoralis minor (cut)

Internal intercostals

External intercostals

Rectus abdominis (cut)


Internal abdominaloblique (cut)

Transversus abdominis (cut)

Posterior wall of rectus sheath(rectus abdominis removed)


Rectus sheath

Serratus anterior

Pectoralis minor

Figure 3-11Thoracic and Abdominal Muscles. Deep muscles. On the anatomical right, the externalabdominal oblique has been removed to expose the internal abdominal oblique and thepectoralis major has been removed to expose the pectoralis minor. On the anatomicalleft, the internal abdominal oblique has been cut to expose the transversus abdominis,and the rectus abdominis has been cut to expose the posterior rectus sheath.





Above the umbilicus

Below the umbilicus

Rectus abdominis m.

Abdominal fascia and muscles9. Peritoneum8. Preperitoneal fat7. Transversalis fascia6. Transversis abdominis m.5. Internal oblique m.4. External oblique m.3. Subcutaneous tissue of abdomen2. Intermediate investing fascia1. Skin

Aponeurosis ofinternal oblique m.

Aponeurosis ofinternal oblique m.

Linea alba

Aponeurosis of transversus abdominis m.

Aponeurosis of external oblique muscle

Aponeurosis of transversus abdominismuscle

Linea alba

Figure 3-12Muscles of the anterior abdominal wall, cross-sectionalview above the umbilicus.




84 C H A P T E R 3

Figure 3-13Muscles of the Pelvic Floor. (A, B) The superficial perineal space, inferior view.Triangles of the perineum are marked in b. (C, D) The urogenital diaphragm, inferiorview; this is the next deeper layer after the muscles in a and b. (E) The pelvicdiaphragm, the deepest layer, superior view (seen from within the pelvic cavity).

Pubic ramus

Pubic symphysis

External anal sphincter

Deep transverseperineus

External urethral sphincter

Central tendon

Urethra

Vagina

Anus

RapheIschiocavernosus

Urogenitaltriangle

Urethra

Vagina

Anus

Analtriangle

Bulbospongiosus

Superficial transverseperineus

Levator ani

Gluteus maximus

Male Female

(A)

(C)

(B)

(D)

(E)

Piriformis

Coccygeus

Levator ani

Urogenital diaphragm

Pelvic diaphragm

Coccyx

Anus

Vagina

Urethra





Lateral head oftriceps brachii

Long head oftriceps brachii

Supraspinatus

Teres minor

(A)

(B) (C)

Spine of scapula

Greater tubercleof humerusInfraspinatus

Teres minor

Teres major

Triceps brachii

Lateral headLong head

Latissimus dorsi

Humerus

Supraspinatus

(Posterior)

Figure 3-14(A) Muscles of the posterior surface of the scapula and the arm; (B and C) musclesassociated with the scapula.




86 C H A P T E R 3

Clavicle

Deltoid

Sternum

Pectoralis major

CoracobrachialisTriceps brachii

Lateral head

(A) (B)

Long head

Medial head

Biceps brachii

Brachialis

Brachioradialis

Biceps brachiiLong head

Short head

(C)

Brachialis

Subscapularis

Coracobrachialis

(D)

Acromion

Humerus

Clavicle

Infraspinatus

Teres minorSubscapularis

Coracoidprocess

Supraspinatus

Anterior

Anterior

Anterior

Figure 3-15(A) Muscles of the anterior shoulder and the arm, with the rib cage removed. (B, B, and D) Isolated views of muscles associated with the arm.





(C)(B)(A)

Flexordigitorumsuperficialis

Flexordigitorumprofundus

Pronatorquadratus

Supinator

Flexorpollicislongus

Biceps brachii

Brachialis

Pronatorteres

Brachioradialis

Flexor carpiradialisPalmaris longus


Pronatorquadratus

Flexor pollicislongus

Medialepicondyle

Lateralepicondyle

Pronatorteres

UlnaRadius

Supinator

Pronatorquadratus

Lateralepicondyle

Ulna

Pronatorquadratus

Supinator

Pronatorteres

Medialepicondyle

Supination Pronation

Radius

Radius

(D) (E)

(F) Ulna

BursaBicepsbrachii

Supinator

Superficialflexors

Superficialflexors

Deepflexors

Figure 3-16Muscles of the Forearm, Anterior View. (A) Superficial flexors; (B) the flexor digitorum superficialis,deep to the muscles in (A) but also classified as a superficial flexor; (C) deep flexors; (D) supinator, prona-tor teres, and pronator quadratus during supination; (E) during pronation; (F) during supination.




88 C H A P T E R 3

Opponens pollicis

Abductor pollicis brevis

Flexor pollicis brevis

Adductorpollicis

Tendon of flexor digitorum superficialis

Tendon of flexor digitorum profundus

Abductor pollicis longus

Palmaris longus

Flexor digitorum superficialis


Flexor retinaculumAbductor digiti minimi

Flexor digiti minimi brevis

Lumbricals

Opponensdigiti minimi

Tendon sheath

Flexor pollicis longus


Tendon of flexorpollicis longus

First dorsalinterosseous

Palmar view, superficial


Abductor pollicis longus


Carpal tunnel

Flexorretinaculum (cut)

Palmarinterosseous

Dorsal interosseous

Opponensdigit minimi

Opponens pollicis

Palmar view, deep

Extensor carpi ulnaris

Extensor digiti minimi

Extensor pollicis longus

Abductor pollicis brevis

Tendons of extensorpollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus

Common tendon sheathof extensor digitorum and extensor indicis

Extensor retinaculum

Abductor digiti minimi

Tendons ofextensor digitorum (cut)

Dorsal view

Tendons of:Tendons of:

Tendons of:

(C)

(E)

(D)

Tendons of:

Superficial extensors Deep extensors

Anconeus

Supinator

Abductor pollicislongus

Extensor pollicislongus

Extensor pollicisbrevis

Extensor indicis

Olecranon

Extensor carpiulnaris

Extensor carpi radialis longusExtensor carpiradialis brevisExtensor digitorum

Abductor pollicislongusExtensor pollicis brevis

Anconeus

Extensor pollicislongus

BrachioradialisTriceps brachii

Flexor carpiulnaris

Extensor digitiminimi

Tendons of extensor digitorum

(A) (B)

Tendons of extensor carpi radialis longusand brevis

Figure 3-17Muscles of the Forearm, Posterior View and Muscles of the Hand. (A) Forearm Superficial extensors;(B) Forearm deep extensors; (C) Superficial muscles and tendons of the hand, ventral view; (D) Deep musclesand tendons of the hand, ventral view; (E) Major extensor muscles and tendons of the hand, dorsal view.





Iliac crest

IliopsoasIliacusPsoas major

Anterior superior iliac spine

Iliotibial band

(A) (B)

Sartorius

Quadriceps femoris

Rectus femoris

Vastus lateralis

Vastus medialis

Quadriceps femoristendon

Patella

Patellar ligament

Adductor magnus

GracilisAdductor longus

Pectineus

Medialcompartment

L5

Adductor brevis

Anteriorcompartment

Tensor fasciaelatae

Vastusintermedius

Figure 3-18Muscles of the Thigh, Anterior View. (A) Superficial muscles; (B) rectus femoris andother muscles removed to expose the other three heads of the quadriceps femoris.




90 C H A P T E R 3

IliopsoasIliacus

Psoasmajor

Adductorlongus

Adductorbrevis

Pectineus

Gracilis

Insertion of gracilis ontibia

Piriformis

ExternalobturatorAdductor

magnus

Gluteusminimus

Quadratusfemoris

Piriformis

Gemellussuperior

Obturatorinternus

Gemellusinferior

Posteriorsuperioriliac spine

Sacrum

Coccyx

Ischialtuberosity

Iliac crest

Obturatorexternus

Figure 3-19(A) Major adductors of the thigh, ventral view, (B) Deeper muscles of the hip, dorsal view





Gluteus medius

Gluteus maximus

Iliotibial band

Long head Short head

Biceps femoris

Hamstring group

Semitendinosus

Semimembranosus

Adductor magnus

Gracilis

Vastus lateralis

Figure 3-20Gluteal and Thigh Muscles, Posterior View




92 C H A P T E R 3

Tibialisanterior

Extensordigitorumbrevis

Extensorhallucis brevis

Peroneustertius

Extensordigitorumlongus

Tibialisanterior

Peroneuslongus

Extensordigitorum longus

Peroneusbrevis

Patella

Patellarligament

Gastrocnemius

Soleus

Tibia

Extensor retinacula

Extensorhallucislongus

(A) (B) (C) (D)

Figure 3-21(A) Muscles of the anterior right leg. (B–D) Isolated views of muscles associated withthe anterior leg.





Figure 3-22(A) Superficial muscles of the lower right leg. (B) Deeper muscles of thelower right leg.

Gastrocnemius

Heads of gastrocnemius(cut)

Calcaneal tendon

Calcaneus

Medial head

Lateral head

Popliteus

Flexordigitorumlongus

Plantaris

Soleus

Flexorhallucislongus

Tendon of plantaris

Peroneusbrevis

Peroneuslongus

Peroneuslongus

Gastrocnemius(cut)

Tendon of gastrocnemius

(A) (B)




94 C H A P T E R 3

Calcaneal tendon(cut)

Calcaneus

(A)

(B) (C) (D)

Tibialisposterior

Flexor digitorum longus

Plantaris (cut)

Popliteus

Soleus (cut)

Fibula

Peroneuslongus

Flexor hallucislongus

Peroneusbrevis

Tibialisposterior

Flexorhallucislongus

Popliteus

Flexordigitorumlongus

Gastrocnemius(cut)

Plantar surfaceof the foot

Figure 3-23(A) Muscles of the posterior right leg. (B–D) Isolated views of muscles associated withthe posterior right leg.





Abductor digiti minimi

(A)

(C) (D) (E)

(B)


Abductor hallucis

Flexor digitorum brevis

Calcaneus

Plantar fascia (cut)

Abductor hallucis (cut)

Lumbricals

Flexor hallucis longus tendon

Flexor digitorum longus tendon

Flexor digitorumbrevis (cut)

Quadratus plantae


Quadratus plantae(cut)

Adductor hallucis

Flexor hallucisbrevis

Flexor digitorum longus tendon (cut)

Flexor hallucis longus tendon (cut)

Abductor hallucis (cut)

Plantar view

Dorsal view

Dorsalinterosseous

Plantarinterosseous

Figure 3-24Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot. (A–D) First through fourth layers, respectively, in ventral(plantar) views; (E) fourth layer, dorsal view.


4. Dissections Text © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2003

Dissections

C H A P T E R 44

Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of a transverse section throughskeletal muscle

97



98 C H A P T E R 4

1

2

3

5

5

6

69

8

12

11

10

20 21

21

2322

19

17

18

1416

15

13

7

4

Figure 4-1Superficial Anatomy of Cat Head and Neck, Left Lateral View1. Vibrissal barrels for

sensory hairs (whiskers)2. Tongue3. Buccinator muscle4. Diagastric muscle5. Temporalis muscle6. Masseter muscle7. Dorsal buccal branch of

facial (VII) nerve8. Ventral buccal branch of

facial (VII) nerve9. Parotid duct

10. Parotid gland11. Submandibular gland12. Lymph node13. External jugular vein14. Transverse jugular vein15. Anterior facial vein16. Posterior facial vein17. Sternohyoid muscle18. Sternothyroid muscle19. Cleidomastoid muscle20. Sternomastoid muscle21. Clavotrapezius muscle22. Clavobrachialis muscle23. Acromiotrapezius muscle



D i s s e c t i o n s 99

1

2

3

46

7

5

8 8

9

10

1112

1413

17

19 1615

171718

20

21

22

23

Figure 4-2Superficial Anatomy of Cat Head and Neck, Ventral View1. Body of mandible2. Digastric muscle3. Mylohyoid muscle4. Buccinator muscle5. Masseter muscle6. Dorsal branch of facial

(VII) nerve7. Ventral branch of facial

(VII) nerve8. Lymph node9. Submandibular gland

10. Anterior facial vein11. Posterior facial vein12. Transverse jugular vein13. External jugular vein14. Larynx15. Trachea16. Sternohyoid muscle17. Sternomastoid muscle

(unavoidably damagedon animal’s right sideduring vascularperfusion)

18. Cleidomastoid muscle19. Sternothyroid muscle20. Clavotrapezius muscle21. Clavobrachialis muscle22. Pectoantebrachialis

muscle23. Sternum



100 C H A P T E R 4

1 2

3

34

4

5

6

7

9 8

10

1211

14

13

15

16

1817

19

21

22

2329

28

27

26

2425

30

20

Figure 4-3Deep Anatomy of Cat Head and Neck, LeftVentrolateral View1. Lower canine tooth2. Upper canine tooth3. Upper premolar tooth4. Lower premolar tooth5. Body of mandible6. Digastric muscle7. Mylohyoid muscle8. Temporalis muscle9. Masseter muscle

10. Dorsal branch of facial(VII) nerve

11. Ventral branch of facial(VII) nerve

12. Parotid duct13. Cutaneous branch of

facial (VII) nerve14. Platysma muscle

(reflected)15. Lymph node16. Sternohyoid muscle17. Sternomastoid muscle

(reflected)18. Cleidomastoid muscle19. Omohyoid muscle20. 4th cervical nerve21. 5th cervical nerve22. External jugular vein23. Subclavian vein24. Musculocutaneous nerve25. Radial nerve26. Median nerve27. Ulnar nerve28. Thoracic nerve29. Ventral thoracic nerve

(cut)30. Axillary nerve




1

2

24

2

35

6

7

9

810

17

16

11

12

1315

15

14

Figure 4-4Deep Anatomy of Cat Headand Neck, Oral Cavity withMandible Removed1. Upper canine tooth2. Upper premolar tooth3. Upper molar tooth4. Hard palate with

palatine rugae5. Soft palate6. Tongue7. Lingual tonsils8. Isthmus of fauces9. Epiglottis

10. Palatine tonsil11. Larynx12. Thyroid gland (reflected)13. Trachea14. External jugular vein15. Common carotid artery16. Esophagus17. Lymph node



102 C H A P T E R 4

1

2

3

4

5

6

14

10

12

13

15

11

9

87

Figure 4-5Superficial Muscles of the CatThoracic Limb, Ventral View1. Clavobrachialis muscle2. Pectoantebrachialis muscle3. Pectoralis major muscle4. Pectoralis minor muscle5. Latissimus dorsi muscle6. Epitrochlearis muscle7. Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle8. Palmaris longus muscle9. Flexor carpi radialis muscle

10. Pronator teres muscle11. Extensor carpi radialis

muscle12. Brachioradialis muscle

(cut)13. Antebrachial fascia14. Olecranon process of ulna15. Flexor retinaculum

(transverse carpalligament)




2 13

4

6

7

8

9

8

5

11

12

13

14

1615

17

19

18

21 23

20

22

9

7

10

3

2

1

Figure 4-6Deep Muscles of the Cat Left Thoracic Limb, Ventral View1. Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle

(cut and reflected)2. Palmaris longus muscle

(cut and reflected)3. Flexor carpi radialis

muscle (cut and reflected)4. Flexor retinaculum5. Extensor carpi ulnaris6. Cutaneous branch of ulnar

nerve7. Ulnar nerve8. Flexor digitorum

profundus9. Median nerve

10. Pronator teres muscle11. Extensor carpi radialis

muscle12. Brachioradialis muscle

(cut)13. Clavobrachialis muscle

(cut and reflected)14. Biceps brachii muscle15. Radial nerve16. Musculocutaneous nerve17. Axillary nerve18. Subclavian vein19. Ventral thoracic nerve

(cut)20. Thoracic nerve21. Triceps brachii muscle22. Latissimus dorsi muscle23. Brachial vein



104 C H A P T E R 4

10

4

21

12

3 5

6 7 8 14

11

13 12

12

15

16

17

17

18

19

209

Figure 4-7Superficial Muscles of the Cat Left Thoracic Limb, Dorsal View1. Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle2. Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle3. Extensor carpi digitorum lateralis

muscle4. Extensor pollicis brevis muscle5. Extensor digitorum communis

muscle6. Extensor carpi radialis brevis

muscle7. Extensor carpi radialis longus

muscle

8. Brachioradialis muscle9. Cephalic vein

10. Extensor retinaculum (dorsalcarpal ligament)

11. Triceps brachii muscle (lateralhead)

12. Triceps brachii muscle (longhead)

13. Anconeus muscle14. Brachialis muscle15. Clavobrachialis muscle

16. Acromiodeltoid muscle17. Spinodeltoid muscle18. Acromiotrapezius muscle19. Latissimus dorsi muscle20. Levator scapulae ventralis21. Antebrachial fascia




1

45

6

78

9

22 23

24

25

19

1819

1716

141 2 3

20

15

2 3

11

10

21

1213

Figure 4-8Deep Muscles of the Cat Left Thoracic Limb, Dorsal View1. Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle (cut)2. Extensor digitorum lateralis muscle (cut)3. Extensor digitorum communis muscle (cut)4. Extensor indicis proprius muscle5. Extensor pollicis brevis muscle6. Extensor carpi radialis muscle7. Brachioradialis muscle8. Radial nerve9. Cephalic vein

10. Extensor retinaculum (dorsal carpal ligament)11. Extensor digiti minimi tendon12. Extensor digitorum tendons13. Extensor indicis tendon14. Brachioradialis muscle15. Median nerve16. Ulnar nerve17. Triceps brachii muscle (medial head)18. Triceps brachii muscle (long head)19. Triceps brachii muscle (lateral head, cut)20. Anconeus muscle21. Posterior interosseous nerve22. Clavobrachialis muscle23. Acromiodeltoid muscle24. Spinodeltoid muscle25. Latissimus dorsi muscle



106 C H A P T E R 4

1

2

3 6

4

7

8

9

10

55

7

12

1113

Figure 4-9Superficial Muscles of the Cat Thorax, Ventral View1. Clavobrachialis muscle2. Pectoantebrachialis

muscle3. Pectoralis major muscle4. Pectoralis minor muscle5. Xiphihumeralis muscle6. Epitrochlearis muscle7. Latissimus dorsi muscle8. External oblique muscle9. Rectus abdominis muscle

(deep to aponeurosis)10. Linea alba11. Inferior angle of scapula12. Teres major muscle13. Subscapularis muscle




1

2

3 3

4

5

8

7

9

9

10

1211

10

13

14

5

6

Figure 4-10Superficial Muscles of the Cat, Abdomen and Thorax1. Clavobrachialis muscle2. Pectoantebrachialis muscle3. Pectoralis major muscle4. Pectoralis minor muscle5. Xiphihumeralis muscle (removed on right)6. Serratus anterior muscle7. Latissimus dorsi muscle (cut to reveal

underlying muscles)8. Epitrochlearis muscle9. External oblique muscle (partially reflected)

10. Internal oblique muscle (partially reflected)11. Transversalis abdominis muscle12. Peritoneum13. Rectus abdominis muscle14. Linea alba



108 C H A P T E R 4

1

2

3

3

96

7

8454

14

14

13

14

15

12

11

10

Figure 4-11Superficial Muscles of the Cat Neck and Back1. Nuchal ligament2. Clavotrapezius muscle3. Clavobrachialis muscle4. Acromiotrapezius muscle (cut and reflected on right)5. Supraspinatus muscle6. Acromiodeltoid muscle7. Spinodeltoid muscle8. Triceps brachii muscle (long head)9. Cephalic vein

10. Rhomboideus minor muscle11. Rhomboideus capitis muscle (occipitoscapularis muscle)12. Splenius capitis muscle13. Spinotrapezius muscle14. Latissimus dorsi muscle15. Lumbodorsal fascia




1

2

4

56

7

9

8

10

11

1413

12

17

19 1515

16

18

20

3

Figure 4-12Deep Muscles of the Cat Neck and Back1. Nuchal ligament2. Clavotrapezius muscle (reflected on left)3. Acromiotrapezius muscle (cut, removed altogether

on left)4. Supraspinatus muscle5. Infraspinatus muscle6. Triceps brachii muscle (long head)7. Triceps brachii muscle (lateral head)8. Acromiodeltoid muscle9. Spinodeltoid muscle

