Lab 3 Lab 3

Unit 5b: Global Water Unit 5b: Global Water ResourcesResources

Sara TourscherSara Tourscher

Results from Lab 1Results from Lab 1

• Tuesday Lab Tuesday Lab – Average= 12.44Average= 12.44

• Thursday LabThursday Lab– Average= 12.55Average= 12.55

• Thoughts to keep in mind for future labsThoughts to keep in mind for future labs– Check to make sure your really submitted the Check to make sure your really submitted the

lab (c-tools will say “submitted”)lab (c-tools will say “submitted”)– Please include at least your name and the lab Please include at least your name and the lab

assignment number (Lab 3) in your workassignment number (Lab 3) in your work– Proof-read (check out the resources I posted Proof-read (check out the resources I posted

recently on c-tools)recently on c-tools)

Goals of Lab 3Goals of Lab 3

• Focus on quantitative vs. qualitativeFocus on quantitative vs. qualitative– quantitative-quantitative- classify features, count them, classify features, count them,

and construct statistical models in an attempt and construct statistical models in an attempt to explain what is observedto explain what is observed

– qualitativequalitative analysis is a complete, detailed analysis is a complete, detailed descriptiondescription

• Data normalizationData normalization• QueriesQueries• Pie chartsPie charts• OverlaysOverlays

What is expected for Lab 3What is expected for Lab 3

• Questions 1-8 are each 1 pointQuestions 1-8 are each 1 point• Question 9- 2 pointsQuestion 9- 2 points

– Asks you to find a picture from your country Asks you to find a picture from your country that illustrates some aspect of what you wrote that illustrates some aspect of what you wrote in question 8. Create 1 power point slide that in question 8. Create 1 power point slide that includes 1) the layout you created in the lab 2) includes 1) the layout you created in the lab 2) the picture from your country and 3) a few the picture from your country and 3) a few words describing what is on the slidewords describing what is on the slide

• You will each present this slide to the class You will each present this slide to the class in our next lab session in our next lab session

• Submit lab and power point slide on c-Submit lab and power point slide on c-toolstools

Hydrologic Poverty Worsening: Hydrologic Poverty Worsening: Larsen, Larsen,

20012001• 1.1 billion people were not able to meet their 1.1 billion people were not able to meet their

needs for safe water in 2000needs for safe water in 2000• Agriculture and industry increase scarcityAgriculture and industry increase scarcity• Seasons of precipitation limitedSeasons of precipitation limited• Natural recharge rates aren’t fast enough to Natural recharge rates aren’t fast enough to

replenish aquifersreplenish aquifers• Poor quality (pollutants and salt)Poor quality (pollutants and salt)• Many are not connected to water sources- Many are not connected to water sources-

leading them to pay many times more for leading them to pay many times more for waterwater

• Competition between rural and urban areasCompetition between rural and urban areas

• State of the World 2004

Boosting Water Productivity

• Sandra Postel and Amy Vickers

World Water Use

Agriculture (70%)

Industry (22%)

Towns and Municipalities

(8%)

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators, 2001

1. A New Mindset for Managing Water

• Freshwater is a life support system for ecosystems

• Must allocate sufficient water throughout the year to protect valuable ecosystem functions

• Can use remaining water to satisfy human demands efficiently, equitably, and productively

2. Water-Rich, Water-Poor

• Water-poor areas have higher demands because crop production requires more

irrigation in drier climates

• Uneven distribution of water on a global scale

- 6 countries (Brazil, Russia, Canada, Indonesia, China, and Colombia) account for half of Earth’s freshwater supply

Estimated Annual Water Withdrawals Per Capita, Selected Countries (2000)

Cubic Meters Per Person Per Year

Ethiopia

Brazil

Russian Federation

India

Egypt

United States

42

348

527

640

1011

1932

Source: FAO, USGS

Affluence and Poverty

• Influence of power, politics, and money can override natural abundance or scarcity of water

Phoenix, Arizona: Desert climate, but imports water from Colorado River

Ethiopia: 84% of the Nile’s flow originates within its territory, but faces famine due to drought

3. Water, Crops, and Diets

Must raise productivity of agricultural water use to meet growing food needs as water stress

deepens and spreads

Three Challenges:

• Delivering and applying water to crops more efficiently

• Increasing yields per liter of water consumed

• Shifting diets to satisfy nutritional needs with less water

Dietary Choices

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

potatoes beans w heat rice poultry beef

Lite

rs o

f Wa

ter

potatoes beans wheat rice poultry beef

Water consumed to supply 10g of protein

Water consumed to supply 500 calories

67

89

132

421

135

219

204

251

303

1515

1000

4902

251

204

rice

4902

1000

beef

Based on California crop yields and water productivity. Source: Renault and Wallender (2000)

4. Cities and Homes

• Waste is a major urban water management problem

• In many cities, water losses are 15% - 40%, some higher

• Unaccounted-for Water (UFW): volume of water withdrawn from nature but that never reaches an end-user, due to

- Leaky pipes and mains- Theft- Meter inaccuracies

Household Water Use, Selected Cities and

Countries

0 200 400 600 800 1000

Kenya

United Kingdom

Waterloo, Canada

Sydney, Australia

Seattle, United States

Phoenix, United States

Liters Per Capita Per Day

47

149

218

255

281

832

Source: Thompson et al. (2001), National Water Demand Management Centre, Environment Agency, U.K. (2003), Gombos (2003), Water Services Association of Australia (2001), Mayer et al. (1999)

5. Industrial Water Use and Material Goods Consumption

• Major water-using industries:Thermal electric powerIron and steelPulp and paperChemicalsPetroleumMachinery manufacture

• Water is used for cooling, washing, processing, heating

• In developing countries, pollutant loads rising along with industrial water demand

6. Policy Priorities: Government Action

1. Protect public trust in water

2. Institute or strengthen groundwater regulations to promote sustainable use

3. Implement tiered water pricing to encourage conservation: unit price of water increases along with consumption

Policy Priorities: Government Action

4. Restrict water use during seasonal lows

5. Encourage water trading between willing sellers and buyers to reallocate available supply