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La La Malattia Malattia Tromboembolica Tromboembolica Venosa Venosa in in Ostetricia Ostetricia e e ginecologia ginecologia Dr. Dr. Pietro Tropeano Pietro Tropeano Dipartimento di Medicina I Unità Operativa di Medicina 2 Ambulatorio di Emostasi e Trombosi

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Page 1: La Malattia Tromboembolica Venosa in Ostetricia e€¦ · nephrotic syndrome, infiammatory bowel disease) (c,d,e,f) 10. Cesarean delivery in labor or elective cesarean delivery with

LaLa Malattia Malattia Tromboembolica Tromboembolica

VenosaVenosainin OstetriciaOstetricia ee

ginecologiaginecologia

Dr.Dr. Pietro TropeanoPietro Tropeano

Dipartimento di Medicina IUnità Operativa di Medicina 2

Ambulatorio di Emostasi e Trombosi

Page 2: La Malattia Tromboembolica Venosa in Ostetricia e€¦ · nephrotic syndrome, infiammatory bowel disease) (c,d,e,f) 10. Cesarean delivery in labor or elective cesarean delivery with

PrevalenzaPrevalenza del TEVdel TEV durantedurante lala gravidanzagravidanza

l Incidenza della TVP:–– 0,50,5--0,7/1.0000,7/1.000 nelle donne gravidenelle donne gravide–– vsvs 1/10.0001/10.000 nelle donnenelle donne nonnon gravidegravide inin etetàà fertilefertile

l Il rischio di TEV è aumentato in gravidanza di 5-7volte rispetto alla donna non gravida

l L’ Embolia Polmonare è la pipiùù frequente causa di morte materna

l Il rischio di TEV nonvaria significativamente nei trimestri della gravi-

danza ma è più alto nel

post-partum.

Page 3: La Malattia Tromboembolica Venosa in Ostetricia e€¦ · nephrotic syndrome, infiammatory bowel disease) (c,d,e,f) 10. Cesarean delivery in labor or elective cesarean delivery with

Fattori di rischio specificiFattori di rischio specifici per TEV inper TEV in gravidanzagravidanza

l Trombofilia ereditaria o acquisital Pregressi episodi di TEV idiopatici e nonl Storia di familiarità per TEVl Eta (> 35 anni)l Peso > 80 kg (BMI >30 Kg/m2 )l Taglio cesareo l Multiparità (>/= 4)l Pre-eclampsial Gravi patologie associatel Immobilità prolungata (> 4 giorni)l Grosse vene varicosel Recenti interventi addomino-pelvicil Infezioni ricorrenti, sepsi

Il 72% dei casi di TEV in gravidanza sono

associati con 1(almeno) di questi fattori di rischio

1. Martinelli I. Risk factors in venous thromboembolism. Thromb Haemost 2001;86:395-403.2. Macklon NS, Greer IA. Venous thromboembolic disease in obstetrics and gynaecology: the Scottish experience. Scott Med J 1996;41:83-86.3. Eldor A. Thrombophilia, thrombosis and pregnancy. Thromb Haemost 2001;86:1045-111.4. Mc Coll M, Ramsay JE, Tait RC et al. Risk factors for pregnancy associated venous thromboembolism. Thromb Haemost 1997;78:1183-8.

Page 4: La Malattia Tromboembolica Venosa in Ostetricia e€¦ · nephrotic syndrome, infiammatory bowel disease) (c,d,e,f) 10. Cesarean delivery in labor or elective cesarean delivery with

Development of VTEDevelopment of VTEThrombosis is aThrombosis is a multifactorialmultifactorial diseasediseaseT

hro

mb

osi

s R

isk

(RR

)

Age

Oral contraceptive

Pregnancy

Immobilization

Baseline

Hereditary risk factor

* Rischio relativo (RR) ovvero il rapporto dei rischi (odds ra* Rischio relativo (RR) ovvero il rapporto dei rischi (odds ratio) fra i soggetti esposti e quelli sani.tio) fra i soggetti esposti e quelli sani.

1

5

10

Page 5: La Malattia Tromboembolica Venosa in Ostetricia e€¦ · nephrotic syndrome, infiammatory bowel disease) (c,d,e,f) 10. Cesarean delivery in labor or elective cesarean delivery with

COSA FACCIAMO COMUNEMENTE NELLE COSA FACCIAMO COMUNEMENTE NELLE SEGUENTI SITUAZIONISEGUENTI SITUAZIONI

1. Pazienti ostetriche costrette a letto per parecchi giorni. Facciamo profilassi. Che tipo di profilassi. Per quanto tempo.