10. Rhomboideus capitis muscle11. Splenius capitis muscle12. Rhomboideus minor muscle13. Rhomboideus major muscle14. Spinotrapezius muscle15. Latissimus dorsi muscle (reflected on left, partially

removed on right)16. Multifidus muscle17. Spinalis muscle18. Longissimus muscle19. Iliocostalis muscle20. Lumbodorsal fascia (largely removed)



110 C H A P T E R 4

Figure 4-13Deep Muscles of the Back of the Cat

2 21

1

2

3

4

7

7

5

6

3

3

4

44

55

6

67

7

3

10

10

8

8

811

12

9

9

9

1. Spinotrapezius muscle2. Latissimus dorsi muscle (cut and

rolled on right)3. Lumbodorsal fascia4. Multifidus muscle

5. Spinalis muscle6. Longissimus muscle7. Iliocostalis muscle8. Rib9. Dorsal ramus of spinal nerve

10. External oblique muscle11. External intercostal muscle12. Internal intercostal muscle




Figure 4-14Superficial Muscles of the Cat Left Hind Limb, Dorsal View1. Lumbodorsal fascia2. Sartorius muscle3. Tensor fascia latae

muscle4. Iliotibial tract5. Gluteus medius muscle6. Gluteus maximus muscle7. Caudofemoralis muscle8. Biceps femoris muscle9. Semitendinosus muscle

10. Semimembranosusmuscle

11. Gastrocnemius muscle12. Soleus muscle13. Achilles tendon14. Calcaneal tuberosity15. Flexor hallucis longus

muscle16. Peroneus brevis muscle17. Peroneus longus muscle

and tendon18. Tibialis anterior muscle

1

5

6

74

109

8

1112

18

16

13

141517

32



112 C H A P T E R 4

Figure 4-15Deep Muscles of the Cat LeftHind Limb, Dorsal View1. Lumbodorsal fascia2. Sartorius muscle3. Tensor fascia latae muscle4. Vastus lateralis muscle5. Gluteus medius muscle

(under fascia)6. Gluteus maximus muscle

(under fascia)7. Caudofemoralis muscle8. Biceps femoris muscle

(cut)9. Semitendinosus muscle

(cut)10. Semimembranosus muscle11. Adductor femoris muscle12. Sciatic nerve13. Common peroneal

division of sciatic nerve14. Tibial division of sciatic

nerve15. Gastrocnemius muscle16. Soleus muscle17. Achilles tendon18. Flexor hallucis longus

muscle19. Peroneus longus muscle20. Tibialis anterior muscle21. Extensor digitorum longus

muscle22. Proximal extensor

retinaculum23. Distal extensor

retinaculum

1

25

6

7

81112

101413

15

20

19

16

17

18

21

22

23

9

3

3

4



12

4

6

78

5

3

1

3

4

2

8

11

10

13

9

7

12

16

a nv

5

9

10

11

12

n

a&v


Figure 4-16Superficial Muscles of the Cat LeftHind Limb, Medial View1. Rectus abdominis muscle2. External oblique muscle3. Sartorius muscle4. Iliopsoas muscle (deep to

blood vessels)5. Femoral artery (a), vein (v),

and nerve (n)6. Pectineus muscle (deep to

blood vessels)7. Adductor longus muscle8. Adductor femoris muscle9. Gracilis muscle

10. Semitendinosus muscle11. Greater saphenous vein12. Branch of obturator nerve

Figure 4-17Superficial Muscles of the Cat LeftHind Limb, Medial View1. Sartorius muscle (cut)2. Femoral artery (a), vein (v),

and nerve (n)3. Pectineus muscle (deep to

blood vessels)4. Adductor longus muscle5. Adductor femoris muscle6. Gracilis muscle (cut)7. Semitendinosus muscle8. Tensor fascia latae muscle9. Semimembranosus muscle

10. Vastus lateralis muscle11. Rectus femoris muscle12. Gastrocnemius muscle13. Vastus medialis muscle



114 C H A P T E R 4

12

4

24

57

8

69

10

11

12

13

14

1518

17

16 19

20

21

22

23

av n

1

Figure 4-18Deep Muscles of the Cat Left Hind Limb, Medial View1. Sartorius muscle (cut)2. Tensor fascia latae muscle3. Vastus lateralis muscle4. Rectus femoris muscle5. Femoral artery (a), vein (v), and nerve (n)6. Middle caudal femoral artery and vein7. Pectineus muscle (under femoral artery and

vein)8. Adductor longus muscle9. Adductor femoris muscle

10. Gracilis muscle (cut)11. Semimembranosus muscle12. Semitendinosus muscle13. Biceps femoris muscle14. Gastrocnemius muscle (reflected)15. Soleus muscle16. Achilles tendon17. Posterior tibial nerve18. Flexor hallucis longus muscle19. Flexor digitorum longus muscle20. Tibialis posterior muscle21. Tibia22. Tibialis anterior muscle23. Proximal extensor retinaculum24. Vastus medialis muscle

3




1

15

1

10

11

12

13

9 9

4

5

14

2

a3v

a

a

b

c

7

8

Figure 4-19Deep Muscles of the CatShoulder and Thorax, Right Ventral View1. Latissimus dorsi muscle

(reflected)2. Scalenus muscles

a. Anterior (continuous withtransversus costarum)

b. Mediusc. Posterior

3. Axillary artery (a) and vein(v)

4. Radial nerve5. External jugular vein6. Internal jugular vein7. Thoracodorsal nerve8. Long thoracic nerve9. Thoracoacromial blood

vessels10. Serratus ventralis muscle11. Teres major muscle12. Subscapularis muscle13. Sternum14. Ventral thoracic nerve15. Pectoral muscles



116 C H A P T E R 4

1

4 3

5

7

2 896

l

m

1413

15

16

10

18

18

11

11

17

17

17

12

17

Figure 4-20Brachial Plexus of the Cat, Right Ventral View1. Biceps brachii muscle2. Radial nerve3. Musculocutaneous nerve4. Coracobrachialis muscle5. Median nerve6. Lateral (l) and median (m)

roots of the median nerve7. Ulnar nerve8. Axillary artery9. Axillary vein

10. External jugular vein11. Thoracodorsal nerve12. Thoracodorsal artery13. Thoracoacromial artery14. Anterior circumflex

humeral artery and axillarynerve

15. Caudal subscapular nerve16. Proximal subscapular nerve17. Dorsal rami of thoracic

nerves18. Latissimus dorsi muscle

(reflected)




1

3

4

4

55

6 6

7

7

2

Figure 4-21Thoracic Cavity of the Cat1. Heart within

pericardium2. Thymus gland3. Diaphragm4. Lung, anterior lobe5. Lung, middle lobe6. Lung, posterior lobe7. Ribs (cut)



118 C H A P T E R 4

Figure 4-22Major Veins of the Cat, Neck and Thorax1. External jugular vein2. Internal jugular vein3. Common carotid artery

(right)4. Vagus nerve5. Trachea6. Transverse scapular vein7. Subscapular vein8. Thoracodorsal vein9. Subclavian vein

10. Ventral thoracic (cut)11. Axillary vein12. Latissimus dorsi muscle13. Brachial vein14. a. radial vein

b. ulnar vein15. Brachiocephalic vein16. Superior vena cava17. Radial nerve18. Median nerve19. Ulnar nerve20. Thoracodorsal nerve21. Lymph node22. Submandibular gland23. Parotid gland24. Heart25. Lung26. Thymus gland27. Anterior thoracic

vein (cut) (internalmammary vein)

28. Long thoracic vein (cut)

1 2

3

39

15

10

14a

b19

1318

17

8

12

20 2811

9

15 16

27

26

24

25

25

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5

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23

21

22




12

13

1615

23

22

7n

7a

11

9

8

6

10

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14

18

24

26

25

2021

29

27

28

30

17

14

114

2

2

5

4

5

33

21

20

Figure 4-23Major Arteries of the Cat, Neck and Thorax1. Common carotid artery2. Vagus nerve3. Vertebral artery4. Transverse scapular artery5. Axillary artery6. Brachial artery7. Thoraco-acromial artery (a)

and nerve (n)8. Musculocutaneous nerve9. Median nerve

10. Radial nerve11. Ulnar nerve12. Trachea13. Esophagus (displaced to

animal’s left from normalposition posterior to trachea)

14. Phrenic nerve15. Right subclavian artery16. Brachiocephalic artery17. Left subclavian artery18. Aortic arch19. Anterior vena cava (cut)20. Teres major muscle21. Subscapularis muscle22. Biceps brachii muscle23. Triceps brachii muscle (long

head)24. Heart25. Lung, anterior lobe26. Lung, middle lobe27. Lung, mediastinal lobe28. Lung, posterior lobe29. Right auricle30. Diaphragm



120 C H A P T E R 4

12

6

7

8

5

4

7

9

3

315

15

16

18

18

10

11

13 12

19

17

13

12

14

11

Figure 4-24Thorax of the Cat, Heart and Lungs Removed1. Trachea2. Esophagus3. Aortic arch4. Brachiocephalic artery5. Right common carotid

artery6. Left common carotid

artery7. Vagus nerve8. Sympathetic trunk9. Left subclavian artery

10. Phrenic nerve11. Vertebral artery12. Left axillary artery13. Thyrocervical artery14. Internal mammary artery15. Right and left primary

bronchi16. Inferior vena cava17. Diaphragm18. Rib19. Subscapular artery (cut)




Figure 4-25Veins, Arteries, and Nerves of the Cat Neck and Thorax (A) Veins Removed on Cat’s Left Side, Heart Reflected to Right(B) Arteries, Veins, and Thoracic Viscera Removed

30

5

5

4

6

6

6

27

33

3230

31

A B

1. Larynx2. Thyroid gland (reflected)3. Common carotid artery4. Vagus nerve5. Sympathetic trunk (In A, two

pins have been placed alongsympathetic trunk. Upper pin head is just caudal to swelling ofsympathetic trunk, the superiorcervical ganglion. Lower transversepin is just proximal to similarswelling, the middle cervicalganglion.)

6. Phrenic nerve7. Aorta

8. Spinal accessory nerve (XI)9. Spinal nerves IV, V, and VI

10. Brachial plexus11. Lymph node (reflected and

pinned)12. Soft palate (cut)13. Eustachian tubes (hidden behind

reflected tissue of soft palate)14. Epiglottis15. Internal jugular vein16. External jugular vein17. Subscapular vein18. Brachial vein19. Axillary vein20. Subclavian vein

21. Brachiocephalic vein22. Superior vena cava23. Azygous vein (cut)24. Heart (reflected to cat’s right)25. Right auricle26. Left auricle27. Diaphragm28. Esophagus 29. Trachea 30. Radial nerve31. Musculocutaneous nerve32. Median nerve33. Ulnar nerve34. Caudal subscapular nerve35. Axillary nerve

12

14

28

1

29

2

16

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13

3

8

4

5

19 2021

22

2526

30

24

7

23

6

934

35

10



122 C H A P T E R 4

Figure 4-26Abdominal Viscera of Cat with (A) Greater Omentum Intact and (B) Greater Omentum Removed

2

N

R

M Q

L

2 2

2 2

3

6

84

7

5

11

9

10

2

3

4

1

111

2

A B

1. Greater omentum2. Lobes of the liver

R. Right lateral lobeM. Right medial lobeQ. Quadrate lobeN. Left medial lobeL. Left lateral lobe

3. Stomach (greater curvature)4. Spleen5. Kidney6. Small intestine (duodenum)7. Small intestine (jejuneum and

ileum)8. Pancreas

9. Large intestine (descending colon)10. Urinary bladder11. Abdominal fat



Figure 4-27Abdominal Viscera of the Cat, Mesentery1. Small intestine2. Mesentery3. Mesenteric artery4. Mesenteric vein5. Lymph vessel6. Urinary bladder7. Uterine horn8. Descending colon9. Abdominal fat

1

4 2

2

1

1

9

9

9

9

9

6

7

8

5

3




124 C H A P T E R 4

Figure 4-28Urogenital System of the Female Cat (A) Nonpregnant and (B) Pregnant

1

13

2 3

4

4

11 10

1811

14

14

15

1316

1217

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78

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29

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27

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12

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49

A B

1. Liver2. Stomach (pylorus)3. Small intestine4. Kidney5. Ureter6. Abdominal aorta7. External iliac artery8. Common branch of internal iliac

artery9. Renal artery

10. Ovarian artery11. Ovary

12. Urinary bladder (reflected andpinned)

13. Uterus14. Uterine horn (in B, left horn

contains two fetuses; right horn,three fetuses)

15. Rectum (cut in A)16. External iliac artery and vein17. Femoral triangle (containing

femoral nerve, artery, and vein)18. Ovarian vein19. Iliolumbar artery and vein

20. Abdominal vena cava (split intotwo parallel vessels in A)

21. Iliolumbar artery22. Pancreas23. Spleen24. Adrenal gland25. Hepatic portal vein (cut)26. Fetus27. Placenta28. Left gastroepiploic vein29. Right gastroepiploic vein




Figure 4-29Urogenital System of the Male Cat1. Liver2. Stomach3. Small intestine (duodenum, cut)4. Kidney5. Ureter6. Abdominal aorta7. Abdominal vena cava8. Renal artery9. Internal spermatic artery

10. Spermatic vein11. Testis12. Epididymis13. Urinary bladder (reflected)14. Vas deferens in spermatic cord15. Urethra16. Prostate gland17. Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) gland18. Penis19. Ligament of cremaster muscle20. External inguinal ring21. Femoral triangle22. Rectum (cut)23. Lumbar nerve (medial branch)24. Umbilical (allantoic) artery25. Spleen26. Pancreas27. Adrenal gland

12

3

4

48

2726

25

235

57

6

9

10

22

13

24

15

16 14

21

17

12

1118

19

20



126 C H A P T E R 4

Figure 4-30Major (A) Veins and (B) Arteries of the Cat Abdominopelvic Wall

1

2

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2

1

3

11

13

17

15

1820

25

24

22

4

10

12

1623

2421

2519

14

5

A B

1. Kidney2. Ureter (cut and largely removed)3. Abdominal vena cava (removed

in B)4. Abdominal aorta (cut and

removed in A)5. Psoas major and minor muscles6. Celiac artery (cut and removed)7. Suprarenal artery8. Renal vein

9. Renal artery10. Inferior mesenteric artery (cut and

removed)11. Iliolumbar vein12. Iliolumbar artery13. Common iliac vein14. External iliac artery (no common

iliac artery in cats)15. External iliac vein16. Internal iliac (hypogastric) artery

17. Internal iliac (hypogastric) vein18. Femoral vein19. Femoral artery20. Deep femoral vein21. Deep femoral artery22. Caudal vein23. Median sacral (caudal) artery24. Rectum (cut)25. Urinary bladder (reflected and

pinned)




Figure 4-31Nerves and Vessels of the PosteriorAbdominopelvic Wall of the Cat1. Abdominal aorta2. Celiac artery (pinned)3. Superior mesenteric artery (pinned)4. Crus of diaphragm5. Right suprarenal artery (cut)6. Adrenal gland7. Renal vein8. Renal artery9. Ureter (cut)

10. Kidney11. Inferior mesenteric artery12. Iliolumbar artery13. Psoas major and minor muscles14. Femoral nerve15. External iliac artery16. Internal iliac artery17. External iliac vein18. Deep femoral artery and vein19. Femoral artery20. Femoral vein21. Spermatic artery22. Rectum (cut)23. Urethra (cut and urinary bladder removed)24. Prostate gland25. Testis26. Penis27. Genitofemoral nerve28. Distribution of sympathetic trunk (pinned out

bilaterally)29. Celiac ganglion30. Superior mesenteric ganglion31. Left suprarenal artery and vein

42

3 29

30

5

31

1078

911

1

12

13

14

17

18

19 20

2625

27

15 16

2121

2223

24

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28 28

6



128 C H A P T E R 4

1. Clavotrapezius muscle2. Clavobrachialis muscle3. Acromiodeltoid muscle4. Spinodeltoid muscle5. Triceps brachii muscle6. Spinotrapezius muscle (cut)7. Latissimus dorsi muscle

8. External oblique muscle (cut)9. Serratus anterior muscle

10. Internal oblique muscle11. Tensor fascia latae muscle (split)12. Vastus lateral muscle (under pin)13. Gluteus medius muscle14. Gluteus maximus muscle

15. Biceps femoris muscle16. Semitendinosus muscle17. Semimembranosus muscle18. Testis19. Umbilical cord

1

23

4

6

7

5

5

9

8

19

10

11

12

13

14

15 1617

18

Figure 4-32Superficial Muscles of the Fetal Pig, Left Lateral View




Figure 4-33Superficial Structures of theNeck, Shoulder, and ThoracicLimb of the Fetal Pig, Left Lateral View1. Brachioradialis muscle2. Extensor carpi radialis

muscle3. Extensor digitorum

communis muscle4. Extensor digitorum

lateralis muscle5. Extensor carpi ulnaris

muscle6. Masseter muscle7. Submandibular gland8. Lymph node9. Parotid gland

10. Salivary duct11. External jugular vein12. Clavotrapezius muscle13. Clavobrachialis muscle14. Acromiodeltoid muscle15. Spinodeltoid muscle16. Spinotrapezius muscle

(cut)17. Triceps brachii muscle

(long head)18. Triceps brachii muscle

(lateral head)19. Splenius capitis muscle20. Rhomboideus capitis

muscle21. Latissimus dorsi muscle22. Sternomastoid muscle

6

9

7 8

8

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

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1112

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20

45



130 C H A P T E R 4

Figure 4-34Superficial Muscles of theHind Limb of the Fetal Pig,Left Lateral View1. Lumbodorsal fascia2. External oblique muscle

(reflected)3. Internal oblique muscle4. Tensor fascia latae

muscle (split)5. Vastus lateralis muscle

(under pin)6. Gluteus medius muscle7. Gluteus maximus muscle8. Biceps femoris muscle9. Semitendinosus muscle

10. Semimembranosusmuscle

11. Testis12. Gastrocnemius muscle13. Soleus muscle14. Achilles tendon15. Flexor hallucis longus

muscle16. Tibialis anterior muscle

1

3

4 6

7

8

910

13 12

1415

16

11

52




Figure 4-35Superficial Anatomy of theFetal Pig Neck andShoulders, Ventral View1. Mylohyoid muscle2. Sternohyoid muscle3. Larynx4. Trachea5. Sternomastoid muscle6. External jugular vein7. Lymph node8. Submandibular gland9. Masseter muscle

10. Clavotrapezius muscle11. Acromiodeltoid muscle12. Clavobrachialis muscle13. Pectoralis major muscle14. Sternum

1

32

9

7

8

5

4

5

10

12

1011

12

14

13

6



132 C H A P T E R 4

Figure 4-36Deep Anatomy of the FetalPig, Neck and Thorax1. Larynx2. Trachea3. Thyroid gland4. Common carotid artery5. Vagus nerve6. Internal jugular vein7. External jugular vein

(pinned bilaterally)8. Cephalic vein9. Subclavian vein

10. Superior vena cava11. Internal mammary vein

(cut, laid on lung tissue)12. Right auricle13. Left auricle14. Heart15. Lung16. Diaphragm

1

2

3

45

678

8

9

9

10

11

15 12

13

14

15

16

15




Figure 4-37Arteries of the Neck and Thorax of the Fetal Pig, Left Lung Removed (A) Heart in Normal Position(B) Heart Reflected to Right

1

1 3

34

45

7

8

920

2021

28

2223

82

1119

24

26

612

10

1415

1817

19

2

3

45

34

6 7

9

10

19

19

11

25

2282

24

27

26

18

18

1415 1516

17

20

21

20

8

A

1. Trachea2. Esophagus3. Common carotid artery4. Vagus nerve5. Sympathetic trunk6. Right brachiocephalic artery7. Left brachiocephalic artery8. Aorta9. Ductus arteriosus

10. Superior vena cava (cut)

11. Inferior vena cava12. Subclavian artery13. Vertebral artery14. Transverse scapular artery15. Axillary artery16. Radial nerve17. Thoracodorsal nerve18. Dorsal rami of thoracic nerves19. Lung20. Right and left auricles

21. Heart22. Continuation of sympathetic trunk23. Azygous vein24. Diaphragm25. Rib with costal artery and vein26. Ductus venosus27. Kidney28. Hilum of left lung (with bronchi

and blood vessels cut)

