l environmental and social soundness assessment …€¦ · 1.1 purpose and scope of report 1-1 1.2...

l ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIALSOUNDNESS ASSESSMENT

UCH POWER PLANT "BALUCHISTAN, PAKISTAN

Prepared For.

Tenaska, Inc.1044 North 115th Street, Suite 400Omaha, Nebraska 68154

Prepared By:

KBN Engineering and Applied Sciences, Inc.6241 NW 23rd Street, Suite 500Gainesville, Florida 32653-1500

April 199513130C

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13130C

TABLE OF CONTENTS(Page 1 of 6)

LIST OF TABLES v

LIST OF FIGURES vii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ES-£

1.0 INTRODUCIION 1-1

1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF REPORT 1-1

1.2 S1TE DESCRIPTION 1-3

1.3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 1-3

1.3.1 POWER BLOCK 1-3

1.3.2 WATER SUPPLY AND TREATMENT 1-5

1.3.3 WASTE WATER TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL 1-8

1-3.4 SOLID WASTE 1-11

1.3.5 AIR EMISSION CONTROLS 1-11

1.3.6 SAND AND DUST ACCUMULATION 1-12

1.4 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY. REGULATIONS. AND PERMITMNGREOU REMENTS 1-12

1.4.1 GOVERNMENT OF PAIISTAN 1-12

1.4.2 WORLD BANK AND IFC 1-13

2.0 PROJECT ALTERNATIVES 2-1

2.1 MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES 2-1

2.1.1 NO-ACIION ALTERNATIVE 2-1

2.1.2 PURCHASES OF REQUIRED ENERGY FROM OTHERSOURCES/JOINT PROJECTS 2-1

2.1.3 POSTPONING UNrr RETREMENTS, REACTIVATING, AND/ORUPGRADING EXISTING PLANTS 2-1

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2.2 ALTERNATIVE PROJECTS 2-2

2.3 ALTERNATIVE FUELS 2-2

2.4 PROJECT DESIGN ALTERNATIVES 24

2.4.1 ALTERNATIVE SrIES 2-4

2.4.2 WATER SUPPLY AND TREATMENT 2-5

2.4.3 WASTE WATER TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL 2-5

2.4.4 AIR EMISSION CONTROLS 2-6

3.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT 3-1

3.1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT . 3-1

3.1.1 AIR RESOURCES 3-1

3.1.1.1 Climatology 3-1

3.1.1.2 Site Met toIogy 3.3

3.1.1.3 Ambient Air iualitv 3-6

3.1.1.4 Noise 3-9

3.1.2 LAND AND WATER RESOURCES 3-9

3.1.2.1 Surface Water 3-9

3.1.2.2 Groundwater 3-22

3.1.2.3 Water Source 3-23

3.1.2.4 Waste Water Discharges 3-23

3.1.3 NATURAl HAZARDS 3-24

3.1.3.1 Seismicitv 3-24

3.1.3.2 Flood Potential 3-24

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3.2 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT/BIODIVERSITY 3-25

3.2.1 ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES 3-25

3.2.2 WILDLIFE COMMUNrIIES 3-27

3.2.3 ENDANGERED SPECIES 3-27

3.3 SOCIAL. CULTURAL. AND INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT 3-28

3.3.1 LAND USE 3-28

3.3.2 LAND ACQUISITION 3-30

3.3.3 SOCIOECONOMICS 3-30

3.3.3.1 DemograDhy 3-32

0XV& 3.3.3.2 Emnlpyoment and Economy 3-35

3.3.3.3 Transoortation 3-35

3.3.3.4 Facilities and Services 3-37

3.3.4 CULTURAL RESOURCES 3-37

3.3.4.1 Cultural Diversity and Ethnicity 3-37

3.3.4.2 Historical and Archaeplogical Resources 3-38

4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT ANDALTERNATIVES 4-1

4.1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 4-1

4.1.1 AIR QUALITY 4-1

4.1.1.1 General Modeling Analysis 4-1

4.1.1.2 Source Data 4-3

4.1.1.3 ReceDtors 4-7

4.1.1.4 Meteorological Data 4-7

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1313GC04n4/95


4.1.1.5 Buildin- Wake Effects 4-9

4.1.1.6 Results 4-10

4.1.1.7 Emissions of Greenhouse Gases 4-10

4.1.2 NOISE 4-12

4.1.3 WATER RESOURCES 4-15

4.1.3.1 Water Withdrawals andlor Consumptive Uses 4-15

4.1.3.2 Cooling Water and Plant Waste Water Discharges 4-17

4.1.3.3 Domestic Waste Water From the Uch Colony 4-19

4.1.3.4 Site Runoff 4-21

4.1.3.5 Oil Spill Prevention. Containment, and Control 4-21

4.1.3.6 Groundwater Resources 4-22

4.1.3.7 Geology and Seismology 4-22

4.2 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTIBIODIVERSITY 4-22

4.3 SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ENVIRONMENTIDEMANDS ON PRIMARY ANDSECONDARY INFRASTRUCTURE 4-23

4.3.1 LAND USE IMPACTS 4-23

4.3.2 DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACTS 4-23

4.3.2.1 Population and Employment Patterns 4-23

4.3.2.2 Economic Patterns 4-23

4.3.3 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY INFRASTRUCTURE 4-24

4.3.3.1 Transportation 4-24

4.3.3.2 Housin 4-25

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4.3.4 CULTURAL RESOURCES 4-29

4.3.4.1 Local Support 4-29

4.3.4.2 Cultural Patterns and Values 4-30

4.3.4.3 Histob1cal and Archaeological Resources 4-30

4.3.5 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY 4-30

4.3.5.1 Safet 4-30

4.3.5.2 Occupational Health 4-31

4.3.6 INDUSTRkAL HAZARD ASSESSMENT 4-36

5.0 MMTIGATION, MONITORING, AND TRAINING PROGRAMS 5-1

5.1 MITIGATION 5-1

5.1.1 AIR * 5-1

5.1.2 WATER 5-1

5.1.3 NATURAL AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDS 5-3

5.1.3.1 Process Hazards 54

5.1.3.2 Oil Storage 5-4

5.1.3.3 Incidental Safety and Health Hazards 5-5

5.1.4 SOLID WASTE 5-5

5.1.5 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT/BIODIVERSITY 5-5

5.1.6 SOCIOECONOMIC AND CULTURAL 5-5

5.1.7 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFErY 5-6

5.2 MONITORING PROGRAMS 5-6

5.3 TRAINING REOUIREMENTS 5-7

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13130Cou24/95


REFERENCES REF-i

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A-CONTACr LIST

APPENDIX B-NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY STANDARDS

APPENDIX C-GOP DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND MUSEUMS LETTER

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LIST OF TABLES(Page I of 2)

1.3-1 Summary of Anticipated Industrial and Associated Potable Water Use for theProposed Combined Cycle Power Plant 1-7

1.3-2 Summary of Potential Industrial and Associated Sanitary Waste WaterDischarges 1-9

1.3-3 Summary of Evaporation Pond Operating Characteristics 1-10

1.4-1 Major Pakistan Legislation and Regulations 1-14

1.4-2 World Bank and IFC Air Emission Limitations for Stationary Sources 1-15

1.4-3 World Bank and IFC Ambient Air Quality Standards 1-16

1.4-4 World Bank Recommended Noise Criteria 1 [-17

2.3-1 Design Fuel Analyses for Proposed Uch Power Project 2-3

3.1-1 Temperature and Rainfall Data for Selected Weather Stations inProximnity of the Project Site 3-4

3.1-2 Summary of Average Monthly Rainfall at Sukkur and Jacobabad 3-5

3.1-3 Meteorological Data Collected at the Rohri Meteorological Station 3-7

3.14 Summary of Total Suspended Particulate Matter Concentrations forLkhra Monitoring Stations; May 1985 through September 1986 3-10

3.1-5 Summary of Observed Maximum Annual Discharges of the IndusRiver, Upstream and Downstream of the Guddu Barrage for 1962through 1987 (26 years) 3-14

3.1-6 Summary of Observed Minimum Annual Discharges of the Indus River,Upstream and Downstream of the Guddu Barrage for 1962 through1987 (26 years) 3-15

3.1-7 Summary of Observed Maximum Annual Water Elevation of the IndusRiver, Upstream and Downstream of the Guddu Barrage for 1962through 1987 (26 years) 3-16

3.1-8 Summary of Indus RiverlB.S. Feeder Canal Water Quality 3-19

3.1-9 Summary of Indus River Water Quality at Sukkur 3-20

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LIST OF TABRLES(Page 2 of 2)

3.1-10 World Health Organization International Drinking Water Criteria 3-21

3.2-1 Endangered and Vulnerable Species Potentially Occurring in Baluchistan 3-29

3.3-1 Agricultual Statistics for Major Crops in Nasirabad District, 1980-1981 3-33

3.3-2 Growth, Density and Distribution of Population 3-34

4.1-1 Major Features of the ISC Model 4-2

4.1-2a Design Information and Stack Parameters for Uch Power Project-GE: Low-Btu Natural Gas and Oil 4-4

4.1-2b Critical Load Design Information and Stack Parameters for Uch PowerProiect GE, Natural Gas and Oil; 85% for Gas Fired, 50% for OilFired 4-5

4.1-3 Maximum Pollutant Emissions for Uch Power Project-GE: NaturalGas and Oil 4-6

4.1-4 Maximum Impacts for Proposed Uch Power Facility 4-11

4.1-5 Summary of Source Input Data for the Noise Impact Analysis for theUch Power Project 4-14

4.1-6 Estimates of Canal Flow and Proposed Power Plant Withdrawal 4-18

4.1.7 Water Treatment Chemicals 4-20

4.3-1 Toxic Gases Associated With Power Production (Natural Gas or Diesel Fuel) 4-32

4.3-2 Permissible Noise Exposures 4-34

4.3-3 Examples of Permissible Heat Exposure Threshold Limit Values[Values are given in °C and (°F) Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature(WBG`)J 4-35

5.2-1 Toxic Compounds Associated With the Combustion of Fuel Oil 5-8

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13130C04124195

LIST OF FIGURES

1.1-1 Site Location of Proposed Uch Power Plant 1-2

1.2-1 Proposed Project Site 14

1.3-1 Site Layout for the Proposed Power Plant 1-6

3.1-1 Windrose for Jacobabad, Annual Average, 1961-1990 3-8

3.1-2 Pat Feeder Canal near Dera Murad Janali 3-12

3.1-3 Indus River Discharge, April 1987 - March 1988 3-13

3.1-4 Feeder Canal Discharge, April 1987- March 1988 3-17

3.2-1 Typical Vegetative Cover at Project Site 3-26

3.3-1 General Land Use in Project Area 3-31

4.1-1 Predicted Noise Levels for Uch Power Plant 4-16

ix

FINAL

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

ENVIRONMENTAL SUIMMARY

for tie

UCH POWER LIMITEDUCH GAS FIELD POWER GENERATION FACILITY

PROJECT

BALUCMISTAN, PAKISTAN

Prepared for

Tenaska, Inc.1044 North 115th Street, Suite 400

Onmaha, Nebraska 68154

April L99513130BAR2

Prepared by

KBN Engineering and Applied Sciences, Inc.6241 N.W. 23rd Street

Gainesville, Florida 32653-1500

1616 'P' Street, N.W., Suite 450Washington, D.C. 20036

13 130B1R21ENVS-104/2/95

ENVIRONMENTAL SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION

The Uch Power Limited (UPL) has proposed to construct a power generation facility rated at a

gross capacity of 584 megawatts (MW) firing natural gas from the Uch gas field. High-speed

diesel fuel will be used as an emergency fuel supply. The facility will be located in the Dera

Murad Jamali area in Etaluchistan, Pakistan. The proposed facility will be constructed, owned,

and operated by UPL with potential financing from the International Bank of Reconstruction and

Development (World Bank), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), and private sources.

KBN Engineering and Applied Sciences, Inc. (KBN) conducted an environmental and social

soundness assessment (ESSA) of the proposed facility. The study considered the impacts of the

proposed facility to the physical, ecological, and socioeconomic enviromnents. The assessment

also identified mitigation and monitoring activities required to minimize any potential impacts of

A__ft the facility. The impact analysis compared the potential impacts from the proposed facility to the

World Bank's 1988 environmental guidelines, the IFC's guidelines, and Government of Pakistan

(GOP) standards and guidelines.

PROJECT DESCRIPMTON

The Uch combined cycle project is located in the flat plain area of Nasirabad district in eastern

Baluchistan northwest of the district headquarters, Dera Murad Jamali (Figure 1). Portions of

Dera Murad Jamali are irrigated by the Pat Feeder Canal from the Guddu Barrage on the Indus

River. Irrigable farmland extends south from Dera Murad Jamali to Jacobabad and Sukkur in

Upper Sind Province. The power plant site is located in an isolated. semi-arid enviromment north

of the Pat Feeder Canal.

The project will consist of a conventional gas turbine, combined cycle, electric generating plant

with a gross output rating of 584 MW. The plant configuration is comprised of three nominal

130 MW gas turbine generators and three heat recovery steam generators (HRSGs), one 194 MW

steam turbine generator and associated plant equipment and auxiliary systems. A double circuit

connection to the WAPDA 220 kV transmission system will be provided by WAPDA at the plant

switchyard. Ancillary facilities consist of central control building, office and administration areas,

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131 30BIR2IENVS-204r/5195

warehouse and maintenance building, and water treatment building. Living quarters for the plant

staff will be provided in a nearby housing colony.

Water uses in the proposed project include cooling tower makeup, plant service water, and

potable water from the Indus River via the Pat Feeder Canal. Currently, the canal is used for

agricultural and potable water supply in the area.

Major waste water sources for the proposed project include cooling tower blowdown, plant low

volume wastes, and sanitary waste water. Power plant low volume wastes include floor drain

wastes, boiler blowdown, demineralized regeneration wastes, and filter backwash. An

evaporation pond will be constructed to treat and dispose of the waste water.

BASELINE DATA

Existing Air Quality

There are no other significant sources of atmospheric pollution in the region, and background

levels for most pollutants would be low; therefore, measurements of existing ambient

concentrations in the vicinity of the Uch power development are not considered necessary. This

was confirmed by previous ambient sampling taken at the Guddu power project and the proposed

Lakhra power project. Measurements of sulfur dioxide (SO), nitrogen dioxide (NO,), carbon

monoxide (CO), and ozone (03) were conducted at two locations at Guddu. These findings

confirm that background concentration levels in the area are low even in an area of some

industrial development similar to the proposed project.

Concentrations of total suspended particulate matter (ISP) for the Uch site were estimated from

data obtained from similar environments in Pakistan. However, long-term TSP sampling has been

conducted at the Lakhra and Jamshoro power plant sites located northwest of Hyderabad. The

data indicate that background TSP levels average about 200 pglnm. This 200 uglme concentration

is however a result of natural sources and consists of relatively non-respirable particles.

There are no significant industrial developments in the project area. The existing noise levels are

anticipated to be well below the World Bank guidelines for ambient noise levels.

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13 I30BR2MENVS-304P25/95

Existing Water Resources

The proposed power plant site is located on the Kachhi Plain. The Kachhi Plain merges with the

Indus Plains to the south and east. In general, the plain slopes from northwest to southeast and its

altitude is around 58 meters above mean sea level (m-msl). Near Dera Murad Jamali, the

elevation is approximately 64 m-mnsl.

The Indus River flows in a southwesterly direction approximately 100 km south of Dera Murad

Jamali. Indus River flow near the project area is controlled by the Guddu barrage, approximately

150 km to the east. The function of this barrage is to create a large reservoir to provide water

supply for irrigation of adjacent and downstream agricultural lands. The Guddu barrage and other

barrages on the Indus River system have proven effective in retaining and managing water for use

during the dry season.

Water is diverted from the Indus River upstream of the barrage by large feeder canals, including

the B.S. Feeder Canal, the D.P. (Pat) Feeder Canal, and the Ghotki Feeder Canal. The Pat

Feeder Canal passes near the proposed power plant site. Water from these feeder canals is used

for agricultural, domestic, and power plant supply. In addition to these diversions, water is

continuously released from the barrage to the downstreamn reaches of the Indus River.

Indus River flow varies significantly during the year. Annual high flows typically occur in

August. Annual low flows typically occur during December through March. Water is released

from the Guddu barrage into the three feeder canals; the rate of release into these canals varies

during the year depending on the agricultural and industrial demand. The Pat Feeder Canal is

currently being renovated and enlarged, with project completion scheduled for 1996. The

widened canal will receive increased flows in the summer months and no change in flows for the

winter months. Maximum releases typically oceur during July for the B.S. Feeder Canal and Pat

Feeder Canal and during August for Ghotci Canal. During certain times of the year, no water is

released into feeder canals.

Water quality of tfie Indus River is highly dependent on river flow. Water quality in the Pat

Feeder Canal is reported to be 550 ppm total dissolved solids, which is higher than that observed

in the Indus River or B.S. Feeder Canal. An extensive water quality sampling program of the Pat

Feeder Canal has been started and analyses will be made for many constituents including heavy

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13130BtR IENVS-404r15195

metals. ne results of the sampling program will be included in the design of the water treatment

plant. UPL plans to treat the potable water using the water treatment techniques commonly used

in the United States for surface water supplies. These treatment techniques will ensure a safe

water supply system.

Recharge to groundwater is principally due to infiltration of precipitation falling within the basin.

Annual rainfall ranges from 100 to 125 mm on the Kachhi Plain. Unconsolidated deposits

constitute the major groundwater reservoir in the region. This aquifer is not capable of sustaining

a reliable water supply for a power plant. The groundwater quality of the upper 150 m of the

aquifer is brackisb (greater than 3,000 ppm TDS at all levels). Uch Power Limited (1990) notes

that weli water is very brackish with a TDS of 30,000 ppm near the site.

The Pat Feeder Canal is available for water supply over 10 months of the year on average.

Regular canal repairs in December and AprilJMay close the canal 6 weeks a year. On-site water

storage ponds will be used for periods when water is unavailable from the Pat Feeder Canal.

Other than the Pat Feeder Canal, no large surface water body exists nearby which might serve as

the receiving stream. Since the canal is used for both domestic purposes and irrigation, it is not

desirable to utilize it for discharge purposes. Onsite precipitation will be collected and directed to

the oil/water separator and then to the water storage ponds so that there will be no offsite runoff.

The preferred disposal method is evaporation ponds. Wastewater from the ponds would evaporate

with minimal infiltration into the ground. Given the evident existing high levels of dissolved

solids in deep groundwater, it does not appear that such a discharge poses a significant

environmental threat. Care will be taken to minimize the Dossibility that toxic or hazardous

constituents will be in the wastewater before disposal to the evaporation pond.

Several non-perennial river beds and streams are located in the project area. These water courses

transport water during short periods of the rainy season or following heavy rainfall events.

Existing Natural Hazards

The area presents a minor to moderate potential for eartiquake activity. This range of earthquake

magnitude would place the proposed site within Uniform Building Code (UBC) Zone 2. Tle

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04115/95

ESSA team suspects that the potential for liquefaction will not be a significant problem; however,

the soils investigation report will address this issue directly.

Locating the plant approximately 3.2 kn north of the Pat Feeder Canal will reduce the 25 year

flood stage to approximately 1.5 m above the existing grade. The flood protection measures for

the power plant include:

1. Elevating the site above the 25 year flood plain using soil excavated from the ponds

and foundations on the site.

2. Locating the evaporation pond within the walls of the plant and raising the top of the

berm around the evaporation ponds to an elevation above the 25 year flood plain.

3. Constructing a solid wall around the plant site. The wall will provide protection

during a 100 year flood evenL Provisions will be trade to sandbag the gate when

necessary.

4. Installing culverts under the access road.

5. Installing riprap where running water could cause soil erosion.

Existing Biological EnvironmentfBiodiversity

The site is characterized as a tropical thorn scrub community. In general, the vegetation is simple

in its organization, and the plant cover is scanty, with little vegetation fbund in non-perennial

stream beds. The greatest amount of plant cover is observed during the monsoon season in July

and August. The composition of the ecological communities varies from low-growing grasses and

herbaceous vegetation to shrubs and trees such as mesquite and acacia.

While sheets of evaporating water may persist fbr short durations following flash floods, there are

no permanent aquatic habitats in the study area. Consequently, semi-arid habitats were the only

major habitat identified within Lhe vicinity of the site. Rcutmiaissance observations suggest that

wildlife is limited within the area due to the semi-arid conditions and negative impacts associated

with livestock grazing. The project site is not indicative of any endangered species habitats.

Existing Social, Cultural, and Institutional Environment

The project area is located northwest of the district headquarters, Dera Murad Jamali (Temple

Dera prior to Partition) in the Dera Murad Jamali Subtebsil of the Pat Feeder Subdivision. Dera

Murad Jamali is irrigated by the Pat Feeder Canal from water released from the Guddu Barrage

5

13 130B/R2IENVS.604r.5I95

on the Indus River. Irrigable farmland extends south from Dera Murad Jamali to Jacobabad and

Sukkur in Upper Sind Province. No major cash crops are grown north of the Pat Feeder Canal.

Most of the land in the general vicinity of the plant is used to grow forage.

Occasional herders with herds smaller than 20 animals have access to the aree and farmers

planting opportunistic crops occasionally utilize the land near the site after heavy rains. The

project will disturb only a very small percentage of land that is used for that purpose.

The power plant site is unpopulated, with the nearest population cluster approximately 5 km from

the site. Currently, no economic or employment conditions exist on-site. Dera Murad Jamali had

an approximate population of 40,000 at the time of the 1981 census. Major economic activities in

Dera Murad Jamnali include rice milling and small retail businesses. At present, there are 3 rice

husking mills in Dera Murad Jamali, and a sugar mill has been sanctioned for the area- An

industrial estate spread over 50 acres is now approved for Dera Murad Jamali and is located south

of the Pat Feeder Canal. The labor force at Dera Murad Jamali consists primarily of unskilled

and agricultural labor. Although Dera Murad Jamali is located outside the project area, the town

is noted in this section because it may benefit from positive secondary impacts of the facility

through the increased goods and services required by the facility and its employees.

The existing road, airport, and port facilities are considered to be adequate to handle anticipated

movement of materials and workers between the Karachi and the site. Improvements to bring the

Indus Highway up to National Super Highway standards would greatly benefit transportation

logistics for the area. Access to the proposed Uch site, however, is not contingent on these

improvements. Physical accessibility to the project area is enhanced by the quality of the

overland transportation in and out of Nasirabad District. The District headquarters, Dera Murad

Jamali, is situated on the main Jacobabad-Sibi Road and the railway line.

There is no local capacity for facilities and services close enough to benefit the proposed project;

therefore, the project will develop the infrastructure required at the site to provide health care,

living quarters, emergency response, recreation, and religious services. There are no known

archaeological resources on or near the site.

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13130BIR2IENVS-704125195

POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPAC1S

Air Quality Impacts

Emissions of nitrogen oxide (NO1), sulfur dioxide (SO.), and particulate matter (PM) are emitted

during the combustion of fossil fuels. S% results from the buming of sulfur in the fuel. NO. is

fbrmed by the reaction of atmospheric and fuel-bound nitrogen with oxygen under high-

ternperature conditions. SO2 and NO. are referred to as acid gases since they are converted

through complex atmospheric processes to acidic species (e.g., sulfuric and nitric acids). PM

emissions resulting from unburned carbon and impurities in fuels.

The magnitude of emissions is reflected in fuel quality. Natural gas has lower sulfur, fuel-bound

nitrogen, and impurities than other fuels thus having lower emissions. An air quality impact

analysis of the project indicated that the proposed project when firing either natural gas or high

speed diesel fuel oil would not exceed World Bank, USEPA, and IFC ambient air quality

guidelines for NO,, SO., or PM. Natural gas has lower emissions of NO,, S02, and PM than

fuel oil; therefore, the impacts when using natural gas, which is the primary fuel, would be lower

than those from fuel oil.

The amount of CO emissions from the Uch Power Plant are estimated to be about 2,990,000

TPY, based on the assumption that all three units will burn natural gas and fuel oil for 11 and 1

months respectively. This rate can be expressed as 1.66 lb CO, emissions per kWh of electricity

produced, which compares favorably to the 1.70 lb/lkWh from a conventional boiler entirely using

No. 6 fuel oil, or 2.03 lb/kWh from a conventional fluidized bed boiler using coal.

The projected noise imp.acts for the facility will be less than the World Bank guidelines.

Additionally, the site location is not in the proximity of any areas (excluding the workers colony)

that may be sensitive to noise impacts, such as residential areas, schools, and hospitals.

Water and Land Resources Impacts

In general, impacts to water and land resources are minimal and can be reduced by applying

appropriate mitigation measures as part of project design, construction, and operation. The

facility will treat and dispose of waste water in an evaporation pond. The waste streams resulting

from the project are neither hazardous nor toxic and entirely contained on the site. This zero

discharge design results in no significant adverse effect to surface water or groundwater.