2. Taglio cesareo elettivo e d’urgenza. Facciamo profilassi. Che tipo di profilassi. Per quanto tempo.

3. Gravide con varici degli arti inferiori. Facciamo profilassi. Che tipo di profilassi. Quando (In gravidanza, nel travaglio, nel postpartum). Per quanto tempo.

4. Terapia con eparina a basso peso molecolare. Quali dosaggi in profilassi

5. Controllo dell’emocromo con piastrine. Quante volte. 6. TEV in gravidanza: quale diagnostica strumentale e di

laboratorio.

Page 6: La Malattia Tromboembolica Venosa in Ostetricia e€¦ · nephrotic syndrome, infiammatory bowel disease) (c,d,e,f) 10. Cesarean delivery in labor or elective cesarean delivery with

COSA FACCIAMO COMUNEMENTE NELLE COSA FACCIAMO COMUNEMENTE NELLE SEGUENTI SITUAZIONISEGUENTI SITUAZIONI

7. Gravide con trombofilia: quale profilassi e per quanto tempo.

8. Utilizzate la compressione pneumatica intermittente. Se si, in quali situazioni.

9. Quali conoscenze ha il personale medico ed infermieristico sulla terapia elastocompressiva.

10. Quale profilassi nelle pazienti chirurgiche. Quando inizia e per quanto tempo. Elastocompressione, CPI, altro.

11. Quale profilassi in una paziente che è in contraccesione estro-progestinica e deve eseguire un intervento in urgenza.

Page 7: La Malattia Tromboembolica Venosa in Ostetricia e€¦ · nephrotic syndrome, infiammatory bowel disease) (c,d,e,f) 10. Cesarean delivery in labor or elective cesarean delivery with

Risk assessment profile forRisk assessment profile for thromboembolismthromboembolism in pregnancyin pregnancy

Uncomplicated pregnancy with no risk factor, elective cesarean delivery for uncomplicated pregnancy with no risk factors

Low risk

1. Age > 35y, obesity >29.0 BMI, parity > 3 (a,e)2. Gross varicose veins (a,c,d,e)3. Current infection (a,e)4. Preeclampsia (a,c,d,e)5. Prolonged bed rest (>/= 4days) (c,e)6. Previous abdominal surgery (a,e)7. Single previous thrombotic event associated with a

temporary risk factor (surgery, trauma) without thrombophilia (a,c,d,e,f), with antenatal thromboprophylaxis consideration on an individual basis (previous VTE oestrogen-related: pregnancy or combined oral contracceptive pill (b).

Moderate risk

Page 8: La Malattia Tromboembolica Venosa in Ostetricia e€¦ · nephrotic syndrome, infiammatory bowel disease) (c,d,e,f) 10. Cesarean delivery in labor or elective cesarean delivery with

ThromboprophylaxisThromboprophylaxis forfor thromboembolismthromboembolism in pregnancyin pregnancy

Early mobilisation and hydration (a)Low risk

Antenatal LMWH 3000 U.I /4000 U.I once daily ** (b), antiembolism stockings (c), graduated elastic compression stockings (d), clinical surveillance*** (e), post partum anticoagulants or prophylactic LMWH**** (f)(consider > 1 of a variety of prophylactic measures, management options should be discussed with each patient:COUNSELLING)

** The platelet count should be checked before and three days/one week after the introduction of LMWH; *** Clinical vigilance and aggressive investigation of symptoms suggesting DVT or PE.**** Prophylactic LMWH should continue until discharge from hospital (cesarean delivery, major current illness) and in otherpatients for 4-6 weeks started 6 hours after delivery; graduated elastic compression stockings may be used and continued postpartum for 4-6 weeks

Moderate risk

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Risk assessment profile forRisk assessment profile forthromboembolismthromboembolism in pregnancyin pregnancy

8. Asymptomatic hereditable thrombophilia (except antithrombin deficiency, homozigous FV Leiden or prothrombin gene defect) without history of VTE, with or without family history of VTE (a,c,d,e,f), with antenatal thromboprophylaxis consideration on an individual basis (b).