13

B

13



134 C H A P T E R 4

Figure 4-38Thoracic and Abdominal Viscera of the Fetal Pig, Male

1

2

3

5

44

4

67

8

910

11 14

12

13

1316

19

15

17

18

21 2120

22

19

15

55

6

2

1

43

6

7

8a

1413 13

12

16

17

1811

8b

9

10

Figure 4-39Abdominopelvic Cavity of the Fetal Pig, Male, DigestiveViscera Removed

1. Trachea2. Thyroid gland3. Thymus4. Lung5. Heart in pericardium6. Mediastinal

membrane7. Diaphragm8. Liver9. Spleen

10. Umbilical vein (onpin)

11. Small intestine

12. Urinary bladder13. Umbilical arteries14. Skin of umbilicus15. Penis16. Urethra17. Testis18. Epididymis19. Spermatic cord

(contains spermaticartery and vasdeferens, which curvesto pass behind base ofurinary bladder)

1. Abdominal aorta2. Abdominal vena cava3. Renal artery4. Renal vein5. Kidney6. Ureter7. Spermatic artery8. a. Vas deferens

b. Vas deferens (inspermatic cord)

9. Testis10. Epididymis11. Penis12. Rectum (cut)13. Umbilical arteries

14. Umbilical vein15. Ductus venosus (only

remnants of liverremain)

16. Urinary bladder17. Urethra18. Prostate gland19. Diaphragm20. Heart21. Lung22. Pylorus of stomach

(pin in antrum)




Figure 4-40Abdominopelvic Cavity of the Fetal Pig, Female, DigestiveViscera Removed

Figure 4-41Deep Anatomy of the Abdominopelvic Cavity of the FetalPig, Abdominal Viscera Removed, Female

1. Abdominal aorta2. Abdominal vena cava3. Kidney (behind intact

peritoneum)4. Ureter (behind intact

peritoneum)5. Ovarian artery6. Ovary7. Uterus8. Uterine horn9. Umbilical arteries

10. Umbilical vein (lying onpin)

11. Ductus venosus

12. Urinary bladder(reflected and pinned)

13. Sigmoid colon14. Suspensory ligament of

ovary15. Diaphragm16. Heart17. Lung18. Mediastinal membrane

1. Abdominal aorta2. Abdominal vena cava3. Renal vein4. Ureter5. Kidney (left kidney

behind peritoneum)6. Adrenal gland7. Suspensory ligament of

ovary8. External iliac artery9. Internal iliac artery

10. Median sacral (caudal)artery

11. Rectum (cut)12. Ovary13. Uterine horn

14. Urinary bladder(reflected)

15. Urethra16. Umbilical arteries17. Umbilical vein18. Ductus venosus19. Posterior (inferior)

mesenteric artery20. Colic artery (pinned to

kidney for clarity due tomissing colon)

21. Superior hemorrhoidalartery

22. Remnant of smallintestine (duodenum)

23. Diaphragm

1717

16

18

15

332

1

513

14

6

7

4

6

8

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11

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89 10

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1921



136 C H A P T E R 4

Figure 4-42General Anatomy of the Male Rat,Abdominal Cavity Exposed, Ventral View1. Thorax2. Abdomen3. External oblique muscle (reflected and

pinned)4. Internal oblique muscle (lying on pin)5. Transversus abdominis6. Rectus abdominis7. Peritoneum8. Inferior epigastric artery9. Liver

10. Spleen11. Kidney12. Rectum13. Abdominal fat (small intestine not

visible in this photograph)14. Scrotum15. Penis16. Sternum (xiphoid process)

1

2543

66

16

10 11

1312

15

14

9 7

8




Figure 4-43Deep Anatomy of the Rat, Neck and Thorax1. Larynx2. Salivary gland3. Thyroid gland4. Trachea5. Sternohyoid muscle

(unavoidably damaged onanimal’s right side duringvascular perfusion)

6. Thymus7. Common carotid artery8. Heart9. Lung

10. Internal mammary vein11. Rib and intercostal artery and

vein12. Diaphragm13. Crus of diaphragm

47

1

3

5

2

6

8

9

1110

12

13



138 C H A P T E R 4

Figure 4-44Abdominopelvic Cavity of the Male Rat1. Sternum (xiphoid process)2. Stomach3. Liver4. Small intestine (duodenum)5. Pancreas6. Spleen7. Kidney8. Small intestine (jejuneum and ileum)9. Large intestine (cecum)

10. Rectum11. Abdominal fat12. Urinary bladder13. Rectus abdominis muscle (cut)14. Testis in scrotum15. Epididymis16. Penis17. Seminal vesicle18. Cremasteric fascia

1

45

2 6

8

87

89

3

11

17

12

10

13

18

17

16

14

15




Figure 4-45Abdominopelvic Cavity of the Rat, Male,Digestive Viscera Removed1. Sternum (xiphoid process)2. Abdominal aorta3. Abdominal vena cava4. Renal artery5. Renal vein6. Kidney7. Adrenal gland8. Ureter (lying on pin)9. Spermatic artery (lying on pin)

10. Lumbar nerve (medial branch, extendedfor clarity)

11. Iliolumbar artery and vein12. Urinary bladder13. Seminal vesicle14. Common iliac artery15. Median sacral (caudal) artery16. Rectum (cut)17. Penis18. Psoas major and minor muscles19. Diaphragm20. Crus of diaphragm

1

19

20

67

45

610

11

8

9 9 8

18

13

1415

16

1213

17

32



140 C H A P T E R 4

Figure 4-46Abdominopelvic Cavity of the Rat, Female,Digestive Viscera Removed1. Abdominal aorta2. Abdominal vena cava3. Renal artery4. Renal vein5. Ureter (lying on pin)6. Iliolumbar artery7. Iliolumbar vein8. Rectum (cut)9. Ovary

10. Uterus11. Uterine horn12. Urinary bladder13. Abdominal fat14. Ovarian artery and vein15. Crus of diaphragm16. Kidney17. Adrenal gland

1515

1717

43

12

7

6

9

55

9

8

13

11

11

10

12

14

14

1616


5. Reference Tables Text © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2003

Reference Tables

C H A P T E R 55

Nerve-muscle connection. Light micrograph of neuromuscularsynapses.

141



142 C H A P T E R 5

Microtubules

Flagellum

Nucleus

Nuclear envelope Chromatin

Ribosomes

Cell membrane

Mitochondrion

Cilia

Microtubules

Microtubule

Golgiapparatus

Secretoryvesicle

Centrioles

Microvilli

Lysosomes

Smoothendoplasmicreticulum

Roughendoplasmicreticulum

Nucleolus

Figure 5-1Generalized Illustration of a Cell



Structure and function of some cellular components

STRUCTURE DESCRIPTION AND FUNCTION

MEMBRANOUS

Plasma membrane Composed mainly of phospholipid bilayer with globular proteins floating dynamically on, in, and through it. Separates living cell contents from nonliving environment. Maintains cellular integrity. Embeddedmolecules serve as identifying cell markers (antigens), receptor molecules for hormones and relatedsubstances, signal transducers, selective ion channels, and transporter mechanisms.

Endoplasmic reticulum Complex of membranous canals, sacs, and vesicles. Transports material within the cell; provides attachment for ribosomes; contributes to synthesis of lipids, steroids, and some carbohydrates used toform glycoproteins.

Golgi apparatus Flattened membranous sacs. Synthesizes and packages carbohydrates and glycoproteins.

Lysosomes Small membranous sacs. Contains enzymes used in intracellular digestion.

Peroxisomes Small membranous vesicles. Contains peroxidase enzymes used in breakdown of complex toxins and other organic molecules.

Mitochondria Small membranous sacs with complex internal structure and separate DNA. Contains enzymes of Krebs cycle; central to carbohydrate metabolism and synthesis of ATP.

Nucleus Nuclear contents, notably DNA, separated from cytoplasm by porous nuclear envelope.

NONMEMBRANOUS

Ribosomes Small structures composed of two parts containing protein and RNA molecules. Often associated with endoplasmic reticulum. Synthesizes proteins under instructions of messenger RNA triplet code.

Centrosome Double structure composed of two, short, rod-like centrioles. Important in distribution of chromosomes during cell division and in formation of cilia.

Microfilaments and microtubules Composed of protein complexes. Acts as cytoskeletal framework. Functions in whole-cell and local membrane movements, cellular elasticity, and formation of cellular extensions (e.g., microvilli).

Cilia and flagella Movable membranous extensions. Important in movement of fluid environment over stationary cell surface (cilia) and cell itself (flagellum of sperm cell).

Nucleolus Dense object composed of protein and RNA molecules. Essential in ribosome formation.

TABLE 5.1

R e f e r e n c e T a b l e s 143



Some membrane transport processes

PROCESS DESCRIPTION

PHYSICAL PROCESSES: DO NOT REQUIRE LOCAL EXPENDITURE OF METABOLIC ENERGY

Bulk flow Movement of substances from higher pressures toward lower pressures. Examples: movement of gases in and out of ventilatory tree during breathing, movement of blood through arteries and veins due topumping action of heart.

Diffusion Movement of ions or molecules from higher concentrations toward lower concentrations due to random molecular collisions. Examples: movement of sodium and potassium ions and glucose molecules inextracellular fluid.

Filtration Bulk flow through a semipermeable membrane. Example: movement of fluid and small molecules through kidney capillary walls due to hydrostatic pressure.

Dialysis Diffusion of solute molecules through a semipermeable membrane. Example: passage of lipid-soluble substances, such as steroid molecules, through cell membrane.

Osmosis Diffusion of water down its concentration gradient through a semipermeable membrane. Osmosis generally operates against concentration gradient of solute(s) to which the membrane is impermeable. Example:net movement of extracellular fluid into the venous ends of capillaries under influence of impermeantplasma proteins.

Facilitated diffusion Diffusion through an otherwise impermeable membrane by means of carrier molecules. Example: movement of glucose through muscle cell membranes (requires insulin to enhance action of facilitatingcarriers).

PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES: REQUIRE LOCAL EXPENDITURE OF METABOLIC ENERGY

Active transport Carrier-mediated transport of ions or molecules through a living membrane via energy-requiring shape change of carrier molecule. Energy expenditure permits transport from lower to higher concentration.Examples: movement of sodium from inside to outside of resting nerve cells; transport of potassium andcalcium from outside to inside cells, thereby causing high internal concentrations of these ions.

Phagocytosis and pinocytosis Transport of large particles or fluid into a cell via engulfing action of membrane followed by pinching off to form an intracellular vesicle. Both are processes of endocytosis. Example: trapping of bacteria by whiteblood cells.

Exocytosis Transport of substances out of a cell by fusion of internal vesicle with cell membrane and release of contents to the exterior. Examples: secretion of hormones and neurotransmitters, such as prolactin andacetylcholine.

144 C H A P T E R 5

TABLE 5.2




Formed elements of blood

CELL TYPE DESCRIPTION NORMAL NUMBER FUNCTION(WRIGHT’S STAIN) (CELLS/�L OF BLOOD)

Erythrocytes 7.5� diameter, biconcave 4–6 million Transport of respiratory gases (O2 and CO2)(Red blood cells, RBC) disk, no nucleus

Leukocytes 5,000 to 10,000/mm3 Aid in defense against infections by (White blood cells, microorganismsWBC)

Granulocytes

Neutrophil 12–15� diameter, multilobed 3,000–7,000 (65% of Phagocytosis; elevated in number during nucleus, small pink-purple total leukocytes) acute infectionsgranules

Eosinophil 10–14� diameter, bilobed 100–400 (3% of total Destroys antigen-antibody complexes, nucleus, large orange granules leukocytes) phagocytosizes parasites, involved in

allergic response

Basophil 8–12� diameter, bilobed 20–50 (1% of total leukocytes) Contains biogenic amines; releases heparin, large purple granules that may histamine, other chemicals during obscure nucleus inflammatory response

Agranulocytes

Lymphocyte 5–16� diameter, round or 1,500–3,000 (25% of Immune response by direct cellular contact nucleus, indented, single- total leukocytes) or via antibody production; elevated in lobed nucleus, variable infectious mononucleosis; suppressed by amount of cytoplasm steroid therapy

Monocyte 12–20� diameter, horseshoe- 100–700 (6% of total Macrophages; phagocytosisshaped nucleus leukocytes)

Platelets 2-4�, appear as cytoplasmic 25,000 to 500,000 Coagulationfragments

TABLE 5.3

Figure 5-2The Formed Elements of Blood.The structure of red blood cells, whiteblood cells, and platelets.

Smalllymphocyte

Neutrophil

Erythrocyte

Eosinophil

Young (band)neutrophil

Monocyte

Neutrophil

Basophil

Largelymphocyte

Neutrophil

Smalllymphocyte

Platelets

Monocyte



146 C H A P T E R 5

Terms for bone structure

TERM DEFINITION

Epiphysis Either rounded end of head of a long bone

Diaphysis The shaft of a long bone

Anatomic neck The epiphyseal growth plate

Surgical neck The narrow part of a long bone, just past the head, where fracture is most likely

Ramus A branch

Cornu A horn

Hamulus A hook

Lingula A tongue

Foramen (pl. foramina) A hole; an opening into or through a bone to permit passage of blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments

Fossa A valley; a relatively deep pit or depression

Fovea A relatively small pit or depression

Sulcus A narrow valley

Meatus A tunnel

Trochanter A large, blunt, rounded process that serves as a site for muscle attachment

Tubercle A small, blunt, rounded process that serves as a site for muscle attachment

Tuberosity A large, rounded, often rough eminence or surface that serves as a site for muscle attachment

Condyle A large, rounded process at the end of a bone, usually contributing to a joint

Epicondyle A smaller, rounded process at the end of a bone, on top of a condyle, usually contributing to a joint

Trochlea A pulley; a smooth notched surface often found at a joint

Facet A face; a smooth, nearly flat surface at a joint

Fissure A crack or cleft

Crest or crista A narrow ridge

Spine A pointed ridge

Fontanel Specifically, six spaces between the cranial bones of the fetal and infant skull prior to closure of the sutures

Second and fifth intercostal spaces Specifically refers to a place between the 2nd and 3rd rib and a place between the 5th and 6th ribs where the second and first heart sounds, respectively, can be heard especially well

TABLE 5.4



Bones of the human skeleton

PART OF THE BODY NAMES OF BONES

AXIAL SKELETON (80 BONES TOTAL)

Skull (28 bones)

Cranium (8 bones)* Frontal (1)Parietal (1 pair)Temporal (1 pair)Occipital (1)Sphenoid (1)Ethmoid (1)

Face (14 bones) Lacrimal (1 pair)Nasal (1 pair)Palatine (1 pair)Inferior nasal conchae (1 pair)Vomer (1)Maxillae (1 pair)Zygomatic (1 pair)Mandible (1)

Middle ear (6 bones) Malleus (1 pair)Incus (1 pair)Stapes (1 pair)

Hyoid bone (1)

Spinal column (26 bones total) Cervical vertebrae (7)Thoracic vertebrae (12)Lumbar vertebrae (5)Sacrum (4–5 fused into 1)Coccyx (4–5 fused into 1)

Sternum and ribs (25 bones total) Sternum (1)True ribs (7 pairs)False ribs (5 pairs)

APPENDICULAR SKELETON (126 BONES TOTAL)

Shoulder girdle and arm (64 bones total) Clavicle (1 pair)Scapula (1 pair)Humerus (1 pair)Ulna (1 pair)Radius (1 pair)Carpals (8 pairs: scaphoid, lunate, triquetum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate)Metacarpals (5 pairs)Phalanges (14 pairs)

Pelvic girdle and leg (62 bones total) Os coxae (1 pair: 2 pelvic bones each formed by fusion of ilium, ischium, and pubis)Femur (1 pair)Patella* (1 pair)Tibia (1 pair)Fibula (1 pair)Tarsals (7 pairs: Talus, calcaneus, navicular, medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, lateral

cuneiform, cuboid)Metatarsals (5 pairs)Phalanges (14 pairs)

*A variable number of rounded bones known as sesamoid bones (because of their supposed resemblance to sesame seeds) may appear in various tendons, especially thosein the wrist, knee, ankle, and foot. Only two of them, the patellae, are commonly found. Wormian bones are found in variable numbers within the suture lines of the skull. Whilemost are commonly smaller than the size of fingernails, some can be surprisingly large.

TABLE 5.5




Comparison of female and male skeletons

Differences between male and female skeletons are graded, not discrete. Female skeletons can have many masculine features, and vice versa.Nevertheless, there are trends, including those listed below. A typically masculine pelvis is called android; a typically feminine pelvis is calledgynecoid. Many intermediate types exist.

PORTION OF SKELETON FEMALE MALE

GENERAL FORM Bones lighter and thinner Bones heavier and thickerMuscle attachment sites smaller and smoother Muscle attachment sites larger and rougherJoint surfaces relatively small Joint surfaces relatively large

PELVIS

Pelvic cavity Wider in all dimensions Smaller in all dimensionsShorter and roomier DeeperPelvic outlet relatively large Pelvic outlet usually obstructed

Sacrum Short, wide, flat concavity more pronounced in Long, narrow, with smooth concavity of sacral a posterior direction; sacral promontory less curvature; sacral promontory more pronouncedpronounced

Coccyx More movable and follows posterior direction Less movableof sacral curvature

Pubic arch Greater than a 90º angle Less than a 90º angle

Ischial spine, ischial tuberosity, Oriented outward and further apart Oriented inwardand anterior super iliac spine

Greater sciatic notch Narrow Wide

TABLE 5.6

Extrinsic muscles of the eye

NAME ORIGIN INSERTION ACTION INNERVATION

Rectus superior Tendinous ring of tissue Top of eyeball Rolls eye upward Oculomotorwhich surrounds optic foramen at backof orbit

Rectus inferior Bottom of eyeball Rolls eye downward Oculomotor

Rectus lateralis Lateral side of eyeball Rolls eye laterally Abducens

Rectus medialis Medial side of eyeball Rolls eye medially Oculomotor

Obliquus superior Top of eyeball under Prevents rotation of eyeball Trochlearrectus superior, through on axis; directs gaze down trochlea and laterally

Obliquus inferior Maxilla at front of orbit Lateral side of eyeball Prevents rotation of eye on Oculomotorunder rectus lateralis axis; directs gaze up and

laterally

TABLE 5.7

148 C H A P T E R 5



Chewing muscles


Masseter Zygomatic arch and Lateral surface of Closes jaw Trigeminalmaxilla mandible

Temporalis Temporal bone Coronoid process of Closes jaw Trigeminalmandible

Pterygoid (medial Pterygoid processes Medial surface of Moves jaw from side to side; Trigeminaland lateral) of sphenoid bone mandible grates teeth for chewing

TABLE 5.9

Facial muscles


Buccinator Maxillary and mandibular Into orbicularis oris at Compresses cheek, retracts Facialalveolar processes sides of mouth corner of mouth as in playing

a brass musical instrument

Orbicularis oris Maxillae, mandible, Fibers encircle mouth, Puckering, shaping of mouth Facialnasal septum insert on fascia in speech

Orbicularis oculi Maxillae, frontal bone Fibers encircle orbit Closes eye, assists in Facialsquinting

Occipitofrontalis Occipital bone Skin around eyebrows Moves scalp, elevates Facialand above nose eyebrows

Zygomaticus major Zygomatic bone Into orbicularis oris at Retracts and elevates corners Facialcorners of mouth of mouth as in smiling

Zygomaticus minor Zygomatic bone Into orbicularis oris of Elevates upper lip, assists in Facialupper lip smiling

Levator palpebrae Lesser wing of Skin of upper eyelid Elevates upper eyelid Oculomotorsuperioris sphenoid

Corrugator Bridge of nose, Skin of eyebrows Depresses and adducts Facialsupercilii orbicularis oculi eyebrows; furrows

forehead as in frowning

TABLE 5.8




Muscles of the throat


Digastric Mastoid process of Mandible Elevates hyoid bone; Posterior portion: Facialtemporal bone depresses and retracts Anterior portion:

mandible Mandibular branch oftrigeminal

Mylohyoid Mandible Hyoid Elevates floor of mouth when Mandibular division ofmandible is fixed; depresses trigeminalmandible when hyoid is fixed

Omohyoid Superior border of Hyoid Depresses hyoid; stabilizes C1–C3 via ansa scapula and tendon hyoid when opening mouth hypoglossifrom clavicle

Sternohyoid Manubrium of sternum; Hyoid Depresses hyoid; stabilizes C1–C3 via ansacostal cartilage 1 hyoid when opening mouth hypoglossi

Sternothyroid Manubrium of sternum; Thyroid cartilage Depresses larynx; stabilizes Upper cervical nerves viacostal cartilages 1 larynx when opening mouth ansa cervicalis and ansa and 2 hypoglossi

TABLE 5.10

Muscles of the tongue


Intrinsic muscles: Within tongue Within tongue Change shape of tongue in HypoglossalLongitudinal, speaking, chewing, lickingvertical, andtransverse

Genioglossus Genu of mandible Tongue Depresses and protrudes Hypoglossaltongue

Hyoglossus Hyoid Side of tongue Depresses and retracts Hypoglossaltongue

Styloglossus Styloid process of Inferior and lateral aspect Retracts tongue Hypoglossaltemporal bone of tongue

NOTE: The three above-named muscles are extrinsic muscles of the tongue, so identified because their origins lie outside the muscular tongue itself.