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131303/R.2IENVs404r-s19s

Temporary and localized impacts will occur in turbidity and suspended solids when constructing

the intake in the Pat Feeder Canal. The withdrawal from the Pat Feeder Canal will not adversely

impact local or regional water availability. Water storage ponds will be used during periods of

low flow in the Pat Feeder Canal to maintain normal plant operations and to minimize any

potential adverse impacts on the canal. Clean waste waters such as boiler and evaporator cooler

blowdown will be reused as cooling tower makeup. Other waste waters will be treated or

neutralized and directed to the evaporation pond.

Ecological Impacts

The removal of vegetation and wildlife habitat from the site is not considered to be of major

ecological consequence. No endangered, protected, or otherwise biologically significant species

were found to occur on-site. Because of the relative small size of the site (2.6 kia2), no

significant loss of habitat will occur as a result of the project. While entrainmentfimpingement of

small aquatic organisms in the Pat Feeder Canal will occur to some degree with the proposed

intake structure, the impacts are not considered significant because of the lack of biologically or

economically significant aquatic species in the Pat Feeder Canal.

Adverse aquatic impacts related to the potential for oil spills and site runoff are not anticipated.

An oil spill prevention plan and mitigation measures designed to reduce the degree of runoff

during fuel transfer and storage will be implemented. Details of these plans are provided in

Section 5.0 of the ESSA.

Social and Cultural Environment

The project site is uninhabited and located in an isolated, semi-arid enviromment. Temporary land

use impacts include increases in temporary residents and vendors during constructioa and

unofficial residents (squatters) who may be attracted to the project area. Once in operation, the

land use impacts to the area are anticipated to be minimal and consistent with the other similar

projects in Pakistan (e.g., Guddu). No relocation or rehabitation of residential communities or

people will be required as a result of the project.

The economic patterns in the project area will be enhanced by the increased demand for goods

and services by the construction workers and permanent plant employees. lThese positive impacts

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13130B/R:!/ENVS-904r25195

also include expenditure of funds for construction related supplies and services as well as the

increase in labor related to plant operation and maintenance.

The impacts on transportation related to personnel and others accessing the project are expected to

be localized and temporary during construction and minimal during operation. The proposed

project is not anticipated to have any impact on historical or archaeological resources.

Adverse impacts on worker safety will be minimied by implementing an occupational health

program that includes consideration of chemical exposure, noise protection, medical monitoring,

temperature and humidity, and respiratory protection. The expected major risk of an industrial

hazard (i.e., fire or explosion) is not expected to be catastrophic. The planned fire protection and

firefighting equipment appear adequate; all aboveground gas pipelines are within the facility.

ANALYSIS 0F ALTERNATIVES

Management and project alternatives were evaluated. Management alternatives, such as no-

action, other purchased power, and upgrading existing plants, were less favorable than the

proposed project due to the shortage of electric power in Pakistan. The use of indigenous fuel

(Uch field gas) is preferable from an economic and environmental prospective.

MTIGATTON PLAN AND MONITORING PROGRAMS

Mitigation Plan

By utilizing natural gas as the primary fuel source, PM and SO2 emissions will be extremely low

and well under World Bank guidelines. PM and SO2 emissions resulting from firing the

gcondary fuel source are also well under World Bank guidelines. Therefore, no additional

mitigation, other than that realized by the project as designed, is required. Additionally, the high

percentage of CO. in the fuel results in a lower peak flame temperature and, as a result, reduces

NO. emissions to below World Bank guidelines. Water injection will be utilized to reduce NO.

emissions in the unlikely event that fuel oil must be fired over extended periods. The most

effective mitigation for impacts associated with emissions from the facility is rigorous monitoring

of the plant's overall operation. This will be achieved through regular performance evaluations

that will be conducted to ensure facility efficiency.

9

13130B/R2/ENVS-1004Q25/95

Impacts associated with water use at the facility will be mitigated by the withdrawal of water from

the Pat Feeder Canal only during periods of average or high flows. The fact that the canal

maintenance periods, during which the canal is closed, coincide with these low-flow periods

reinforces this strategy. Twenty-seven million cubic feet of water (60 days at maximum flow

rate) will be stored onsite to provide water for the facility during these periods. Documentation

and background documents reviewed by the ESSA team did not indicate that the Pat Feeder Canal

had run dry over the life of the canal; however, if the canal does run dry, UPL will use the water

stored on site until water is returned to the canal.

Mitigation for wastewater discharge is not required since the proposed design (i.e., the use of

evaporation ponds for plant wastes as well as wastewater from the workers colony) results in a

zero discharge to surface water. To reduce the pollutant concentration of the waste stream, the

project will incorporate a treatment basin to treat low-volume wastes (chemical drains and

demineralizer regeneration wastes). Treated low-volume wastes will be discharged to a

wastewater recovery basin and allowed to mix with cooling water blowdown. Design features for

the facility will be implemented to improve wastewater basin performance and operation.

An emergency response plan will be prepared and implemented to minimize onsite damage and

risk to personnel in the unlikely event of a major release of fuel and subsequent fire. The project

will implement an oil spill contingency plan to mitigate impacts in the unlikely event that a

substantial volume of oil is discharged from the containment cell area.

To mitigate the risks associated with the potential for earthquakes, all structures will be built to

UBC Zone 2 classification. The power plant will be engineered, designed, and constructed in

accordance with the potential for minor to moderate earthquakes in the area. An emergency

response plan will be in place in the unlikely event that a larger than minor earthquake is

experienced at the project site.

The evaporation pond will be bermed to mitigate impacts associated with flooding. In addition,

the entire site will be raised with material excavated during construction of the evaporation and

water storage ponds.

10

1313081R2/ENvS-I I0412519S

The project will not result in significant adverse impacts to the ecological environment in

Baluchistan; dterefore, no mitigation is proposed to reduce impacts to aquatic and terrestrial

ecology.

There are no known archaeological sites or historic structures on the proposed site or adjacent

parcels. Nevertheless, if artifacts of cultural significance are uncovered during construction, work

in the immediate vicinity will be temporarily stopped and the proper GOP authorities notified to

determine the appropriate action.

Monitoring Programs

The Uch Power Project is implementing a rigorous performance evaluation program to ensure the

efficiency of the facility. This program is required in the financing agreements and has the added

benefit of ensuring that the measures being recommended as part of the mitigation of

environmental impacts are monitored. In addition to monioring conduczed as part of the

performance evaluations, wastewaters will be evaluated quarterly for nine heavy metals Ci.e.,-.-

arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, selenium, and silver, if expected)

before discharge to the evaporation pond.

Baseline occupational air monitoring for the power plant work areas will be accomplished during

the first six months of plant operation. Monitoring for ambient air quality may be required

although the impacts to air quality from the project fall below World Bank, IFC, and GOP

guidelines.

PUBLIC PARTICIPATION

In accordance with World Bank guidelines, governmental and nongovernmental organizations

were identified and contacted during the development of the ESSA. Jacobabad Regional and

Town Administrators and officials and representatives of the Jamali Tribe were contacted. The

Environmental Protection Agency for the Government of Baluchistan was contacted. Ihe

following GOP organizations were contacted:

1. Pakistar. Environmental Protection Agency,

2. Environment and Urban Affairs Division,

3. Ministry of War Power, Private Power Cell,

4. Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority,

II

131308MVENVS-12

0OUZ/95

5. National Finance Development Corporation,

6. The Government of Baluchistan (GOB) Environmental Protection Agency,

7. The GOB Ministry for Public Health,

S. Jacobabad regional and town administrators, and

9. Representatives of the Jarnali tribe.

The following international organizations were contacted:

1. United States Agency for International Development and

2. International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.

12

13130CIES-1

0$/24/95

EECUTNE SUBARY

PROJECT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

The Uch Power Limited (UPL) has proposed to construct a power generation facility rated at a

gross capacity of 584 megawatts (MW) firing natural gas from the Uch gas field. High-speed

diesel fuel will be used as an emergency fuel supply. The facility will be located in the Dera

Murad Jamali area in Baluchistan, Pakistan. The proposed facility will be constructed, owned,

and operated by UPL with potential financing from the Intemational Bank of Reconstruction and

Development (World Bank), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), and private sources.

KBN Engineering and Applied Sciences. Inc. (KBN) conducted an enviromnental and social

soundness assessment (ESSA) of the proposed facility. The study considered the impacts of the

proposed facility to the physical, ecological, and socioeconomic environments. The assessment

also identified mitigation and monitoring activities required to minimize any potential impacts of

the facility. The impact analysis compared the potential impacts from the proposed facility to the

WVorld Bank's 1988 environmental guidelines, the IEFC's guidelines, and Government of Pakistan

(GOP) standards and guidelines.

PROJECT LOCATION AND DESCRIPIMON

Ile Uch combined cycle project is located in the flat plain area of Nasirabad district in eastern

Baluchistan northwest of the district headquarters, Dera Murad Jamali. Portions of Dera Murad

Jamali are irrigated by the Pat Feeder Canal from the Guddu Barrage on the Indus River.

Irrigable farmland extends south from Dera Murad Jamali to Jacobabad and Sukkur in Upper Sind

Province. The power plant site is located in an isolated semi-arid enviromment north of the Pat

Feeder Canal.



130 MW gas turbine generators and three pressure heat recovery generators (HRSGs), one

194 MW steam turbine generator and associated plant equipment and auxiliary systems. A double

circuit connection to the WAPDA 220 kV transmission system will be provided by WAPDA at

the plant switchyard. Ancillary facilities consist of central control building, office and

ES-]

13130C1ES-2041r4/95

administration areas, warehouse and maintenance building. and water treatment building. Living

quarters for the plant staff will be provided in a nearby housing colony.


potable water from the Indus River via the Pat Feeder Canal. Currently, the canal is used for

agricultural and potable water supply in the area.



wastes, boiler blowdown, demineralized regeneration wastes, and filter backwash. An

evaporation pond will be constructed to treat and dispose of the waste water.

MANAGEMENT AND PROJECT ALTERNATIVES

Management, project fuel, and design alternatives were evaluated. Management alternatives, such

as no-action, other purchased power, and upgrading existing plants, were less favorable than the

proposed project due to the shortage of electric power in Pakistan. Project alternatives considered

include other elements of the WAPDA expansion plan which would not replace the capacity that

will be supplied by the Uch project. The use of indigenous fuel (Uch field gas) is preferable

from an economic and environmental prospective. Design alteratives include other site, water

supply, water treatment, and emissions control options. Selection of each design alternative is

supported by technical and economic criteria.

POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENITAL IMPACTS

AIR QUAIlTY

Emissions of nitrogen oxide (NOR), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and particulate matter (PM) are emitted

during the combustion of fossil fuels. SGO results from the burning of sulfur in the fuel. NO. is

formed by the reaction of atmospheric and fuel-bound nitrogen with oxygen under high-

temperature conditions. SO and NO, are referred to as acid gazes since they are converted

through complex atmospheric processes to acidic species (e.g., sulfuric and nitric acids). PM

emissions resulting from unburned carbon and impurities in fuels.

The magnitude of emissions is reflected in fuel quality. Natural gas has lower sulfur. fuel-bound

nitrogen, and impurities than other fuels thus having lower emissions. An air quality impact

ES-2

1313OC/ES-30.r14195

analysis of the project indicated that the proposed project when firing either natural gas or high

speed diesel fuel oil would not exceed World Bank, USEPA, and IFC ambient air quality

guidelines for NO,, SO2, or PM. Natural gas has lower emissions of NO., SO,. and PM than

fuel oil; therefore, the impacts when using natural gas, which is the primary fuel, would be lower

than those from fuel oil.

The projected noise impacts for the facility will be less than the World Bank guidelines.

Additionally, the site location is not in the proximity of any areas that may be sensitive to noise

impacts [i.e., residential areas, schools, hospitals, etc. (excluding the workers colony)].

WATER AND LAND RESOURCES

In general, impacts to water and land resources are minimal and can be reduced by applying

appropriate mitigation measures as part of project design, construction, and operation. The

facility will treat and dispose of waste water in an evaporation pond. 7he waste streams resulting

from the project are neither hazardous nor toxic and are entirely contained on the site. This zero

discharge design results in no significant adverse effect to surface water or groundwater.

Temporary and localized impacts will occur in turbidity and suspended solids when constructing

the intake in the Pat Feeder Canal. The withdrawal from the Pat Feeder Canal v,ill not adversely

impact local or regional water availability. Water storage ponds will be used during periods of

low flow in the Pat Feeder Canal to maintain normal plant operations and to minimize any

potential adverse impacts on the canal. Clean waste waters such as boiler and evaporator cooler

blowdown will be reused as cooling tower makeup. Other waste waters will be treated or

neutralized and directed to the evaporation pond.

The site is unoccupied. Occasionally, some forage for animals is gathered by hand. The site is a

small portion of a very large, physically, biologically, and socio-economically homogenous area

so that incremental, predicted impacts are considered insignificant.

ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

The removal of vegetation and wildlife habitat from the site is not considered to be of major

ecological consequence. No endangered, protected, or otherwise biologically significant species

were found to occur on-site. Because of the relative small size of the site (2.6 krn) in

ES-3

13 130C1ES404124195

comparison to regionally equivalent areas. no sianificant loss of habitat will occur as a result of

the project. While entrainment/impingement of small aquatic organisms in the Pat Feeder Canal

will occur to some degree with the proposed intake structure, the impacts are not considered

significant because of the lack of biologically or economically important aquatic species in the Pat

Feeder Canal.

Adverse aquatic impacts related to the potential for oil spills and site runoff are not anticipated.

An oil spill prevention plan and mitigation measures designed to reduce the degree of runoff

during fuel transfer and storage will be implemented. Details of these plans are provided in

Section 5.0 of the ESSA.

SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT

-she project site is uninhabited and located in an isolated, semi-arid environment. Temporary land

use impacts include increases in temporary residents and vendors during construction and

unofficial residents (squatters) who may be attracted to the project area. Once in operation, the

land use impacts to the area are anticipated to be minimal and consistent with the other similar

projects in Pakistan (e.g., Guddu). No relocation or rehabitation of residential communities will

be required as a result of the project.

The economic patterns in the project area will be enhanced by the increased demand for goods

and services by the construction workers and permanent plant employees. These positive impacts

also include expenditure of funds for construction related supplies and services as well as the

increase in labor related to plant operation and nmaintenance.

The impacts on transportation related to personnel and others accessing the project are expected to

be localized and temporary during construction and minimal during operation. The proposed

project is not anticipated to have any impact on historical or archaeological resources.

Adverse impacts on worker safety will be minimized by implementing an occupational health

program that includes consideration of chemical exposure, noise protection, medical monitoring,

temperature and humidity, and respiratory protection. The expected major risk of an industrial

hazard (i.e., fire or explosion) is not expected to be catastrophic. Ihe planned fire protection and

ES-4

13130C/ES-5014r4/95

firefighting equipment appear adequate; all aboveground gas pipelines are within the facility.

Details of these plans are provided in Section 5.0.

CONCLUSION

An environmental assessment of the proposed Uch power project indicated that the proposed

facility satisfies the environmental guidelines of the Government of Pakistan (GOP), the World

Bank, and the IFC. Adequate mitigation and monitoring plans have been developed to minimize

any potential adverse impacts related to the facility.

ES-5

13130C/1-104rl4/95

1.0 LN'TRODUCTJON-

1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF REPORT

Uch Power Limited (UPL) has a letter of support from the Government of Pakistan (GOP) to

construct a natural gas-fired electrical generating facility using natural gas from the Uch gas field

as the primary fuel. UPL has also received an initialed Power Purchase Agreement with the

Water and Power Development Authority of Pakistan (WAPDA). The proposed facility will be

located in Baluchistan, Pakistan, and would have three gas turbine generators and one steam

generator. The power generating facility is rated at a gross capacity of 584 megawatts (MW).

The proposed project site, located in the Dera Murad Jamali vicinity (Figure 1.1-1), was selected

by UPL based on the following:

1. Proximity to water, roads. railroads. and the Uch gas field;

2. The electrical transmission grid of WAPDA;

3. The need for transmission stability; and

4. The potential economic benefit to the area.

KBN Engineering and Applied Sciences, Inc. (KBN) has conducted an environmental and social

soundness assessment (ESSA) of the proposed site to identify any potential adverse environmental

impacts that would preclude the project from financing based on the environmental criteria of the

International Bank of Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) or the Internatioual Finance

Corporation (IFC). KBN has also assessed the site and preliminary design parameters in light of

GOP environmental and siting criteria.

A disussion of the proposed project, the site. and the regulatory framework for the project is

included in this section. The remaining sections provide information on alternatives (Section 2.0),

baseline environmental conditions (Section 3.0), and impacts of the project (Section 4.0).

Mitigation, monitoring, and training requirements are identified in Section 5.0.

This project is similar to the Guddu power develdpment project. The Guddu project consisted of

a 450-MW combined cycle facility firing natural gas with a 300-MW expansion proposed.

1-1

TAJIKISTAN - CHINA

GILGrr

WEST TSTAN( ~~~~~~~~~~~FRONER V

KASHPAR

AFGHANISTAN

-' ~ ~ ~~~~~KnLahawes'

PAKISTANMRJ'A9

srrE LocATioN^n BALUCHWSA * _

IR-N 3'_> f ~~~~GUODUs

Z . Swo ' IMlA~sw

Figure 1.1-1 SITE LOCATION OF PROPOSEDUCH POWER PLANT

--2

* a 13130C! 1-3O:24195

1.2 SITE DESCRIPIION

The Uch combined cycle project is located in the flat plain area of Nasirabad district (Sibi

Division) in eastern Baluchistan. The Nasirabad district was formed after the 1972 census. It

consists of Jbat Pat and Usta Muhammad Tebsils transferred from the old Sibi District, and

Chattar and Tamboo Tehsils of the former Kachhi district. It is bounded on the north by Kohlu

Agency, on the south and east by Larkana and Jacobabad Districts in Sind Province, and on the

west by Kachhi. The total area of Nasirabad District is 5.832 square kilometers (kmn') [2.246

square miles (nu!)] of which 104 km: (40 mi2) is a possible project area.

More specifically, the project area in Nasirabad District is located northwest of the district

headquarters Dera Murad Jamali (Temple Dera prior to Partition) in the Dera Murad Jamali

Subtehsil of the Pat Feeder Subdivision. Portions of Dera Murad Jamali are irrigated by the Pat

Feeder Canal from the Guddu Barrage on the Indus River. Irrigable farmland extends south from

Dera Murad Jamali to Jacobabad and Sukkur in Upper Sind Province.

The power plant site is located in an isolated semi-arid environment (see Figure 1.2-1). It is

geographically situated near the center of Pakistan and is approximately 25 kilometers (kin) from

the Sind and Baluchistan boundaries.

The 2.6 km2 (I mi) site is approximately 64 meters above mean sea level, the terrain slopes

gendy south and south east with an overall slope of approxinately three feet per nile. It is

characterized as having no relief, clayey-silt soils with very low permeability and sparse growth

of perennial xerophytic shrubs.

13 PROJECT DESCRITION

13.1 POWER BLOCK



130-MW gas turbine generators and three pressure heat recovery generators (HRSGs), one

194-MW steam turbine generator and associated plant equipment and auxiliary systems.

The combustion turbines will normally be fired with a low-Btu gas from the Uch gas field. High-

speed diesel fuel oil will be used for emergency backup fuel and during startup and shutdown of

1-3

13130C1I-504r/4/95

the gas turbines. Approximately a 3-day supply of fuel oil will be stored on site (8,856.9 m'.

2,340,000 gallons).

Each gas turbine will include associated auxiliary equipment such as inlet air filter and cooling

system, lube oil system, generator, control system and starting system. The HRSGs will convert

waste heat from the gas turbines into high-pressure steam to be used by the steam turbine

generator. Each HRSG is provided with a 45.7 m (150 ft) high stack. Also, a bypass stack is

provided between each gas turbine and HRSG to permit simple cycle operation during a

prolonged steam turbine outage. Plant cooling will be provided by a single crossflow mechanical

draft cooling tower.

Auxiliary mechanical equipment and systems will consist of condenser, deaerator, pumps,

compressed air system, fire protection system, storage tanks, water treatment system, boiler cycle

and water treatment chemical feed systems, waste water treatment systems and fuel oil unloading

and handling systems.

A double-circuit connection to the WAPDA 220-kV transmission system will be provided by

WAPDA at the plant switchyard. The major plant electrical systems consist of main step-up

transformers, auxiliary transformers, electrical distribution systems, switchgear, motor control

centers and a central plant control system.

Ancillary facilities consist of central control building, office and administration areas, warehouse

and maintenance building, and water treatment building. Living quarters for the plant staff will

be provided in a nearby housing colony.

Figure 1.3-1 presents the site layout for the combined cycle plant.

1.3.2 WATER SUPPLY AND TREATMENT


potable water. Preliminary estimates of anticipated water uses for the proposed project are

presented in Table 1.3-1. Slight modifications to these values can be expected based on the

detailed design of the generating facilities.

1-5

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13130CO/113195

Table 1.3-1. Summary of Anticipated Industrial and Associated Potable Water Use for theProposed Combined Cycle Power Plant

Maximum Water Use (584 MW)Water Use m3/min gpm

Cooling Tower Makeup 10.0 2,600

Other Plant Uses 0.7 180

Plant and Colony Potable Water 0.08 20

Total Existing Station WaterDemand - Cooling TowerOperations 10.78 2,800

Note: Water makeup quantities will change slightly based on the detailed design of the generatingfacilities.

Source: Tenaska, 1993.

l1-7

13130C11-So-419S

The source for cooling tower make-up water. plant service.water, and potable water for the

proposed project will be the Indus River via the Pat Feeder Canal. The water supply intake

facilities will be on the north side of the Pat Feeder Canal approximately south of the site.

Currently, the canal is used for agricultural and potable water supply in the area.

The primary water demand for the combined cycle operation is cooling tower makeup. During

most of the year, water will be withdrawn from the Pat Feeder Canal. During canal maintenance

periods (about two weeks in December and four weeks in April/May), water will be used from

the on-site storage pond.

Plant service water and potable water will receive treatment before use. Treatment units will

include clarification (sedimentation) for suspended sediment removal; filtration for additional

sediment and turbidity removal; and, for boiler feed/makeup water, ion exchange

demineralization. Potable water will be chlorinated.

1.33 WASTE WATER TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL



wastes, boiler blowdown, demineralized regeneration wastes, and filter backwash. Estimates of

anticipated waste water volumes for the proposed project are presented in Table 1.3-2.

Plant drains and HRSG blowdown will be recycled to the cooling tower system. Cooling tower

blowdown will be the primary discharge to the evaporation pond. Using the evaporation pond

eliminates waste water discharge into surface waters. Although this design has clear benefits in

terms of minimizing environmental impacts, the design of zero discharge is not required by World

Bank guidelines.

Disposal of the waste water will be via an unlined evaporation pond. Inflows to this pond will

include power plant discharges (i.e., cooling tower blowdown and low volume waste waters) as

well as the treated sewage effluent. The evaporation pond will cover a total water surface area of

approximately 21.4 hectares (52.8 acres) and have a 3.0-meter (m) berm (2.0 m of maximum

operating level with 1.0 m of freeboard). The water level in the evaporation pond typically will

be between 0.0 to 0.137 m (see Table 1.3-3).

1-8

13130C

04/24195

Table 1.3-2. Summary of Potential Industrial and Associated Sanitary Wastewater Discharges

Maximum Water Use" (584 MW)Water Use m'/min gpm

Cooling Tower Blowdown 1.25 330

Low Volume Wastes 0.02 5

Plant and ColonySanitary Wastewater Q0 20

Total PotentialWastewater Discharge 1.35 355

'0.28 m 3/min (74 gpm) recycled from plant drains and boiler blowdown.

Source: Tenaska, 1993.

1-9

13.130C04r24/95

Table 1.3-3. Summary of Evaporation Pond Operating Characteristics

PondWastewater Total Evaporation Level

Rainfall Discharge Inflow Rate Gain/LossMonth (m) (m) (m) (m) (m)

Jan. 0.003 0.233 0.236 0.107 0.129Feb. 0.007 0.211 0.218 0.139 0.079Mar. 0.010 0.233 0.243 0.224 0.019Apr. 0.002 0.226 0.228 0.297 -0.069May 0.002 0.233 0.235 0.363 -0.128Jun. 0.005 0.226 0.231 0.381 -0.150Jul. 0.037 0.233 0.270 0.333 -0.063Aug. 0.025 0.233 0.258 0.299 -0.041Sep. 0.011 0.226 0.237 0.260 -0.023Oct. 0.00 0.233 0.235 0.210 0.025Nov. 0.001 0.226 0.227 0.138 0.089Dec. 00.233 0 237 0.100 0.137Totals 0.109 2.744 2.853 2.851 0.002

Notes:

1. Wastewater discharge during operation 78.3 m3lhr2. Operating hours/year 7400 hr.3. Pond size 21.4 ha (52.8 Acres)4. Pond berm height (2.0 m working depth and

1.0 m freeboard) 3.0 m5. Estimated dissolved solids in discharge water 2500 mg/i6. Estimated dissolved solids deposited in pond

(dry weight basis) 1631 tons/yr7. Estimated volume of solids deposited in pond 0.831 cm (0.327 in)/yr8. Estimated total depth of solids for project 16.5 cm (6.5 inches)

Sources: KBN, 1995; Halcrow, 1995.