9. Major current illness (heart or lung disease, cancer, nephrotic syndrome, infiammatory bowel disease) (c,d,e,f)

10. Cesarean delivery in labor or elective cesarean delivery with other risk factor (a,c,d,e,f)

11. Extended major pelvic or abdominal surgery (eg, cesarean hysterectomy) (a,c,d,e,f )

Moderate risk

Page 10: La Malattia Tromboembolica Venosa in Ostetricia e€¦ · nephrotic syndrome, infiammatory bowel disease) (c,d,e,f) 10. Cesarean delivery in labor or elective cesarean delivery with

ThromboprophylaxisThromboprophylaxis forfor thromboembolismthromboembolism in pregnancyin pregnancy

Early mobilisation and hydration (a)Low risk

Antenatal LMWH 3000 U.I /4000 U.I once daily ** (b), antiembolism stockings (c), graduated elastic compression stockings (d), clinical surveillance*** (e), post partum anticoagulants or prophylactic LMWH**** (f)(consider > 1 of a variety of prophylactic measures, management options should be discussed with each patient:COUNSELLING)

** The platelet count should be checked before and three days/one week after the introduction of LMWH; *** Clinical vigilance and aggressive investigation of symptoms suggesting DVT or PE.**** Prophylactic LMWH should continue until discharge from hospital (cesarean delivery, major current illness) and in otherpatients for 4-6 weeks started 6 hours after delivery; graduated elastic compression stockings may be used and continued postpartum for 4-6 weeks

Moderate risk

Page 11: La Malattia Tromboembolica Venosa in Ostetricia e€¦ · nephrotic syndrome, infiammatory bowel disease) (c,d,e,f) 10. Cesarean delivery in labor or elective cesarean delivery with

Risk assessment profile forRisk assessment profile for thromboembolismthromboembolism in pregnancyin pregnancy

12. Single previous idiopathic thrombotic event or women with three or more persisting moderate risk factors

13. Previous idiopathic thrombotic event during previous pregnancy or VTE during contracceptive pill use or addizional risk factors (Age, obesity, parity, gross varicose vein) or VTE and hereditable thrombophilia (except antithrombin deficiency, homozigous FV Leiden or prothrombin gene defect)

14. Asymptomatic hereditable thrombophilia ( antithrombin deficiency, homozigous FV Leiden or prothrombin gene defect) without history of VTE

15. Previous pathologies of pregnancy : history of recurrent fetal loss (=/>2), IUGR, abruptio placentae, intrauterine fetal death (> 20° weeks), severe preeclampsia with history of VTE or thrombophilia

ModerateHigh risk

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ThromboprophylaxisThromboprophylaxis forfor thromboembolismthromboembolism in pregnancyin pregnancy

• antenatally LMWH 4000 U.I (prophylactic dose) once daily plus anti-embolism stockings and graduated elastic compression stockings • postpartum LMWH should continue until discharge for 6 weeks plus graduated elastic compression stockings(For administration of LMWH wait 12 hours after dose before inserting block or removing epidural catheter, next prophilactic dose of LMWH no less then 6 hours later)

ModerateHigh risk

Page 13: La Malattia Tromboembolica Venosa in Ostetricia e€¦ · nephrotic syndrome, infiammatory bowel disease) (c,d,e,f) 10. Cesarean delivery in labor or elective cesarean delivery with

Risk assessment profile forRisk assessment profile for thromboembolismthromboembolism in pregnancyin pregnancy

16. >/= 2 previous thrombotic event17. women on long term anticoagulant

thromboprophylaxis for recent episode of VTE

18. women who have confirmed antepartum antithrombin deficiency with or without history of VTE

19. women who have corfirmed* antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (cardiolipin antibody, lupus anticoagulant) with or without history of VTE and recurrent miscarriage.