TABLE 5.11

150 C H A P T E R 5



Muscles that move the head


Sternocleidomastoid Sternum and clavicle Mastoid process of Bows head, rotates head Spinal accessory, C2–C3temporal bone

Trapezius Acromial process of Occipital bone, ligamentum Extends head, rotates head Spinal accessory, C3–C4clavicle and spine of nuchae, spines of 7thscapula cervical and all thoracic

vertebrae

Obliquus capitis Spinous process of axis Transverse process of Rotates head Branch of suboccipitalinferior atlas

Splenius capitis Ligamentum nuchae, Occipital bone and Extends head, rotates head Middle and lower cervicalspines of 7th cervical mastoid process of spinal nervesand top four thoracic temporal bonevertebrae

Semispinalis See MUSCLES OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN. The capitis division of this muscle inserts on the occipital bone. When capitis the vertebrae serve as the origin and the occipital bone as the insertion, this muscle (bilaterally) extends the head or

(unilaterally) draws the head toward the contracting side.

Longissimus See MUSCLES OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN. The capitis division of this muscle inserts on the mastoid process of the capitis temporal bone. When the vertebrae serve as the origin and the occipital bone as the insertion, this muscle (bilaterally)

extends the head or (unilaterally) draws and rotates the head toward the contracting side.

TABLE 5.13

Muscles of the pharynx and palate


Constrictor Cricoid and thyroid Median raphe of pharynx Constricts lower pharynx Glossopharyngeal andpharyngis inferior cartilages during swallowing vagus

Constrictor Greater and lesser cornu Median raphe of pharynx Constricts middle pharynx Glossopharyngeal andpharyngis medius of hyoid during swallowing vagus

Constrictor Middle pterygoid plate, Median raphe of pharynx Constricts upper pharynx Glossopharyngeal andpharyngis superior mandible, floor of during swallowing vagus

mouth

Stylopharyngeus Styloid process of Sides of pharynx; thyroid Elevates and dilates pharynx Glossopharyngealtemporal bone cartilage

Palatopharyngeus Soft palate Pharynx Narrows fauces; depresses Glossopharyngeal andpalate; elevates pharynx vagus

Palatoglossus Soft palate Tongue Narrows fauces; elevates Pharyngeal plexusback of tongue

Levator veli Temporal bone and Soft palate Elevates soft palate Glossopharyngeal andpalatini cartilage of Eustachian vagus

tube

Tensor veli Sphenoid bone and Soft palate Increases tension of soft Mandibular division ofpalatini cartilage of Eustachian palate; opens Eustachian trigeminal

tube tube as in yawning

NOTE: The palatopharyngeus muscle and its mucous membrane covering form the clearly seen arch of the soft palate, from which hangs the uvula. Just anterior to this archon each side is the palatoglossus muscle which, with its mucous membrane covering, forms the more lateral and less clearly seen glossopalatine arch. Between these twoarches on each side is a fossa that houses the lymph node known as the palatine tonsil.

TABLE 5.12




Muscles that move the upper arm


Pectoralis major Clavicle, sternum, Crest and greater Flexes and adducts arm Anterior thoraciccartilages of second tubercle of humerusto sixth ribs

Latissimus dorsi Spinous processes of Intertubercular groove of Extends, adducts, rotates arm Thoracodorsallower six thoracic and humerus medially, draws shoulder all lumbar vertebrae, down and backsacral spine, iliac crest and lower four ribs

Deltoideus Clavicle and acromion Deltoid tuberosity of Abducts arm Axillaryand spine of scapula humerus

Coracobrachialis Coracoid process of Medial surface of humerus Adducts arm; assists in Musculocutaneousscapula flexion and medial rotation

Teres major Medial border of Just distal to lesser Adducts, extends, rotates Lower subscapularscapula tubercle of humerus arm medially

Teres minor Medial border of Greater tubercle of Rotates arm laterally Axillaryscapula humerus

Subscapularis Subscapular fossa of Lesser tubercle of Extends and medially rotates Subscapular C5, C6scapula humerus arm

Supraspinatus Supraspinous fossa of Greater tubercle of Initiates abduction of arm Suprascapular C5, C6scapula humerus

Infraspinatus Infraspinous fossa of Greater tubercle of Extends and laterally rotates Suprascapular C5, C6scapula humerus arm

NOTE: The rotator cuff is formed from the tendons of the last four muscles named above because together they form a cuff that binds the humerus into the shallow glenoidfossa. A rotator cuff injury involves damage to one or more of these muscles or their tendons.

NOTE: Alone, the deltoid cannot initiate the first 15º of abduction, which is a duty of the supraspinatus muscle and its innervation and which is separate from that of the deltoid.Differential assessment of peripheral nerve injury is possible by asking a patient to abduct the arm from anatomical position.

TABLE 5.15

Muscles that move the shoulder


Trapezius See MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE HEAD. If origin and insertion are reversed, this muscle causes elevation of shoulders,as in shrugging, by elevating clavicle and scapula.

Pectoralis minor Outer surface of third, Coracoid process of Depresses shoulder, rotates Long thoracicfourth, and fifth ribs scapula scapula forward and down;

can assist in elevating ribs

Serratus anterior Outer surface of upper Ventral surface of Rotates scapula forward and Spinal accessory, C3–C4eight or nine ribs vertebral border of toward thoracic wall; can

scapula assist in elevating ribs

Rhomboideus Spines of second to fifth Vertebral border of Adducts scapula, rotates Dorsal scapularmajor thoracic vertebrae scapula slightly upward

Rhomboideus Spines of seventh Vertebral border of Adducts scapula Dorsal scapularminor cervical and first scapula

thoracic vertebrae

NOTE: The triangle of auscultation is formed at the caudal medial border of the scapula by the edges of the latissimus dorsi, trapezius, and rhomboideus muscles.

TABLE 5.14

152 C H A P T E R 5




Muscles that move the lower arm


Biceps brachii Long head: Radial tuberosity Flexes and supinates arm MusculocutaneousTuberosity above and forearmglenoid cavity of scapula

Short head:Coracoid process of scapula

Brachialis Anterior surface of Tuberosity and coronoid Flexes forearm Musculocutaneous, radial, distal humerus process of ulna and median

Brachioradialis Supracondyloid ridge Proximal to styloid Flexes forearm Radialof humerus process of radius

Triceps brachii Long head: Olecranon process of ulna Extends forearm RadialInfraglenoid tuberosityof scapula

Lateral head:Posterior surface ofhumerus above radialgroove

Medial head:Posterior surface ofhumerus below radialgroove

Anconeus Lateral epicondyle of Olecranon process and Extends forearm Radialhumerus proximal one-fourth

of ulna

Pronator teres Medial epicondyle of Middle third of lateral Pronates and flexes forearm Medianhumerus, coronoid surface of radiusprocess of ulna

Pronator Distal shaft of ulna Distal shaft of radius Pronates forearm Medianquadratus

Supinator Lateral epicondyle of Proximal third of radius Supinates forearm Medianhumerus, proximal end of ulna

TABLE 5.16



154 C H A P T E R 5

Muscles that move the wrist and hand


FLEXORS

Flexor carpi Ulna; medial epicondyle Fifth metacarpal; pisiform Flexes and adducts wrist; Ulnarulnaris of humerus and hamate flexes forearm

Palmaris longus Medial epicondyle of Palmar fascia Tenses palmar fascia; flexes Medianhumerus wrist

Flexor carpi Medial epicondyle of First and second Flexes and abducts wrist Medianradialis humerus metacarpals

Flexor digitorum Ulna Distal phalanges 2–5 Flexes fingers and wrist Median and ulnarprofundus

Flexor digitorum Medial epicondyle of Middle phalanges 2–5 Flexes fingers and wrist Mediansuperficialis radius

Flexor pollicis Radius Distal phalanx of thumb Flexes thumb and wrist Medianlongus

EXTENSORS

Extensor carpi Ulna; lateral epicondyle Metacarpal 5 Extends hand; adducts little Radialulnaris of humerus finger

Extensor Lateral epicondyle of Phalanges 2–5 Extends fingers and wrist Radialdigitorum humerus

Extensor carpi Lateral epicondyle of Metacarpal 3 Extends and abducts wrist Radialradialis brevis humerus

Extensor carpi Lateral supracondylar Metacarpal 2 Extends and abducts wrist Radialradialis longus ridge of humerus

Extensor indicis Ulna Phalanx 2 Extends forefinger and wrist Radial

Abductor pollicis Posterior ulna and Metacarpal 1 Abducts and extends thumb Radiallongus radius; interosseous and wrist

membrane

Extensor pollicis Dorsal surface of ulna Base of thumb, second Extends end of thumb Radiallongus phalanx

Extensor pollicis Dorsal surface of radius Dorsal surface of thumb, Extends and abducts thumb; Posterior interosseousbrevis first phalanx abducts wrist

NOTE: These last two muscles cross the lateral surface of the wrist to form the anatomical snuff box. Extend the thumb laterally to see this structure. The radial artery passesthrough the snuff box; the pulse can be felt there.

TABLE 5.17



Muscles that move the abdominal wall


External oblique Lower eight ribs Iliac crest, linea alba Compresses abdominal Intercostals 8–12,contents iliohypogastric,

ilioinguinal

Internal oblique Iliac crest, inguinal Costal cartilages of last Compresses abdominal Same as external ligament, lumbodorsal three or four ribs contents obliquefascia

Transversus Iliac crest, inguinal Xiphoid process, linea Compresses abdominal Intercostals 7–12,abdominis ligament, lumbar alba, pubis contents iliohypogastric,

fascia, costal ilioinguinalcartilages of last six ribs

Rectus abdominis Pubic crest, symphysis Xiphoid process, costal Flexes trunk, compresses Intercostals 7–12pubis cartilages of fifth, sixth, abdominal contents

and seventh ribs

TABLE 5.19

Muscles that move the chest wall: Breathing


NOTE: These muscles are overlaid by the latissimus dorsi, trapezius, and the pectoralis, which are functionally part of the appendicular muscle division.

External intercostals Inferior border of rib Superior border of rib Draws adjacent ribs together Intercostal

Internal intercostals Inferior border of rib Superior border of rib Draws adjacent ribs together Intercostal

Transversus thoracis Lower one-third of Costal cartilage of true Depresses ribs in exhalation Intercostalsternum ribs (except first rib)

Diaphragm Xiphoid process, costal Central tendon Depresses floor of thoracic Phreniccartilages of lowest cavity in inhalation six ribs, lumbar vertebrae

Sternocleidomastoid See MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE HEAD. If head acts as origin, then this muscle acts to elevate sternum and rib cage.

Scalenes Transverse processes First two ribs Elevates ribs in inhalation C5–C8of second to seventh cervical vertebrae

Levatores costarum Transverse processes Angle of rib immediately Elevates ribs in inhalation Intercostalof seventh cervical below originand first eleven thoracic vertebrae

TABLE 5.18




Muscles of the pelvic floor: The pelvic diaphragm


Levator ani Posterior surface of Coccyx Support pelvic organs. Pudendalpubis, ischial spine Supports pregnant uterus,

participates in childbirth

Coccygeus Ischial spine Coccyx, sacrum Same as levator ani Pudendal(posteriorcontinuation of levator ani)

Sphincter ani Coccyx Central tendon of perineum Closes anal canal Pudendal and S4externus

Sphincter urethrae Pubic ramus Central tendon of perineum Constricts urethra Pudendal

Ischiocavernosus Ischial ramus Corpus cavernosum Compresses base of penis or Pudendalclitoris

Transverse Ischial ramus Central tendon of perineum Supports pelvic floor Pudendalperinei

Bulbospongiosus Perineum and bulb of Central tendon of perineum Constricts urethra and erects Pudendal(male) penis penis

Bulbospongiosus Central tendon of Base of clitoris Erects clitoris Pudendal(female) perineum

156 C H A P T E R 5

TABLE 5.20



Muscles located in the lateral hip


Tensor fasciae Anterior iliac crest Through iliotibial band to Tenses and abducts thigh Superior gluteallatae lateral tibia

TABLE 5.22

Muscles of the vertebral column: Muscles of erect posture


NOTE: Muscles of the abdominal wall function as postural muscles.

Iliopsoas Postural muscle when See MUSCLES LOCATED IN THE ANTERIOR HIPfemur acts as origin

ERECTOR SPINAE GROUPComposed of three muscle groups, each of which has subgroups. The three major groups are the laterally placed iliocostalis, the intermediatelyplaced longissimus, and the medially placed spinalis.

Iliocostalis Iliac crest and all ribs Ribs or transverse Extends trunk and neck, Dorsal rami of lumbar,Lumborum processes roughly six maintains erect posture, thoracic, and cervicalThoracis vertebrae above origin rotates trunk and neck spinal nervesCervicis

Longissimus Transverse processes of Transverse processes Extends trunk and neck, Dorsal rami of lumbar,Thoracis thoracic and lumbar roughly twelve vertebrae maintains erect posture, thoracic, and cervicalCervicis vertebrae above origin, some ribs, rotates trunk and head spinal nervesCapitis and mastoid process of

temporal bone

Spinalis Spinous processes of Spinous processes of Extends trunk Dorsal rami of lumbarThoracis upper lumbar and upper thoracic vertebrae, and thoracic spinal Cervicis lower thoracic cervical vertebrae and nervesCapitis vertebrae occipital bone

Semispinalis Transverse processes of Spinous processes roughly Extends and rotates vertebral Dorsal rami of spinalseventh cervical and six vertebrae above origin, column and head nervesthoracic vertebrae occipital bone

Multifidus Pelvic girdle, lumbar Spinous processes three Extends and rotates trunk Dorsal rami of lumbar,vertebrae, transverse vertebrae above origin thoracic, and cervicalprocesses of thoracic spinal nervesand lower cervical vertebrae

Quadratus Posterior iliac crest Twelfth rib and transverse Lateral flexion of trunk, pelvic T12, L1lumborum and lower three processes of top four extension

lumbar vertebrae lumbar vertebrae

TABLE 5.21




158 C H A P T E R 5

Muscles located in the anterior hip


Iliopsoas Transverse processes Lesser trochanter of femur Flexes and laterally rotates L1–L3Two components: of lumbar vertebrae, and iliopubic junction thigh, also flexes trunkIliacus and psoas iliac fossamajor

Rectus femoris See MUSCLES LOCATED IN ANTERIOR THIGH

TABLE 5.23

Muscles located in the posterior hip


Gluteus maximus Posterior iliac crest, Iliotibial tract and gluteal Extends and rotates thigh Inferior glutealsacrum, coccyx tuberosity of femur laterally

Gluteus medius Lateral surface of ilium Greater trochanter of femur Abducts and rotates thigh Superior glutealmedially

Gluteus minimus Lateral surface of ilium Greater trochanter of femur Abducts and rotates thigh Superior glutealmedially

Piriformis Sacrum Greater trochanter of femur Abducts and rotates thigh S1–S2laterally

TABLE 5.24

Muscles located in the anterior thigh


QUADRICEPS FEMORIS GROUP

Rectus femoris Anterior inferior iliac Tibial tuberosity via Flexes thigh and extends leg Femoralspine patellar tendon

Vastus lateralis Greater trochanter and Same as rectus femoris Extends leg Femorallinea aspera

Vastus medialis Linea aspera of femur Same as rectus femoris Extends leg Femoral

Vastus intermedius Anterior surface of Same as rectus femoris Extends leg Femoral(located immediately femurposterior to rectus femoris)

TABLE 5.25



Muscles located in the posterior thigh


HAMSTRING GROUP

Biceps femoris Long head: Lateral portion of head of Flexes leg and extends thigh Tibial and peronealIschial tuberosity fibula, lateral tibial

Short head: condyleLinea aspera of femur

Semitendinosus Ischial tuberosity Proximal medial tibia Flexes leg and extends thigh Tibial

Semimembranosus Ischial tuberosity Medial condyle of tibia Flexes leg and extends thigh Tibial

TABLE 5.27

Muscles located in the medial thigh


ADDUCTOR GROUP

Adductor brevis Inferior pubic ramus Linea aspera of femur Adducts, rotates, and flexes Obturatorthigh

Adductor longus Pubic crest and Linea aspera of femur Adducts, rotates, and flexes Obturatorsymphysis pubis thigh

Adductor magnus Ischial tuberosity, Linea aspera of femur Adducts, rotates, and flexes Obturatorischiopubic ramus thigh

Gracilis Symphysis pubis and Medial surface of tibia Flexes leg and adducts thigh Obturatorpubic arch

Pectineus Pubic spine and Pectineal line of femur Flexes and adducts thigh, Femoraliliopubic junction (distal to lesser trochanter) rotates thigh laterally

TABLE 5.26




160 C H A P T E R 5

Muscles located in the lower leg


Gastrocnemius Lateral and medial Calcaneus via Achilles Plantar flexes foot, flexes leg Tibialtibial condyles, knee tendoncapsule

Soleus Head of fibula, medial Calcaneus via Achilles Plantar flexes foot Tibialsurface of tibia tendon

Plantaris Linea aspera of femur Calcaneus via Achilles Plantar flexes foot, flexes leg Tibialtendon

Popliteus Lateral condyle of Posterior tibia Flexes and medially rotates Tibialfemur leg

Peroneus brevis Fibula Metatarsal 5 Plantar flexes foot Peroneal

Peroneus longus Fibula and lateral Cuneiform 1; Metatarsal 1 Plantar flexes foot Peronealcondyle of tibia

Flexor hallucis Shaft of fibula Distal phalanx of great toe Flexes great toe, plantar Tibiallongus flexes foot

Flexor digitorum Posterior surface of Distal phalanges of four Flexes toes, plantar flexes Tibiallongus tibia lateral toes foot

Tibialis posterior Interosseous membrane Several tarsals and Plantar flexes foot Tibialof tibia and fibula metatarsals

NOTE: The tendons of the three preceding flexor muscles pass through the ankle just posterior and inferior to the medial malleolus. From posterior to anterior, the order of thesetendons is T. posterior, F. digitorum longus, and F. hallucis longus, which has led to their being casually referred to as Tom, Dick, and Harry.

Extensor hallucis Shaft of fibula, Distal phalanx of great toe Extends great toe, dorsiflexes Deep peroneallongus interosseous foot

membrane

Extensor digitorum Lateral tibial condyle, Middle and distal phalanges Extends toes, dorsiflexes foot Deep peroneallongus anterior fibular surface of four lateral toes

Tibialis anterior Lateral condyle and First metatarsal and first Dorsiflexes foot Deep peronealbody of tibia cuneiform

Peroneus tertius Fibula and interosseous Metatarsal 5 Dorsiflexes and everts foot Deep peronealmembrane

TABLE 5.28




The cranial nerves

NUMBER AND NAME EXIT FROM SKULL FUNCTION

I. Olfactory Cribriform plate of ethmoid Sensory: Olfaction. Rhythmic sensitivity follows hormonal cycles in females.

II. Optic Optic foramen Sensory: Vision. Probable efferents may regulate retinal metabolism and structural renewal.

III. Oculomotor Orbital fissure Motor: Rectus superior, rectus inferior, rectus medius, and obliquus inferior muscles.

Sensory: Proprioception.Autonomic (parasympathetic): Muscles of iris, ciliary muscle to control lens.

IV. Trochlear Orbital fissure Motor: Obliquus superior muscle.Sensory: Proprioception.

V. Trigeminal

Ophthalmic branch Orbital fissure Sensory: Cornea, upper eyelid, scalp, skin of upper face.