1-10

13130Cl1.II0.3124195

The proposed project will incorporate a treatment basin to treat low-volume wastes (chemical

drains and demineralizer regeneration wastes) prior to discharge. This basin will treat low-

volume wastes by sedimentation, flow equalization, and neutralization. Treated low-volume

wastes and cooling tower blowdown will be discharged to a waste water recovery basin. Sewage

generated by the workers colony will be treated, added to other Plant wastes, and directed to the

evaporation pond.

During the soils investigation, holes were drilled to a depth of approximately 40 meters (128 ft).

Groundwater was not encountered in any hole. The soils are a silty clay with a very low

perm:ability rate (8.8x109 cmJsec or 0.0003 inch per day); therefore, it was concluded that the

evaporation pond will not need to be lined.

13.4 SOLID WASTE

Operation of the proposed power plant will generate a relatively minor volume of solid waste for

disposal. Construction materials, chemical containers, and other wastes generated during

construction and operation will be minimal and recycled when feasible.

The evaporation ponds will generate approximately 1,453 m3 11,900 cubic yards (dry weight

basis)3 per year of solids that will accumulate in the pond at a rate of about 0.327 inch per year.

Tbe solids will consist of the mineral salts that remain after evaporating the Pat Feeder Canal

water in either the cooling towers or the evaporation ponds. A similar quantity of settleable solid

wastes will be generated in the raw water storage and pretreatment system for the facility. This

solid waste stream will consist of setted solids in the raw water storage pond, clarifier sludge,

and filtration residue. These solid waste streams are neither toxic nor hazardous and are entirely

contained on site.

1.3.5 AIR EMISSION CONTROLS

The emissions from the proposed combined cycle units will consist of particulate matter (PM),

sulfur dioxide (SO;), and nitrogen oxides (NO.); refer to Section 4.1.1 for more detail. Since

natural gas is the primary fuel, emissions of PM and SO2 will be 9.6 kg/hr (21 lblhr) and

587 kg/hr (1,290.9 lblhr), respectively. Indeed, PM and SO emissions will be less than

3 percent of the World Bank guidelines when natural gas is fired. Even under oil flririg, the

maximum PM emissions will be less than 6 mglNe' of exhaust gases compared to 100 mglNm'

1-11

13130C01-10412195

listed as the guideline; SO emissions will be less than 0.79 MT/day compared to the World Bank

guideline of 454 MT/day and the IFC guideline of 91 MT/day.

While no emission guidelines exist for CO and VOCs. emissions of these pollutants will be

controlled through good combustion techniques.

IFC guidelines for emission of NO. for natural gas and oil firing are 0.2 and 0.3 lb/MMBtu,

respectively. The use of water injection for NO, control when combusting fuel oil is part of the

plant design. The combustion turbine manufacturer guarantees that NO. emissions for this project

for gas and oil firing will not exceed 0.2 and 0.3 lb/MMBtu, respectively.

13.6 SAND AND DUST ACCUMULATION

The Operating Procedures Manual for the Power Plant will include requirements to clean all

buildings and equipment after dust and sand storms. This cleaning will include the removal of

accumulated sand and dust. In addition, all buildings and equipment will be periodically checked

for corrosion.

1.4 ENVIR-OMETAL POLICY. REGUILATIONS. AND PERMITMINGREOUIRE!MENTS

1.4.1 GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN

With the promulgation of the Pakistan Environmental Ordinance of 1983, the GOP has initiated

the mechanisms for formulating national environmental policy and developing and enforcing

national environmental quality standards. Policy and standards approval is the purview of the

Pakistan Envirornental Council, whereas standards development and enforcement, as well as

other environmental programs, are administered by the Environmental and Urban Affairs Division

of the Ministry of Housing and Works. In At,,ust 1993, the GOP issued National Enviromnental

Quality Standards related to municipal and ind' strial effluents and industrial gaseous emissions.

These standaids are included as Appendix B. Environmental impact assessments (EIAs) for

industrial facilities in Baluchistan must be submitted for approval to the Environmental Protection

Agency of Baluchistan at Quetta. The Baluchistan Environmental Protection Agency relies on

guidance for approval from the Central Environmental Protection Agency in Islamabad.

In addition, the GOP has overall EIA guidelines and EIA guidelines specific to the energy sector.

1-12

131 30C 1-13O4/2419S

The GOP also has established legislation governing antiquities, endangered species, national

parks, wildlife sanctuaries, game reserves. forestry, and water management. The major

environmental legislation and regulations are listed in Table 1.4-1.

1.4.2 WORID BANK AND IFC

The World Bank and IFC have established guidelines for ensuring that projects for which they

provide financing have assessed the environmental impacts of the proposed action, considered

altematives to the proposed project, developed measures that would mitigate unavoidable impacts,

and identified training and monitoring requirements. Environmental assessment (EA) guidelines

for the World Bank are specified in Tbe Bank's Operational Directive 4.01 and the IFC's

guidelines. In addition, The World Bank has published guidelines for emissions and effluents of

major industrial and agricultural activities. These guidelines, together with the World Bank

Enviromental Assessment Sourcebook and IFC's enviromnental guidelines for power projects,

provide the framework for the ESSA. The potential issues which must be addressed in the Uch

Combined Cycle EA to satisfy World Bank and IFC EA criteria include the following:

1. Biological diversity (endangered species),

2. Historical and cultural resources.

3. Hazardous and toxic materials,

4. Indigenous peoples,

5. Induced development and other sociocultural aspects,

6. Industrial hazards,

7. Involuntary resettlement,

S. Land settlement,

9. Occupational health and safety.

10. Air quality,

11. Water resources, and

12. Noise.

World Bank and IFC air quality guidelines applicable to combined cycle projects are presented in

Tables 1.4-2 and 1.4-3.

World Bank guidelines for noise are presented in Table 1.4-4. World Bank water quality

guidelines are not presented in this report because there will be l.o discharges to surface waters

from the evaporation pond.

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13130C41-4195

Table 1.4-1. Major Pakistan Legislation and Regulations

AdministeringType Authority Agency Requirements

Comprehensive Ordinance Environmental and Enviromnental Pro formaEnvironmental No. XXVII Urban Affairs Div.Protection of 1983 Ministry of Housing

and Works

Protection of Act No. VI Ministry of Culture, Provides protection andAntiquities of 1977 Archaeology, Sports, preservation of historically

and Tourism; Dept. of and archaeologicallyArchaeology important sites

Water Indus River Water Indus River System Distribution andResources Apportionment Authority apportionment of Indus River

Accord-1991 water

West Pakistan Water and Power Management of waterAct of 1958 Development resources

Authority (WAPDA)

Wildlife West Pakistan Zoological Survey; Promote conservation andWildlife National Council for establish limits on huntingProtection Conservation ofOrdinance of 1959 Wildlife; Ministry of

Food; Agriculture,and Cooperatives

Baluchistan Government of Promote conservation andWidlife Baluchistan, Ministry limit huntingProtection of Forest Wildlife,Ordinance and Forestry

Quality Standards Statutory Environmental and Adherence to set effluentfor Liquid Notification Urban Affairs Div. standardsIndustrial S.R.O.742(1/93) Ministry of HousingEffluents and Works

Standards for Statutory Environmental and Adherence to set emissionIndustrial Gaseous Notification Urban Affairs Div. standardsEmissions S.R.O.742(1/93) Ministry of Housing

and Works

Sources: KBN, 1988; 1992.The Gazette of Pakistan. August 29, 1993, GOP/Environmental and Urban AffairsDivision, Ministry of Housing and Works.

1-14

Table 1.4-2. World Bank and IUC Air Emission Limitations for Stationary Sources

Pollutants Quahity Sundard

Paniculates World Dank IFC

100 mgltm' S0 mgIm1

Wodd Bank

Sulfur Bickground Lcvds (pgmni) Criterion I Criterion U MsximumMaximum SO: Allowable Ground Level UC

Annual Maximum 24-Hour Emission Increment to Ambient GuidelinesSulfur Dioxide (SO,) Averagc Interal CTPD) (ugne I -year sverag) Camr)

Unpolluted <50 <200 S00 50 100

Moderately Polkned 100 or0.2 per MW

LOW so 200 500 s o (whichever is

High 100 400 100 10 lower)

Very Polluted > 100 >400 100 10

Nitroeen Dioxide (N0)

Nawural Gas 02 IbIMMBtu

Oil 03 lb/MMBtu

Note: The World Bank has no enision guidelines for NO. mrissions from combustion turbine geneators.

For intermediate values between S0 and 100 pglum`. linear intepolafions should be used.' No projects with sulfur dioxidc emisons arm recommnded in these arcas-

Sources: Wodd Bank Guideline (Wodd Ban. 1988b).IFC Guideline (Wodd Bank. 1994).

1-15

13130C04n24/93

Table 1.4-3. World Bank and IFC Ambient Air Quality Standards

World Bank IFCQuality Quality

Pollutant Stmadard Standard

Particulates (Dust)

Annual geometric mean 100 pg/n? 70 pg/rn

Maximum 24-hour peak 500 pglrn' 110 g/rn?

Sulfur Dioxide (SO.)

Inside plant fence

Annual arithmetic mean 100 pg/rn? So pgIm

Maximum 24-hour peak 1,000 g/rmn 125 Lg/rn

Maximum 1-hour average - 350 pLg/n?

Outside plant fence

Annual arithmetic mean 100 pglrn 50 pglm?

Maximum 24-hour peak 500 pg/r 3 125 pg/rn

Maximum 1-hour average - 350 grglm3

Nitrogen Oxides (NOJ)

Annual arithmetic mean (as NO.) 100 g/rn -

Maximum 24-hour peak - 150 pg/m3

Maximum 1-hour average - 400 pglm?

Arsenic (As)

Inside plant fence

24-hour average 0.006 mg/ 3 -

Outside plant fence

24-hour average 0.003 mgln? -

Cadmium (Cd)

Inside plant fence

24-hour average 0.006 mg/rm? -

Outside plant fence

24-hour average 0.003 mg/m3

Lead (Pb)

Inside plant fence

24-hour average 0.008 mg/rn'

Outside plant fence

24-hour average 0.004 mg/lnm -

Sources: World Bank Guideline (World Bank. 19B8b).IFC Guideline (World Bank. 1994). 1-16

1313eC

Tcble 1.44. World Bank Recommended Noise Crieria

Indoor OutdoorTo To

Haeang Protect Heaiig ProtectActivity Lss ainst Activity LOs Apains

_tr- Consideri- Both INTe- Considera- BothLation Mesur ference tion Effect ference lion Eflhets

Residenrl 1 .. 45 45 55 5SWidh Outside

SpC an Farto

Residene. L.(24) 70 70

Residental W Lh 45 45

No Outide Space L,(a4) 70

Commercial Lq(,2 4 ) 70 7ff * 70 707

Enside

Tmasponuaion L.C2) ' 70

industrial L.(24) 70 7ff * 70 70f

Hosits L. 4S 45 55 55

._ > LuQ4) 70 70

Educautonsl 1C(24) 45 45 S5 55

L %4W 70 70

RecreatonalAas Lq(24) 70 70( 70 707

Fannland

and General

Unpopulated Land Ls(24) 70 70'

Note: Ld is the day-Wngh avea A-weighted equivalent sound level with a O1-decibel weighting applied o nightime lvsL, (24) is the equivale A-weighted sound level over 24 hours.

Baed on west level.b Since different types of ctivities appear to be associated with differnt levels idenifcaton of . maximum level for activity interfirence

may be difficult except in those cirumsanc wher speech communcation is a critical actvity.e Bed olly on beating loss.

d An LM of 75 dB may be identified in thes siuations so long as the exposure over the remaiuing 16 hurs per day is lo enough toreul in a negligible conbution to the 24-hour average. i.e.. no greater than sn L, of 60 dB.

Source: EPA. 1974.

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2.0 PROJECT ALTERNATIVES

2.1 MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES

2.1.1 NO-ACTION ALTERNATIVE

Pakistan had an installed capacity of 7,654 MW, comprised of hydroelectric and thermal plants, at

the end of fiscal year 1989-1990 (National Power Plan. Supplement 2 prepared by WAPDA,

October 1992). This generating capacity has been insufficient to meet electrical demand and load

shedding has occurred. Projections of fiiture loads indicate an increasing need for power in

Pakistan that can be partially satisfied by the Uch combined cycle project in Baluchistan. The no-

project alternative would worsen the shortage of power and result in significant social and

economic impacts.

2.1.2 PURCHASES OF REQUIRD ENERGY FROM OTHER SOURCES/JOINTPROJECTS

WAPDA and Karachi Electricity Supply Company (KESC) are the major bulk electrical suppliers

in Pakistan. KESC serves Karachi City and surrounding areas and WAPDA serves the rest of the

country. Linited transfers of power from one system to the other are possible through a

transmission system linking Karachi with the WAPDA system. Several proposed gas- and oil-

fired projects, including the KESC projects. are currently included in the generation plan;

however, they are insufficient to meet the need for additional power generation.

2.1.3 POSTPONING UNIT RETIREMENTS, REACTIVATING, AND/OR UPGRADINGEXITNG PLANTS

Postponing unit retirements would not substantially increase electrical supply. Rehabilitation of

older plants is currently a part of WAPDA's expansion program. Nine units from seven existing

generating stations (Multan, Faisalabad. Guddu. Sukkur, Quetta, Shahdara, and Kotri) have been

or are scheduled for upgrades. An increase of about 126 MW is anticipated from these upgrades.

The proposed size of Uch Power Project, rated at a gross capacity 584 MW, is well suited for

high ambient temperature combustion turbines and heat recovery steam generators (HRSGs)

selected for the project. The plant configuration of three nominal 130-MW simple cycle

combustion turbines, three HRSGs. and a single 194-MW steam turbine electric generator has

benefits of replication, i.e., same spare parts, operation and maintenance procedures, and training

requirements for future units.

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13130cr2- 04r/4/95

2.2 ALTERNMATIVE PROJECTS

The current electrical generation plan for Pakistan includes provisions for a variety of generation

projects including hydro, steam, and combustion turbine combined-cycle generation. A number

of these projects have received GOP commitment and. in some cases, have been initiated or

already completed. Generation studies sponsored by A.I.D and coordinated with WAPDA have

identified the need for additional baseload capacity. Viable alternatives for increased power

generation include plants fired with natural gas, domestic coal, imported coal, or imported oil;

therefore, all three types of fuels are included in the generation plan. The proposed facility at

Uch is in accordance with alternatives considered by WAPDA for increased generating capacity in

Pakistan.

2.3 ALTERNATIVE FUELS

The primary fuel is natural gas with high speed diesel fuel oil used as a startup, shutdown and

backup fue'. From economic, engineering, and environmental perspectives, this fuel strategy

provides an excellent operational flexibility for the production of electrical power and is required

by WAPDA for reliability of generation.

Using domestic natural gas is economically preferable to using imported oil. The characteristics of

the natural gas to be used for the Uch project (Table 2.3-1) give it a fuel quality that makes it

inappropriate and uneconomical for home heating, vehicular transport, and other commercial uses;

therefore, utilizing this natural gas for power generation decreases the need for Pakistan to import

fuels for power generation. From an environmental perspective, since natural gas essentially

contains no ash, maintenance costs will be less as compared to firing ash-bearing fuels. Emissions

of particulate matter, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are all lower on natural gas than coal.

Studies prepared for the Oil and Gas Development Corporation (OGDC), a public sector oil and

gas exploration and production company that is part of the Govermment of Pakistan, and studies

prepared for the UPL concluded that:

1. The Uch gas field can be developed to support the full winter peak capacity of the

Project (the 584 MW first phase of a planned 1752 MW complex) for a period of 30

years.

2-2

13130C04 13195

Table 2.3-1 Design Fuel Analyses for Proposed Uch Power Project

Natural Gas

Typical Composition (Molar Percent)

Hydrogen Sulfide 0.078%Carbon Dioxide 40.307%Nitrogen 20.037%Hydrocarbons 39.648%Total 100.000%

Methane' 38.054% Normal Butane 0.104%Ethane 0.000% Isopentane 0.036%Ethylene 0.842% Normal Pentane 0.023%Propane 0.000% Hexanes 0.060%Propylene 0.351 % Heptanes 0.087%Isobutane 0.091 % Total 39.648%

Calorific Value (1lHV)(BTUIscf) 424.5(BTU/lb) 5.343

Comment Used as primary fuel: controlled OGDC.

High Speed Diesel Fuel Oil

Typical Composition (Wt. Percent)

Carbon 86.925%Hydrogen 13.000%Nitrogen 0.015%Oxygen 0.000%Sulfur 0.050%Ash 0.010%

Total- 100.000%

Calorific Value (HHV)(Kcal/Kg) 10.923(BTU/lb) 19.659

Comment: Used only for startuplshutdown and emergency backup

As reported by OGDC

2-3

13130C/24041r4/95

2. The recoverable reserves have been preliminarily estimated to be 0.52 Tcf (trillion

cubic feet) of proved developed and 3.063 Tcf of proved undeveloped category; a

total of 3.163 Tcf.

3. The field can be expanded if necessary.

The Ucb gas field and the pipeline will be dedicated to the Uch Power Project. Thes_ dedications

mean that there will be few interruptions of the natural gas flow thus minimizing the use of the

backup fuel. Use of other oils, such as residual oil, are not anticipated during the projected life of

the project.

2.4 PROJECT DESIGN ALTERNATIVES

2.4.1 ALTERNATIVE SITES

The site criteria for the project were: proximity to water, roads, railroads, the Uch gas field, and

WAPDA's electrical transmission grid. Originally, three areas were identified as meeting these

criteria: Rajanpur, Jhatpat, and Dera Murad Jamali. The features of these areas are discussed in

the following paragraphs.

The Rajanpur site is on the west bank of the Indus River near the town of Rajanpur. It offers

many amenities including the possibility of obtaining water directly from the Indus River, access

to a 500-kV transmission line approximately 10 kilometers to the east, access to the Pakistan

Railways in Rajanpur, proximity to a major road, and the probability that skilled labor would be

more readily available. However, the Rajanpur site is more than 100 miles from the Uch gas

field and the transmission line would have to cross the Indus River.

Jhatpat offers advantages that include ready access to water, roads, railroads, WAPDA's electrical

grid, and relative proximity to the Uch gas field. Locating the plant in this area would allow

additional land to be irrigated and enhance economic development in the area. However Jhatpat

is approximatelv 43 km from the Uch gas field, that is, at least 3.0 km farther from the Uch gas

field than the Dera Murad Jamali site (refer to next paragraph), and the gas transmission pipeline

would be proportionately longer. The Jhatpat area is more intensively farmed than Dera Murad

Jamali, so it is likely that productive land would be utilized for the plant site. This could place

constraints on the size of the plant site. result in the disruption in distribution of irrigation water,

and the displacement of local populations.

2-4

13130Cr2-S04124/95

Dera Murad Jamnali is approximately 40 miles to the west and slightly south of the Uch gas field.

Tbis area also offers proximity to water via the Pat Feeder Canal, access to the Quetta-Sibi

Highway and the Pakistan Railways, and access to WAPDA's electrical transmission line.

Locating the plant near the Dera Murad Jamali would stabilize voltage and frequency in the area

which would provide the potential to irrigate thousands of additional acres in Baluchistan; thus

providing additional jobs and income and enhancing the quality of life for the local residents. By

locating north of Dera Murad Jamali, rather than south, no productive land would be used for the

plant site and no one would be displaced. A principal disadvantages of Dera Murad Jamali

relative to alternatives include anticipated greater difficulty in attracting skilled plant operating

personnel due to the area's remoteness, and correspondingly few amenities for staff dependents.

2.42 WATER SUPPLY AND TREATMENT

The only alternative water source for the project would be groundwater. However, if available,

the groundwater in the KJuiiui lzain is highly salinized and would require costly pretreatment

compared to the Pat Feeder Canal.

2.4A3 WASTE WATER TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL

Consideration was given to using an impervious liner in the evaporation pond; however, based on

the onsite soils investigation as well as the United Nations Development Program report that

shov/s that the soils in the area act as an aquitard (i.e., minimal infiltration is expected), existing

groundwater dissolved solids concentrations are >5,000 mg/L, and depth to groundwater is

>120 ft. These factors plus the desert and non-arable nature of the soils lead to the conclusions

that:

1. Infiltration from the evaporation ponds into the groundwater system will be

approximately 7.6 x 10' cm/day (0.0003 in/ft/day);

2. The water quality in the existing aquifer is non-potable and is not likely to be used as

a source of potable or irrigation water supply given the high cost of treatment

required; and

3. Given the above, minimal or no impact to groundwater quality is expected if the

evaporation basins are unlined.

2.4.4 AIR EMISSION CONTROLS

NO. emissions from combustion turbines are formed by the combination of nitrogen and oxygen

in the combustion air, referred to as 'thermal NOK," and from the combination of nitrogen in the

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13130C/2-603r-4/95

fuel with oxygen in the combustion air, referred to as "fuel-bound NO,." Thermal NO, can be

reduced by four techniques (EPA, 1977):

1. Reduce the combustion pressure;

2. Decrease the peak flame temperature in the combustor;

3. Reduce the effective residence time during which combustion gases remain at elevated

temperature; and

4. Control the amounts of nitrogen and oxygen available for production of NO1.

For large combustion turbines (i.e., those greater than 10 MW), the control techniques involve

combustor design and water or steam injection to reduce NO. emissions. While water and steam

injection techniques have proven effective in the U.S., there are considerable drawbacks for using

it for the project. First, the low Btu natural gas produces inherently low NO. emissions. The

expected NO, emissions for natural gas will be less than the EPA New Source Performance

Standards (NSPS) of 75 ppmvd for combustion turbines. Second, increased consumptive water

use would occur. For the size of the project being considered, at least 0.7 m31min

(180 gallons/minute) likely will be required to reduce emnissions substantially. Third, the water

(or steam) injected into the turbine must be demineralized. This would create substantial

increases in capital costs for the water treaunent facility and generate considerably more waste

water (i.e., resin regenerative waste water). Fourth, the heat rate for the project will increase,

i.e., lower thermal efficiency, and require more fuel per kilowatt-hour generated. When these

factors are considered along with the low environmental impacts (see Section 4. 1), the use of

water (or steam) injection for the primary fuel is not considered an appropriate alternative for the

project. However, if fuel oil is used over extended periods, water injection will be utilized to

minimize NO, emissions.

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13130CI/3-104117195

3.0 DESCRIPrION OF THE AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT

3.1 PHYSICAL ENV-RONMEWF

3.1.1 AIR RESOURCES

3.1.1.1 Climatolofv

Pakistan is oriented in a general southwest to northeast direction, extending from 24 to 37 degrees

north ('N) latitude and 60 to 77 degrees east (°E) longitude. Pakistan lies on the western

boundazy of the monsoon region, which is one of the earth's major climate regions. This climate

region extends from Pakistan to Japan and northem Australia in the east. The word monsoon is

derived from an Arabic word meaning 'season'; in meteorology it has come to be associated with

prevailing winds and wet or dry weather which reverse with the seasons. Generally, monsoon is

used to describe wind systems where the seasonal reversal is pronounced and exceeds a minimum

number of degrees. A monsoon is defined as a system which shares a seasonal change of wind

direction of at least 120 degrees, and both winds must have a constancy higher than 40 percent

and mean resultant speed of more than 3 meters per second (m/s).

In Pakistan, the winds are generally from a northerly direction ir. winter and from the southwest

in summer. The causes of the reversal of the wind system are related to the large size of the

Asian continent and adjacent oceans and the very high and extensive mountain ranges of the

continent. These ranges are oriented in an east-west direction and form a barrier between tropical

and polar air masses.

The clinate of Pakistn is more continental than that of other parts of the Indian subcontinent

which come under a more typical monsoon regime. The summer monsoon brings maritime

influences and rain, but the strength of the winds fluctuates on an annual basis. Cyclones in the

monsoon season cause significant rainfall, but their frequency is variable. Rainfall throughout

Pakistan is minimal because the rainfall occurs coincidentally with high temperatures, and the

majority of rainfall evaporates, causing extremely arid conditions.

Pakistan has four well-defined seasons, similar to the remainder of the subcontinent, with

variations in their duration. Tle description and duration of the seasons are:

1. Cold Weather Season: mid-December through March,

2. Hot Weather Season: April through June,

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13130C1/3-20G117195

3. Monsoon Season: July through September, and

4. Post-Monsoon Season: October through mid-December.

The cold weather season is characterized by high barometric pressure [e.g., mean monthly

pressure greater than 1,015 mhllibar (mb)], relatively low temperatures, and low amounts of

precipitation. The mean monthly temperature varies from below 4 degrees Celsius (IC) [40

degrees Fahrenheit (IF)] in the mountain areas, to approximately 10°C (50°F) north of the plain

area and to approximately 18°C (650 F) in the south. Rainfall during this season increases

northward and westward, with 25 millimeters (mm) (1 inch) or less in the middle and lower Indus

Plain, 76 to 127 mm (3 to 5 inches) in the upper Indus Plain, and 250 mm (10 inches) or more in

the north and northwest.