* medium-high titre on two occasion eight weeks apart, found in association with history of VTE or previous pathologies of pregnancy

High risk

Page 14: La Malattia Tromboembolica Venosa in Ostetricia e€¦ · nephrotic syndrome, infiammatory bowel disease) (c,d,e,f) 10. Cesarean delivery in labor or elective cesarean delivery with

ThromboprophylaxisThromboprophylaxis forfor thromboembolismthromboembolism in pregnancyin pregnancy

LMWH 0.5-1.0 mg/kg 12 hourly antenatally based on the early pregnancy weight , LMWH 4000 U.I once daily plus aspirin 75 mg , ATIII concentrates, anti-embolism stockings plus graduated elastic compression stockings, post-partum anticoagulants or prophylaxis (6-12-24 weeks, “long-life anticoagulant” )(consider >/= 1 of a variety of prophylactic measures )

High risk

Page 15: La Malattia Tromboembolica Venosa in Ostetricia e€¦ · nephrotic syndrome, infiammatory bowel disease) (c,d,e,f) 10. Cesarean delivery in labor or elective cesarean delivery with

Pre-eclampsia gravidica

COMPLICANZE OSTETRICHE LEGATE COMPLICANZE OSTETRICHE LEGATE ALLA TROMBOSI PLACENTAREALLA TROMBOSI PLACENTARE

Aborto II trimestre

IUGR(Intra Uterine

GrowthRestriction)

Morte intrauterina

feto

Non tutte le donne trombo-

filiche sviluppano una

trombosi placentare durante

la gravidanza, questa

complicanza è in relazione a:

- Tipo di trombofilia;

- Presenza di fattori di rischio

trombofilici aggiuntivi

sconosciuti

e fattori ambientali

- Storia clinica

- Adeguata e tempestiva

profilassi antitrombotica.

Page 16: La Malattia Tromboembolica Venosa in Ostetricia e€¦ · nephrotic syndrome, infiammatory bowel disease) (c,d,e,f) 10. Cesarean delivery in labor or elective cesarean delivery with

Le raccomandazioni sulla profilassi delle Le raccomandazioni sulla profilassi delle gravidanze a rischio per presenza degli gravidanze a rischio per presenza degli Anticorpi Anticorpi AntifosfolipidiAntifosfolipidi in gravidanza:in gravidanza:

Le gravide con Anticorpi antifosfolipidi e storia di 3 o piùaborti in qualunque periodo della gravidanza o di pre-eclampsia severa, IURG, o “abruptioabruptio” devono essere trattate con basse dosi di aspirina (75 mg./die) + ENF o EBPM (4000UI die)

Page 17: La Malattia Tromboembolica Venosa in Ostetricia e€¦ · nephrotic syndrome, infiammatory bowel disease) (c,d,e,f) 10. Cesarean delivery in labor or elective cesarean delivery with

Quale diagnostica strumentaleQuale diagnostica strumentale per la TEV inper la TEV in gravidanzagravidanza

.

. 0.018

0.006-0.012

Scan polmonare di perfusionecon Tecnezio (Tc99m MAA)- 3 mCI - 1.5 mCI (dose dimezzata)

< 0.03TAC spirale toracica

.0.221-0.374

< 0.05

.0.004-0.0190.007-0.0350.001-0.005

Esposizione stimata rad

Angiografia polmonareaccesso femoraleaccesso brachiale

Scan polmonare di ventilazionecon xenon Xe 133con 99mTc DTPAcon 99mTc SC

Test diagnostico

Shannon M., Bates and Jeffrey Ginsberg Blood 2002

Page 18: La Malattia Tromboembolica Venosa in Ostetricia e€¦ · nephrotic syndrome, infiammatory bowel disease) (c,d,e,f) 10. Cesarean delivery in labor or elective cesarean delivery with

TEV IN GRAVIDANZATEV IN GRAVIDANZAquale diagnostica di laboratorioquale diagnostica di laboratorio

dosaggio dei d-dimeril Il test misura la concentrazione plasmatica dei prodotti di

degradazione della fibrina, espressione di fibrinolisi endogena (in aumento dopo un evento trombotico), è un test altamente sensibile ma poco specifico ovvero la negatività del test ci conferma l’assenza di TEV mentre la positività del test è da valutare assieme agli altri accertamenti;

l In gravidanza i valori del d-dimero tendono ad aumentare con l’incremento dell’età gestazionale e ancor di più durante le gravidanze complicate (gestosi, travaglio precoce);

l Il test è metodica-dipendente ovvero variano le sensibilità e specificità dei vari metodi usati: quantitativa tipo ELISA, semiquantitativa al lattice tipo agglutinazione anticorpo-mediata o tipo immunoenzimatico (automatizzato).