Maxillary branch Foramen rotundum Sensory: Palate and upper jaw, teeth and gums, nasopharynx, skin of cheek, lower eyelid, upper lip.

Mandibular branch Foramen ovale Sensory: Lower jaw, teeth and gums, anterior two-thirds of tongue, mucous membrane of cheek, skin of lower lip, chin, and ear.

Motor: Muscles of chewing, throat, middle ear.

VI. Abducens Orbital fissure Motor: Rectus lateralis muscle.Sensory: Proprioception.

VII. Facial Stylomastoid foramen and Motor: Muscles of facial expression, throat middle ear.internal auditory meatus Sensory: Proprioception, taste (anterior two-thirds of tongue), palate.

Autonomic (parasympathetic): Tear glands, salivary glands, and secretory glands in pharynx.

VIII. Vestibulocochlear Internal auditory meatus Sensory: Hearing (cochlear branch), balance (vestibular branch).

IX. Glossopharyngeal Jugular foramen Sensory: Posterior one-third of tongue, posterior pharynx, taste (posterior one-third of tongue), proprioception.

Motor: Pharyngeal muscle.Autonomic (parasympathetic): Salivary glands, carotid sinus.

X. Vagus Jugular foramen Sensory: Inferior pharynx, larynx, internal organs.Motor: Posterior pharynx, larynx, tongue.Autonomic (parasympathetic): Thoracic and abdominal viscera.

XI. Accessory Jugular foramen Motor: Posterior pharynx, sternocleidomastoid, trapezius muscles.Sensory: Proprioception.

XII. Hypoglossal Hypoglossal canal Motor: Tongue and throat.Sensory: Proprioception.

TABLE 5.29



162 C H A P T E R 5

Spinal nerves and their branches

NERVE SPINAL COMPONENT INNERVATION

CERVICAL PLEXUS: C1, C2, C3, C4Superficial cutaneous branchesLesser occipital C2, C3 Skin of scalp above and behind earGreater auricular C2, C3 Skin in front of, above, and below earTransverse cervical C2, C3 Skin of anterior aspect of neckSupraclavicular C3, C4 Skin of upper portion of chest and shoulderDeep motor branchesAnsa cervicalis

Anterior root C1, C2 Geniohyoid, thyrohyoid, and infrahyoid muscles of neckPosterior root C3, C4 Omohyoid, sternohyoid, and sternothyroid muscles of neck

Phrenic C3–C5 DiaphragmSegmental branches C1–C5 Deep muscles of neck (levator scapulae ventralis, trapezius, scalenus, and

sternocleidomastoid)BRACHIAL PLEXUS:C5, C6, C7, C8, T1

Axillary Posterior cord Skin of shoulder; shoulder joint, deltoid and teres minor muscles(C5–C6)

Radial Posterior cord Skin of posterior lateral surface of arm, forearm, and hand; posterior muscles of (C5–C8, T1) brachium and antebrachium (triceps brachii, supinator, anconeus, brachioradialis,

extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpiulnaris)

Musculocutaneous Lateral cord Skin of lateral surface of forearm; anterior muscles of brachium (coracobrachialis,(C5–C7) biceps brachii, brachialis)

Ulnar Medial cord Skin of medial third of hand; flexor muscles of anterior forearm (flexor carpi ulnaris,(C8, T1) flexor digitorum), medial palm and intrinsic flexor muscles of hand (profundus,

third and fourth lumbricales)T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, T11, T12: No plexus in these segments; branches run directly to intercostal muscles and skin of thorax.

LUMBOSACRAL PLEXUS: L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, S1, S2, S3, S4, S5Lumbar Iliohypogastric T12–L1 Skin of lower abdomen and buttock; muscles of anterolateral abdominal wall

(external abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique, transversus abdominis)Ilioinguinal L1 Skin of upper median thigh, scrotum and root of penis in male and labia majora in

female; muscles of anterolateral abdominal wall with iliohypogastric nerveGenitofemoral L1, L2 Skin of middle anterior surface of thigh, scrotum in male and labia majora in female;

cremaster muscle in maleLateral femoral cutaneous L2, L3 Skin of anterior, lateral, and posterior aspects of thighFemoral L2–L4 Skin of anterior and medial aspect of thigh and medial aspect of lower extremity and

foot; anterior muscles of thigh (iliacus, psoas major, pectineus, rectus femoris,sartorius) and extensor muscles of leg (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastusmedialis, vastus intermedius)

Obturator L2–L4 Skin of medial aspect of thigh; adductor muscles of lower extremity (external obturator, pectineus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, gracilis)

Saphenous L2–L4 Skin of medial aspect of lower extremitySacral Superior gluteal L4, L5, S1 Abductor muscles of thigh (gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, tensor fasciae latae)

Inferior gluteal L5–S2 Extensor muscle of hip joint (gluteus maximus)Nerve to piriformis S1, S2 Abductor and rotator of thigh (piriformis)Nerve to quadratus femoris L4, L5, S1 Rotators of thigh (gemellus inferior, quadratus femoris)Nerve to obturator internus L5–S2 Rotators of thigh (gemellus superior, internal obturator)Perforating cutaneous S2, S3 Skin over lower medial surface of buttockPosterior femoral S1–S3 Skin over lower lateral surface of buttock, anal region, upper posterior surface of

cutaneous thigh, upper aspect of calf, scrotum in male and labia majora in femaleSciatic L4–S3 Composed of two nerves (tibial and common fibular); splits into two portions at

popliteal fossa; branches from sciatic in thigh region to “hamstring muscles”(biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus) and adductor magnus muscle

Tibial (sural, medial, and L4–S3 Skin of posterior surface of leg and sole of foot; muscle innervation includes lateral plantar) gastrocnemius, soleus, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, tibialis

posterior, popliteus, and intrinsic muscles of the footCommon fibular L4–S2 Skin of anterior surface of the leg and dorsum of foot; muscle innervation includes

(superficial and peroneus tertius, peroneus brevis, peroneus longus, tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis deep fibular) longus, extensor digitorum longus, extensor digitorum brevis

Pudendal S2–S4 Skin of penis and scrotum in male and skin of clitoris, labia majora, labia minora, and lower vagina in female; muscles of perineum

TABLE 5.30



Events of the cardiac cycle

PHASE ELECTRICAL EVENTS MECHANICAL EVENTS HEART SOUND

Late diastole AV valves open; semilunar valves closed. Blood entersall chambers by passive filling from venae cavae andpulmonary veins.

Atrial systole P wave: SA node depolarizes, Atria contracted in response to depolarizing signal. wave spreads throughout atria Blood engorges ventricles, adding to stretch of

P-R interval: Wave of ventricular walls.depolarization reaches SA node. Typical P-R interval (beginning of P-wave to onsetof next deviation from baseline) is <0.2 seconds

Isometric QRS complex: Depolarization Ventricles contract in response to depolarizing signal. Papillary First heart sound ventricular of SA node. Bundle of His, muscles relax, allowing AV valves to close. Typically, mitral (may be split with contraction and Purkinje fibers spread closure slightly precedes tricuspid closure. Reverberation of mitral component

depolarization through valve blood against valve cusps produces low pitched “lub” of first preceding tricuspid ring into ventricular muscle heart sound. With all valves closed, ventricular pressure rises. component).

Ventricular S-T segment: Entire ventricle Ejection begins when ventricular pressures exceed back ejection is uniformly depolarized pressures in aorta and pulmonary trunk. Semilunar valves

open, blood from this cycle enters aorta and pulmonary trunk. Maintained depolarization during S-T segment permits efficient, coordinated ventricular emptying.

Isometric T-wave Repolarization wave spreads through ventricles, permitting Second heart sound ventricular relaxation. As ventricular pressures drop below those of aorta (typically split relaxation and pulmonary trunk, semilunar valves close. Typically, aortic with pulmonary

semilunar closes slightly before pulmonary semilunar. component Reverberation of blood against closed valve cusps creates slightly following higher pitched “dub” of second heart sound. Lowered aortic component, intraventricular pressures permit papillary muscles to pull especially during AV valves open. Ventricular filling begins. inhalation).

TABLE 5.31

Figure 5-3A Graph of Changes That Occur in Left Ventricle During a Cardiac Cycle

120

100

80

60

40

20

0160

120

80

Pre

ssur

e (m

m H

g)V

olum

e (m

L)

Aorticvalveopens

A-V valvecloses

R

P

QS

T

R

P

QS

T

Ventricularsystole

Ventricular diastole Ventricularsystole

Lubb Dupp Lubb

A-V valveopens

Dupp

Aortic valvecloses

Heart sounds

Electrocardiogram

Ventricular volume

Ventricular pressureAtrial pressure

Aortic pressure

0 0.3 0.6 0.9Time (seconds)




Major blood vessels and their branches

MAJOR ARTERY MAIN BRANCHES

Ascending aorta Coronary arteries (right and left)

Aortic arch Innominate (brachiocephalic)Left subclavianLeft common carotid

Brachiocephalic innominate Right subclavianRight common carotid

Common carotid (right and left) Internal carotidExternal carotid

Subclavian (right and left) Vertebral (right and left)Axillary (continuation of subclavian)

Axillary Brachial (continuation of axillary)

Brachial RadialUlnar

Radial and ulnar Palmar arches (superficial and deep)

Cerebral arterial circle Vertebrals join in cranium to form basilar artery, which then divides to form left and right (Circle of Willis) posterior cerebral arteries. Internal carotids, upon entering cranium, become left and right

anterior cerebral arteries. A pair of posterior communicating arteries and an anteriorcommunicating artery join the cerebrals to form an arterial anastomosis, the circle of Willis.

Descending aorta Intercostal arteries and spinal branchesCeliac trunk (branches to hepatic, splenic, and right and left gastric arteries)Mesenteric (superior and inferior)Renal (right and left)Gonadal (spermatic or ovarian; right and left)Parietal branches to diaphragm, dorsal skin and skeletal muscles, and spinal cordCommon iliac (right and left)

Common iliac Internal iliac (or hypogastric; right and left)External iliac (right and left)

External iliac Femoral (right and left)

Femoral Popliteal (right and left)

Popliteal Tibial (anterior and posterior; right and left)

Tibial Plantar arches

MAJOR VEIN COMMENT

UPPER EXTREMITY (RIGHT AND LEFT)

Palmar arch (superficial and deep)

Medial cubital Connects cephalic and basilic

Median antebrachial Median antebrachial and median cubital flow into basilic

Radial and ulnar Radial and ulnar flow into brachial

Basilic and brachial Basilic and brachial flow into axillary

Cephalic Cephalic and axillary flow into subclavian

Axillary (continuation of brachial) Cephalic and axillary flow into subclavian

Subclavian (continuation of axillary) Flows into innominate (brachiocephalic)

TABLE 5.32

164 C H A P T E R 5



Major blood vessels and their branches (continued)

MAJOR VEIN COMMENT

LOWER EXTREMITY (RIGHT AND LEFT)

Plantar arch

Dorsal venous arch

Anterior tibial Anterior and posterior tibials unite to form popliteal

Posterior tibial Anterior and posterior tibials unite to form popliteal

Small saphenous Flows into popliteal

Popliteal Popliteal and peroneal unite to form femoral

Peroneal Popliteal and peroneal unite to form femoral

Femoral Femoral and great saphenous unite to form external iliac

Great saphenous Femoral and great saphenous unite to form external iliac

External iliac External and internal iliacs unite to form common iliac

Internal iliac External and internal iliacs unite to form common iliac

Common iliac Flows into inferior vena cava

ABDOMEN

Lumbar (several pairs) Flows into inferior vena cava and azygous system

Gonadal (spermatic or ovarian; right and left) Flows directly into inferior vena cava

Renal (right and left) Flows directly into inferior vena cava

Suprarenal (right and left) Flows directly into inferior vena cava

Hepatic Flows directly into inferior vena cava

Mesenteric (superior and inferior) Flows into hepatic portal system

Splenic Flows into hepatic portal system

Gastroepiploic (right and left) Flows into hepatic portal system

Hepatic portal Conveys blood to liver; hepatic vein flows from liver

THORAX

Left intercostal Flows into hemiazygos

Hemiazygos Flows into azygos

Accessory hemiazygos Flows into azygos

Right intercostal Flows into azygos

Azygos Flows into inferior vena cava

Coronary (right and left) Flows into right atrium of heart

HEAD AND NECK

Superior sagittal sinus

Inferior sagittal sinus Flows into straight sinus

Straight sinus Flows into transverse sinus

Cavernous Flows into petrosal sinus

TABLE 5.32




Major blood vessels and their branches (continued)

MAJOR VEIN COMMENT

Petrosal sinus (right and left) Flows into transverse sinuses

Transverse sinuses (right and left) Flows into sigmoid sinuses

Sigmoid sinuses (right and left) Flows into internal jugular vein

Internal jugular

External jugular

Vertebral (right and left)

Brachiocephalic innominate (right and left) Flows into superior vena cava

Superior vena cava Flows into right atrium of heart

FETAL SYSTEM

Placenta ➛ Umbilical vein ➛ Ductus venosus (bypasses liver) ➛ Inferior vena cava ➛ Right atrium of fetus ➛ Mostly through foramen ovale ➛ Left atrium ➛ Left ventricle ➛ Mostly to fetal head ➛ Return to right atrium ➛ Mostly to right ventricle ➛ Pulmonary trunk ➛ Mostlythrough ductus arteriosus ➛ Descending aorta ➛ Common iliac arteries ➛ Internal iliac arteries ➛ Umbilical arteries ➛ Placenta

TABLE 5.32

166 C H A P T E R 5



Major hormones of the pituitary gland

HORMONE CHEMICAL TARGET REGULATION MAJOR ACTIONSTRUCTURE

ANTERIOR PITUITARY (ADENOHYPOPHYSIS)

Growth Hormone Protein General GH Releasing Hormone from Enhances protein anabolism, (GH, Somatotropin) hypothalamus fat catabolism; enhances growth,

wound healing, positive nitrogenbalance

Prolactin (Prl) Protein Breast tissue Inhibited by dopamine (a In female, mimics many actions of GH prolactin-inhibiting hormone) during pregnancy; enhances breast from hypothalamus tissue anabolism for lactation

Adrenocorticotropic Polypeptide Adrenal cortex Corticotrophin releasing Promotes secretion of hormone (ACTH) hormone from hypothalamus glucocorticosteroids by adrenal cortex

Endorphins (several) Peptide Central nervous Neural activity in hypothalamus Inhibits transmission of pain impulses; system in response to stress and enhances feeling of well-beingneurons probably suckling

Thyroid stimulating Glycoprotein Thyroid gland Thyroid releasing hormone Stimulates release of thyroid hormoneshormone (TSH) (TRH) from hypothalamus

Follicle stimulating Glycoprotein Gonads Gonadotropin releasing Female: Maturation of ovarian follicle; hormone (FSH) hormone (GnRH) from estrogen secretion

hypothalamus Male: Sperm production

Luteinizing Glycoprotein Gonads Gonadotropin releasing Female: Rupture of follicle; ovulationhormone (LH) hormone (GnRH) from Male: Testosterone secretion

hypothalamus

POSTERIOR PITUITARY (NEUROHYPOPHYSIS)

Antidiuretic hormone Peptide Kidney tubules Neural activity in Increase water retention; elevation (ADH, Vasopressin) hypothalamus in response of blood pressure

to brain osmoreceptors; stress

Oxytocin Peptide Breast tissue, Neural activity in Let down of milk in lactating breast; uterus hypothalamus in response uterine smooth muscle contractions

to suckling, uterine stimulation

NOTE: The above-named list of hormones is not an exhaustive list of substances now known to be secreted by the pituitary gland. In addition, the listed hormones are knownto have several actions, many of which are also not included.

TABLE 5.33



End Matter Credits © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2003

Chapter 1Chapter Opener 1: © Ed Reschke; 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 1.10, 1.11, 1.12, 1.13, 1.14, 1.15, 1.16, 1.17, 1.18, 1.19, 1.20, 1.21, 1.22, 1.23, 1.24,1.25, 1.26, 1.27, 1.28, 1.29, 1.30, 1.31, 1.32, 1.33, 1.34, 1.35, 1.36, 1.37, 1.38, 1.39, 1.40, 1.41, 1.42, 1.43, 1.44, 1.45, 1.46, 1.47, 1.48, 1.49, 1.50, 1.51, 1.52:© Ed Reschke; 1.53: Courtesy Bruce Wingard; 1.54, 1.55, 1.56, 1.57A-B, 1.58, 1.59, 1.60, 1.61, 1.62, 1.63, 1.64, 1.65, 1.66, 1.67, 1.68A: © Ed Reschke;1.68B: © Camera M.D. Studios; 1.69, 1.70, 1.71, 1.72, 1.73A-B, 1.74, 1.75, 1.76, 1.77, 1.78, 1.79, 1.80A: © Ed Reschke; 1.80B: © Visuals Unlimited, Inc.;1.81, 1.82, 1.83, 1.84A-C, 1.85, 1.86, 1.87, 1.88, 1.91, 1.92, 1.93, 1.94, 1.95, 1.96, 1.97, 1.98, 1.99, 1.101, 1.102, 1.103, 1.104, 1.105, 1.106: © Ed Reschke

Chapter 2Chapter Opener 2: © SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 2.10, 2.11, 2.12, 2.13, 2.14, 2.15A-B, 2.16, 2.17, 2.18, 2.19A-B,2.21, 2.22, 2.23, 2.24, 2.25, 2.26, 2.27; Douglas Eder, Shari Lewis Kaminsky and John Bertram; 2.28: © Dennis Strete; 2.29, 2.30: Douglas Eder, Shari LewisKaminsky, and John Bertram; 2.31: © Dennis Strete; 2.32, 2.33, 2.34, 2.35, 2.36, 2.37, 2.38: Douglas Eder, Shari Lewis Kaminsky, and John Bertram

Chapter 3Chapter Opener 3: © SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.

Chapter 4Chapter Opener 4: © SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 4.10, 4.11, 4.12, 4.13A-B, 4.14, 4.15, 4.16, 4.17, 4.18, 4.19, 4.20,4.21, 4.22, 4.23, 4.24, 4.25A-B, 4.26A-B, 4.27, 4.28A-B, 4.29, 4.30A-B, 4.31, 4.32, 4.33A-B, 4.34, 4.35, 4.36, 4.37A-B, 4.38, 4.39, 4.40, 4.41, 4.42, 4.43,4.44, 4.45, 4.46: Douglas Eder, Shari Lewis Kaminsky, and John Bertram

Chapter 5Chapter Opener 5: Astrid & Hans-Frieder Michler/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.