The hot weather season is characterized by high temperatures and low rainfall amounts. The

mean maximum daily temperature varies from 40 to 46°C (104 to 115°}). The highest

temperatures have been recorded in the south and southwestem parts of Pakistan. Rainfali

amounts are low, varying from approximately 25 to 76 mm (1 to 3 inches) over the plains to

approximately 102 to 127 mm (4 to 5 inches) in the mountainous areas. The rainfall is associated

with western disturbances which occur in more northerly latitudes, causing thunderstorms over the

hills and widespread dust-storms over the plains.

The monsoon season is characterized by moderate temperatures, large rainfall amounts, and

persistent southwest winds. The winds are due to the establishment of low-pressure systems over

the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent in May and June. The monsoon flow in Pakistan is well

established by July and remains constant through August. In some years, the monsoon remains

active into September. During July, the mean monthly temperature exceeds 320C (90'F) through

the majority of the Indus Plain and western Pakistan.

The post-monsoon season is characterized by retreat of monsoon regime and is a transitional

period between the monsoon regime and cool-season conditions. The high-pressure system begins

to establish itself over Pakistan in mid-November. Without any active wind system, the weather

produces generally dry conditions, with the least rainfall amount in October and November.

The proposed project is located in Baluchistan Province just north of Sind Province. The mean

maximum and minimum temperatures and rainfall data recorded at three selected stations near the

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13130C1/3-3O$117/95

proposed project are presented in Table 3.1-1. In this region, the temperature generally is higher

than in the south because it is located further away from the Arabian Sea. The daily range of

temperature also increases with distance from the sea. In winter, the weather is generally clear

and temperature is about 10°C lower than in summer. The province is influenced by the summer

monsoon which has prevailing winds from the southwest, and winter monsoon with prevailing

northwest wind directions.

During the summer, the intense heat over the Baluchistan Desert creates the southeast trade winds

across the equator. These winds form the southwest monsoon and are the main source of rainfall

in most of the province. Although cyclones and wind storms are not common, the hot winds,

which are established in early April, blow from morning to evening. During March to June, dust

storms can occur frequently.

3.1.1.2 Site Metenrolngv

Rainfall data, obtained from the Pakistan Meteorological Department offices in Karachi for

Sukkur and Jacobabad, were used to describe long-term conditions for the Uch site. Data were

available for the 24-year period, 1961 through 1984. Given the location and regional similarities,

the Sukkur and Jacobabad rainfall data are representative of rainfall at the Uch site.

Average monthly rainfall is summarized in Table 3.1-2. July and August are the wettest months,

averaging 22.6 mm (0.89 inch) and 36.8 mm (1.45 inches), respectively. Rainfall during these

2 months accounts for approximately 51 percent of the total annual rainfall. November is the

driest month, with average rainfall of 0.6 mm (0.02 inch) at Sukkur and 1.2 mm (0.05 inch) at

Jacobabad.

Data collected at the Pakistan meteorological station in Rohri and lacobabad are the most

complete for describing the meteorology at the proposed site location. The Rohri station is

located approximately 100 km southeast of the project site. The Jacobabad station is located

approximately 40 km southeast of the project site. Weather data from these stations are

considered to be representative of the project site's condition. These stations also have complete

records of meteorological parameters, including wind direction and wind speed measurements.

Meteorological data from Rohri were obtained and processed for 1985 and 1987 in order to

characterize the meteorology of the project site for periods during which weather conditions were

potentially different from year to year. Monthly averaged data for 1961-1990 from the Jacobabad

3-3

13130C201110/94

Table 3.1-1. Temperature and Rainfall Data for Selected Weather Stations in Proximity of theProject Site

Mean Temperature (DC)Summer Winter Rainfall

Location Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum (mm)

Rohri 42 26 26 9 NA

Jacobabadb 49 17 37 4 110

Sukkurc 42 28 24 9 90

Note: NA = not available.

a Based on 1985 and 1987 data from the Pakistani Meteorological Station; same as Sukkur.b Pakistan Meteorological Department, 1961-1990.

Population Census Organization, 1983.

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13130C204111/94

Table 3.1-2. Summary of Average Monthly Rainfall at Sukkura and Jacobabadb

Sukkur JacobabadMonth (millimeters) (inches) (millimeters) (inches)

January 4.2 0.17 3.1 0.12

February 8.7 0.34 7.1 0.28

March 5.6 0.22 10.3 0.41

April 1.7 0.07 1.9 0.07

May 2.6 0.10 1.7 0.07

June 5.6 0.22 4.7 0.19

July 22.6 0.89 36.8 1.45

August 21.0 0.83 25.5 1.00

September 6.0 0.24 11.2 0.44

October 1.6 0.06 2.3 0.09

November 0.6 0.02 1.2 0.05

December 5.4 0.21 3.7 0.15

Annual 85.6 3.37 109.5 4.32

1961 through 1984.1961 through 1990.

Source: Pakistan Meteorological Department, Karachi, 1992.

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13130C1/3-6W17/9S

station were processed to estimate the air quality impacts .of the proposed project in an

atmospheric dispersion model.

A summary of the temperature and wind data observed at the Rohri meteorological station is

presented in Table 3.1-3. The monthly temperature can range from a low of approximately SoC

in December to a high of 42°C in April and June. The southwest monsoon is predominant during

the period from May to September with high humidity and sunshine. In general, wind speeds

seldom exceed 10 m/s (20 knots). The northeast monsoon in the remaining period of the year

brings moderate temperatures. A wind rose showing the frequency distribution of winds on an

annual basis at Jacobabad are presented in Figure 3.1-1.

3.1.13 Ambient Air Ouglity

Backgrnund Concentrations

There are no other significant sources of atmospheric pollution in the region, and background

levels for most pollutants would be low. Therefore, measurements of existing ambient

concentrations in the vicinity of the Uch power development are not considered necessary. This

was confirmed by previous ambient sampling taken at the Guddu power project and the proposed

Lakhra power project. Measurements of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO;), carbon

monoxide (CO), and ozone (03) were conducted at two locations at Guddu. One location was on

the power plant site, while the second was at the WAPDA guest house, located about I km west

of the existing gas turbine cornbined cycle units. Sensidyne, Inc., detector tubes were used for

the sampling. The range and lower limit of detection of the detector tubes were:

RangePollutant .. m Kgl. um/m'

Sulfur Dioxide 0.05 - 10 130 - 26,200Nitrogen Dioxide 0.1 - 100 190 - 188,100Carbon Monoxide 5 - 50 5,750 - 57,500

Ozone 0.05 - 3 100 - 5,900

The detector tubes were operated to obtain readings at the lower end of the measurement range.

However, all readings for each pollutant were below the lower limit of detection of the

measurement method. These findings confirm that background concentration levels in the area

are low even in an area of some industrial development similar to the proposed project.

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13130C201/06/94

Table 3.1-3. Meteorological Data Collected at the Rohri Meteorological Station

AvesageTenmperaturm (C} Prevailing Wind Wind Speed

Month Average Minimum Maximum Direction (ftoas)

I985

January 16 11 22 Northeast 1.9February 20 12 28 East 2.0March 26 20 33 East 2.3April 30 23 37 Southwest 3.1May 35 27 42 Southwest 3.1June 34 27 42 South 4.7July 31 27 36 South 3.3August 31 26 35 South 4.1September 30 24 35 Southwest 2.4October 26 19 32 Northeast 1.6November 21 15 28 East 1.4December NA NA NA NA NA

1987

January 15 9 22 East 1.8February 18 13 24 East 2.2March 22 17 28 East 2.7April 28 21 36 West 2.1May 31 24 37 Southwest 3.9June 35 29 42 Southwest 2.5July 34 28 40 South 2.8August 33 27 39 Southwest 2.3September 31 24 38 Southwest 2.2October 26 21 33 Northeast 1.9November 21 15 28 East 1.1December 15 8 22 Northeast 1.5

NA = not available.

3-7

N

W E

SWSSE

s

SCALE (KNOTS)

1-3 4-6 7-10 1I-16 17-1 %21

Figure 3.1-1 WINDROSE FOR JACOBABAD,ANNUAL AVERAGE, 1961-1990

3-8

13130C 113-90t/17/95

Concentrations of total suspended particulate matter (TSP), for the Uch site were estimated from

data obtained from similar environments in Pakistan. However, long-term TSP sampling has been

conducted at the Lakhra and Jamshoro power plant sites located northwest of Hyderabad. The

Lakhra site, located about 250 kn south-southwest of Uch, is very similar in nature to the Uch

area, being dry and arid, and no significant point sources of particulate matter are located nearby.

As a result, background TSP levels in the Uch area are expected to be similar to those

experienced at Lakhra.

A summary of the long-term TSP data collected at Lakhra is presented in Table 3.14. The data

indicate that background TSP levels average about 200 ug/rm'. This 200 pglm' concentration is

however a result of natural sources and consists of relatively non-respirable particles.

3.1.1.4 Noise

There are no significant industrial developments in the project area. While no industrial noise

sources are near the project area, the main highway between Jacobabad and Sibi is due east of the

project site as is the main railroad line between these cities. These mobile noise sources, cars,

trucks, and trains, are intermittent in nature and are the only significant sources of noise in the

area. nTerefore, the existing noise levels are anticipated to be well below the World Bank

guidelines for ambient noise levels. A more extensive discussion of noise is presented in

Section 4.1.2.

3.1.2 LAND AND WATER RESOURCES

3.1.2.1 Surrace Water

The proposed power plant site is located on the Kachhi Plain. The Kachhi Plain merges with the

Indus Plains to the south and east. In general, the plain slopes from northwest to southeast and its

altitude is around 58 meters above mean sea level (m-msl). Near Dera Murad Jamali, the

elevation is approximately 64 m-msl.

The Indus River flows in a southwesterly direction approximately 100 km south of Dera Murad

Jamali. Indus River flow near the project area is controlled by the Guddu barrage, approximately

150 km to the east. The function of this barrage is to create a large reservoir to provide water

supply for irrigation of adjacent and downstream agricultural lands. The Guddu barrage and other

barrages on the Indus River system have proven effective in retaining and managing water for use

during the dry season.

3-9

13130C202/24/94

Table 3.1-4. Summary of Total Suspended Particulate, Matter Concentrations for LakhraMonitoring Stations; May 1985 through September 1986

Station Number of Concentrations (gIim3lSite Location Number Observations Maximum Minimum Mean

Lakhra L-1 23 553 35 180

L-2 19 537 56 219

Note: pg/rm3 = 10 glme.

Source: KBN. 1988.

3-10

13130C113-1 1041t4/95

Water is diverted from the Indus River upstream of the barrage by large feeder canals, including

the B.S. Feeder Canal, the D.P. (Pat) Feeder Canal. and the Ghotki Feeder Canal. The Pat

Feeder Canal passes near the proposed power plant site (Figure 3.1-2). Water from these feeder

canals is used for agricultural, domestic, and power plant supply. In addition to these diversions.

water is continuously released from the barrage to the downstream reaches of the Indus River.

3.1.2.1.1 Water Quantity

Indus River flow varies significantly during the year. Indus River stream flow data for the period

from April 1987 through March 1988 is presented in Figure 3.1-3. Annual high flows typically

occur in August. Annual low flows typically occur during December through March.

A summary of the observed annual maximum Indus River flows (upstream and downstream or

into and out of the barrage) for the period from 1962 through 1987 are presented in Table 3.1-5.

Maximum observed discharge from the barrage was 33,309 m3/s (1,176,150 ftels) on August 15,

1976. Average annual maximum discharge from the barrage is 18,363 m3/s (648,400 ftels).

A summary of the observed annual minimum Indus River flows (upstream and downstream or

into and out of the barrage) for the period from 1963 through 1987 is presented in Table 3.1-6.

Minimum observed discharge from barrage was 85 mels (3,000 ftOJs) on December 27, 1969.

Average annual minimum discharge from the barrage is 428 m3/s (15,123 ft31s).

A summary of the observed annual maximum Indus River flood elevations, upstream and

downstream of the barrage, for the period from 1963 through 1987 are presented in Table 3.1-7.

The maximum observed flood elevation upstream of the barrage was 79.21 m-msl (259.90 ft-msl)

on September 10, 1983. The maximum observed flood elevation downstream of the barrage was

78.76 m-msl (258.40 ft-msl) on August 15, 1976.

Water is released from the Guddu barrage into the three feeder canals; the rate of release into

these canals varies during the year depending on the agricultural and industrial demand. Releases

into the three feeder cana1 s for the period from April 1987 through March 1988 are presented in

Figure 3.14. For the Pat Feeder Canal, annual high flows occur from June to October. Very

little water is released to the B.S. Feeder Canal during April and May. Average flow in the Pat

Feeder Canal for the April 1987 through March 1988 period was approximately 121.8 m3 /s.

3-11

Indus River Discharge9000 April 1987- March 1988

8000 - - - Uputrupam of Cuddu Barrage

. J^I - - Oownriearm of Ouddu Barrage

7000-

r' 'J j,

0)~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0

a2oooX X

E 6000 j

E 3000 cis

2000

A ht J J A S O N D J F 11

.~~~1

Figure 3.1-3 INDUS RIVER DISCHARGE, APRIL 19C87-MARCH 1988

a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o

13130CIREF-I04J24195

REFERENCES- (Page 1 of )

American Conference of Governmental and Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). 1993. 1993-1994Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents. Washington, D.C.

Beg, A.R. 1975. Wildlife Habitats of Pakistan. Pakistan Forest Institute, Preshawar.Bulletin No. 5.

Edison Electric Institute (EEI). 1984. Electric Power Plant Noise Guide. 2nd Edition. Preparedby Bolt Bernarelc and Newman, Inc.

Groombridge, B. 1988. Baluchistan Province, Pakistan: A Preliminary EnvironmentalProfile. IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre. Cambridge, U.K

Halerow. 1995. Infornal evaporation rate calculations.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). 1976. A Climatological Analysis ofPasquill Stability Categories. National Climatic Center. Asheville, NC.

New York State Department of Public Service (NYSDPS). 1986. NOISECALC: A ComputerProgran for Sound Propagation Calculations. Office of Energy Conservation andEnvironmental Planning.

Stewart, R.R. 1982. Flora of Pakistan. University of Michigan. Ann Arbor, U.S.A.

United Nations Development Program (UNDP). 1981. Technical Report No. 3-Groundwater ofthe Kacchi Plain Basin. DPIUN/PAK-73-032/3. United Nations. New York, NY.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1987. Guideline on Air Quality Models(Revised). (Includes Supplement A). EPA Report No. EPA 45012-78"027R.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1988. EPA's User's Network for Applied Modeling ofAir Pollution (UNAMAP), Version 6, Change 3, January 4, 1988. Research TrianglePark, Nort Carolina.

U.S. Enviromnental Protection Agency (EPA). 1992. Screening Procedures for Estimating theAir Quality Impact of Stationary Sources, Revised. Research Triangle Park, NC.EPA 454/R-92-019.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1993a. 40 CFR Part 50, National Primary andSecondary Ambient Air Quality Standards.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1993b. Industrial Source Complex (ISC) ModelVersion 93109. Research Triangle Park, NC.

World Bank. 1988a. World Bank Occupational Health and Safety Guidelines for-ThermalPower Plants. Washington, DC.

World Bank. 1988b. Environmental Guidelines. Washington, DC.

13130CIREF-204195

REFERENCES(Page 2 of 2)

World Bank. 1994. International Finance Corp. Environmental Guidelines. Washington, DC.

World Bank/Technica. 1988. Techniques for Assessing Industrial Hazards. Appendix II.

'Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA). 1992. National Power Plan.Supplement 2.

,.P

APPENDIX A

CONTACT LIST

-v -r

13130(.04Q24195

INDIVIDUALS AND ORGANIZATIONS CONTACTED

GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTANPakistan Environmental Protection AgencyAsif S. KhanDirector General

Environment and Urban Affairs DivisionTariq AzizAdditional Secretary

Ministry of Water and Power, Private Power CellShahid Hafeeq AhmadDirector General

Dr. Altaf R. SiddiqiDirector Mechanical

Pakistan Water and Power Development AuthorityMalik Abdul QayyumDirector, Power Privatization Organization

Mohammad ArshadChief System Engineer

Faryad Hussain MalikDirector, Finance

National Finance Development Corporation (NFDC)Mohammad Sameeh ShafiAssistant Vice President

GOVERNMENT OF BALUCHISTANEnvironmental Protection AgencyMTuhamnmad RafiqDirector General

Ministry for Public HealthMir Nabi Khan Jamali, Minister fbr Public Health

DISTRICT NASEERABADMr. Nasrullah Balock, Deputy ConmissionerMr. Mohammad Azim Bunglezai, Chairman, Municip2' CommitteeSyed Mehrab Hussain Shah, Member District CouncilMr. Mehrab Khan Umrani, Member Distri't Council

A-[

13130C

04/24/95

JACOBABADMr. Wahid Baksh, Deputy Commissioner

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONSUnited States Agency for International Development (USAID)Kenneth LussierCoordinator, Private Sector Power

John L. SwiftDeputy Chief. Private Enterprise and Energy

International Bank ror Reconstruction and Development (World Bank)Abdul Qaiyum SheikProjects Advisor

International Union ror the Conservation or Nature (IUCN)Nasir M. DogarProgram Administrator

INDIVIDUALS CONTACTEDJacobabad Regional and Town AdministratorsOfficials and Representatives of the Jamali Tribesmen

Sardar Yar Mohammed Jamali, Chief of Jamali frioeMir Rustam Khan Jamali

A-2

a

APPENDIX B

NATIONAL ENVIRONMETAL QUALITY STANDARDS

. s.Wl-,

111302

IF,GISTERED NO. L.7646

%hIJe It0a$f 64 at iaetanEXTRAORDMNARY

' PUBLISJED BY AUT4nRITY

ISLAMABAD, SUNDAY, AUGUST 29, 1993

PART II

Statuborv Notifications (S. R- 0.)

GOVERNMENT OF PAKISrAN

ENVIRONMENT AND URBAN AFFAIRS DIVISION

(Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency)

NOTIFICATIONS

Islamabad. the 24th Augusr. 1993

S. R. 0. 742 (1)193.-Tn pursuance of the powers conferred by clause (d) ofsection 6 of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Ordinance. 1983 (XXXVIIof 1983). the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency. with the prior approvalof the Pakistan Environmental Protection Council. hereby establishes the NationalEnvironmental Quality Standards as contained in thc Annexes to thiis nmtifica-tion.

2. These National Environmental Quality Standards relating to municipaland liquid industrial effluents (Annex 1). industrial gaseous cmissions (Annex II)and motor vehicle exhaust and noise (Annex ITT). shall come into force withimmediate effect. except in the case of industrial units to which the followingschedulc shall apply:

EXisdig industrial units i.e those units already inproduction . ... 1 Jluly, 1996

New industrial units i.e those units that will comeinto production on or after 30th Juno, 1994 01 Jtuly, 1994

.- (1367).

Pnce: Ps. O[3950 (93)JEx. Gaz.]

B-1

1368 IHE GAZTE OF PAKISTAN. EXTRA.. AUG. 29, 1993 [PART 1U

An. I

NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY STANDARDS FOR MUNICI-PAL AND LIOUID INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS (mgX, UNLESS OTEXER-WISE DEFINlED).

S.No. Parameter. Standards

1 2 3

1. Tomporature .. .. .. .. .. 40P C

2. pH value (acidity/basicity) .. .. .. .. 6-10 pH

3. 5-days Biochomical Oxygen Demand (BOD) at 20" C .. 80 mg/L

4. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) .. .. .. 150 mgIL

5. Total suspended solids .. .. .. .. 150 mg/L

6. Total dissolved solids .. .. .. .. 3500 mgfL

7. Grease andoil .. .. .. .. .. 10 mgfL

8. Phonolic compounds (as phenol) .. .. .. 0.1 mglL

9. Chloride (as Cl) .. .. .. .. .. 1000 mglL

10. Fluoride(as F) .. .. .. .. .. 20 mgIL

11. Cyanido(as CN) .. .. .. .. .. 2 mgIL

12. An-ionic detergents 2(as MBAS)3 .. .. .. 20 mgIL

13. Sulphate (SO4 ) ... .. .. .. . - 600 mgIL

14. Sulphide (S) .. -. .. .. .. 1.0 mgIL

15. Ammonia(NH,) .. .. .. .. .. 40 mgfL

16. Pesticides, herbicides, fungicides and insoeicides .. 0.15 mglL

17. Cadmium 4 . .. .. .. .. 0.1 mg/L

18. Chromium" .. . .. .. .. 1.0 mrJL(trivalent and haxvalont).

19. Copper4.. _ _ _ _. .. 1.0mzjL

20. Lead' .. .. .. _ _ .. 0.5 mSgL

21. Merc;y 4 .. .. ... _ _. .. 0.01 mg/L

22. Selenium 4.. ._ _ , .. 0.5 mg/L

B-2

PARY 11[] TlE GAZTTE OF PAKISTAN. EXTRA, AUG. 29. 1993 1369

1 2 3

23. Nickel 4 .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.0 mg/JL

24. Silver4 .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.0 ragIL25. Total toxic metals.. .. .. .. .. 2.0 mWrL26. Zinc .. .. .. .. .. .- 5.0 mgIL

27. Axsenic .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.0 mg/L

28. Barium .. .. .. , .. .. .. 1.5 mg/L

29. Iron .. .. .. .. .. . 2.0 mgfL30. Manne .. .. .. .. .. 1.5 mgIL31. Boron .. .. .. .. .. .. 6.0 mglL

32. Chlorine.. .. .. .. .. .. 1.0 mg/L

Explanadions:

I Assuming minimum dilution 1:10 on discharge. Lower ratios wouldattract progrcssively stringenz standards to be detormined by the FederalEnvironmental Protection Agency.

Assuming surfactant as bio-dgradable.

3 MBAS means Modified Benzene Allyl Sulphates.

AF 4 Subject to total toxic metals dischargc as at S- No. 25.

Annx n

NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL QUALrrY SFANDARDS FORINDUSTRIAL GASEOUS EM[SIONS (mg/Nw3, 1JNLESS

OTHERWISE DEEINED)

S.No. Paramete Sourc of emission Standards

1 2 3 4

1. Smoke .. Smoke opacity not to oxceed:- 40% or 2(RinglemanaScala).

2. Particulate matter.1 Boilers and firnaces:

(i) Using OiL 300(u) Using Coal. 500

(Iiii) COMen Ki-us. 200

B-3

1370 THE GAZET OF PAKISTAN. EXTRA.. AUG. 29. 1993 [PAIRT It

-. 1 2 3 4

Grinding, crushing, clinker coolers andrelated processes, metaflurgical procosses,convertors, blast furnaces and cupolas. 500

3. Hydrogen Chlorido Any. 400

4. Chlorine .. Any. 150

5. Hydrogen Fluoride Any. 150

6. Hydrogen Sulphido Any. 10

7. Sulphur Oxides. .. Sulfuric Acid plants. o00Others. 400

8. Carbon Monoxido Any. 800

9. Lead .. .. Any. 50

10. Mercury .. Any. 0O

11. Cadmium .. Any. 20

12. Arsenic. .. Any. 20

13. Copper.. .. Any. 50

14. AnEimony .. Any. 20

15. Zinc .. .. Any. 200

16. Oxides of Nitrogeu (i) Any Nitric Acid manufacturing unit. 400

s- (NOx). 0ii) other sources. 400

ExpianaLions

'Based on the assumption that the size of the particles is 10 microns ormore.

B-4

APPENDIK C

GOP DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND MUSEUMS LETTER

GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN.a; i; 1B1; DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY

No. 39/17/94-Arch(P:Il) AND MUSEUMS27- A -CENTRALUNION COMMERCIAL AREA.

FIv~ SHAHEED- E - MILLAT ROAD.

T Phonc. 431387Tele Grams: ARCHAEOLOGY Karachi-8 the,.tp 2..1J994.

Mr. Qais M. Hussain,Hasan Associates (Pvt. ) Ltd.,136-B, Tufail Road,

Lahore. Cantt.

Subject:- POWER GENERATION PROJEC IN BALUCt9ISTAN -

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF TIM

Dear Sir,

Please refer to your letter dated nil on

r7. the above cited subject

2. One of our off icev6has visited the site

in question and also submitted a report

3. On the basis of the report submitted by

the officer of the Department of Archaeology, the area

where the proposed plant is being located, has nothing

of any archaeological interest visible on the surface.

Therefore, the Department has no objection for the

execution of the proposed power project .