Page 19: La Malattia Tromboembolica Venosa in Ostetricia e€¦ · nephrotic syndrome, infiammatory bowel disease) (c,d,e,f) 10. Cesarean delivery in labor or elective cesarean delivery with

TERAPIA DEL TEV IN GRAVIDANZATERAPIA DEL TEV IN GRAVIDANZALinee Guida ACCP, 2001Linee Guida ACCP, 2001

lEBPM a dosaggi terapeutici lENF ( eparina e.v. per almeno

5 gg, quindi s.c. a dosi terapeutiche)lSospensione eparina 12-24 h

prima del partolAnticoagulazione orale nel post-

partum

Trattamento del TEV acuto(EP, TVP, etc.)

Indicazione

1.Monreal M, Lafoz E, Olive A, Del RL, Vedia C. Comparison of subcutaneous unfractionated heparin with a low molecular weight heparin (Fragmin) in patients with venous thromboembolism and contraindications for coumarin. Thromb Haemost 1994;71:7-11.

2.Shefras J, Farquharson RG. Bone density studies in pregnant women receiving heparin. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1996;65:171-4.

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ANESTESIA SPINALE (S) O EPIDURALE (E)

(S)

(E)

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EnoxaparinaEnoxaparina ee anestesia anestesia spinalespinale //epiduraleepidurale

ll PerPer dosi profilattichedosi profilattiche il posizionamento o la rimozionedel catetere dovrebbero essere ritardate di 12 ore dopo lasomministrazione dell’ultima dose di LMWH

ll PerPer dosi maggioridosi maggiori terapeutiche o aggiustate(0,5-1 mg/kg q12 h ) il posizionamento o la rimozione delcatetere dovrebbero essere ritardate di 24 ore dopo lasomministrazione dell’ultima dose

ll Prima dosePrima dose successivasuccessiva dovrebbe essere somministratanon prima di 6 ore dopo la rimozione del catetere ed èpreferibile un dosaggio iniziale profilattico.

Horlocker TT, Heit JA. Low molecular weight heparin: biochemistry, pharmacology, perioperative prophylaxis regimens, and guidelines for regional anesthetic management. Anest Analg 1997;85:874-85

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ABCD © 1999KPMG Consulting S.p.A.

Risk assessment profile Risk assessment profile for thromboembolism for thromboembolism in gynecology surgeryin gynecology surgery

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Risk assessment profile forRisk assessment profile for thromboembolismthromboembolism in in

gynecology surgerygynecology surgery

• Major surgery ( < 30 min ) in presence of >/=3 moderate risk factors• Major pelvic or abdominal surgery for gynecologic cancer• Major surgery in patients with personal history of previosdeep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism with or withoutthrombophilia

High risk

• Minor surgery (< 30 min ) with no other risk factor • Major surgery ( < 30 min ) but with age < 40 y and no other risk factor

Low risk• Minor surgery (< 30 min ) in patients with a personal history of deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism with or withoutthrombophilia• Major surgery ( > 30 min )• Laparoscopic extended surgery or laparoscopic surgery in patients with risk factors:- Obesity >29.0 BMI , Age > 60 y.- Gross varicose veins- Current infection, sepsis- Prolonged bed rest (>4d)• Major current illness (heart or lung disease, nephrotic syndrome, infiammatory bowel disease) • Emergency surgery to women who are taking oral contraceptives

Moderate risk

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ThromboprophylaxisThromboprophylaxis forfor thromboembolismthromboembolism in in

gynecology surgerygynecology surgery

• LDUH 5000 UI eight hours before surgery and every 8 hr postoperatively for 7 days, anti-embolism stockings or intermittent pneumatic calf compression, graduated elastic compression stokings •LMWH 4000 U.I. 12 hr before surgery, anti-embolism stockings or intermittent pneumatic calf compression, graduated elastic compression stokings • LMWH should continue until discharge for 4 weeks plus graduated elastic compression stockings

High risk

• Early mobilisation and hydration (ACCF) and anti-embolism stockings (AHA)Low risk

• LDUH (low dose unfractionated heparin) 5000 UI preoperatively and every 12hr postoperatively for 7 days• LMWH 2000 (low-dose)-4000 U.I. daily (LMWH daily should continue until discharge for 1-2 weeks plus graduated elastic compression stockings), anti-embolism stockings or intermittent pneumatic calf compression intraoperatively and postoperatively for 24 hr

Moderate risk