C R E D I T S

169


End Matter Index © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2003

I N D E X

171

AA band, 16Abdomen

cat, 122–123, 126–127fetal pig, 134–135human, 81–83, 155major veins of, 165rat, 136, 138–140

Abdominal aortain cat, 124, 125, 126, 127in fetal pig, 134, 135in rat, 139, 140

Abdominal fascia, 83Abdominal fat

in cat, 122, 123in rat, 136, 138, 140

Abdominal musclesin cat, 107in human, 81–83, 155

Abdominal oblique. See External abdominaloblique; Internal abdominal oblique

Abdominal vena cavain cat, 124, 125, 126in fetal pig, 134, 135in rat, 139, 140

Abdominal visceracat, 122–123fetal pig, 134

Abdominopelvic cavityin cat, 126–127in fetal pig, 134, 135in rat, 138–139

Abducens nerve (VI), 76, 148, 161Abductor digiti minimi, 88, 95Abductor hallucis, 95Abductor pollicis brevis, 88Abductor pollicis longus, 88, 154Accessory hemiazygos vein, 165Accessory nerve (XI), 161Acetabular notch, 63, 64Acetabulum

in cat, 70in human, 63, 64

Achilles tendonin cat, 111, 112, 114in fetal pig, 130

Acromial spine, 69Acromiodeltoid

in cat, 104, 105, 109in fetal pig, 128, 129, 131

Acromion, 61, 62, 86Acromiotrapezius, 98, 104, 108, 109ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone), 167Active transport, 144Adductor brevis, 89, 90, 158Adductor femoris, 112, 113, 114Adductor hallucis, 95Adductor longus

in cat, 113, 114in human, 72, 89, 90, 158

Adductor magnus, 73, 89, 90, 91, 158Adductor pollicis, 88Adenohypophysis, 23, 167Adenohypophysis hormones, 167

Adipose tissue, 9Adrenal cortex, 24Adrenal gland

in cat, 124, 125, 127in fetal pig, 135in rat, 139, 140

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), 167Adventitia, 28, 29, 32, 38Agranulocyte, 145Alimentary canal, layers of, 32Allantoic artery, 125Alpha cells, 23Alveolar process of mandible, 55Alveolar process of maxilla, 55Alveoli, 31, 32Anal sphincter, external, 84Anal triangle, 84Anaphase, 3Anatomic neck, defined, 146Anatomical snuff box, 154Anconeus

in cat, 104, 105in human, 88, 153

Android skeleton, versus gynecoid, 148Angle of mandible, 47, 55Animal dissection

cat, 98–127fetal pig, 128–135rat, 136–140

Ansa cervicalis, 150Ansa hypoglossi, 150Antebrachial fascia, 102, 104Anterior arch of atlas, 59Anterior belly of digastric, 78Anterior circumflex humeral artery, 116Anterior facial vein, 98, 99Anterior nasal spine of maxilla, 46, 47, 55Anterior oblique line of radius, 62Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis), 23, 167Anterior superior iliac spine, 89, 148Anterior thoracic nerve, 152Anterior thoracic vein, 118Anterior tibial vein, 165Anterior vena cava, 119Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), 167Antrum, 42Anus, 84Aorta, 164. See also Abdominal aorta

ascending, 164in cat, 121descending, 164, 166in fetal pig, 133

Aortic arch, 119, 120, 164Aponeurosis

of external oblique, 81, 83of internal oblique, 83of transversus abdominis, 83

Appendicular skeleton, table of bones of, 147Appendix, 36Arm

bones of, 62, 147major veins of, 164musculature of, 85–88, 152–153

Arterial wall, 29

Arteries. See also specific arterieswith atherosclerosis, 28of cat abdominopelvic wall, 126–127of cat neck and thorax, 119, 120, 121cross section of, 27, 28of fetal pig neck and thorax, 133major human, 164wall of, detail, 29

Artherosclerosis, 28Articular facet for tibia, 65Articular facet, ribs, 60Ascending aorta, 164Asters, 2–3Astral rays, 2, 3Astrocyte, 18Atlas

in cat, 68, 69in human, 57, 58, 59

Atrial systole, 163Auricle, right and left, 132Ausculation, triangle of, 152Axial skeleton

of cat, 69table of bones of, 147

Axillary artery, 164in cat, 115, 116, 119, 120in fetal pig, 133

Axillary nerve, 100, 103, 121, 152Axillary vein, 115, 116, 118, 121, 164Axis

in cat, 68, 69in human, 57, 58, 59

Axon, 18, 20Axygos vein, 165

in cat, 121in fetal pig, 133

BBack musculature

in cat, 108–110in human, 79, 80

Barr body, 24Basement membrane, 4, 5, 6, 7, 39, 43Basilar membrane, 21Basilic vein, 164Basophil, 25, 145Basophilic myelocyte, 15Beta cell, 23Biceps brachii

in cat, 103, 116, 119in human, 72, 86, 87, 153

Biceps femorisin cat, 111, 112, 114in fetal pig, 128, 130in human, 73, 91, 158

Bifid spinous process, 58, 59Bile duct, 35Bipolar cell nuclei, 20Bladder. See Urinary bladderBlood. See also specific components

components of, 24–27, 145histology of, 24–27

Blood vessels. See also Arteries; Capillary; Veinsalveolar, 32



172 I N D E X

Blood vessels—Cont.bronchiole, 32fetal circulatory system, 166gallbladder, 36large intestine, 34major, table of, 164–166small intestine, 33spleen, 31

Bone. See also specific bonescancellous (spongy), 14compact, 14, 45descriptive terms for, 146developing, 15long bone structure, 66

Bone marrow, 15Bowman’s capsule, 37, 38Brachial artery, 119, 164Brachial plexus, 116, 121, 162Brachial vein, 103, 118, 121, 164Brachialis, 153


Brachiocephalic artery, 119, 120, 133, 164Brachiocephalic vein, 118, 121, 166Brachioradialis, 153

in cat, 102, 103, 104, 105in fetal pig, 129in human, 72, 86, 87, 88

Breathing muscles, table of, 155Bregma, 48, 69Bronchi, 32, 120Brush border, 34Buccinator, 149

in cat, 98, 99in human, 74, 75

Bulbospongiosus, 84, 156Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) gland, 125Bulk flow, 144Bursa, 87

CCalcaneal tendon, 73, 93, 94Calcaneal tuberosity, 111Calcaneus, 147

in cat, 67, 70in human, 66, 93, 94, 95

Canaliculus, 14Cancellous (spongy) bone, 14, 66Canine eminence of maxilla, 55Canines, cat, 68, 100, 101Capillary, 29Capitate carpal, 63Capitulum, 62Caracoid process, 61Cardiac cycle, events of, 163Cardiac muscle, 17, 71Carotid artery. See Common carotid arteryCarotid canal of temporal bone, 49, 50Carotid sulcus of sphenoid bone, 51Carpal tunnel, 88Carpals, 147

in cat, 67, 69in human, 63

Cartilagecostal, 60elastic, 11epiphyseal plate, 15

fibrocartilage, 10hyaline, 10, 11

Cat, 67–70, 98–127abdomenal musculature, 107abdominal viscera, 122–123abdominopelvic wall venation, 126–127astrocytes, 18brachial plexus, 116head and neck anatomy, 98–101hind limb musculature, 111–114neck and back musculature, 108–110neck venation, 118, 119pregnant, urogenital system of, 124shoulder musculature, 115skeleton of, 67–70thoracic cavity of, 117, 120thoracic innervation, 120, 121thoracic limb musculature, 102–105thoracic musculature, 106–107, 115thoracic venation, 118, 119, 120, 121urogenital system of, 124–125

Caudal subscapular nerve, 116, 121Caudal vein, 126Caudal ventral iliac spine, 70Caudal vertebrae (cat), 67, 69, 70Caudofemoralis, 111, 112Cavernous vein, 165Cecum, 138Celiac artery, 126, 127Celiac ganglion, 127Cell

alpha, 23basophil. See Basophilbeta, 23chief, 33delta, 23endocrine, 33eosinophil. See Eosinophilepithelial, 36, 37erythrocytes. See Erythrocyteexocrine, 23ganglion, 20goblet, 5, 33, 34granulosa, 42hepatocyte, 35illustration of general, 142interstitial, 39lymphocyte. See Lymphocytemitotic, 2–3monocyte. See Monocyteneutrophil. See Neutrophilneutrophilic stab, 15parietal, 33Purkinje, 18pyrimidal, 18serous, 37Sertoli, 39structure and function of components

of, 143umbrella, 39

Cell body, nerve cell, 18, 19Cell membrane, 2, 142

structure and function, 143transport across, 144

Central canal, spinal cord, 20Central tendon, 84Central vein, 35

Centriole, 142Centrosome, 143Cephalic vein, 164

in cat, 104, 105, 108in fetal pig, 132

Cerebellar fossa, 54Cerebellum, Purkinje cells in, 18Cerebral arterial circle, 164Cerebral fossa, 54Cervical nerves, 100, 151, 157Cervical plexus, 162Cervical vertebrae, 147


Chest musculature, 81–82, 155Chewing muscles, 73–75, 149Chief cell, 33Chondrocyte, 10, 11, 15Chromatin, 2, 142Chromosomes, 2–3Cilia, 5, 6, 142, 143Ciliated columnar epithelium, 5, 6, 40Circle of Willis, 164Clavicle, 61, 78, 86, 147Clavicular notch, 60, 61Clavobrachialis

in cat, 98, 99, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106,107, 108

in fetal pig, 128, 129, 131Clavotrapezius

in cat, 98, 99, 108, 109in fetal pig, 128, 129, 131

Cleavage furrow, telophase cell, 3Cleft, pituitary gland, 23Cleidomastoid, 98, 99, 100Coccygeus, 84, 156Coccyx, 57, 84, 90, 147, 148Colic artery, 135Collagen fiber, 8, 9, 10Colon, 34, 122, 123Columnar epithelium, 5, 6, 40, 41, 43Common branch of internal iliac artery, 124Common carotid artery, 164

in cat, 101, 118, 119, 120, 121in fetal pig, 132, 133in rat, 137

Common iliac artery, 139, 164, 166Common iliac vein, 126, 165Common peroneal division of sciatic

nerve, 112Compact bone, 14, 45, 66Condylar fossa and canal of occipital

bone, 50, 54Condylar process of mandible, 47, 55, 68Condyle, definition of, 146Cones, 20Connective tissue, 8–9

cancellous (spongy) bone, 14compact bone, 14dense irregular, 9dense regular, 9elastic, 8elastic cartilage, 11fibrocartilage, 10hyaline cartilage, 10, 11loose (areolar), 8reticular, 8



I N D E X 173

Conoid tubercle, 61Convoluted tubules, 38Coracobrachialis


Coracoid process of scapula, 62, 86Core, nerve, 20Core of villus, 34Cornified layers, skin, 12Cornu, definition of, 146Corona radiata, 41, 42Coronal suture


Coronary vein, 165Coronoid fossa, 62Coronoid process of mandible


Coronoid process of ulna, 62Corpora cavernosa, 41Corpus spongiosum, 39, 41Corpuscle

Hassall’s, 30Meissner’s, 12Pacinian, 13

Corrugator supercilii, 74, 149Cortex

lymph node, 29thymus, 30

Corti, Organ of, 21Costal artery, 133Costal cartilage, 60Costal facet, 58Costal groove, 60Costal vein, 133Cranial nerve, 161Cranial ventral iliac spine, 70Cranium, 147. See also Head; Skull

cat, 67floor of human, 49

Cremaster muscle ligament, 125Cremasteric fascia, 138Crest, definition of, 146Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone, 49, 56Crista, definition of, 146Crista galli of ethmoid bone, 49, 56Crus of diaphragm

in cat, 127in rat, 137, 139, 140

Cuboid tarsal, 66, 147Cuboidal epithelium, 1, 4, 5, 38, 42Cuneiform, 66Cutaneous branch of facial nerve, 100Cutaneous branch of ulnar nerve, 103Cytokinesis, 3

DDeep femoral artery, 126, 127Deep femoral vein, 126, 127Deep palmar arch vein, 164Deep peroneal nerve, 159Deep transverse perineus, 84Delta cell, 23Deltoid, 72, 73, 79, 86Deltoid tuberosity, 62, 69Deltoideus, 152

Dendrite, 18Dens, 58Dense irregular connective tissue, 9Dense regular connective tissue, 9Depressor anguli oris, 74Depressor labii inferioris, 74Dermis, 12Descending aorta, 164, 166Descending colon, 122, 123Dialysis, 144Diaphragm, 155

in cat, 117, 119, 120, 121in fetal pig, 132, 133, 134, 135in rat, 137, 139

Diaphysisdefinition of, 146in rat, 62, 64, 66

Diastole, late, 163Diffusion, 144Digastric, 150

in cat, 98, 99, 100in human, 77, 78

Disk, intervertebral, 57Dissections

cat, 98–127fetal pig, 128–135rat, 136–140

Distal convoluted tubules with cuboidalepithelium, 38

Distal extensor retinaculum, 112Dorsal branch of facial (VII)

nerve, 99, 100Dorsal buccal branch of facial (VII)

nerve, 98Dorsal horn, spinal cord, 20Dorsal interosseous, 88, 95Dorsal rami of thoracic

nerves, 116, 133Dorsal ramus of spinal nerve, 110Dorsal root ganglion, 19Dorsal scapular nerve, 152Dorsal venous arch vein, 165Ductus arteriosus, 133, 166Ductus deferens, 40Ductus venosus, 133, 134, 135, 166Duodenum (small intestine)

in cat, 122in rat, 138

EEar, bones of, 147Elastic cartilage, 11Elastic connective tissue, 8Elastic fiber, 8, 11Encapsulated nerve ending, 13Endocrine cell, 33Endometrium, 43Endoplasmic reticulum, 142, 143Endorphin, 167Endothelial lining, uterine, 43Endothelium, 29Eosinophil, 25, 145Eosinophilic myelocyte, 15Epicondyle, defined, 146Epidermis, 12Epididymis, 40

in cat, 125

in fetal pig, 134in rat, 138

Epiglottis, 101, 121Epiphyseal plate cartilage, 15Epiphysis, defined, 146Epithelium

ciliated columnar, 5, 6, 40columnar, 5, 6, 40, 41, 43pigmented retinal, 20pseudostratified ciliated

columnar, 5, 6pseudostratified columnar, 40simple columnar, 5simple cuboidal, 1, 4, 5simple squamous, 4stratified squamous, 6, 7transitional, 7

Epitrochlearis, 102, 106, 107Erector spinae, 73, 79, 80, 157Erythroblast, 14Erythrocyte, 27, 145Esophagus

in cat, 101, 119, 120, 121in fetal pig, 133in human, 77structure of, 32

Ethmoid bone, 49, 56, 147Ethmoidal crest of maxilla bone, 55Ethmoidal crest of palatine bone, 54Ethmoidal labyrinth of ethmoid bone, 56Ethmoidal notch of frontal bone, 51, 52Eustachian tube, 121Exocrine cells, pancreatic, 23Exocytosis, 144Extensor carpi digitorum lateralis, 104Extensor carpi radialis

in cat, 103, 105in fetal pig, 129

Extensor carpi radialis brevis, 88, 154Extensor carpi radialis longus, 154

in cat, 104in human, 88

Extensor carpi ulnaris, 154in cat, 103, 104, 105in fetal pig, 129in human, 88

Extensor digiti minimi, 88Extensor digiti minimi tendon, 105Extensor digitorum, 73, 88, 154Extensor digitorum brevis, 92Extensor digitorum communis


Extensor digitorum lateralis, 105Extensor digitorum longus

in cat, 112in human, 72, 92, 159

Extensor digitorum tendon, 105Extensor hallucis brevis, 92Extensor hallucis longus, 92, 159Extensor indicis, 88, 154Extensor indicis proprius, 105Extensor indicis tendon, 105Extensor pollicis brevis, 154


Extensor pollicis longus, 88, 154



174 I N D E X

Extensor retinaculumin cat, 104, 105in human, 88, 92

External abdominal oblique. See Externaloblique

External anal sphincter, 84, 156External auditory meatus, 47, 53, 68External iliac artery, 164


External iliac vein, 124, 127, 165External inguinal ring, 125External intercostals, 82, 110, 155External jugular vein, 166

in cat, 98, 99, 100, 101, 115, 116, 118, 121in fetal pig, 129, 131, 132

External oblique, 155in cat, 106, 107, 110, 113in fetal pig, 128, 130in human, 72, 73, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83in rat, 136

External obturator, 90External occipital crest, 50External occipital protruberance of occipital

bone, 50, 68External urethral sphincter, 84Extrinsic muscles of the tongue, 150Eye

extrinsic muscles of, 148innervation of, 76muscles of, 75–76

FFace

bones of, 46–47, 147musculature of, 74, 149

Facet, defined, 146Facet for lateral condyle of femur, 65Facet for medial condyle of femur, 65Facial nerve (VII), 98, 99, 100, 149, 150, 161Facial vein, 98, 99Facilitated diffusion, 144Fallopian (uterine) tube, 43False ribs, 60, 147Fauces, Isthmus of, 101Female cat, urogenital system of, 124Female fetal pig, abdominopelvic cavity of, 135Female, human

fallopian tube, 43male versus female skeleton, 148oocyte in primordial follicle, 42ovary with follicles, 41pelvic floor musculature, 84secondary ovarian follicle with ovum, 42uterus, 43

Female rat, abdominopelvic cavity of, 140Femoral artery, 113, 114, 126, 164Femoral nerve, 113, 114, 127, 158Femoral triangle, 124, 125Femoral vein, 113, 114, 126, 165Femur

in cat, 67, 69, 70in human, 64, 147

Fetal circulatory system, 166Fetal pig

abdominopelvic cavity, 134–135deep anatomy, 132female anatomy, 135

male anatomy, 134neck and thorax venation, 133superficial muscles, 128–131thoracic and abdominal viscera, 134

Fetus, pregnant cat, 124Fibers

elastic, 8reticular, 8

Fibroblast, 8Fibrocartilage, 10Fibrocollagenous bundle, 41Fibula, 147


Fibular articular facet, 65Filtration, 144First dorsal interosseous, 88Fissure, defined, 146Flagella, 142, 143Flexor carpi radialis, 154

in cat, 102, 103in human, 72, 87

Flexor carpi ulnaris, 154in cat, 102, 103, 104in human, 73, 87, 88

Flexor digiti minimi brevis, 88, 95Flexor digitorum brevis, 95Flexor digitorum longus, 159


Flexor digitorum longus tendon, 95Flexor digitorum profundus, 154


Flexor digitorum superficialis, 87, 154Flexor hallucis brevis, 95Flexor hallucis longus, 159

in cat, 111, 112, 114in fetal pig, 130in human, 93, 94

Flexor hallucis longus tendon, 95Flexor pollicis brevis, 88Flexor pollicis longus, 87, 154Flexor retinaculum


Floating ribs, 60Follicle

hair, 13lymph node, 29primordial, 41secondary ovarian, 42

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), 167Fontanel, 146Foot

musculature of, 95, 160skeletal anatomy of, 66, 147

Foramen, defined, 146Foramen lacerum, 49, 50Foramen magnum of occipital bone, 47, 49,

50, 54Foramen ovale of sphenoid, 49, 50, 51, 52Foramen rotundum of sphenoid, 51, 52Foramen spinosum of sphenoid, 49, 50, 51, 52Foramina. See also specific foramina

pelvic bones, 63, 64skull, 46, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52spinal, 58, 59

Forearmbones of, 62musculature of, 87–88, 153–154

Fossa. See also specific fossadefined, 146

Fovea, defined, 146Frontal bone, 147

in cat, 68, 69in human, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52

Frontal border of parietal bone, 53Frontal crest of frontal bone, 51Frontal process of maxilla, 55Frontal process of zygomatic bone


Frontal sinus, 49Frontalis, 72, 74Frontozygomatic suture, 47FSH (follicle stimulating hormone), 167Fungiform papilla, 21

GGalea aponeurotica, 74Gallbladder, 36Ganglion cell, 20Gastric pit, 33Gastrocnemius, 159

in cat, 111, 112, 113, 114in fetal pig, 130in human, 72, 73, 92, 93, 94

Gastroepiploic vein, 124, 165Gemellus inferior, 90Gemellus superior, 90Genioglossus, 77, 150Geniohyoid, 77Genitofemoral nerve, 127GH (Growth hormone), 167Glands

parathyroid, 22paraurethral, 39parotid. See Parotid glandpituitary, 23, 167salivary. See Salivary glandthyroid. See Thyroid gland

Glandular ducts, uterine, 43Glenoid cavity, 61Glomerular capsule, 37, 38Glomeruli, 37, 38Glossphyaryngeal nerve (IX), 151, 161Glucagon, 23Gluteal nerve, 157, 158Gluteal tuberosity, 64Gluteus maximus, 158

in cat, 111, 112in fetal pig, 128, 130in human, 73, 79, 84, 91

Gluteus medius, 158in cat, 111, 112in fetal pig, 128, 130in human, 73, 79, 91

Gluteus minimus, 90, 158Goblet cell, 5, 33, 34Golgi apparatus, 142, 143Gonadal vein, 165Gracilis, 158

in cat, 113, 114in human, 72, 73, 89, 90, 91

Granulocyte, 145



I N D E X 175

Granulosa cell, 42Great saphenous vein, 165Greater omentum, 122Greater palatine canal of maxilla, 55Greater palatine foramen, 50Greater saphenous vein, 113Greater sciatic notch, 64Greater trochanter, 64, 70Greater tubercle, 62, 85Greater wing of sphenoid bone, 49, 51Groove for flexor hallicus longus tendon, 65Groove for peroneus brevis tendon, 65Groove for signmoid sinus of occipital bone, 54Groove for signmoid sinus of temporal bone, 53Groove for superior sagittal sinus of occipital

bone, 54Groove for tibialis posterior tendon, 65Grooves for frontal branch of middle meningeal

vessels, 53Grooves for parietal branch of middle

meningeal vessels, 53Grooves for tranverse and sigmoud sinuses, 49Growth Hormone (GH), 167Gynecoid skeleton, versus android, 148