Yours faithfully,

( NIAZ RASOOL ) ,Director Hqrs.) 7X 7 >

!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'

13130C201110/94

Table 3.1-5. Summary of Observed Maximum Annual Discharges of the Indus River, Upstreamand Downstream of the Guddu Barrage for 1962 through 1987 (26 yeas)

Maximum Annual Maximum AnnualDischarge Upstream Discharge Downstreamof Guddu Barrage of Guddu Baunge

Date (m'lsec) (flsec) (nW/sec) (ftPlsec)

26-Aug-62 12,515 441,908 12,054 425,64019-Aug-63 15,549 549,027 14,863 524,81829-Aug-64 20,775 733,552 20,101 709,75604-Aug-65 17,001 600,302 16,184 571,47416-Aug-66 17,366 613,188 16,685 589.13112-Aug-67 19,192 677,657 19,288 681,06421-Aug-68 18,449 651,447 17,751 626,79720-Aug-69 19,349 683,212 18,505 653,41619-Aug-70 10,212 360,573 9,478 334,65717-Aug-71 17,367 613,242 16,554 584,51306-Jul-72 11,684 412,548 10,566 373,10319-Aug-73 30,698 1,083,942 30,103 1,062,95429-Jul-74 9,907 349,819 8,939 315,64230-Aug-75 28,391 1,002,496 27,979 987,94315-Aug-76 33,975 1,199,672 33,309 1,176,15024-Jul-77 17,284 610,292 16,319 576,22718-Aug-78 32,734 1,155,853 32,237 1,138,2721 1-Aug-79 14,826 523,515 14,257 503,42316-Aug-80 18,466 652,045 17,643 622,95806-Aug-81 20,649 729,122 19,641 693,52419-Aug-82 13,767 486,119 13,125 463,46110-Sep-83 21,486 758,655 20,851 736,24804-Sep-84 18,338 647,508 17,723 625,78215-Aug-85 12,060 425,835 11,150 393,72413-Aug-86 33,228 1,173,292 33,192 1,172,01003-Sep-87 9,716 343,067 8,941 315,719

Average AnnualMaximum Discharge 19,038 672,226 18,363 64B,400

3-14

* 1313OC201110/94

Table 3.1-6. Summary of Observed Minimum Annual Discharges of the Indus River, Upstreamand Downstream of the Guddu Barrage for 1962 through 1987 (26 years)

Minimum Annual Minimum AnnualDischarge Upstream Discharge Downstreamof Guddu Barrage of Guddu Barrafe

Date (m'/sec) (ftlsec) (lsec) (ftlsec)

03-Mar-63 559 * 19,750 559 19,75011-Mar-64 558 19,701 558 19,70121-Jan-65 609 21,500 609 21,50003-Feb-66 504 17,800 504 17,80005-Jan-67 328 11,591 109 3,84028-Dec-68 989 34,928 989 34,92805-Jan-69 539 19,025 393 13,89127-Dec-70 525 18,543 85 3,00008-Mar-71 544 19,218 544 19,21814-Jan-72. 291 10,280 194 6,84417-Feb-73 627 22,145 627 22,14510-Feb-74 542 19,153 542 19,14801-Jan-75 460 16,258 375 13,22631-Dec-75 416 14,684 223 7,89113-Jan-77 612 21,627 338 11,94202-Jan-78 448 15,815 170 6,00005-Jan-79 523 18,459 352 12,43609-Jan-80 713 25,166 354 12,50006-Jan-81 533 18,820 427 15,07605-Jan-82 673 23,774 348 12,30327-Dec-83 616 21,7155 394 13,90719-Feb-84 843 29,756 778 27,46702-Apr-85 650 22,938 648 22,87313-Jan-86 677 23,911 478 16,89214-Jan-87 551 19,449 277 9,78502-Jan-88 500 17,664 259 9,145

Average AnnualMinimum Discharge 570 20,'43 428 15,123

3-15

13130C201106/94

Table 3.1-7. Summary of Observed Maximum Annual Water Elevation of the Indus River,Upstrean and Downstream of the Guddu Barrage for 1962 through 1987 (26 years)

Maximum Annual Maximum AnnualWater Elevation Water Elevation

U e= of Barraee Downstream of BarraueDate (meters MSL) (feet MSL) (meters MSL) (fetd MSL)

26-Aug-62 77.4 255.40 76.97 252.5519-Aug-63 77.93 255.70 77.16 253.1529-Aug-64 77.89 255.55 77.78 255.2004-Aug-65 77.78 255.20 77.54 254.4016-Aug-66 77.70 254.95 77.60 254.6012-Aug-67 77.87 255.50 77.67 254.8521-Aug-68 77.87 255.50 77.57 254.5020-Aug-69 77.96 255.80 77.69 254.9019-Aug-70 77.87 255.50 76.78 251.9017-Aug-71 77.87 255.50 77.42 254.0006-Ju-72 77.87 255.50 76.93 252.4019-Aug-73 78.85 258.70 78.48 257.50

-) 29-Jul-74 77.87 255.50 76.87 252.2030-Aug-75 78.41 257.25 78.18 256.5015-Aug-76 79.03 259.30 78.76 258.4024-Jul-77 78.24 256.72 77.64 254.75IS-Aug-78 78.70 258.20 78.44 257.3511 -Aug-79 78.07 256.15 77.69 254.9016-Aug40 78.33 257.0D 78.01 255.9506-Aug-81 78.67 258.10 78.07 256.1519-Aug-82 78.18 256.50 77.60 254.6010-Sep-83 79.21 259.90 78.36 257.1004-Sep-84 78.33 257.00 78.06 256.1015-Aug-85 78.18 256.50 77.48 254.2013-Aug-86 78.88 258.80 78.57 257.8003-Sep-87 78.33 257.00 76.93 252.40

3-16

Feeder Canal DischargeApril 1987 - March 1988

700 -_-_

B.8. Feeder Canal

600 - - Pat Feeder Canal

.------ Gholki Feeder Canal

U~~~KU

Soo -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

400

100

4)~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~j

4~00U ,- - A- 0 N %F

Figure 3.-4 FEEDERCANAL DICHARGE, ARIL 1987-ARCH 198

13130C113-1804249s5

'-- ' For the period from 1962 through 1987, maximum water released to B.S. Feeder Canal was

625 m3ls (22,065 fels), to Pat Feeder Canal was 372 mets (13.147 fels), and to Ghotid Canal was

311 m3/s (10,986 fels). Te Pat Feeder Canal s currently being renovated and enlarged, with

project completion scheduled for 1996. The widened canal will receive increased flows in the

summer months and no change in flows for the winter months. Maximum releases typically

occur during July for the B.S. Feeder Canal and Pat Feeder Canal and during August for Ghotki

Canal. During certain times of the year, no water is reeased into feeder canals.

Several non-perennial river beds and streams are located in the project area. These water courses

transport water during short periods of the rainy season or following heavy rainfall events.

3.1.2.1.2 Water Quality

Water quality of the Indus River is highly dependent on river flow. Representative recent water

quality data, collected in the B.S. Feeder Canal/Indus River are summarized in Table 3.1-8.

Water quality data from the Indus River at Sukkur barrage (i.e., downstreamn of the Guddu

Barrage) are presented in Table 3.1-9. Water quality in the Pat Feeder Canal is reported to be

550 ppm total dissolved solids, whicb is higher than that observed in the Indus River or B.S.

Feeder Canal (Uch Power Group, 1990).

Typically, suspended solids and turbidity are lowest in December to February and increase from

March through October: Water mineralization (i.e., total dissolved solids) is generally low to

moderate; pH ranges from 7.0 to 8.5. Water temperature varies from 150C to 370C. For

comparison, the World Health Organization (WHO) international water quality criteria for

drinking water are listed in Table 3.1-10. For parameters for which chemical or physical data are

available, the Indus River water meets the WHO drinking water quality criteria. Other tha

bacteriologicat contaminants and suspended solids (eg., sedinent), Indus River water is

acceptable chemically for human consumption and agricultural uses. Bacteriological quality can

be improved by a variety of processes (e.g., boiling, chemical disinfection, or filtration) prior to

human consumption. Suspended sediments can be removed by settling prior to potable or

agricultural use.

An extensive water quality sampling program of the Pat Feeder Canal has been started and

analyses will be made for many constituents including heavy metals. The results of the sampling

program will be included in the design of the water treatment plant. UPL plans to treat the

3-18

13130C204124I95

Table 3.1-8. Summary of Indus RiverlB.S. Feeder Canal Water Quality

Parameter Units 13-Aug-87 18-Nov-87 13-Jan-88 20-Apr47

P-Alkalinity mval/l 0 0.18 0 0P-Alkalinity mgIL 0 9 0 0M-Alkainity nvaltL 2 2.5 2.7 2.6M-AMklinity mg/L 100 125 135 130Total Hardness mval/L 2 2.5 2.7 2.6Total Hardness mglL 100 125 135 130Calcium Hardness mval/L I 1 2.2 1.5Calcium Hardness mglL 50 50 110 75Magesium Hardness mval/L 1 1.5 0.5 1.1Magnesium Hardness mglL 50 75 25 55Choride nval/L 0.25 0.2 0.6 0.5Chloride mg/L 9 7 21 18Sulfate mg/L 14 27 28 52Silica (as SiO) mgAL 6 4.4 7 4.4Iron mgIL 0.16 0.275 0.5 0.24pH Standard Units 8.1 8.3 7.4 8.2Conductivity 111hosC12 180 300 400 340Total Suspended Solids mg/L 1750 300 400 340Total Dissolved Solids mglL 100 170 220 [90Total Solids mg/L 1850 470 620 530Chemical Oxygen Demand mg 04 2.8 1.44 1.9 1.2

Note: 1. Alklinity and hardness values expressed as mval/L or mgJL as CaCO3.2. No diect total dissolved solids (MDS) memsumets were available. Therefore, TDS was

esimated based on the empirical formula: TDS (mg/L) = 0.55 * Specific Conductamce

Source: WAPDA, 1988.

3-19

13130C201/06/94

Table 3.1-9. Summary of lndus River Water Quality at Sukkur

Sukkur Sukkur Sukkar SukkurBarrage Barrage Barge Barrage

Pamameter Units Center Left Bank Rice Canal Rohri Canal

pH Units 7.1 7.2 7.2 7.2Calcium mg/L 38 30 32 31Magnesium mgAL 9 5 9 5Sodium mg/L 35 21 30 22Potassium mg/L - 4 4.5 4.5Bicarbonate mng/L 146 134 146 159Sulfate mg/L 53 39 44 40Chloride mg/L 57 28 43 28Total Dissolved Solids mglL 296 174 220 186Feal Coliforms MPNIlOO ML 11.000 - - -

Note: All water quality data, except bacterological data, collected October 2, 1984. Bacteriological datacollected May 1984.

.

3-201

13130C204117/95

Table 3.1-10. World Health Organization International Drinking Water Criteria

Water Quality CriteriaMaximum

Parameter Units Recommended Permissible Levels

Arsenic mg/L - 0.05Chloride mgJL 200 600Copper mgIL 0.05 1.5Fluoride mg/L - 0.6-1.7'Iron mg/L 0.1 1.0Lead mg/L 0.1Magnesium mgL - 150>Manganese mgIL 0.05 0.5Mercury mg/L - 0.001Sulfate mg/L 200 400zinc mglL 5 15TDS mg/L 500 1500Total hardness mg/L CaCO3 100 500Selenium mg/L - 0.01Color mgPt/L 5 50Turbidity TU 5 25pH Standard Units 7.0-8.5 6.5-9.2Coliform orgl100 mL - IFoaming agents (MBAS) mgtL 0.2 1.0

Ambient temperature dependent.'If sulfate <250 mg/L

Source: Wodd Health Organization, 1971.

3-21

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potable water using the water treatment techniques commonly; used for surface water supplies.

For example, the Canal water used for potable water will be coagulated, setted, filtered,

chlorinated, and distributed in a dedicated, pressurized. potable water system. These treatment

techniques will ensure a safe water supply system.

3.1.2.2 G-rou-nuter

Recharge to groundwater is principally due to infiltration of precipitation falling within the basin.

Annual rainfall ranges from 100 to 125 mm on the Kachti Plain.

Geologically, the Kachhi Plain is made up of unconsolidated deposits several hundred meters

thick. Clay is the dominant component. with appreciable amounts of gravels, clayey silts, and

minor sand also present. The unconsolidated deposits constitute the major groundwater reservoir

in the region (SP, WAPDA, 1991). Groundwater use in the region is predominantly limited tO

the alluvial fan areas at the head of the Kachhi Plain (UNDP, 1981). WAPDA installed 18 test

holes and 14 tube wells in the plain during a groundwater investigation. Tbe water table ranged

from 8 to 15 m below ground surface. The groundwater potential of an extensive area from

roughly Jacobabad to Sibi has been characterized by WAPDA to yield less than 10 cubic meters

per hour per screened meter down to a level of at least 150 m (492 ft). The aquifer is described

as poor and patchy. This zone of low potential extends from Jhatpat to Sibi and includes all of

the area of the proposed site near Dera Murad Jamali. This aquifer is not capable of sustaining a

reliable water supply for a power plant.

The groundwater quality of the upper 150 m of the aquifer is brackish (greater than 3,000 ppm

TDS at all levels) (WAPDA, 1991). The UNDP study reports TDS levels greater than 5,000

ppm near the site. Uch Power Limited (1990) notes that well water is very brackish with a TDS

of 30,000 ppm ncwar the site. Detailed information about aquifer productivity and the-quality of

water from possible aquifers below the upper waterbearing unit(s) is limited; however. all reports

indicate the aquifer is highly mIineralized- with low transmissivity, and discontinuous in nature.

Groundwater is of such poor quality that it is not economically viable to pretreat it for industrial

use.

Large pockets of land to the south of the project site near Jacobabad exhibit serious problems

waterlogging and salinity (Abmad. 1961). These problems result from the application of

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t3130C 113-23=417,195

irrigation water to soils combined with the high evaporation rate of the dry climate. The high

evaporation rate in the region enhances this potential use of evaporation ponds fbr the project.

3.1.2.3 Water Source

The Pat Feeder Canal is available for water supply over 10 months of the year on average.

Regular canal repairs in December and April/May close the canal 6 weeks a year. On-site water

storage ponds will be used for periods when water is unavailable from the Pat Feeder Canal.

3.1.2.4 Wastewater Discharges

Other than the Pat Feeder Canal. no large surface water body exists nearby which might serve as

the receiving stream. Since the canal is used for both domestic purposes and irrigation, it is not

desirable to utilize it for discharge purposes. Onsite precipitation will be collected and directed to

the oilfwater separator and then to the water storage ponds so that there will be no offsite runoff.

The preferred disposal method is evaporation ponds. Wastewater from the ponds weuld evaporate

with minimal infiltration into the ground. Given the evident existing high levels of dissolved

solids in deep groundwater, it does not appear that such a discharge poses a significant

environmental threat. Care will be taken to minimize the possibility that toxic or hazardous

constituents will be in the wastewater betbre disposal to the evaporation pond. See Section 1.3.3

fbr a description of the evaporation pond system design parameters.

Certain water treatment chemicals, cleaners, paints. and solvents are toxic. Other substances such

as lubricants, caustics, and acids are hazardous. If any of these substances are spilled, appropriate

measures will be taken to clean the area. In certain cases, small amounts Df the spills could enter

the floor drains. If so, oils and other substances would be removed in the oillwater separator;

however. trace amounts may be in the waste water and enter the waste water treatment system.

All personnel will be trained in spill prevention and control in formal and informal training

programs. Necessary supplies and equipment will be on-hand to control spills. Periodically, spill

prevention, safety, and other drills will be held to ensure that all personnel respond properly and

that all necessary materials are on hand.

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3.1.3 NATURAL HAZARDS

3.1.3.1 Scismidty

The area presents a minor to moderate potential for earthquake activity. Farah (n KDA. 1982)

shows the area to be within the moderate zone tor seismic activity, with expected earthquakes to

be in the 5.5 to 6.5 Richter Magnitude (M) range. The Seismic Zones of Pakistan Map-of the

Geological Survey of Pakistan shows the site to be on the border of the minor to moderate

damage zones. According to the USGS National Earthquake Information Center, the area bas

been subject to earthquakes of 5.0 to 5.9 M during the period 1965-1990. This range of

earthquake magnitude would place the proposed site within Uniform Building Code (UBC) Zone 2

with expected peak ground accelerations on the order of 0.03 to 0.15 g. The expected intensity

according to the Modified Mercalli Scale (MM) would be between VI and VIII.

A soils investigation has been completed and no ground water was found. The soils are defined

as a silty clay with very low permeability and high bearing capacity. Liquefaction typically

occurs in loose sand materials combini4 with a high water table. Therefore. the ESSA team

suspects that the potential for liquefaction will not be a significant problem.

Local geologists were not aware of a significant potential for land subsidence in the area. As the

underlying material does not appear to be karstic in nature, the development of solution caverns

which may provoke such subsidence appes unlikely.

3.1.32 Flood-Potential

Halcrow-ULG, a British Engineering Firm. has prepared hydrological studies of the Pat Feeder

Canal for WAPDA. Tbese studies have been reviewed and it was determined that locating the

plan approximately 3.2 km north of the Pat Feeder Canal would reduce tie 25 year flood stage to

approximately 1.5 m above the existing grade. The flood protection measures for the power plant

include:

I. Elevating the site above the 25 year flood plain using soil excavated from the ponds

and foundations on the site.

2. The evaporation pond will be within the walls of the plant and the top of the berm

around the evaporation ponds wiEl be above the 25 year flood plain.

3. Constructing a solid wall around the plant site. The wall will provide protection

during a 100 year flood event. Provisions will be made to sandbag the gate when

necessary.

3-24

13130C 1 13-'SNPr4/ss

4. Installing culverts under the access road.

5. Installing riprap where running water could cause soil erosion.

3.2 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTIBIODINERSITY

No ecological survevs specific for the province of Baluchistan or for the study area are known to

exist. The ecological and wildlife descriptions contained in this section are based on general

ecological descriptions for Baluchistan from the literature, selected references, review of site maps

and photograpbs, and site reconnaissance by KBN biologists.

3.2.1 ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES

'he province of Baluchistan is the most arid region in Pakistan. The study area lies within the

Kachbi Plain in the eastern district of Kalat. These plains comprise the eastern portion of

Baluchistan and are contiguous with the Indus valley lowlands of Sindh and Punjab. The

ecological resources of the Kachhi Plain and the study site are influenced by prevailing climatic

conditions and human activities.

1The site is characterized as a tropical thorn scrub community (Figure 3.2-1) (Beg, 1975). This

ecological community runs north and south and comprises the majority of the Kachhi Plain.

Topographically, the area is a combination of sandy plains and dry stream beds. In some areas,

rock outcrmppings composed of limestone. sandstones, and shale occur. These topographical

areas differ in relief, mnicrorelief, soil depth. moisture availabhiity, and nutrients. These

conditions are important in determining the vegetation composition of an area (Stewart. 1982).

The vegetation is dominated by perennial xerophytic shrubs. The characteristic species include

pilu or salvadora (Saluodora oleoides), farash or tamarix (Tamarix aphylla and T. gallica) and

mesquite (Prosopis cineraria) and acacia (Acacia senegal). In general, the vegetation is simple in

its organization, and the plant cover is scanty. with little vegetation found in non-perennial stream

beds. The greatest amount of plant cover is observed during the monsoon season in July and

August The composition of the ecological communities varies from low-growing grasses and

herbaceous vegetation (e.g., Salsola baryosoma) to shrubs and trees such as mesquite and acacia-

The tropical scrub thorn community within the study area is characterized by patchy distribution

of herbaceous and limited shrub vegetation. Very drv and flat areas of saline clay, almost devoid

of vegetation, occu throughout the study area. Tropical scrub thorn forests have been extremely

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13130C r1-2704/24,95

degraded throughout the region as a result of human activity for thousands of years. Vast areas

of this natural community are cultivated and are occupied by manmade steppes throughout its

range.

3.2.2 WILDLIFE COMMUNTITES

Plant and animal species occurring in Baluchistan generally are a mixture between Oriental

species and Palaeartic species (Groombridge, 1988). The province of Baluchistan remains poorly

studied, with much of the flora and fauna incompletely known. Baluchistan Province provides

one of the most important wildlife regions of Pakistan and includes a large number of endemic

species. Although Baluchistan has been poorly studied, it is accepted that the majority of these

species are restricted to habitats encountered in the Chagai Desert, norEhern highlands, and coastal

areas (Beg, 1975). All these areas are more than 200 kan from the project area.

While sheets of evaporating water may persist for short durations following flash floods, there are

no permanent aquatic habitats in the studv area. Consequently, semi-arid habitats were the only

major habitat identified within the vicinity of the site. The semi-arid habitats may contain a

variety of reptiles, birds, and mammals, including the following:

-Re] 2 Dti-es Bids Mammalsgeckos wbite-thoated munia hedgehoggrass skinks little brown dove sand-colored ratfringe-Woed sand lizard common babbler indian gerbillong-tailed desert lacerta collared turtle dove indian haredesert monitor desert warbler desert catindian monitor black partridge chinkarasaw-scaled viper tawny eagle desert fox

indian foxjackalhyenawolf

ReptlEes are the dominant faunal group in the semi-arid habitats and the dominant faunal group

present within the study area. Because of the generally arid conditions compared to other regions

of the world, amphibians are the least represented vertebrate group in Pakistan as well as in the

site area. Reconnaissace obseraions suggest that wildlife is linited witbin the area due to the

reduced vegetation or habitats because of livestock grazing and other human activides.

3.2.3 ENDANGERED SPECIES

Pakistan bas a long history of wildlife protection laws and regulations; however, this wildlife

protection bas been primarily linked to the preservation of game animals to provide hunting

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13130C1J3-2504r24195

opportunities. As mentioned previously, the wildlife of Pakistan has declined significandy during

the past four decades because of habitat destruction and overexploitation. Te Ministry of Food,

Agriculture, and Cooperatives has overall responsibility for wildlife protection. Tlis

responsibility is delegated to the National Council for Conservation of Wildlife (NCCW). NCCW

bas published a list of endangered species in Pakistan that has been incorporated into Table 3.2-1.

Pakistan is a member of both IUCN and World Wildlife Fund (WWF). Additionally, Pakistan is

a participant in Members of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild

Fauna and Flora (CITES), Contracting Parties to the Convention on Wetlands of International

Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat (RAMSAR), and Parties to the Convention on the

Conservation of Migrory Species of Wild Animals (BONN).

Many of the common animals existing in the 1940s and 1950s are now facing the threat of

extinction. A number of reptiles, birds, and mammals that are considered rare, vulnerable, or

endangered by Int ional Union for the Conservation of Namure (IUCN) and the GOP

potentially exist in specific habitats in Baluchistan (Table 3.2-1). The project site does not contain

these habitats to support the presence of these species.

There are currently 22 existing proteted areas in Baluchistan Province: I national park, 15

wildlife sanctuaries, and 6 game reserves. Three private game reserves are also in existence but

are not legally notified (Groombridge, 1988). Many of the protected areas occur within the

biologically unique areas of Chagai Desert and the northern highlands.

The Kachhi plain is par of a 945,239 ha (2,335,653-acre) game sancuary for bustards. Koh-e-

Geish, a 9,857 ha (24,356-acre) wildlife sanctay is the only other protected area within the

Kalat districL The project site does not occur within the vicinity of these sanctaries.

3.3 SOCIAL, CULTURAL. AND INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONElNT

3.3.1 LAND USE

Baluchistan is the largest, least populated, and poorest of the four provinces in Pakistan Until

recently, its provincial administration has been directed predominandy by extrnal political forces,

primarily from the Punjab. There are encouraging signs of nascent technology transfer from

otler Pakistan provinces and GOP and foreign development capital improvement plans.

Academically and technically-trained Baluchis are few in number when compared to labor and

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13130C201/10/94

Table 3.2-1. Endangered and Vulnerable Species Potentially Occurring in Baluchistan

Listed as ThreatenedSpecies IUCNw GOPb

ReatilesCentral Asian monitor (Veranus griseus caspus) V pMonitor lizards (Verwius spp.) - pOxus cobra (Naja aa axiw,a) E

Houbara busard (CWlamydofis undulata) V

MammalsCaracal (Fells caraca) pChinkar (Gzea gazella) V PWolf (Canis lupis) V _

t Indicates species regarded by IUCN as theted at a global level:E = endangered.V = vulnerable.T = a threatened species whose status varies throughout its range.

b GOP:

P = species in Baluchistan Province that are regarded by the Government of Pakistan asthreatened in Pakistan as a whole (Groombridge, 1988).

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13130Ct13-3005/4/95

employment statistics of Sind and Punjab Provinces. A techiically trained worlforce may be

available in lacobabad.

The remote, semi-arid site is near a major road (Figure 3.3-1). The low rainfall and remote

location of dte site prevents the site from being used continuously by any group. Occasional

herders widt herds smaller than 20 animis access the area and farmers planting opportunistic

crops occasionaly utilize the land near the site after heavy rains.