HH zone, 16Hair follicle, 13Hair papilla, 13Hair root, 13Hamate carpal, 63Hamstring group, 91, 159Hamulus, definition of, 146Hand

musculature of, 87–88, 154skeletal anatomy of, 63

Hard palate, 101Hassall’s corpuscle, 30Haversian system, 14Head. See also Face; Skull

cat muscles and structures, 98–101cat skull bones, 68human musculature, 74–77, 151human skull bones, 46–56major veins of, 165–166

Heartcardiac cycle events, 163cardiac muscle, 17, 71in cat, 117, 118, 119, 121in fetal pig, 132, 133, 134, 135in rat, 137

Hemiazygos vein, 165Hemorrhoidal artery, 135Hepatic portal vein, 124, 165Hepatic vein, 165Hepatocyte, 35Highest nuchal line of occipital bone, 50Hilum

lung of fetal pig, 133lymph node, 29

Hind limbbones of cat, 70cat musculature, 111–114fetal pig musculature, 130

Hip musculature, 89–91, 158Histology

adipose tissue, 9adrenal cortex, 23

alveoli, 31–32appendix, 36blood cell, 24–27blood vessel, 27–29bone, 14–15bronchiole, 32dense irregular connective tissue, 9dense regular connective tissue, 9distal convoluted tubules, 38ductus deferens, 40elastic cartilage, 11elastic connective tissue, 8epididymis, 40esophogus, 32fallopian tube, 43fibrocartilage, 10gallbladder, 36glomerulus, 37, 38hyaline cartilage, 10, 11large intestine, 34liver, 35loose connective tissue, 8lymph node, 29lymphatic vessel, 30mitotic cell, 2–3muscle, 16–17nerve, 17–20oocyte in primordial follicle, 42Organ of Corti, 21ovary, 41palatine tonsil, 31pancreas, 23parathyroid gland, 22parotid salivary gland, 37penis, 41pituitary gland, 23prostate gland, 41pseudostratified ciliated columnar

epithelium, 5, 6reticular connective tissue, 8retina, 20seconary ovarian follicle, 42seminiferous tubules, 39simple columnar epithelium, 5simple cuboidal epithelium, 4, 5simple squamous epithelium, 4skin, 12–13small intestine, 33–34spermatozoa, 40spinal cord, 20spleen, 31stomach, 33stratified squamous epithelium, 6, 7sublingual salivary gland, 36submandibular salivary gland, 37taste bud, 21thymus, 30thyroid gland, 22transitional epithelium, 7ureter, 38urethra, 39urinary bladder, 39uterus, 43

Horizontal plate of palatine bone, 54Hormones, pituitary gland, 167Human musculature. See Musculature, humanHuman skeleton. See Skeleton, human

Humerus, 147in cat, 67, 69in human, 62, 85, 86

Hyaline cartilage, 10, 11Hyoid bone, 77, 78, 147Hypogastric artery. See Internal iliac arteryHypogastric vein. See Internal iliac veinHypoglossal canal of occipital bone, 50Hypoglossal nerve (XII), 150, 161Hypoglossus, 77, 78, 150

II band, 16Ileum

in cat, 122in rat, 138villi of, 33, 34

Iliac artery. See Common iliac arteryIliac crest, 63, 64, 89, 90Iliac fossa, 63, 64Iliac spine, 63, 64Iliocostalis, 157


Iliocostalis cervicus, 157Iliocostalis lumbroum, 157Iliocostalis thoracis, 157Iliohypogastric nerve, 155Ilioinguinal nerve, 155Iliolumbar artery

in cat, 124, 126, 127in rat, 139, 140

Iliolumbar veinin cat, 124, 126in rat, 139, 140

Iliopsoas, 157, 158in cat, 113in human, 89, 90

Iliopubic eminence, 64Iliotibial band, 73, 89, 91Iliotibial tract, 111Ilium, 69, 70, 147Incisive bone, 68Incisive canal of maxilla, 50Incisive fossa of maxilla, 55Incus, 147Inferior angle of scapula, 106Inferior belly of omohyoid, 78Inferior constrictor, 151Inferior epigastric artery, 136Inferior gluteal nerve, 158Inferior longitudinal muscle of tongue, 77Inferior mesenteric artery, 126, 127Inferior nasal concha, 46, 147Inferior nuchal line of occipital bone, 50Inferior oblique, 75, 76, 148Inferior orbital fissure, 46, 50Inferior pharyngeal constrictor, 74, 77, 78Inferior pubic ramus, 63, 64Inferior rectus, 75, 76Inferior sagittal sinus vein, 165Inferior vena cava, 166


Infrahyoid group, 78Infraorbital foramen of maxilla




176 I N D E X

Infraspinatus, 152in cat, 109in human, 73, 79, 85, 86

Infraspinous fossa, 61, 69Innervation, skeletal muscle, 17Insulin, 23Intercalated disk, 17Intercondylar fossa, 64Intercostal. See External intercostals; Internal

intercostalsIntercostal artery, 137Intercostal nerve, 155Intercostal space, 146Intercostal vein, 137, 165Intermediate cuneiform tarsal, 66, 147Intermediate investing fascia, 83Intermediate tendon of digastric, 77Internal abdominal oblique. See Internal

obliqueInternal acoustic meatus of temporal bone,

49, 53Internal iliac artery, 166


Internal iliac vein, 126Internal intercostals


Internal jugular vein, 166in cat, 115, 118, 121in fetal pig, 132

Internal mammary artery, 120Internal mammary vein, 132, 137Internal oblique, 155

in cat, 107in fetal pig, 128, 130in human, 72, 73, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83in rat, 136

Internal occipital crest, 54Internal occipital protruberance, 54Internal spermatic artery, 125Interosseous border, 62, 65Interphase, 2Interstitial cell, 39Intertrochanteric line, 64Intertrochanteric crest, 64Intertubercular sulcus, 62Intervertebral disk, 57Intervertebral foramen, 57Intestine. See Large intestine; Small

intestineIntraorbital margin of maxilla, 55Intrinsic muscles, human tongue, 150Ischial spine, 63, 64, 148Ischial tuberosity

in cat, 70in human, 63, 64, 90male versus female, 148

Ischiocavernosus, 84, 156Ischium


Islet of Langerhans, 23Isometric ventricular contraction, 163Isometric ventricular relaxation, 163Isthmus of Fauces, 101

JJaw

bones of, 47, 55musculature of, 77, 149

Jejuneumin cat, 122in rat, 138

Jugular foramen and jugular fossa of temporalbone, 49

Jugular fossa of temporal bone, 50Jugular notch, 54, 60, 61Jugular tubercle, 54Jugular vein. See External jugular vein; Internal

jugular vein; Transverse jugular vein

KKeratinzed cell, 7Kidney

in cat, 122, 124, 125, 126, 127in fetal pig, 133, 134, 135in rat, 136, 138, 139, 140

LLacrimal bone, 147


Lacrimal canal, 46Lacrimal groove, 47, 55Lacunae, 10, 11, 14Lambda suture, 48Lambdoidal margin, 54Lambdoidal suture, 47Lamella, 14Lamina propria, 29, 36, 38Lamina, vertebral, 58Large intestine

in cat, 122cross section of, 34in rat, 138

Larynxin cat, 99, 101, 121in fetal pig, 131, 132in human, 77in rat, 137

Late diastole, 163Lateral condyle, 64, 65, 70Lateral cuneiform tarsal, 66, 147Lateral epicondyle

in cat, 69in human, 62, 64, 87

Lateral hip muscles, 157Lateral malleolus


Lateral pterygoid, 75, 149Lateral pterygoid plate, 51, 52, 75Lateral pterygoid process, 50Lateral rectus, 75, 76Lateral sacral crest, 59Latissimus dorsi, 152

in cat, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108,109, 110, 115, 116, 118

in fetal pig, 128, 129in human, 73, 79, 81, 85

Left auriclein cat, 121

in fetal pig, 132, 133Left axillary artery, 120Left brachiocephalic artery, 133Left common carotid artery, 120Left intercostal vein, 165Left subclavian artery, 119, 120Left suprarenal artery, 127Left suprarenal vein, 127Left temporal bone, 53Leg

bones of cat, 70bones of human, 64–66, 147major veins of, 165musculature of cat, 102–105, 111–114musculature of fetal pig, 129–130musculature of human, 89–94, 158–160

Lesser palatine foramina of palatine bone, 50Lesser sciatic notch, 64Lesser trochanter, 64Lesser tubercle, 62Lesser wing of sphenoid bone, 49, 51Leukocytes, 24–26, 145Levator anguli oris, 74Levator ani, 84, 156Levator labii superioris, 74Levator palpebrae superioris, 76, 149Levator scapulae, 73, 74, 78, 79Levator scapulae ventralis, 104Levator veli palatini, 151Levatores costarum, 155Leydig cell, 39LH (Luteinizing hormone), 167Ligament

nuchal, 108, 109patellar, 89, 92

Linea albain cat, 106, 107in human, 81, 83

Linea aspera, 64Lingual tonsils, 101Lingula, definition of, 146Lingula of mandible, 55Liver

in cat, 122, 124, 125in fetal pig, 134histology of, 35lobes of, 122in rat, 136, 138

Lobules, 35Long bone structure, 66Long thoracic nerve, 115, 152Long thoracic vein, 118Longissimus, 80, 109, 110Longissimus capitis, 80, 151, 157Longissimus cervicis, 157Longissimus thoracis, 157Loose (areolar) connective tissue, 8Lower canine tooth, 100Lower extremeties

major veins of, 165musculature of, 89–95, 158–160skeletal anatomy, 64–66, 147

Lower leg muscles, 159Lower premolar tooth, 100Lower subscapular nerve, 152Lumbar nerve, 125, 139, 157, 162



I N D E X 177

Lumbar vein, 165Lumbar vertebrae

in cat, 67, 70in human, 57, 58, 147

Lumbodorsal fasciain cat, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112in fetal pig, 130

Lumbosacral plexus, 162Lumbricals, 88, 95Lumen

appendix, 36arterial, 28bladder, 39esophogeal, 32large intestine, 34salivary duct, 37urethral, 38, 39

Lunate carpal, 63Lung

in cat, 117, 118, 119in fetal pig, 132, 133, 134, 135in rat, 137

Luteinizing hormone (LH), 167Lymph channel, 34Lymph node

in cat, 98, 99, 100, 101, 118, 121in fetal pig, 129, 131in human, 29

Lymphatic vessel, 30, 123Lymphocyte, 26, 145Lymphoid follicle, 36Lysosome, 142, 143

MMacrophage, 4, 32Malar bone. See Zygomatic boneMale cat, urogenital system, 125Male fetal pig, abdominopelvic cavity of, 134Male, human

ductus deferens, 40epididymis, 40female versus male skeleton, 148pelvic floor musculature, 84penis, 41prostate gland, 41seminiferous tubules, 39spermatozoa, 40urethra, 39

Male rat, abdominopelvic cavity of, 138–139Malleolar fossa, 65Malleus, 147Mammary artery, 120Mammary vein, 132, 137Mandible

in cat, 67, 68, 99, 100in human, 46, 47, 55, 147

Mandibular alveolus, 46, 47Mandibular foramen, 55Mandibular fossa, 50, 53Mandibular notch, 47Manubriosternal joint, 61Manubrium, 60, 61Marrow cavity, 66Masseter

in cat, 98, 99, 100in fetal pig, 129, 131

in human, 72, 74, 75, 149Mastication, muscles of, 73–75, 149Mastoid margin, 54Mastoid process, 47, 50, 53, 68, 77Maxillae

in cat, 67, 68in human, 47, 50, 55, 147

Maxillary alveolus, 46, 47Maxillary border of zygomatic bone, 52Maxillary hiatus and sinus of maxilla, 55Maxillary process of palatine bone, 54Meatus, 146Medial condyle, 64, 65, 70Medial cubital vein, 164Medial cuneiform tarsal, 66, 147Medial epicondyle, 62, 64, 69, 87Medial malleolus, 65, 70Medial pterygoid, 75, 149Medial pterygoid plate, 75Medial pterygoid process, 50, 51, 52Medial rectus, 75, 76Medial thigh muscles, 158Medial tubercle of talus, 66Median antebrachial vein, 164Median cubital vein, 118Median nerve

in cat, 100, 103, 105, 116, 118, 119, 121in human, 153, 154

Median sacral arteryin cat, 126in fetal pig, 135in rat, 139

Median sacral crest, 59Mediastinal membrane, 134, 135Medulla

lymph node, 29thymus, 30

Medullary (marrow) cavity, 66Meissner’s corpuscle in dermis, 12Membrane transport processes, 144Mental foramen of mandible


Mental protuberance of mandible, 55Mentum nuchae, 57Mesentary, 123Mesenteric artery, 123, 127Mesenteric ganglion, 127Mesenteric vein, 123, 165Metacarpals

in cat, 67, 69in human, 63, 147

Metalis, 74Metaphase, 2Metatarsals

in cat, 67, 70in human, 66, 147

Microfilament, 143Microtubule, 142, 143Microvilli, 142Middle caudal femoral artery/vein, 114Middle ear, bones of, 147Middle nasal concha of ethmoid, 56Middle pharyngeal constrictor, 77, 151Mitochondria, 142, 143Mitosis, phases of, 2–3

Molars, cat, 68Monocyte, 26, 145Monofid spinous process, 58Motor endplate, 17Motor neuron, 17, 19Mucosa

esophogeal, 32large intestine, 34stomach, 33

Mucosal folds, gallbladder, 36Mucous cells, salivary gland, 37Multifidus

in cat, 109, 110in human, 80, 157

Muscle. See also Musculature, dissectionspecimen; Musculature, human

cardiac, 17, 71innervation of skeletal, 17, 141smooth, 17striated (skeletal), 16, 97

Muscle fibers, 16Muscularis

esophogeal, 32gallbladder, 36large intestine, 34

Musculature, dissection specimencat, 98–100, 102–115fetal pig, 128–131

Musculature, human, 71–95, 149–160anterior view of superficial, 72back, 79, 80, 157chest and abdomen, 81–83, 155eye, 75–76face, 74, 149head and neck, 74–78, 79, 80, 151hips, 91, 157–158lower extremeties, 89–95, 158–160mastication, 74–75, 149pelvis, 84, 156pharynx and palate, 151posterior view of superficial, 73shoulder, 85, 86, 152thigh, 89, 90, 91, 158–159thoracic and abdominal muscles, 81–83, 155throat, 78, 150tongue, 77, 150upper extremeties, 85–88, 152–154vertebral column, 79–80, 157

Musculocutaneous nerve, 100, 103, 116, 119,121, 152, 153

Myelin sheath, 20Myelinated nerve fiber, 20Myeloblast, 15Mylohyoid

in cat, 99, 100in fetal pig, 131in human, 77, 78, 150

Myoneural junction, 17

NNasal bone

in cat, 68in human, 46, 47, 147

Nasal concha, 56Nasal crest, 55Nasal spine, 55



178 I N D E X

Nasalis, 74Navicular tarsal, 66, 147Navicular tuberosity, 66Neck

cat musculature, 98–101, 108–110cat venation, 118, 119, 121fetal pig musculature, 129, 131, 132fetal pig venation, 133human musculature, 78, 79, 80, 150, 151major veins of human, 165–166rat anatomy, 137

Neck of mandible, 55Nerve ending, 13Nerve fiber, 19, 20Nerves. See also specific nerves

of cat abdominopelvic wall, 127of cat neck and thorax, 118, 119, 120cranial, 101eye, 76, 148innervation of skeletal muscle, 17, 141spinal, 162

Neurilemma, 20Neuroglia, 18, 19Neurohypophysis, 23Neurohypophysis hormones, 167Neuron

dorsal root ganglion, 19motor of the spinal cord, 19

Neuronal processes, 19Neurons

Purkinje cells, 18Pyramidal cells, 18

Neutrophil, 15, 24, 145Neutrophilic stab cell, 15Node of Ranvier, 19Nuchal crest, 68Nuchal ligament, 108, 109Nuchal line of occipital bone, 50Nuclear envelope, 2, 142Nucleolus, 142, 143Nucleus, 16, 142, 143

OOblique. See External oblique; Internal oblique;

Superior obliqueObliquus capitis inferior, 151Obturator foramen, 63, 64Obturator internus, 90Obturator nerve, 113, 158Occipital bone

in cat, 68in human, 47, 48, 49, 50, 54, 147

Occipital border of parietal bone, 53Occipital condyle


Occipitalis, 73, 74Occipitofrontalis, 149Occipitoscapularis. See Rhomboideus capitisOccipitotemporal suture, 50Oculomotor nerve (III), 76, 148, 149, 161Olecranon, 88Olecranon fossa, 62Olecranon of ulna, 62Olecranon process


Olfactory nerve (I), 161Omohyoid

in cat, 100in human, 74, 78, 150

Oocyte, 42Opponens digiti minimi, 88Opponens pollicis, 88Optic canal, 46, 49, 51, 52, 75Optic nerve (II), 76, 161Orbicularis oculi, 72, 74, 149Orbicularis oris, 72, 74, 75, 149Orbit, 67, 68Orbital border of zygomatic bone, 52Orbital part of frontal bone, 51, 52Orbital plate of ethmoid bone, 56Orbital plate of frontal bone, 49Orbital process of palatine bone, 54Orbital surface of maxilla, 55Orbital surface of sphenoid, 52Organ of Corti, 21Os coxae, 147Osmosis, 144Osteoblast, 14Osteocyte, 14Osteon, 14Osteonic canal, 14Ovarian artery

in cat, 124in fetal pig, 135in rat, 140

Ovarian veinin cat, 124in human, 165in rat, 140

Ovaryin cat, 124cross section of, 41in fetal pig, 135in rat, 140

Ovum, 41, 42Oxytocin, 167

PPacinian corpuscle, 13Palantine tonsil, 31Palate

in cat, 101, 121musculature of human, 151

Palatine bone, 50, 54, 147Palatine process, 50, 55Palatine tonsil, 31, 101Palatoglossus, 77, 151Palatopharyngeus, 151Palmar arch vein, 164Palmar interosseous, 88Palmaris longus

in cat, 102, 103in human, 87, 154

Pancreasin cat, 122, 124, 125cross section of, 23in rat, 138

Parathyroid gland, 22Paraurethral gland, 39Parietal bone

in cat, 68, 69in human, 46, 47, 48, 49, 53, 147

Parietal cell, 33Parietal notch, 53Parotid duct, 98, 100Parotid gland

in cat, 98, 118in fetal pig, 129in human, 37

Patellain cat, 70in human, 65, 89, 92, 147

Patellar ligament, 89, 92Patellar surface, 64Pectineus

in cat, 113, 114in human, 89, 90, 158

Pectoantebrachialis, 99, 102, 106, 107Pectoralis major

in cat, 102, 106, 107in fetal pig, 131in human, 72, 81, 86, 152

Pectoralis minorin cat, 102, 106, 107in human, 72, 82, 152

Pedicle, 58Pelvis

bones of human, 63–64, 147in cat, 67male versus female, 84, 148musculature of human, 84, 156processes of, 63

Penisin cat, 125, 127cross section of, 41in fetal pig, 134in rat, 136, 138, 139urethra in, 39

Perineal space, 84Peritoneum

in cat, 107in human, 83in rat, 136

Peroneal nerve, 158, 159Peroneal vein, 165Peroneus brevis

in cat, 111in human, 92, 93, 94, 159

Peroneus longusin cat, 111, 112in human, 72, 73, 92, 93, 94, 159

Peroneus tertius, 92, 160Peroxisome, 143Perpendicular plate of ethmoid, 46, 56Perpendicular plate of palatine, 54Petrosal sinus vein, 166Petrous portion of temporal bone, 49, 53Phagocytosis, 144Phalanges

in cat, 67, 69, 70in human, 63, 66, 147

Pharyngeal constrictor, inferior, 74, 77, 78Pharyngeal plexus, 151Pharynx, 151Photoreceptors, 20Phrenic nerve, 119, 120, 121, 155Physical membrane transport processes, 144Pig. See Fetal pigPinocytosis, 144