During a recent trip tD the sike, it was observed that most of the land in the general vicinity of the

plant is used to grow forage. The project will disturb only a very small percentage of land that is

used for that purpose. In areas not near the plant, it was observed that some of the land was used

tD grow dry-land corn; however, that land was approximately 4 km from the site.

33.2 LAND ACQUISITION

After a thoroug iestigation of the ownership of the land in the area, it was found that the plant

site, the access road, and almost all of the land needed for the water pipeline from the Pat Feeder

Canal to the site (the Utility Strip) is owned by the Govement of Balochistan (GOB). There is a

small parcel of land owned by a member of the Jamali family near the canal that will be crossed

to provide access to the canal. Ucli Power Limited has decided to purchase this small parcel from

the land owner. An application to purchase the necessary land from the GOB has been made, and

it is anticipated that the title will be tanferred in approximately 6 weeks. The member of the

Jamali family has agreed to sell the land to Uch Power Limited and the process to transfer tide

has been started. There is no homesite on the small parcel near the canal and no one will be

displaced.

33.3 SOCKOECONOMICS

The project area is located northwest of the district headquarters, Dera Murad Jamali (Temple

Dera prior to Partition) in the Dera Murad Jamali Subtebsil of the Pat Feeder Subdivision. Dera

Murad Jamali is irrigated by the Pat Feeder Canal from water released from the Guddu Barage

on the Indus River. Irrigable farmland extends south from Dera Murad Jamali to Jacobabad and

Suklur in Upper Sind Province. TubewelUs and more traditional methods of irrigation sucb as

Persian wheels and springs are prevalent in the Nasirabad and Jacobabad Districts. In the vicinit

of the project site, farmrs use shallow wells to collect runoff from irrigated fields south of the

Pat Feeder Canal. The source of thuis water is irigation water beneatn the root zone. Wbile

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13130C 113.3210W4J2495

tubeweiis can be found in areas where there has been irrigation, they do not occur at the project

site which has never been irrigated.

Pakistan's major export product is cotton. Sugarcane. low-quality rice for domestic consumption,

and high-quality rice for export are cultivated in a fertile agricultural belt that runs from the

northeast outside of Lahore in PUnjab intO the southeast of Sind. Between Dera Murad Jamali,

the nearest town to the site, and Jacobabad. the principal crop grown is rice, while some areas

also grow wheat and barley as a secondary crop. The area around Dera Murad Jamali is being

encouraged to grow sugarcane and coton. No major cash crops are grown north of the Pat

Feeder Canal. The most recent official agricultural statistics (1980-1981) for some major crops in

Nasirabad District are provided in Table 3.3-1.

3.33.1 Romm"raphy

Baluchistan Province bas quadrupled its population since the 1951 census. The population was

4,332,000 in 1981 (the most recent official statistics) compared to 1.167,000 in 1951, resulting in

alnost a 300 percent increase (PCO, 1984c). The area, population. and density of Baluchistan is

provided in Table 3.3-2.

lbe Nasirabad district was formed after the 1972 Census. It consists of Jhat Pat and Usta

Muhammad Tebsils transferred firom the old Sibi District. and Chattar and Tamboo Tehsils of old

the former Kachhi district. It is bounded on the north by Kohlu Agency, on the south and east bv

Larkana and Jacobabad Districts in Sind Province, and on the west by Kachhi. The total area of

Nasirabad District is 5,832 kmn2 (2,246 mFi) of which 104 km2 (40 mf) is proposed as the

potentall project area.

The total population of Nasirabad District was 394.454 in 1981 as compared to 223,874 in 1972.

It rivals Quema District for the maximum population and population density per sqrare kilometer

(67.6) in Baluchistan Province. More recent populadon figures for the three principal urban

localities and the village level in Nasirabad District have not yet been procured from the

Provincial Government of Baluchisun. Nevertheless. the power plant site is unpopulated, with

the nearest population cluster approximately 5 kmn from the site.

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13130C2'01/10/94

Table 3.3-1. Agricultural Statistics fbr Major Crops in Nasirabad District, 1980w1981

Crop Area (ectares) Production (tonnes)

Wheat 62,400 120,800

Rice 39,500 104,200

Jawar 28,300 21,200

Sugarcane 600 19,300

Gram 10,100 7,500

Rape Seed and Mustard 20,800 8,300

Sesamum (Sesame) 12,000 6,050

Source: Agricultural Statistics of Pakistan, 1981, Food and Agriculture Division, lslamabad.

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13130C204111/94

Table 3.3-2. Growth, Density and Distrihution of Population

AnnualPopulation Urban Population

Population -_Densivy Population Growth Rate HouseholdArea (in thaus2nd) 1972 1981 (Percentag) (Percentage) Size

Province (kn) 1972 1981 Units Units 1972 1981 1972-81 1972 1981

Pakistan 796,095 65,309 84,253 82 106 25,4 28.3 3.1 6.4 6.7(100%) (100%) (100%)

PIunjab 205,344 37,610 47,292 183 230 24.4 27.5 2.7 6.4 6.4(25.8%) (57.6%) (56.1%)

Sind 140,914 14,156 19,029 100 135 40.4 43.3 3.6 6.2 7.0(17.7%) (21.7%) (22.6%)

BI3luchisuan 347,190 2,429 4,332 7 12 16.5 15.6 7.1 6.3 7.3(43.6%) (3.7%) (5.1%)

Now: Data for the North-West Frontier Province are not available.

Source: Pakistan Census Organization, 1984.

13130sIi-3S04124/95

3.33.2 EnmnlomI_net and Economv

Currently, no economic or employment conditions exist on-site since the project site is

unpopulated. Dera Murad Jamali bad an approximae population of 40.000 at the time of the

1981 census.

Major economic activities in Dera Murad iamali include rice milling and small retail businesse.

At present, there are 3 rice husking mills in Dera Murad Jamali, and a sugar mill has been

sanctioned for the area. An industrial estate spread over 50 acres is now approved for Dera

Murad Jamali and is located south of the Pat Feeder Canal. The labor force at Dera Murad

Jamali consists primarily of unskilled and agricultural labor.

Althougix Dera Murad Jamali is located outside the project area, the town is noted in this section

because it may benefit from positive secondary impacs of the facility through the increased goods

and services required by the facility and its employees.

3.3.33 Transpor2ttion

The National Highway links Karachi with Quetta via Dadu, Jacobabad, Dera Murad Jamali. and

Sibi. The National Highway runs from Hyderabad to Sukkur up the east bank of the Indus. This

highway is joined by traffic from the Ghulam Mohammad Barrage and the Super Highway from

Karachi.

Estimated traveling distnces between selected points on the Super (National) Highway are:

Karachi to Hyderabad in Sindh Province (175 km); Hyderabad to Sukkur in Sindh Province

(315 kin); Sukkur to Multan in Punjab Province (454 km); Sukkur to Shikarpur in Sindh Province

(41 kn); Shikarpur to Jacobabad (44 kIn); and Jacobabad to Dera Murad Jamali in Baluchistan.

Province (39 km).

The Saudi Fund for Development pro-vided a loan of 50 million rivals (Rs. 291 million;

US$ 11.6 milion) to assist in financing of the 359-kn Sibi-Raklni road project to make the

northeastern part of Baluchistan more accessible for development. A sum of Rs. 650 million

(USS 26 million) has been allocated for the development rehabilitation, and improvement of

national highways in Baluchistan (Pakistan Yearbook, 1991).

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13130C113-36O114195

Motorized transport involves buses, vans. trucks, cars. tractors, and motorcycles. Non-motorized

modes of transport include a variety of large domestic animals (i.e., horses, camels, oxen, and

donkeys) that are either ridden or pull to- and four-wheeled carts carrving passengers andlor

goods.

Poor oad conditions and the mixing of motorized and animal traffic on the same roadway are

very hazardous. Poor driver education and vehicle quality are chronic problems in many mral

developing area.

Weigbts and dimensions of items of heavy equipment (over 50 tons) that will be brought up from

Karachi are (dimensions and weights are approximate):

1. Gas turbines [8.7 x 4.3 x 4.7 meters (28.5 x 14 x 15.5 feet)] with the largest piece

weighing about 255 tons will be hauled on a specially-designed flated trailer;

2. HRSG Modules 1 [tl x 3.4 x 4.3 meters (59 x 11 x 14 feet)] at 150 tons;

3. HRSG Modules 2 [18 x 3.4 x 4.3 (59 x II x 14 feet)] at 140 tons;

4. HRSG Modules 3 [18 x 3.4 x 2.8 (59 x I Ix 9.25 feet)] at 104 tons;

5. High-presstw steam drum generators [7.9 x 43 x 3.7 (26 x 14 x 12 feet)] at 236

tons; and,

6. Remaining equipment and accessories are transported in pieces and weigh less than 50

tons.

The Guddu power project effectively shipped such equipment from Karachi during construction.

The Sukker Airport was linked into the computerized reservations system of Pakistan Intenational

Airways in late April 1988. Ihis is a small yet strategically located airport with 39 scheduled

flights per week. Fokkers, Twin Otters, and Boeing 737s are the usual modes of transport at this

airport High security is maintained on a 24-hour basis.

Jacobalad has an airport served by three flights weeldy from Karachi and is connected by rail

with the rest of the country. Rail service is provided via a single line, broad gauge, Pakistan

Railways track that runs paralel tO the Sukkur-Karachi Road, with several station stops.

Between Jacobabad and Dera Murad Jamali. within a two kilometer wide corridor, there exist

railroad tracks and a roadway which serve Quetta from Sukkur. The roadway is currently being

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* 13130C13-3704/24/95

improved with an additional base course and road surface. This improvement should allow

transportation of the largest loads which the power plant could require. The power plant will

include a road connecting with this major highway.

The existing road and port facilities have handled similar heavy loads in the past and are

considered to be adequate to handle anticipated movement of materials and workers between the

Karachi and the site. Improvements to bring the Indus Highway up to National Super Highway

standards would greatly benefit transportation logistics for the area. Access to the pmposed Uch

site, however, is not conftingent on these improvemems.

Physical accessibilitv tD the project area is enhanced by the quality of the overland transportation

in and out of Nsirabad District. The District headquarters. Dera Murad Jamali, is situated on

the main Jacobabad-Sibi Road and the railuway line.

333.A Facirities and Services

There is no local capacity for facilities and services close enough to benefit the proposed project;

therefore, the project will develop the infrastrucre required at the site to provide health care.

living quarters, emergency response, recreation, and religious services. These are discussed in

more detail in Section 4.3.3.

There will be trained paramedics on site at all times. In addition, there is a clinic in Dera Murad

Jamali and a hospital in Jacobabad, approximately 45 km away. Tbere are private aircraft in

Pakisn that are used as flying ambulances: however, there are no helicopters avaable. It is

assumed that anyone needing hospitalization will be taken to Jacobabad by automobile.

33.4 CULTURAL RESOURCES

3.3.4.1 Cultural Diversity and Ethnicity

The traditions and culture of Pakistan have roots going back thousands of years to the Dravidian-

based Indus Valley Civilization. That foundation has been modified by Aryan, Turk, Greek,

Persian, Afghan, Arab, Moghul, British, and tribal influences over the centuries. Although there

is a commonality of principles guiding social behavior and Islamization is being implemented

througbout the county, ethnic diversity and separateness among the four major groups (Baluchis,

Pathans, Punjabis, and Sindhis) is very prominent

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13130C1.'3-3104r24/95

People ranked on the higher level maintain a separateness from those lower than themselves and

when interaction does taie place it is governed by stict social norms, based on the concepts of

separation and hierarchy. Separateness is demonstrated by the fact that ethnic groups prefer

living in resident areas with their own kind. Within these larger groups, caste and kin groups

tend to duster.

3.3.42 Historiwl and Archaeological Resources

Pakistan enjoys a high international position in the history of past achievements by virtue of

possessing the greatest vestiges of the fhrst three mature civilizations of the world. Traces of the

Indus Valley Civilization can be found in the ruins of Moen-jo-Daro. Amrl (on the right bank of

the Indus in Sind, Kot Diji (on the left bank) and further up in the plains of the Punjab (near the

city of Sahiwal), the remains of Harappa Other evidence of organized civil life and thriving

cities is borne out by the ruins of Taxila in the Haro Valley, some 30 kilometers west of

Islanabad. The rock carvings of Hunza have been acclaimed worldwide.

There are no known archaeological resources on or near the site. A letter from the GOP

Department of Archaeology and Museums stating this is atched as Appendix C.

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13130C/4-104113195

4.0 ENVIRONNMENTAL IMPACTS OF THEPROPOSED PROJECT AND ALTERNATIVES

4.1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

4.1.1 AIR QUALITY

4.1.1.1 General MIodeling Analysis

Air quality impacts from the proposed gas turbine combined cyde (GTCC) unit configuration

were predicted using U.S. Environmental Proteton Agency (EPA) approved air dispersion

models. The selection of a model was based on its applicability to simulate impacts in areas

surrounding the plant. Within 10 kn of the proposed power plant site, the terrain can be

described as 'simple" terrair. i.e, flat to gently rolling. As defined in the EPA modeling

guidelines (EPA, 1987b), simple terrain is considered to be an area where terrain features are all

lower in elevation than the top of the stack(s) under evaluation.

For simple terraiD, the Industrial Source Complex (ISC) model can be used to predict maximum

air quality concentr7tions due to proposed sources. The ISC model (Version 93109) (EPA, 1993)

is a Gaussian plume model which can be used to assess the air quality impact of emissions from a

wide variety of sources associated with an industrial facility. The model is contained in EPA's

User's Network fbr Applied Modeling of Air Pollution (UNAMAP), Version 6 (EPA, 1988).

Major features of the ISC model are presented in Table 4.1-1. The ISC model has rural and

urban options which affect the wind speed profile exponent law, dispersion rates, and mixing-

height formulations used in calculating grund level concentrations. Based on the land use in the

vicinitv of the proposed project, the rural option was used in the modeling analysis.

For modeling analyses that will undergo regulatory review, the following model features are

recommended by EPA (1987b) and are referred tO as the regulatory options in the Industrial

Source Complex Long-Term (ISCLT) model:

1. Final plume rise at all receptor locations,

2. Stack-tip downwash,

3. Buoyancy-induced dispersion.

4. Default wind speed profile coefficients for rural or urban option,

5. Default vertical potential temperature gradients,

6- Calm wind processing, and

7. A decay half-life of 4 hours for SO. concentration calculations in urban areas.

4-1

13130C201107/94

Table 4.1-1. Major Features of the ISC Model

* Polar or Cartesian coordinate systems for receptor locations

* Rural or one of three urban options at affet wind speed profile exponent, dispersionrates, and mbing height calculations

* Plume rise as a result of momentum and buoyancy as a function of downwind distancefor stack emissions Briggs, 1969, 1971, 1972, and 1975)

* Procedures suggested by Huber and Snyder (1976); Huber (1977); Schulmann and Hanna(1986); and Schulmann and Scire (1980) for evaluating building wake effects

* Direction-specific building heights and projected widths for all sources for whichdownwash is considered.

* Procedures suggested by Briggs (1974) for evaluating stack-ip downwash

* Separation of multiple-point sources

* Consideration of the effects of gravitational settling and dry deposition on ambientparticulate concenions

* lCaPabiity of simlating point, line, volume, and area sources

* Capability to calculate dry deposition

3 V ariation of wind speed with height (wind speed-profile exponent law)

X Concentmrion estmates for 1-hour to annual average

- Terrain-adjustment procedures for eevated terain, including a terrain truncationalgorithm

* Receptors. located above local terrain (i.e., flagpoleH receptors)

* Consideration of time-4ependent exponential decay of pollutn

* The method of Pasquill (1976) to account for buoyancy-induced dispesion

* A regulatory default option to set various model options and parameters to EPArecommended values (see text for regulatory options used)

Source: EPA. 1992b.

4-2

13130C14-3

04/13/95

The ISC model consists of two computer codes which are used to calculate short- and long- term

ground level concentrations. The main differences between the two codes are the input format of

the meteorological data and the method of estimating the plume's horizontal dispersion. The ISC

short-term model (ISCST2) is designed to calculate hour-by-hour concentrations or deposition

values and to provide averages for time periods of 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours. If used with a

year of sequential hourly meteorological data, the ISCST2 model can also calculate annual

concentration or deposition values. The ISC long-term model (ISCLT2) is a sector-aveaged

model that uses statistical wind frequencies to calculate seasonal (quarterly) andfor annual ground-

level concentration or deposition values. Both ISCL1Z and ISCSI2 use either a polar or a

Cartesian receptor grid.

Because annual wind frequency data were available from a nearby meteorological weather station.

the ISCLT2 model was used to predict annual average conditions. Since actual hourly

meteorological data were not available to produce short-term impacts. the SCREEN2 model,

based on the ISCST model, was used to predict maximum 1-hour ambient concentration levels.

The SCREEN2 model produces 1-hour concentrations using a range of generic meteorological

combinations reconmended by the EPA to produce conservative results. A maximum 24-hour

average concentation was then calculated by applying a multiplying factor to the maximum

1-hour impacts predicted by the SCREEN2 model. Based on the Screening Procedures for

Estimating dte Air Quality Impact of Stationary Sources, Revised (EPA, 1992), the predicted 1-

hour concentrations were multiplied by a factor of 0.4 to calculate worst-case 24-hour

concentrations.

4.1.1.2 Source Data

The source information used in the modeling analysis includes both stack cbaracteristics and

emission data These data are presented for the proposed GE turbines in Tables 4.1-2 and 4.1-3.

As discussed in Section 3.1.i.3, the proposed turbines will have the capability of burning either

high-speed diesel oil or natural gas. The primary fuel will be natral gas from the Uch gas field.

High-speed diesel oil will be used for startup, shutdown, and emergency backup for the GE

turbines.

The design ifformation and stack parameters for the proposed turbines operating at base load are

presented in Table 4.1 -2a. Design infornmaion is provided for base load operations at

4-3

13130C04i17M9

Table 41-2a Design Infonnazion and Stack Parameters for Uch Power Project-GE. Low-Btu NaUWal Gasand Oil

Gas Turbine Gas Turbin Gas Turbine Gas TurbineData Nahtal Gas Natural Gas Fucl Oil Fuel Oil

(Per Turbine) 59"F 11O0F 59OF 1O10F

General:Power (OM 130,110.0 119,810.0 128,470.0 111,190.0Heat Rate (Bul/kwh) 10,010.0 10,210.0 10,472.5 10,766.6Heat Input (mmBtu/hr) 1,302.4 1223.3 1.345.4 1,197.1Fuel (lbhr) 269,983.6 253,578.0 77,500.3 64.510.5

(cbbr) 3.400,702.6 3,194,057.4 NA NA

Fuel:Heat Content - (Btallb), LIlY 4,824.0 4,824.0 18,557.3 18,557.3

(BtuJcf), LHV 383.0 383.0 NA NASulfir 800 ppm 80D ppm 0.05% 0.05%

Cr Exhaust:Volume Flow (acfin) 2,091,498 2,014.900 2,086,970 1,946,521Volume Flow (stn)' 760,545 723,227 757.333 692.656mass Flow (lb/br) 3.424.000 3.,232OW 3,3692 3,062,745TeM emure (OF) 992 1,011 995 1,024Moisure(5C Vol.) 7.18 9.08 7.67 9.15Oxygen (% Vol.) 12.79 12.44 13.15 13.01Molecular Weight 28.92 28.70 28.57 28.40WaWt Injected lb/hr) 0 0 45,048 30,605

StG sack:Volume Flow (acfm) 979.489 931,429 975.353 892057Tempemture (F) 22D 220 220 220Dianeter (ft) 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0Velocity (ftksec) 71.9 68.4 71.6 655Stack Height (fh) IS0 150 10 150

corected to 681F

Source: Tecaska. 1993; KBN, 1993.

4-4

13130C

0311719s

Table 4.1-2b. Critical Load Design Information and -Stack Parameters for Uch Power ProjectGE, Natural Gas and Oil; 85% for Gas Fired,t 50% fbr Oil Fired

Data Gas Turbine Natural Gas Gas Turbine Fuel Oil

General:

Power (OM) 101,770.0 55,120.0

Heat Rate (Btukwh) 10,560.0 13,166.6

Heat lnput (mmBtu/hr) 1,074.7 725.7

Fuel (lb/lr) 222,780.1 39,108.2

(cf7hr) 2,806,128.8 NA

Fuel:

Heat Content - (Btulb), LHV 4,824.0 18,557.3

(Bru/cO,LHV 383.0 NA

Sulfur 800 ppm 0.05%

Cr Exa:

Volme Flow (acfm) 1,802,650 1,400,624

Volume Flow (scfm) 632,425 539,645

Mass Flow (lblhr) 2,836.000.0 2,403,450

Temperature (0 F) 1,045.0 910

Moisture (% Vol.) 8.21 6.35

Oxygen (% Vol.) 12.63 15.03

Molecular Weight 28.80 28.61

Water Injected Ob/hr) - 10,913

HRSG Stack:

Volume Flow (acfi) 814,486 756,321

Temperature (0 F) 220.0 280

Diameter (ft) 17.0 17.0

Velocity (ftlsec) 59.8 55.5

Stack Height (ft) 150 150

Note: Design information for these loads produces the minimum HRSG stack exit velocity amongall loads and temperatures for both fuels. The minimum velocity is applied in thedisprsion modeling analysis to produce worst-case air quality impacs. The fuel oiloperation reflects a representative firing load during start-up and shutdown periods.

Source: Tenaskm, 1993.KBN, 1993. 45

13130C04117)95

Table 4.1-3. Mtaximum Pollutant Emissions for Uch Power Project-GE.- Natual Gas and Oil

Gas Turbine Gas Twbine Gas Turbine Gas TurbineNatural Gas Natural Gas Fuel Oil Fuel Oil PEPA

PoDutant 59F . 110-F 59gF 110F Guideline

ParfiawaBasis Manufacrer Manfactur Manuficturer ManufaciurIbAhr 7.00 7.00 14.00 14.00 -ngWNmd 2.6 2.8 5.3 5.8 300

TPY' 30.66 30.66 61.3 61.3 -

Sulfir Dioxide:Basis (sufur) 800 ppm 800 ppm 0.05% 0.05%lb/hr 430.3 406.6 72.50 64.51 -mgn/Ni 162.1 161.1 27.4 26.7 400TPY' 1884.6 1781.1 317.6 282.6 -

Nitrogen Oxides:Basis 50 Sppm 50 pp 75 ppe 75 pWlb/br 305.1 288.1 423.8 377.0 -mg/Nm&d 115.0 114.2 160.4 156.0 400TPYC 1336.3 1261.9 1856.2 1651.2 -ppm 50.0 50.0 75.0 75.0 -

Carbo Monoxide:Basis 30 ppm& 30 ppeb to ppmi 10 ppxwlb/hr 92.3 86.0 30.5 27.4 -

mg/Nm43 34.8 34.1 11.5 IIA 800TpYC 404.3 376.7 133.6 120.0 -ppm 30.0 30.0 10.0 10.0 -

vOCsBasis 7 ppm 7 ppm 10 ppm IO ppmlb/hr 9.23 8.60 13.06 11.76 -UMINVYd 35 34 4.9 4.9 -TPY' 40.4 37.7 57.2 51. -ppm 7.0 7.0 10.0 10.0 -

CO_.:Basis 2Z6 Ib.!MMBtu 226 lb/MNfBtu 164 b(MMBtu 164 lb/MMBtu -

lb/hr 294,342 276,466 220.646 196,324 -

IPY 1.29x[0' l.21xA06 9.66x0l. 8.60x10' -

Not: PEPA = Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency.

corrected to 15 % 02 dry conditions.corrcted to dry conditions.

c based on 8,760 hours per year.d 4 y.mte to 01C.

4-6

1313WC/4.704/17/95

temperues of 59°F and I lO0F for both natural gas and high-speed diesel oil. Design

information for lower load operations are.provided for both natural gas and high-speed diesel oil

in Table 4.1-2b. These lower load operating conditions represent the worst-case conditions for

dispersion modeling. The maximum pollutant emissions for each GE turbine occur under base

load and are provided in Table 4.1-3 for both operating temperatures and both types of fuel. The

maximum emission rates shown are much lower than maximum emission limits established by the

Pakistm Environmental Protection Agency (PEPA) (Refer to Appendix B).

To predict maximum impacts, operating parameters from several loads were analyzed. The

modeling analysis was completed with maximum emissions and minimum exit velocities for both

fuel and operating temperature scenarios.

4.1.13 R

The receptor grid used in the ISCLT2 model consisted of 432 receptors located in a radial grid

centered on one of the proposed GTCC units. Receptors were located along 36 radials, separated

by 10-degree increments, at distnces of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5. 0.7, 1.0, 1.3, 1.6, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, and

4.0 km from the grid center. Because this area is flat, no terrain elevations were included in the

modeling. Property boundary receptors were not included. Maximum predicted impacts

presented include both on-property and off-property locations.

The receptor distances used in the SCREEN2 model for short-term average concentration

calculations were identical to the distances used in the ISCL27 modeling receptor grids (Receptors

are located downwind along the wind direction centerline).

4.1.1.4 Meteorologi!cal Data

Meteorological data needed to perform air dispersion modeling consist of the following five

meteorological parameters:

1. Wind direction-determines the transport directions toward which the plume will travel

and potentially affect receptors downwind of the plant;

2. Wind speed-determines the amount of dilution of plume concenrltion and height to

which the plume will rise;

3. Temperature-affects the height to which the plume will rise and also is used in

estimating afternoon mixing heights;

4-7

13130C14404113195

4. Atmospheric stability-determines the extent of plume spread or dispersion in the

vertical and horizontal directions;

5. Mixing height-determines the maximum vertical extent or volume of air in which the

plume can disperse.

These parameters can be measured directly or inferred from other measured parameters.

Meteorological data collected by the Pakistani Meteorological Service (PMS) Station at Jacobabad

and Multan was used for this analysis. Jacobabad is approximately 40 km southeast of the

proposed facility and is the closest PMS station to the site. The collected data include firequency

distnrbutions for wind speed and wind direction for Jacobabad for direct use in the ISCLT2

model Thle PMS station at Multan is located approximately 500 km northeast of the proposed

facility and provided data used for mixing height calculation.

Atmospheric stability frequencies were calculated based upon published information [National

Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 1976] from collected meteorological data by

the National Climatic Data Center at Asheville, North Carolina, USA. A climatdoogical analysis

of stability categories from meteorological stations at a similar latitude and elevation as the Uch

site was performed. From these data, the atmospheric stability at Uch was assumed to be

unstable (Stabity Classes A and C) 30 percent of the time, neutral (Stability Class D) 30 percent

of the time, and stable (Stabiity Classes E and F) 40 percent of the time. Based on the

occurrence of very light wind speeds (0 to 3 knots) nearly 70 percent of the year, all unstable

stability was assumed as Class A, very unstable, and all stable stability was assumed to be

Class F, stable.

After a review of the radiosonde data from Multan, the maximum afternoon mixing height was

assumed to be 1,500 m for all stability classes for every day in order to be conservative in

estimating maximum predicted concentrations.

Tempeature data for the Jacobabad PMS station were incorporated into the ISCLUD model. An

annual average tempemure of 27°C was used. SCREEN2 modeling was also performed using an

average temperature of 27°C.

4-8

13130C14-904113195

4.1.1.S Building Wake Eftects

The ISCL1; model includes algorithms used to estimate the effects of building wakes on effluent

dispersion. The wak-eeffect algorithms may be applied to any stack on, or adjacent to, a

building. Under moderate to strong wind speed conditions, the effluent emanating from a stack

or building may not totally escape the aerodynamic wake region on the downwind edge of the

building. This results in a downwash condition where the effluents are mixed intD the wake

region. Building shape and orientation of the building to the wind affect the dimensions of the

turbulent wake and the intensity of the downwash. The stack height, building height and width.

horizontal wind speed, plume exit velocity, and plume buoyancy determine which portion of the

plume, if any, will remain above dhe wake of a struufre.

The criteria used to determine whether building downwash can occur are based on EPA

recommendations (EPA, 1985) for determining good engineering practice (GEP) stack height.

Based on that criteria, if the stack height is less than GEP, then atmospheric downwash, eddies,

and wakes created by nearby structures will influence the stack plume, causing high ground-level

concentrations very close to the stack. In the United States, a GEP stack height has been defined

as follows:

GEP= H + 1.5 L

where: H is the heigbt of a nearby building or structure; and L is the lesser

dimension of the beight or pmjected width of the nearby structure.

A structure is defined as nearby if its distance is: 1) less than or equal to 5 times the lesser of the

height or maximum projected width (i.e., diagonal) of the structure; and 2) not greater han

0.8 kan from the stack.

For each source determined to be affected by a nearby structure, the user must supply the model

with direction-specific building heightf and widths fbr each 10 degree wind direction sector for

input to the *SCLT model.

From a review of the buildings and structures at the proposed facility and the locations of the

proposed sources, the proposed HRSG control structure was determined to have the greatest

potential for producing building uwake effects. The proposed building and structure dimensions

for the HRSG control building were obtained frm Tenaskm, Inc.

4-9

13130C4-1O04r-"s

4.1.1.6 Resulta

Presented in Table 4.1-4 are the results of the modeling.analysis -of dhree proposed GE turbine

units for worst-case gas-fired and high-speed diesel oil-fired conditions. Tbe maximum predicted

impacts for PM were 2 and 0.2 uglm? on a 24-hour and amual average, respectively. The

maximum predicted impacts for SO2 were 76 and 9.5 jug/m' on a 24-hour and annual average,

respectively. For CO. the maximum predicted impacts were 16 and 2 pg/rn on a 24-hour and

annual average, resectively. The maximm predicted impacts for NO, were 64 and 7 ygJIe on

a 24-hour and annual average, respectively. For total hydrocarbons, the maximum predicted

impacts were 2 and 0.2 pglm' on a 24-hour and annual average, respectively.

Each of the predicted concentrations is well below the applicable World Bank air quality

guidelines (World Bank, 1988b) and the environmental guidelines of the IFC (World Bank, 1994).

4.1.1.7 Enissions of reenhouse Gases

The Islamic Republic of Pakisn ratified the United Nations Framework on Climate Change in

January 1994 and is a party to other international agreements conceming climate change. In

September 1994, the United States and Pakistan signed a stment of intent regarding exchange

of information and consultation on this issue and sustinable energy development.

Emissions of CO., methane, and other gases have been implicated in global atmospheric warming

by the results of predictive modeling and other evidence. International policy development on this

issue has produced commitments by developing nations to stabilize emissions of these gases and to

encourage coopertion among govemments and private parties to reduce emissions, share

technical information, and excbange technology.

The amount of CO. emissions from the Uch Power Plant are estimatd to be about

2,990,00 TPY (three units burning gas II month per year and burning high-speed diesel fuel for

one month) excluding CO emissions. This calculation. which is based on using standard EPA

emission factors for 925 turbines found in AP-42 (Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,

Volume 1: Stationary Point and Area Sources), is summarized in Table 4.1-3.

However, it should be recognized that CO emissions result from the combustion of any fossil

fuel. A relevant ator in evaluation of CO2 emissions is the overall efficiency of the power cycle

for a gas turbine when firing fossil fuel relatve to that for alternative systems. The Uch Power