I N D E X 179

Piriformis, 84, 90, 158Pisiform carpal, 63PIT. See Pregancy-induced hypertension (PIT)Pituitary gland, 23, 167Pituitary gland hormones, 167Placenta

fetal circulatory system and, 166in pregnant cat, 124

Plantar arch vein, 165Plantar fascia, 95Plantar interosseous, 95Plantaris, 93, 94, 159Plasma membrane, 2, 142

structure and function of, 143transport across, 144

Platelet, 27, 145Platysma


Podocyte, 37Popliteal artery, 164Popliteal surface, 64Popliteal vein, 165Popliteus, 93, 94, 159Posterior belly of digastric, 77, 78Posterior facial vein, 98, 99Posterior hip muscles, 158Posterior interosseous nerve, 105, 154Posterior mesenteric artery, 135Posterior nasal spine of palatine bone, 50Posterior superior iliac spine, 90Posterior thigh muscles, 158Posterior tibial nerve, 114Posterior tibial vein, 165Posterior wall of rectus sheath, 82Pregancy-induced hypertension (PIT), 38Pregnant cat, urogenital system of, 124Premolars, cat, 68, 100, 101Preperitoneal fat, 83Primordial follicles, 41, 42Procerus, 74Processes. See specific processesProerythroblast, 14Prolactin (Prl), 167Proliferating chondrocytes, 14Pronator quadratus, 87, 153Pronator teres


Prophase, 2Prostate gland

in cat, 125, 127cross section of, 41in fetal pig, 134

Proximal extensor retinaculum, 112, 114Proximal subscapular nerve, 116Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium,

5, 6Pseudostratified columnar epithelium, 40Psoas major

in cat, 126, 127in human, 89in rat, 139

Psoas minorin cat, 126, 127in rat, 139

Pterygoid, 75, 149

Pterygoid canal of sphenoid, 52Pubic arch, 63, 148Pubic ramus, 84Pubic symphysis, 84Pubic tubercle, 63Pubis, 70, 147Pudendal nerve, 156Purkinje cells, 18Pylorus of stomach, 134Pyramidal cell, 18Pyramidal process of palatine bone, 54

QQuadratus femoris, 90Quadratus lumborum, 80, 157Quadratus plantae, 95Quadriceps femoris, 89

RRadial artery, 164Radial fossa, 69Radial nerve

in cat, 100, 103, 105, 115, 116, 118,119, 121

in fetal pig, 133in human, 153, 154

Radial notch of ulna, 62Radial styloid process, 62Radial tuberosity of radius, 62, 69Radial vein, 164Radius

in cat, 67, 69in human, 62, 87, 147

Ramus, defined, 146Ramus of ischium, 63, 64Ramus of mandible, 46, 55Ranvier, Node of, 19Raphe, 84Rat, 136–140

abdominopelvic cavity, 138–140general anatomy of, 136neck and thorax, 137

Receptor nuclei, retinal, 20Rectum

in cat, 124, 125, 126, 127in fetal pig, 134, 135in rat, 136, 138, 139, 140

Rectus abdominusin cat, 106, 107, 113in human, 72, 81, 82, 83, 155in rat, 136, 138

Rectus femorisin cat, 113, 114in human, 72, 89, 158

Rectus inferior, 148Rectus lateralis, 148Rectus medius, 148Rectus sheath, 81, 82Rectus superior, 148Red blood cell, 27, 145Red bone marrow, 15Red pulp, spleen, 31Renal artery

in cat, 124, 125, 126, 127in fetal pig, 134in rat, 139, 140

Renal veinin cat, 126, 127in fetal pig, 134, 135in human, 165in rat, 139, 140

Reticular connective tissue, 8Reticular fiber, 8Retina, 20Rhomboideus capitis


Rhomboideus major, 73, 79, 152Rhomboideus minor

in cat, 108, 109in human, 73, 79, 152

Ribosome, 142, 143Ribs

in cat, 67, 69, 110, 117, 120in fetal pig, 133in human, 60, 147in rat, 137

Right atrium, 166Right auricle

in cat, 119, 121in fetal pig, 132, 133

Right brachiocephalic artery, 133Right common carotid artery, 120Right intercostal vein, 165Right subclavian artery, 119Right suprarenal artery, 127Right temporal bone, 53Risorius, 74Rods, 20Root sheath, hair, 13Rostrum of sphenoid, 52Rotator cuff, 152Rough endoplasmic reticulum, 142

SSacral artery


Sacral canal, 59Sacral crest, 59Sacral foramen, 59Sacral hiatus, 59Sacral nerve, 162Sacral promontory, 59Sacral vertebrae


Sacrum, 57, 59, 63, 90, 147, 148Sagittal border, 53Sagittal suture


Salivary ductin fetal pig, 129in salivary gland cross section, 36, 37

Salivary glandin cat, 98, 99, 118in fetal pig, 129, 131in human, 37mucous cells of, 37parotid, 37in rat, 137



180 I N D E X

Salivary gland—Cont.sublingual, 36submandibular, 37, 98, 99, 118, 129, 131

Saphenous vein, 165Sartorius

in cat, 111, 112, 113, 114in human, 72, 89

Scalenesin cat, 115in human, 78, 155

Scalp, human, 13Scaphoid carpal, 63Scapulae

in cat, 67, 69, 106in human, 61, 62, 85, 86, 147

Sciatic nerve, 112Scrotum, rat, 136, 138Sebaceous gland, 13Second and fifth intercostal spaces, 146Secondary ovarian follicle, 42Secretory vesicle, 142Sella turcica of sphenoid bone, 49, 51Semimembranosus

in cat, 111, 112, 113, 114in fetal pig, 128, 130in human, 73, 91, 158

Seminal vesicle, rat, 138, 139Seminiferous tubule, 39Semispinalis, 157Semispinalis capitis, 73, 79, 80, 151Semispinalis cervicis, 80Semispinalis thoracis, 80Semitendinosus

in cat, 111, 112, 114in fetal pig, 128, 130in human, 73, 91, 158

Serous cell, 37Serous demilunes, 36Serratus anterior

in cat, 107in fetal pig, 128in human, 72, 73, 79, 81, 82, 152

Serratus posterior inferior, 73, 79, 80Serratus posterior superior, 80Serratus ventralis, 115Sertoli cells, 39Sesamoid bones, 147Shoulder

bones of, 61, 62, 147musculature of, 86, 115, 129, 131, 152

Sickle cell anemia, 27Sigmoid colon, 135Sigmoid sinus, 166Simple columnar epithelium, 5Simple cuboidal epithelium, 1, 4, 5Simple squamous epithelium, 4Sinus, frontal, 49Sinusoid, 35Skeletal muscle, 16, 17, 97, 141Skeletal muscle fiber, 16Skeleton

cat, 67–70human. See Skeleton, humanterms describing bones of, 146

Skeleton, human, 46–66bones of by part of body, 147clavicles, 61female versus male, 148

lower extremeties, 64–66pelvic bones, 63–64scapulae, 61–62skull bones, 46–56spinal column, 57–59sternum and ribs, 60–61upper extremeties, 62–63

Skin, 12Skull

bones of cat, 68bones of human, 46–56, 147musculature of, 74–77, 149

Small intestinein cat, 122, 123, 124, 125cross section of, 33, 34in fetal pig, 134, 135in rat, 138

Small saphenous vein, 165Smooth endoplasmic reticulum, 142Smooth muscle, 17Soft palate, 101, 121Soleal line, 65Soleus

in cat, 111, 112, 114in fetal pig, 130in human, 72, 73, 92, 93, 94, 159

Somatostatin, 23Somatotropin, 167Sperm, 40Spermatic artery


Spermatic cord, 134Spermatic vein


Spermatocyte, 39Spermatozoa, 39, 40Sphenoid bone, 46, 47, 49, 51, 52, 147Sphenoidal process of palatine bone, 54Spheno-occipital synchondrosis, 50Sphenopalatine notch of palatine bone, 54Spinal accessory nerve (XI), 121, 151, 152Spinal column, 57

bones comprising, 147musculature of, 157

Spinal cordcross section of, 20motor neurons of, 19white matter, 20

Spinal nerves, 121, 157, 162Spinalis


Spinalis capitis, 157Spinalis cervicus, 157Spinalis thoracis, 157Spindle fiber, 2, 3Spine, definition of, 146Spine of scapula, 85Spinodeltoid

in cat, 104, 105, 108, 109in fetal pig, 128, 129

Spinotrapeziusin cat, 108, 109, 110in fetal pig, 128, 129

Spinous processes, 57, 68, 70

Spiral line, 64Spleen

in cat, 122, 124, 125cross section of, 31in fetal pig, 134in rat, 136, 138

Splenic vein, 165Splenius capitis

in cat, 108, 109in fetal pig, 129in human, 73, 78, 79, 80, 151

Splenius cervisis, 80Spongy bone, 14, 15Squamosal border of parietal bone, 53Squamous epithelium, 4, 6, 7Squamous suture, 47, 68Stapes, 147Sternocleidomastoid, 72, 73, 74, 78, 79,

151, 155Sternohyoid

in cat, 98, 99, 100in fetal pig, 131in human, 74, 78, 150in rat, 137

Sternomastoidin cat, 98, 99, 100in fetal pig, 129, 131

Sternothyroidin cat, 98, 99in human, 74, 78, 150

Sternumin cat, 67, 69, 99, 115in fetal pig, 131in human, 60–61, 86, 147in rat, 136, 138, 139

Stomachin cat, 122, 124, 125in fetal pig, 134in rat, 138

Stomach mucosa, 33Straight sinus vein, 165Stratified cuboidal epithelium, 42Stratified squamous epithelium, 6, 7Stratum basale, 12Stratum corneum, 12Stratum granulosum, 12Stratum spinosum, 12Striated (skeletal) muscle, 16, 97Striated (skeletal) muscle fiber, 16Striations, skeletal muscle fiber, 16Styloglossus, 77, 150Stylohyoid, 77, 78Styloid process of radius, 69Styloid process of temporal bone, 47, 50, 53Stylomastoid foramen of temporal bone


Stylopharyngeus, 151Subclavian artery

in cat, 119, 120in fetal pig, 133in human, 164

Subclavian groove, 60Subclavian vein

in cat, 100, 103, 118, 121in fetal pig, 132in human, 164

Subclavius, 82



I N D E X 181

Subcutaneous tissue, 83Sublingual salivary gland, 36Submandibular salivary gland

in cat, 98, 99, 118in fetal pig, 129, 131in human, 37

Submucosaesophogeal, 32large intestine, 34

Suboccupital nerve, 151Subscapular artery, 120Subscapular nerve, 116, 152Subscapular vein, 118, 121Subscapularis

in cat, 106, 115, 119in human, 86, 152

Sulcus, defined, 146Superficial palmar arch vein, 164Superficial transverse perineus, 84, 156Superior articular facet, 58, 59Superior articular process, 58Superior belly of omohyoid, 78Superior constrictor, 77, 151Superior gluteal nerve, 157, 158Superior hemorrhoidal artery, 135Superior mesenteric artery, 127Superior mesenteric ganglion, 127Superior nuchal line, 50, 80Superior oblique, 75, 76, 148Superior oblique tendon, 76Superior orbital fissure, 46, 51, 52Superior rectus, 75, 76Superior sagittal sinus vein, 165Superior vena cava

in cat, 118, 121in fetal pig, 132, 133in human, 166

Supinator, 87, 88, 153Suprahyoid group, 78Suprameatal triangle of temporal bone, 53Supra-orbital foramen of frontal bone,

46, 52Supraorbital notch of frontal bone, 46, 52Suprarenal artery, 126, 127Suprarenal vein, 127, 165Suprascapular notch, 61Supraspinatus

in cat, 109in human, 73, 79, 85, 86, 152

Supraspinous fossa, 61, 69Surgical neck, defined, 146Suspensory ligament of ovary, 135Sutures, skull, 47, 48Sympathetic trunk


Symphysis pubis, 63, 64Synaptic bulb, 17Systole, 163

TTalus, 147Tarsals

in cat, 67, 70in human, 66, 147

Taste bud, 21Taste pore, 21Tectorial membrane, 21

Telophase, 3Temporal bone

in cat, 68in human, 46, 47, 49, 50, 53, 147

Temporal border of zygomatic bone, 52Temporal process of zygomatic bone


Temporal surface of sphenoid, 52Temporalis

in cat, 98, 100in human, 74, 75, 149

Temporozygomatic suture, 47Tendinous intersections, 81Tendon

abductor pollicis, 88abductor pollicis longus, 88Achilles, 111, 112, 114, 130calcaneal, 73, 93, 94central, 84extensor carpi radialis longus and

brevis, 88extensor carpi ulnaris, 88extensor digiti minimi, 88, 105extensor digitorum, 88, 105extensor indicis, 105extensor pollicis brevis, 88extensor pollicis longus, 88flexor carpi radialis, 88flexor carpi ulnaris, 88flexor digitorum longus, 95flexor digitorum profundus, 88flexor digitorum superficialis, 88flexor hallucis longus, 95flexor pollicis longus, 88gastrocnemius, 93palmaris longus, 88plantaris, 93quadriceps femoris, 89

Tendon sheath, 88Tensor fascia latae

in cat, 111, 112, 113, 114in fetal pig, 128, 130in human, 72, 89, 157

Tensor veli palatini, 151Teres major

in cat, 106, 115, 119in human, 73, 79, 85, 152

Teres minor, 73, 79, 85, 86, 152Testis

in cat, 125, 127in fetal pig, 128, 130, 134in rat, 138seminiferous tubules of, 39

Thigh muscles, 89–91, 158–159Thoracic nerve, 100, 103, 157Thoracic vertebrae

in cat, 67, 69in human, 57, 58, 60, 147

Thoracoacromial artery, 116, 119Thoracoacromial blood vessels, 115Thoracoacromial nerve, 119Thoracodorsal nerve

in cat, 115, 116, 118in fetal pig, 133in human, 152

Thoracodorsal vein, 118Thoracolumbar fascia, 79

Thoraxdeep anatomy of fetal pig, 132major veins of, 165musculature of cat, 106–107, 115nerves of cat, 120rat, 136, 137venation of cat, 118, 119, 120venation of fetal pig, 133

Throat musculaturein cat, 99in fetal pig, 131in human, 78, 150

Thymic (Hassall’s) corpuscles, 30Thymus

in cat, 117, 118cross section of, 30in fetal pig, 134in rat, 137

Thyrocervical artery, 120Thyrohyoid, 74, 78Thyroid gland

in cat, 101, 121in fetal pig, 132, 134follicles of, 22in rat, 137

Thyroid gland follicle, 22Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), 167Tibia

in cat, 67, 70, 114in human, 65, 92, 147

Tibial artery, 164Tibial division of sciatic nerve, 112Tibial nerve, 158, 159Tibial tuberosity, 65, 70Tibialis anterior

in cat, 111, 112, 114in fetal pig, 130in human, 72, 92, 159

Tibialis posteriorin cat, 114in human, 94, 159

Tongue, 98, 101Tongue muscles, 150Tonsil, palantine, 31Trachea

in cat, 99, 101, 118, 119, 120, 121in fetal pig, 131, 132, 133, 134in human, 77pseudostratified ciliated columnar

epithelium in, 6in rat, 137

Transitional epithelium, 7, 38, 39Transport processes. See Membrane transport

processesTransversalis abdominis, 107Transversalis fascia, 83Transverse foramen


Transverse jugular vein, 98, 99Transverse perineus, 84, 156Transverse process of atlas, 69Transverse processes, 57, 58, 59, 68, 70Transverse scapular artery


Transverse scapular vein, 118Transverse sinus, 166



182 I N D E X

Transversus abdominisin human, 72, 81, 82, 83, 155in rat, 136

Tranversus thoracis, 155Trapezium, 63Trapezius, 72, 73, 78, 79, 151, 152Trapezoid, 63Triad, liver, 35Triangle of ausculation, 152Triceps brachii

in cat, 103, 104, 105, 108, 109, 119in fetal pig, 128, 129in human, 73, 85, 86, 88, 153

Trigeminal nerve (V), 149, 150, 151, 161Triquetrum, 63Trochanter, defined, 146Trochlea, 62, 69, 70, 75, 76, 146Trochlea of talus, 66Trochlear nerve (IV), 76, 148, 161Trochlear notch of ulna, 62True ribs, 60, 147TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone), 167Tubercle, defined, 146Tuberosity of ulna, 62Tubules, distal convoluted, 38Tunica adventitia, 27, 28, 29Tunica albuginea, 41Tunica intima, 27, 28, 29Tunica media, 27, 28Tunica muscularis, 39Tunica propria, 39

UUlna

in cat, 67, 69in human, 62, 147

Ulnar artery, 164Ulnar nerve

in cat, 116, 118, 119, 121in human, 100, 103, 105, 154

Ulnar notch of radius, 62Ulnar styloid process, 62Ulnar vein, 164Umbilical artery

in cat, 125fetal circulatory system and, 166in fetal pig, 134, 135

Umbilical cord, 128Umbilical vein

fetal circulatory system and, 166in fetal pig, 134, 135

Umbilicus, 81, 134Umbrella cell, 39Upper canine tooth, 100, 101Upper extremeties

bones of, 62–63, 147major veins of, 164musculature of, 85–88, 152–154

Upper premolar tooth, 100, 101Ureter

in cat, 124, 125, 126, 127cross section of, 38

in fetal pig, 134, 135in rat, 139, 140

Urethrain cat, 125, 127cross section of, 39, 41in fetal pig, 134, 135in human, 84

Urethral sphincter, 156Urinary bladder

in cat, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126in fetal pig, 134, 135histology of, 7, 39in rat, 138, 139, 140

Urogenital diaphragm, 84Urogenital system

in cat, 124–125in fetal pig, 134–135in rat, 139, 140

Urogenital triangle, 84Uterine horn

in cat, 123, 124in fetal pig, 135in rat, 140

Uterusin cat, 124in fetal pig, 135histology of, 43in rat, 140

VVagina, 84Vagus nerve (X), 151, 161

in cat, 118, 119, 120, 121in fetal pig, 132, 133

Vas deferensin cat, 125in fetal pig, 134

Vasopressin, 167Vastus intermedius, 89, 158Vastus lateralis

in cat, 112, 113, 114in fetal pig, 128, 130in human, 72, 89, 91, 158

Vastus medialisin cat, 113, 114in human, 72, 89, 158

Veinscat abdominopelvic wall, 126–127cat neck and thorax, 118, 120, 121histology of, 27major human, 164–166

Vena cava. See Abdominal vena cava; Anteriorvena cava; Inferior vena cava; Superior venacava

Ventral branch of facial (VII) nerve, 99, 100Ventral buccal branch of facial (VII)

nerve, 98Ventral horn, spinal cord, 20Ventral thoracic nerve, 100, 103, 115, 118Ventricular contraction, 163Ventricular diastole, 163Ventricular ejection, 163

Ventricular systole, 163Vermiform appendix, 36Vertebrae

in cat, 67, 69in human, 57, 58, 147

Vertebral arteryin cat, 119, 120in fetal pig, 133

Vertebral columnbones of, 57, 147musculature of, 157

Vertebral foramen, 58Vertebral ribs, 60Vertebral spinous process, 69Vertebral vein, 166Vertebrochondral ribs, 60Vertebrosternal ribs, 60Vertical ridge, patella, 65Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII), 161Vibrissal barrels, 98Villi of Illeum, 33, 34Vomer bone, 46, 50, 147

WWhite blood cell, 24–26, 145White matter, spinal cord, 20White pulp, spleen, 31Willis, Circle of, 164Wormian bones, 47, 147Wrist musculature, 154

XXiphihumeralis, 106, 107Xiphisternal joint, 61Xiphoid process. See also Sternum

in human, 60, 61in rat, 138, 139

ZZ line, 16Zona fasciculata, 24Zona glomerulosa, 24Zona pellucida, 41, 42Zona reticularis, 24Zygomatic arch

in cat, 67in human, 47, 50, 52, 74

Zygomatic bonein cat, 68in human, 46, 47, 50, 52, 147

Zygomatic process of frontal bone, 68Zygomatic process of maxilla, 46, 55Zygomatic process of temporal bone


Zygomatico-orbital foramen of zygomaticbone, 52

Zygomaticus major, 72, 74, 149Zygomaticus minor, 74Zymogen granules, 37

lab.a. (4)

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