4-10

1313C

Tabile 4.1-4. Maximuni 1mpacIs foir Prom~edJ4U.h Power Faci1I!y.__..____ _____-____

~~~~~~~~~.T.a.c4 l 4Max., m . ......u mpa!fr*roez,U,ch,PwFcl ......... .............,,,, World Bank

Maximum Predicted Impact Environmental USEPA IFC EnvlronmcnialJ(img .. _ I~uldelne NAAI QSg/j _ . G.uidelLg s /mu')

Pollutanis -hour 24-hour Annual 24-hour Annual 24-hour Annual 1-hour 24-hour __AnnualQliJElredParticulatc Matter 5 2 -S- 50 100 ISO SO( -- I11 70Sulfur DiodO 27 lI - - 500 1(10 365 80 350 125 50Carbon Monoxide 12 5 -- -- -- -- --

Nitrogen Dioxide 161 64 -- -- 11Ot -- 1( 400 150 -

Total Hydroarbons 5 2 -- -- -- - - _ _ _ _-

,,a,s F, r.edParticlllate Matler 1 1 0.2 5U0 11X) ISO 50 -- 11 7(Sulfur Dioxide 189 76 9.5 S(K) t00 365 80 350 125 5(Carbon Monoxide 40 16 2 -- -- -- -- - -- --Nitrogen Dioxide 133 53 7 -- ICX __ 1(X) 4(0) 150 __

................ .......... ...... .................. ............... ..4 ..._.( 2 ..0- _ --.. ..- - .-.... _-.

Sourecs: World Bank, 1988b; 1'Y)4; USEPA, 1993.

13130C141'01124/95

r-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Or49

Project will burn natural gas as the primarv fuel with higb-speed diesel fuel used primarily during

gas field and pipeline maintenance and outages. CO emissions from the Uch Power Project can

be compared to projects burning alternative fuels. A conventional boiler burning No. 6 fuel oil

will have the potential to emit 1.70 lb CA per kWh of electricity produced. A conventional

fluidized bed boiler burning coal will have the potenial to emit 2.03 lb CQ per kWh. In

contrast, the Uch Power Project will have the potential to emit 1.66 lb CQ per kWh. The

proposed project has a high thermaL efficiency relative to alternative systems and will produce

lower CQ emissions per kilowatt of electric generation produced. These data indicate that the

Uch Power Project can compare favorably with generation sources burning No. 6 fuel oil and

would have much lower emissions of greenhouse gases than coal-fired generation units typical in

developed countries.

There are no generally accepted methods for the mitigation of CO. emissions. However, two

possible mitigation strategies were given consideration for the project These were: (1) CO2

removal from the fuel gas at the gas field with reinjection of the CO. and (2) carbon sequestation

by planting trees near the site.

The CO2 removal and reinjection option was determined not to be economnically viable for the

project for several reasons. The capital and operating costs of the Ca: removal and reinjection

system would increase the cost of the gas to where the project would no longer be economical.

Further. and most significant, is that reinjection of the CO2 into the gas field would dilute the gas

to a point where it wold eventually be uneconomical for any use.

As the plant site is in a semi-arid area with only 4 to 5 inches of rainfall per year, carbon

sequestration by planting trees near the plant site was determined not to be viable because the

trees would have to be continually irrigated to sustain growth. To have any significant impact of

CO. sequestration, a large area would have to be planted with trees thus requiring large volumes

of water for irrigation. These large volumes of water required for the trees would have a

significant impact on water resources and the economic viability of agricultttre in the area.

4.1.2 NOISE

The projected noise levels due to the operation of Uch power project were predicted using the

NOISECALC model (NtYSDPS, 1986). This model was developed tD assist with noise

calculations due to major power projects. Noise levels are entered as octave band sound pressure

4-12

'13130C14-1301-24195

Jel

levels (SPLs). Total and A-weighted SPLs are calculated. Background noise levels can be

incorporated into the program and are used to calculate overall SPLs. The predicted impacts due

to the proposed units were developed by taking into account attenuation due to hemispherical

spreading and atmospheric molecular absorption.

Sound propagates through the atmosphere in spherical waves, above the ground surface (referred

to as hemispherical spreading). Since the surface area of a spbere is proportional to its radius

squared, each doubling of the radius increases the surface area by a factor of four. Likewise, as

the distance from a sound source is doubled. the intensity of its radiated sound energy is

decreased by a fiaor of four.

Meteorological characteristics of the atmosphere result in 'attenuation' of sound (i.e., a resultant

decrease in the sound pressre level). When a direct path from the sound source to the observer

does not exist, as in the case of a solid barrier, additional attenuation results from sound wave

refraction arond the obstacle.

Sound pressure levels associated with specific noise sources to be constructed as part of the

proposed project were estimated from data obtained from the combustion turine manufactrer, a

noise source survey conducted at the Guddu site, and from data contained in the Electric Power

Plant Enviromental Noise Guide (EEL, 1984). Listed in Table 4-1-5 are the typical noise sources

and estimated octave band levels associated with the equipment for the project. Sound power

levels were estimated from on-site measurements at the exin Guddu installation, literature

sources, and manufacturer's specifications. The levels would still be considered generally

representative of a combined cvcle plant for conditions sinilar to Uch. For other sources, data

from the Environmental Noise Guide were used.

Ambient sound levels due to the project only were then estimated. Background sound levels are

assumed to be low since there is no development in the area. For modeling purposes, a

background level of 45 dBA was used. Several simplifying, conservative assumptions were made

in arriving at the predicted levels. All noise sources, except those associated with the cooling

water system, were assumed to be co-located at the approximate center of the combustion turbine

site. The cooling tower and pump house were modeled at a location representing the center of the

cooling tower bank. All sources were also assumed to operate continuously 24 hours per day. In

addition, attenuation due to barriers, trees or other obstacles was not considered. The equivalent

4-13

T'abe 4.1 -5. &muway o(&mmw Imput DAIS for eho Noise 1mW Analyds (i the. 2kb Power I'ro1wi

MoMeed. LAXAIJcaScafjJ)sSwce

Amnv Wr)(a () 3t ~ " 2 2551 K "k, 4K S-4irC 1 (dl) (dNA)X

03asTulwilneI -26.70 -11M.00 5.00 121.50 117.5 1111.50 98.5 94.0 96.543 99310 1100JI0 96.5 92.5 12335 104.39

(asslW11*h2 26.70 '-12.00 5310 121.50 11750 11111.50 991.50 91.50 W96. 99,50 100.50' 915 92.50 1233.15 2116.9

CJasTu(bblnc3 7.5.00 -1I25.0l 3.00 ULM,5 II7.50 111.50 98.0 94.50 96.5 99.50 100.50 98.5 92.50 1213.5 106.39

(Ieniwudce I 0.00 -12.00 SAD 9.10 111350 96.10 100.70 89.90 68.o 83.40 78.3 I9AO 58.90 112.24 95.651

(7enwruor 2 504.00 .-12SM0 5.00 99,to 111.50 %4.10 100.70 69.90 51.6 61.40 78.30 69.40 58.90 12234 93.45

klencrig(w 3 ~~100.00 -125.030 S.A0 99.110 111.5 6.1 100.I0 89.90 88.9 8340 781.30 6944 58.90 112.24 95.65

S2aICAMUbine 133.30) -12.00 SM) 97.40 99.5 92310 81.213 6730o 5.40 tALM 77.30 72.5 63.30 102.57 90.155

(IRSO I 1-6.30 -91.70 3.0 111A5) 107.50 100.50 92.50 18.50 89.5 79.50 7440 48.5 52.50 1 1 3.95 99.90

IIRSf. a 11.70 -91.70 SAO1 112304 10730 100.50 92,50 65.30 8530 79.50 75930 48.5 52.50 113.9%1 91.901

I 91K Aq .701 "9(.70 S(9 11124t0 101)1 100.50O 9230 51.5 653 79.50 76.50 68.50 52.50 113.9 91390

I)Aru(LIflIwr1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 4.J3 -016330 Six0 101.5 105.00 101(11 103.90 94,40 90.701 63.40 77.70 694.0 03.442 109.49 98.70

'fl'sn,Ioniaer2 ~~~41.70 -193.34) MA.0 0 11.30 1054.00 101.00 1013.90 94.402 90.70 93140 77.10 68.0 42.40 1109.26 98.7

.*h ~~~flamk.tmeri ~~~91.703 -183.30 5.)0 101.50 101.00 101.00 103.90 96.40 9117t) MA.4 77.70 48.0 6i.40 309.461 91.

Cooingr 1e ruaIlos. -22.00 133M0 5.00 91.411 87.40 W1.20 85.20 86.40 88.50 71.90 76.00 64.40 56.8 951.90 033

(C0ooIinUAv~r Coll I -119.09 1322.9 10.00 7J..00 (051.00 93.010 94.00 93100 9,13 96.00 96.0 96.00 8949) 107.34 102.47

Coo101n1cmerCeII2 -102.65 122.57 twO 72(1l 105.0 92,00 q9&0 93.119) 91.010 WO.0 96,00 9619) 69900 107.36 102.4?

Coc1iti 1w.r Cell 3 -91.11 1 25.14) 10.00 74.00 10.1.00 92.0 kw0 93.00 94.00 94.00 114Jo 961)0 69.00 (107.36 102.47

Cao1IiiTaAvrCgdI4 -7±30 L25..7 10(11 M4.0 1050 92.00 96.0 93A)0 94AX0 9400 94.00 96130 A9.00 107.36 102.47

CbWInSTa.rorCeIIS -554.09 129.79 10.00 74.00 103.00 9gi0 96,00 93.00 94.00 94.00 96.0 9400 69.00 107.36 101-47

C004iI¶g'km@t C4II i -37.7d 131.69 10.00 14.00 1034.00 92.00 94,0 93,0 94.0 9Mi00 96.00 9641 69.00 107.36 M1024

Cod1nATa.'terCeI17 -16.21 132.01 10.0 74.00 I05.00 92.00 96400 93.0 9.00 9go0 96.00 96.00 693)10 107.36 (02.47

"oIIqTG,rmColl A 0.00 130.00 M0.M 74.00 1034.00 924) "Al1 93.00 94.00 94.00 96.0 94I11 69.0 107.36 102.47

ColI1ng IiA&rCtII9 2310 130,98 low0 74.00 10541 9.00 96.0 93.00 94.00 96.00 96.010 94.00 69.00 207.36 102.47

Cooiq Toswr elI 10 37.74 131.69 10.00 74.010 105.00 92.00 94.00) 93.00 94.00 9402 96.00 ij 940 69.00) 107.36 102.47

CocxiIllgb-Arcetli 314.70 12W8 lOAD 74.00 1115.00 92.00 Wo2) 95.00 94.00 9600 9400 90.00 69.00 107.36 102.47

(?oollaSToWu CMIll KW7519 129.901 10.0 74,3k) 105,00 92.00 96,00 93.00 94.00 96.00 96410 94.00 69.00 237.34 (02.47. ..... ......... ..... ...... - .. . -....... . ..... -. . ...... .... . ... . ....- ...- ... . .- ........--.........-........ .~. . ......... -.......

13130C/4-SMr14195

24-hour sound level [L.424)J in dBA. and day-night average sound level (L) in dBA were

estimated. The L4,,24) and L1, sound levels were estimated by assuming the morning noise level

(Ld) and the evening noise level (a*,) were the same. The L424) and Id are then given by the

following formulas fall sound levels in dB(A)]:

24~~~

La, = 10 I g1 115 X 10"11 + 9 x 10('J""

The predicted L,, and L* noise levels (dB.) due to the project are shown in Figure 4.1-1.

Review of Figure 4.1-1 shows that there are no areas outside of the power plant facilities

predicted to exceed the ,O dBA World Bank guideline to protect against hearing loss (see

Table 1.34) nor is the 55 Ld. noise guideline exceeded at the plant's worker colony. The actual

L= noise levels for the as-built facility are expected to be less than those predicted by the model,

which are based on conservative assumptions.

4.1.3 WATER RESOURCES

4.13.1 Water Withdrav_ls andlor Consumptive Uses

Water needs for the proposed combined cycle power plant include condenser cooling water,

cooling tower makeup, boiler feed water, plant and colony service water, and potable water. The

source will be the lidus River via the Pat Feeder Canal. Discharge facilities and related impacts

are discussed in the following sections.

Average wat demand for the proposed 584-MW facility is 0.18 cubic meter per second (m3es).

Average Pat Feeder Canal flow near the project site during the period of May 1989 througb

September 1992 was 39.7 mnNs (Black & Veatch, 1992). The canal is shut down for mainteace

purposes and during low flow periods for approximately 2 months per year. Lined water storage

ponds will be used for water supply during periods of low flow in the Pat Feeder Canal. The

ponds will be fenced with 6-ft high, chain link fence with three strands of barbed wire on the top.

Access will be controled by a locked gate.

4-15

I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~i ~~~~~~~~~~~~~5IUS2! U!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

sstsE EIl,

j_ tE "n' 1ii II 5 I

* Ps

13130C1417

04124195

Diversion of the required plant water demand represents approximately 0.5 percent of the average

annual flow in the canal. This figure accounts for additional withdrawals necessary to store water

during low flow conditions. Use of this water for cooling and other purposes will have no

adverse impact on local or regional water availability. Since water will be withdrawn during high

or average flow conditions, and the maintenance periods for the canal occur during the low-flow

periods, water will not be withdrawn during periods of low flow. Table 4.1-6 provides estimates

of canal water flow and proposed power plant withdrawals under current flow conditions.

Highest demands on the canal as a supply source will be during the months of March, November,

and December.

Potable water treatment will include coagulation and sedimentation followed by filtration,

chlorination, and storage. The water will be disinfected with sodium hypochlorite with

applika-ion rates determined by measuring the chlorine residual in the clear well and the

distribution system.

Sodium hypochlorite will be stored in a storage room specifically designated for that purpose.

This chemnical is hazardous if inhaled; therefore, the Operating Procedures Manual will include

requirements that water plant operators will wear respirators when working with the powder. The

specific respirator will be selected by the Industrial Hygienist who will also have the responsibility

of training the personnel to properly wear and maintain their respirators.

4.1.3.2 Cooline Water and Plant Waste Water Dischares

The proposed power plant will use an unlined evaporation pond for treatuent and disposal of

cooling tower blowdown and other facility waste waters. The evaporation ponds will be fenced

with a stock tight fence and the gate will be secured with a padlock. A summary of potential

waste water qtities for the proposed facility is provrided on Table 1.3-2. Low-volume waste

waters will be recycled to the cooling tower (boiler blowdown) or receive treatment (plant drains

and demineralizer wastes) prior to discharge to the evaporation pond. No hazardous chemicals

will be discharged in any off-site waste stream from the proposed facility.

Power plant low-volume wastes include floor drain wastes, boiler blowdown, softener

regeneration brines, and filter backwash. The physical and chemical composition of liquid waste

materials associated with power plant operation is determined by several factors, including:

4-17

13130C202118/94

Table 4.1-6. Estimates of Canal Flow and Proposed Power Plant W-ithdrawal

Pat Feeder Maximum ProposedCanal Flow Proposed Use asat Project Water Use Percent of(1989-92) (584 MW) Flow

Month (nM/s) (rnlIs (%)

January is 0.2 1L1February 21 0.2 1.0March 12 0.2 1.7April 0 0.0May 0 0.0June 25 0.2 0.8July 71 0.2 0.3August 85 0.2 0.2September 100 0.2 0.2OctDber 72 0.2 0.3November 15 0.2 1.3December 14 0.2 1.4

Average 36 0.2 0.6

a Includes added flow for storage need.

4-18

* 13130C;4-19

041r4195

1. Chemical and physical properties of the fuel burned,

2. Type of power plant,

3. Waste treatment prior to disposal. and

4. Circulationtreuse of water.

These processes are plant-specific and vary significantly from plant to plant. As a result,

chemical constituents present in the waste materials. and hence the final quality of the waste

streams, are also plant specific.

Cooling tower and boiler blowdown serves to maintain specified design limitations for dissolved

and suspended solids. Primary sources of impurities in the blowdown are internal corrosion and

chemicals used to the circulating water and boiler systems to control scale formation, corrosion,

pH, and solids deposition. Products of corrosion are soluble species of iron, copper, and other

metals. Chemical additives representative of the types likely to be used for the proposed power

plant are listed in Table 4.1-7. Boiler blowdown will be routed to the waste water recovery basin

along with water recovered from the oil separator system and blowdown from the evaporative

cooler. These waste streams will be reused as makeup to the cooling tower. In general, boiler

blowdown is uswm!ly of high quality.

Demineralizer waste regenerants will be routed initially to the neutralization basin and then to the

waste water pond. This waste stream consists of aM aline and acidic solutions containing the

chemical speces removed from the intake water. The waste stream is usually characterized by

wide variations in pH (<2 to > 10), high dissolved solids (2,000 to lI ,O00 mg/L), and

suspended solids concentrations ranging from < 5 to about 300 mg/L. Solids concentrations are

dependent on the characteristics of the influent stream.

4.1.3.3 Domestic Waste Water From the Uch Colony

The proposed power plant includes a worker colony and, therefore, a domestic waste water

source. An additional domestic waste water source will be the power plant facility itself.

Total sewage treatment flow is expected to be approximate.y 150 liters per minute and will be

treated in a mechanical treatment plant with the effluent routed to the evaporation pond for

treatment and disposal.

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13130C03C1I95

Table 4.1.7. Water Treatrnent Chemicals

Point ofProprietary Chemical Application' Purpose

Nalco Chemicals

AZ Lite 98 CT alkaline zinc/phosphatelpolymer (non-chromate)for corrosion inhibitor

8103 RW polyelectrolyte for filtering enhancement

002 (Elimin-0) BW O scavengerlmetals passivation

7208 BW liquid alkaline phosphate for pH control

356 BW neutralizing amine for corrosion inhibitor

Betz Chemicals

Cor-trol 778-P BW O scavenger/metals passivation

Balanced Polymer 5488 BW corrosion inhibitor/anti-scalant

Opti-meen BW corrosion inhibitor

Continuum 29000 CW corrosion inhibitor/anti-scalant

Corr-Shield 736 CW corrosion inhibitor (non-chromate)

Bio-trol 88P CW microbial control

Slimicide C-31 CW microbial control

Opti-trol 999 BW Q: scavenger

Polymer 1192 RW coagulant for potable water treatment

Sulfite 3 BW O. scavenger

Foam-trol CMT WW foam control

Dianodic II CW corrosion inhibitor/anti-scalant

Other

H2SO. CW, Demin. pH control, demineralizer acid

NaOCI CT. CW microorganism control

NaOH Demin. demineralizer caustic

Note: BW = boiler water. RW = raw water pretreatment.CT = cooling tower. WW = wastewater.

CW = cooling water.

Only water treatment chemicals meeting the guidelines of the World Health OrganizatioLnwill be used for potable water.

4-20

13130Ccri104/24195

Disposal of the treated waste water will be via an unlined evaporation pond. Inflows to this pond

will include power plant discharges (i.e., cooling tower blowdown and low volume waste waters)

as well as the treated sewage effluent from the mechanical treatment plant. The evaporation pond

will cover 21.4 hectares (52.8 acres) and have 3.0-m berm (2.0 m of working depth with 1.0 m

of freeboard). The water level in the evaporation pond typically will be between 0.0 to 0.137 m

(see Table 1.3-3).

4.13.4 Site Runoff

Given the extremely low rainfall in the region, there is very little potential for the generation of

any significant quantities of site runoff. Because the site will be confined within a wall,

stormwater in and around the power island will be directed to a sump pit and pumped to the water

storage ponds. Due to characteristics of the soils at the site, there is expected to be litde potential

for any adverse impact due to stormwater runoff.

4.1.3.5 Oil Sil P tion. Containment. and Control

All plant personnel will receive training in spill control and containment. This will include formal

classroom training with emphasis on stopping spills safely and then initiating cleanup in

accordance with recommended procedures. Materials used in spill containment will be pre-

positioned in the areas most likely to experience spills.

The oil truck unloading station will be curbed and surfaced with area drains leading to an

oil/water separator.

The fuel oil tanks will be located within a dike sized to contain the full contents of the largest

tank plus 30 cm (1 ft) of freeboard. An impervious lining will be placed within the dike area to

prevent oil from entering the soil. The contaimment area will be sloped to a single point so that

precipitation can be drained from the area. There will be a locked valve on the drain pipe to

prevent unauthorized persons from draining the containment area. Prior to draining the area, the

operator will determine if there is oil on the water. If oil is present, the effluent will be directed

to an oil/water separator. If oil is not present, the effluent will be directed to the water storage

pond.

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131 30C/4-o0r/4/95

4.1.3.6 Grounduwter Resources

Groundwater resources are not widely used at the present; given the highly mineralized nature of

the groundwater, no large-scale future use is anticipated. The brine water in the evaporation will

have a TDS in the 100,000 mgJL range. At these high concentrations, the 'free' water will tend

to be chemically bound to the minerals 7in the form of hydrated salts) and thus have extremely

limited mobility. As such, discharge of cooling water and other liquid waste streams to the

unlined basin is not expected to have an impact on groundwater quality in light of existing

groundwater mineralization.

The proposed plant is not expected to have a significant impact on the regional problems of

waterlogging and salinization.

The preliminary results of the soils investigation at the site showed that the permeability of the

soils is very low. While there is some variation, the permeability was always less than

104 cm/sec which is equivalent to 0.0003 inch per day or approximately 0.1 inch per year.

4.13.7 Geolo.r and Seismologvy

The proposed site is located in an area susceptible to an earthquake damage potential ranging from

minor to moderate. In accordance with the seismic zoning at the site established by the Pakistan

Geological Service, all structures will be constructed to Zone 2 building specifications.

Moreover, this requirement has been included in the Engineering, Procurement, Construction

(EPC) contract.

There will be no other significant impacts to geology due tD the proposed power plant

construction or operation.

4.2 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT/BIODIVERSITY

The ecological environment of the region is dominated by the prevailing climatic conditions and

topography at the site. Low rainfall and dry stream bed conditions have created a condition of

very dry flat areas of saline clay, almost devoid of vegetation and wildlife. Patchy areas of

herbaceous and limited shrub vegetation exist along channel areas around the site. In areas closer

to the Pat Feeder Canal, farmers plant opportunistic crops after heavy rains. Because of the lack

of significant ecological resources onsite, significant adverse impacts to regional and local

ecological rescurces are not anticipated.

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13 130C/4'2304C24195

43 SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ENVIRONMTAENTIDEMANDS ON PRIMARY AN1DSECONDARY INFRASTRUCTURE

4.3.1 LAND USE IMPACTS

Power generation projects in South Asia are high priorities since most country Five-Year Plans

mandate expansion of rural electrification. Load-shedding in most areas of Pakistan is indicative

of power shortages. For these reasons, among others, the GOP encourages environmentally

sound power plant sitings. Land acquisition for development projects such as Uch are typically

facilitated by federal and provincial authorities. particularly if the land is publicly held.

Land use impacts during construction of the Uch power plant will include increased vehicular

traffic, construction of temporary housing for construction workers, and an increase in ambient

particulate matter and noise due to on-site construction activities. Once construction is complete,

the construction-related impacts will abate.

43.2 DEMOGRAPIC IMPACTS

43.2.1 Population and Employment Patterns

There are no foreseeable problems in the acquisition, supervision, and transportation of the labor

forces(s) during the construction and operation phases of the facilities. In general, there will be

no significant detrimental long-term changes in the demnographic, employment, and economic

patterns as a result of the facilities installation. However, temporary increases in labor will be

required during construction and a small work force will be required to operate the facility.

The construction and operation of the project will require skilled and unskilled workers.

Construction of the project will require about 1.200 personnel based on previous projects. A

majority of these will come from other areas in Pakistan. Operation of the power plant would

also require about 160 employees.

During the construction and operation, most management and technical advisors would have to be

relocated to the site. Similarly, skilled operations and maintenance staff would also have to be

relocated to the site. Unskilled workers would likely come from the rural district popuiation.

4.32.2 Economic Patterns

This district and surrounding districts in eastern Baluchistan, Upper Sind, and Lower Punjab have

gained economic importance agriculturally since the construction of the Sukkur Barrage in 1932

and the Guddu Irrigation Barrage in 1963. Electrification of tubewell irrigation systems will

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1313OC/4-404r4ts95

increase cropping frequency, intensity, and duration as well as potential acreage (hectare)

expansion of cash crops. The constituencies of provincial and district authorities will

opportunistically perceive the facility to be an issue of direct and indirect economic improvement.

In addition, providers of goods and services to the facility and its workers will be positively

affected by the project. The ;'icrease in needs for goods, services, and equipment and the

increase in electricity generation will produce a multiplier effect in local industries and commerce.

43.3 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY INFRASTRUCTURE

The proposed project workers' colony will be designed and built using Pakistan practices and

procedures for layout and construction. The construction personnel will be housed in temporary

facilities. Initially, waste water will be collected and disposed off site in an environmentally sound

manner. Very early in the construction sequence. a facultative waste water lagoon or a mechanical

waste water treatment plant will be constructed. Until the sanitary sewer system is finished, waste

water will be piped to the lagoon in sealed pipes routed on the surface of the ground.

Dust will be controlled on site by sprinkling with water and/or the application of dust suppression

chemicals.

433.1 Transportation

The project will have temporary, local impacts to transportation patterns during construction as

equipment and materials are moved to and from the site. Impacts after construction are expected

to be minimal.

Roads inside the compound walls will be located to facilitate expected traffic patterns within the

compound. Pavement in the residential area will consist of a 6-inch crushed stone base, topped

with 2 inches of asphaltic concrete. Pavement in the plant area will consist of a 6-inch crushed

stone base, topped with 4 inches of asphaltic concrete.

The road connecting the plant site to the highway wi!i be approximately 0.5 km long and 24 feet

wide. The pavement will be a six-inch crushed stone base topped with 4-inches of asphaltic

concrete. Culverts will be installed under the road for local drainage. The land is presently

unpopulated so no resettlement is required. Land acquisition fbr the access road has been included

in the site acquisition negotiations.

4-24

' 1313OCh4-25OV124195

433.2 Houing

Housing and support facilities (the Colony) will be constructed onsite to accommodate

approximately 160 persons living in bachelor type quarters. The Colony will be consistent with

the remoteness of the site and shall indude all facilities required to allow the Plant to be generally

self-sufficient. Male bachelor quarters are generally planned; however, the quarters will be

designed so that they can be readily modified to accommodate female personnel.

The architectural design of the Colony shall be. for the most part. based on local aesthetic and

ethnic standards, functional buildings, and spatial requirements. The buildings will feature high-

quality, low-maintenance materials and construction which are compatible with local conditions

and customs. The design and layout of the housing, mosque, security, recreational, health care

and commons facilities shall create a favorable working, living, and social enviromnent. The

conmnon facilities and infrastructure shall be designed to accommodate future expansion of the

Project

Personnel housing is divided into three clusters with each cluster consisting of buildings with

similar quality requirements for housing personnel in groups with common characteristics. The

general concepts that will be used are summarized below:

Cluster-!

Cluster-I housing will accommodate guests, expatriates, and local senior-level managers. Cluster-

I housing includes two bungalows, three semi-detached townhouses, attached townhouses, and a

related common club facility. The buildings shall be air-conditioned with the finishes and fixtures

of the highest quality.

* Visiting VIP Bungalow will have three bedrooms, each with an attached, western

stylelstandard dress/bathroom and fixtures. A foyer, lounge, drawing room, large

dining room, studyloffice, kitchen, box room, and a private, but open to the sky,

courtyard will be included. The total covered area of the bungalow will be

approximately 3,300 square feet (306 square meters). A three-vehicle covered carport

will be provided.

* Visiting Expatriate Bungalow will have six bedrooms, each with an attached western

stylelstandard dress/bathroom and fixtures. A central corridor will provide access to

the bedroom units. A foyer, lounge, large dining room, study/office, kitchen, box

room, and a private, but open to the sky. courtyard will be provided. The total

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13l30C/4-26

0.1-/2495

covered area of the bungalow will be approximately 3.300 square feet (306 square

meters). A six-vehicle covered carport will be provided.

Plant Manager Bungalow will consist of two bedrooms, each with an attached western

stylelstandard dress/bathroom and fixtures. A foyer, lounge, dining room,

study/office, kitchen, box room, and private, but open to the sky, courtyard will be

provided. The covered area of the bungalow will be approximately 1,800 square feet

(167 square meters). A covered carport for two vehicles will be provided.

* Permanent Expatriate Semi-Detached Townhouses will consist of one bedroom with an

attached western style/standard dresslbathroom and fixtures, dining room,

study/office, kitchen, box room for one occupant, and a private, but open to the sky,

courtyard will provided. Each of the three semi-detached townhouses will be

approximately 1,500 square feet (140 square meters). A covered carport will be

provided for three vehicles.

D Lcal Senior Manager Townhouse will consist of six suites, each with a bedroom,

western style/standard dress/bathroom, fixtures, and a sitting area. The suites will be

accessible through a central corridor, and the townhouse will have a central lounge,

study/office, large dining room, kitchen, box room, and a private, but open to the..

sky, courtyard. The total covered area will be approximately 3,600 square feet

(335 square meters). A six-vehicle covered carport will be provided.

a Club facility will consist of a large dining area, kitchen, TV lounge, entertainment

room, toileis, and a laundry/utility room. The totamlarea of the Club facility will be

approximately 4,000 square feet (372 square meters).

Cluster-IT

Cluster-U type housing accommodates local professionals and local supervisors. The Cluster-lE

includes two similar hostels connected to a common canteen/entertaimnent building described

below. All the Cluster-U buildings will be air-conditioned. The finishes and fixtures will be of

high quality.

* Local Professional/Engineer Hostel will consist of 14 bedrooms with attached

bathrooms and a central hallway with a common kitchenette. The total area of the

building will be approximately 4,900 square feet (455 square meters).

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13130C14-27o:r24/ss

* Local Supervisors Hostel will consist of 14 bedrooms with attached bathrooms and a

central hallway with a comunon kitchenette. The total area of the building will be


* Canteen/Entertainment Building will include a large dining area, kitchen, TV lounge,

entertainment room, toilets, and laundry/utility room. The total area of the

Canteen/Entertainment Building will be approximately 2.000 square feet (186 square

meters). An open courtyard shall be provided or this cluster of buildings.

ClMuter-m

Cluster-M accommodates technicians and trainees. There will be two similar dormitories

connected to a common mess/recreational area. The buildings will be air conditioned, and the

finishes and fixtures will of good quality.

* Local Technicians Dormitory will consist of a two-story dormitory block of 28 rooms

per floor with communal bath/toilet at each end of the central corridor on each floor.

Each room is to be shared by two persons. The total area of the building will be

approximately 11,000 square feet (1,022 square meters).

* Local Trainees Dormnitory will consist of dormitory block of 10 rooms with a

communal bath/toilet at the end of the central corridor. Each room is to be shared by

four persons. The total covered area of the building shall be approximately 4,000

square feet (372 square meters).

- Mess/Recreational Building will consist of a communal messing area, lounge area,

kitchen, laundrylutility area, and toilets/wash facilities. The total area of the

Mess/Recreation Building will be approximately 3,000 square feet (279 square

meters).

A courtyard will be provided for this cluster of buildings.

Common Facilities

The common facilities include a clinic, mosque, recreational facilities, and an administration

building. The finishes and fixtures of all the buildings shall be of good quality.

* Clinic and Medical Dispensary will include an entrance/waiting area, a pharmacy, two

treatment rooms, two consulting rooms/offices a treatmnent area, and toilets. Facilities

will be provided to deal with general employee health screening, accidents and

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13130C14-28o&U4/95

emergencies and to provide a general practice. The total covered area will


* Administration/Utility Building will include administrative office space, post office,

bank, a few shops for grocery supplies and sundries, central laundry facility. and

common storage shed. The total covered area will be approximately 4,000 square feet

(372 square meters). The Clinic and Administration Building may be combined into a

comnmon structure.

* Mosque will be provided for the use of the plant personnel. The covered area of the

mosque is to be approximately 3.000 square feet (279 square meters) with a courtyard

of equal size.

* Recreational Facilities will include a soccer field. cricket field, and a recreational

buiding. ihe recreational building will be approximately 6,000 square feet

(557 square meters) and will include a large assembly room with a raised stage,

billiard room, library, kitchen, and locker rooms with showers and toilets. The

assembly room shall be sized to accommodate approximately 250 persons with

moveable chairs and, in addition. be useable for other recreational activities.

* Security will be furnished using construction features, equipment, and a security staff.

A wall with controlled access point(s) will be constructed around the complex. A

security system consisting of a closed-circuit television system with motion detectors

and alarms and a central control console will be furnished.

Warehouse and Vehicle Maintenance Facilities

A single-story warehouse of approximately 5.000 ft' is anticipated being needed for all four

phases. Warehousing, as appropriate, will be constructed for this project (Phase 1).

A vehicle maintenance facility of approximately 8,000 ff. consisting of three service bays, one

training bay, two training classrooms. and storage is anticipated being required for the full four-

phase facility. A vehicle maintenance facility will bc appropriately sized and provided for

Phase I.

The high-speed diesel fuel oil for use as startup/shutdown and backup fuel supply to the natural

gas will be delivered to the power plant site via tanker trucks.

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13130C14-29osns/5s

The existing public facilities provide an adequate level of infrastructural support to the proposed

gas turbine facilities. An example of the overall success and sustainability of worker colony life

can be found at the WAPDA Colony in Guddu.

4.3.4 CULTURAL RESOURCES

43.4.1 Local Support

One of the primary criteria for selecting the site was the openness of the local people and their

leadership to area development. Since the local population residing in the vicinities of all of the

prospective sites are organized societally as tribal units with hereditary chiefs (Sardars), it was

important to determine the attitude of the various tribes and tribal leaders toward development

projects such as the Uch Power Project. Through consultation with various government and

former government officials who had served in or near the prospective sites, it was learned that

the Jamali tribe (the predominant tribe residing along the highway and railroad line from

Jacobabad to the site that was finally selected north of Dera Murad Jamali) are a peaceful people

who are favorably inclined to progress, education, and development.

At the provincial level, close contact was established and maintained with the Chief Secretary and

other key departnent heads, especially the Secretary of the Home and Tribal Affairs Departrnent

(and his successors), who confirmed the preliminary judgment that the Jamali tribe and its

leadership would be pleased by the selection of the Dera Murad Jamali site as the location of the

Uch Power Project. The entire Provincial Government has continued to cooperate, providing

advice and guidance in local customs and affairs, and making the good offices of the local

provincial representative, the Assistant District Commissioner, available to us.

As expected, the Project was welcomed by the Sardar of the Jamali tribe and his people. The

Sardar designated his son to serve as the coordinator for the tribe in all local matters pertaining to

the Uch Power Project. Ever since the initial meetings, the project has received the full support

and cooperation of the local people and their leaders. The Project Company has established a

budget to support social uplift programs in the vicinity of the complex. Specific projects will be

undertaken in consultation with the local populace and its leaders. Based on preliminary

discussions, educational facilities and water projects are the most pressing local needs. The

Project Company will also initially require its O&M Contractor to hire local people for unskilled

jobs insofar as that is possible. For the longer term, training programs will be established to

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13130C/4-3004,25,95

enable the upgrading of local skills, thus increasing the size of the local labor pool for future

employment in the complex.

4.3.4.2 Cultur-l Patterns and Values

Because of the remote nature of the site, there are no apparent disruptions of social values and

mores as a result of the project.

4.3A3 Historical and Archaeological Resources

There are no known archaeological sites or historic structures on the proposed site or adjacent

parcels. Documentation of such potential sites and structures, as well as chance finds, is provided

by the GOP Department of Archaeology and Museums in Appendix C.

4.3.5 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

This section discusses the occupational and safety impacts of the construction and operation of gas

turbine power generating units. Major safety topics discussed below include: electrical hazards;

confined space entry; machine guarding; guard rails; eye, face, and foot protection; fire and

explosion hazards; and housekeeping issues. Occupational health program issues include chemical

exposure, noise, medical monitoring, temperature and humidity, and respiratory protection.

Training and record keeping issues cover both health and safety areas. Recommendations are

made for each safety and health area (World Bank, 1988a).

4.3.5.1 Safety

Electrical hazards constitute a major threat to employees at a power generation facility. Care will

be taken to properly ground and insulate all equipment. Maintenance activities around electrical

equipment will utilize written procedures to deenergize circuits that will be impacted by the repair

activity. Tools shall also be the type that will not conduct electricity if circuits cannot be

deenergized.

Employees will be required to periodically inspect and maintain combustion turbine equipment.

Procedures shall be developed and implemented to protect those workers from exposure to toxicl

explosive gases as well as other hazards associated with sach inspections and maintenance.

Standard procedures for confined space entries will be in written form and include electrical

lockout, air testing befbre and during entry, proper respiratory protection if required, standby

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13130C/4-310125195

help (buddy system), and piping system disconnect. Hazardous air conditions that may be

encountered are oxygen deficiency and toxic gases such as aromatic hydrocarbons.

Proper machine guarding, which is critical for the prevention of injuries to workers by isolating

them from moving machinery, will be provided. Examples of critical guarding points are fan

belts and moving gears. Guard railing is necessary to minimize falls from elevated walkways on

equipment such as fuel storage tanks and will be provided.

Head protection will be worn in appropriate plant areas, i.e., power block and production areas.

Open-toed shoes will be prohibited. Eye protection will be required during all maintenance

activities involving dust exposure or the production of particles from sanding or grinding

activities.

Explosion and fire are a risk from flame out, electrical fault, or equipment overheating.

Firefighting equipment will be available in the form of ABC fire extinguishers as a minimum, and

A;- their locations will be clearly marked. Exits from work places will be well marked and visible in

Ji dim light Fire water will be located throughout the plant in well-marked piping. Diesel engines

will be provided to assure the system has power for fire protection. Portable fire extinguishers

will be located in appropriate areas for use by employees.

Housekeeping will be frequent and thorough to prevent slips, trips, and falls. Problem areas

include aisles and roadways that are often oily from machinery leakage. Visibility will be clear at

pathway intersections to prevent employee injury and equipment damage.

A lockout/tagout progran will be imp:emented.

4.3.5.2 Occunational Health

Chemical exposure during operation of the power plant is a possibility. Toxic gases that may be

encountered are listed in Table 4.3-1. Workers need to be trained in the potential health effects

of these chemicals and the job categories in which exposure is most likely to occur. Some

compounds, such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and oxides of nitrogen may be present at

times at very low concentrations. These compounds are products of combustion, and high levels

are anticipated only during process upsets. Low sulfur fuel oil will be used to reduce sulfur

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Table 4.3-1. Toxic Gases Associated With Power Production (Natural Gas or Diesel Fuel)

Compound Exposure Limitse Target Organs

Sulfur Dioxide ACGIHINIOSHIOSHA-2 ppm Respiratory system, skin, eyes

Carbon Monoxide NIOSHIOSHA-35 ppm Lungs. blood. cental nervousACGIH-25 ppm system

Nitngen Dioxide NIOSH/OSHA-I ppm Respiratory system,ACGIH-3 ppm cardiovascular system

Note: ACGIH = American Conference of Govemnmental Industrial Hygienists.NIOSH = National Instiute for Occupational Safety and Health.OSHA = Occupational Health and Safety Administmtion, part of the U.S. Department of Labor.

ppm = parts per million in air.

Exposure limits are expressed as S-hour time-weighted averages.

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04r5195

dioxide emissions. Some chemicals are likely to be encountered only during periodic maintenance

activities and proper precautions will be taken to minimize employee risk. Respirator usage is

likely in some situations and training will be provided prior to employee use.

Based on the combined cycle equipment typically utilized for a project of this size, noise levels

above 90 A-weighted decibels (dBA) may be encountered in certain workplaces. Measurements

of noise exposure will be made for all job categories as soon as the new equipment is fully

operational. Employee exposure above 90 dBA requires engineering or administrative controls to

reduce exposure wherever feasible. If noise reduction is not feasible, personal protective

equipment must be worn fbr those job categories with exposures over 90 dBA. In addition, a

hearing-conservation program is recommended for all employee exposure over 85 dBA. The

hearing-conservation program should include audiometry, training in the use of hearing protection

(ear muffs, plugs, canal caps), identification of areas that have high (85 dBA or above) sound

levels, and discussion of the effects of noise exposure. Table 4.3-2 depicts the permissible noise

exposures as a function of time.

Medical monitoring is important for all facility workers. Pre-employment medical examinations

will be utilized to develop a baseline set of data for each worker which can be compared to future

data developed during periodic examinations. The content of the examinations will be left to the

discretion of the attending physician but will include a general physical and a medical history.

Ambient temperatures are often in the 40°C (104°F) range in this portion of Pakistan. This fact

coupled with the heat generated from the equipment indicates that heat-related stress must be

monitored at the facility. Heat-related illnesses include: heat stroke (ife threatening collapse of

the body's cooling mechanisms), heat exhaustion (profuse sweating, headache, nausea, dizziness),

and heat rash (dermatitis from clogged pores). These illnesses are usually preventable through the

use of the proper work/rest cycle and increased intake of fluids. Guidance for work-stress

regimens to prevent heat stress is provided in Table 4.3-3.

Respirator usage may be required during maintenance activities. All respirator usage requires the

implementation of a respirator protection program which includes a written document that will be

regularly updated to reflect new plant equipment or new chemical usage, respirator selection,

training, respirator storage and cleaning, surveillance of work place conditions, medical

surveillance to determine if employees are able to wear respirators, and National Institutes for

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Table 4.3-2. Permissible Noise Exposures

Duration in Hours Sound Level (dBA)

8 90

6 92

4 95

3 97

2 100

1.5 102

1 105

0.5 110

0.25 or less 115S,;

Source: 29 CFR 1910.95, Table G-16 (OSHA).

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Table 4.3-3. Examples of Permissible Heat Exposure Threshold Limit Values [Values are givenin °C and (°F) Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT)r

Work Load

Work-Rest Regimen Light Moderate Heavy

Continuous Work 30.0 (86) 26.7 (80) 25.0 (77)

75% Work - 25% Rest (each hour) 30.6 (87) 28.0 (82) 25.9 (78)

50% Wcrk - 50% Rest (each hour) 31.4 (89) 29.4 (85) 27.9 (82)

259% Work - 75% Rest (each hour) 32.2 (90) 31.1 (88) 30.0 (86)

Note: Calculation of WBGP1. Outdoors with solar load:

WBGT = 0.7 NWB + 0.2 GT + 0.1 DB2. Indoors or outdoors with no solar load:

WBGT = 0.7 NWB + 0.3 GTwhere: WBGT = wet-bulb globe temperature index.

NWB = natural wet-bulb temperature.DB = dry-bulb temperature.GT = globe temperature.

The determination of WBGT requires the use of a black globe thermometer, a natural (static) wet-brlb thermometer, and a dry-bulb therinomneter.

Higher heat exposures than those shown are permissible if the workers have been undergoingmedical surveillance and it has been established that they are more tolerant to work in heat thanthe average worker. Workers should not be permitted to continue their work when their deepbody temperature exceeds 38°C (100.4IF).

a As workload increases, the heat stress impact on an unacclimatized worker is exacerbated. Forunacclimatized workers performing a moderate level of work, the permissible heat exposureTLV should be reduced by approximately 2.5°C.

Source: ACGIH, 1993.-

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Occupational Health and Safety (NIOSH) approved respirators for employee use. An effective

respiratory protection program as outlined is essential to employee health.

4.3.6 INDUSTRIAL HAZARD ASSESSMENT

The World Bank requires evaluation of the hazard that a development might represent to the

people and the environment. A hazard analysis identifies the materials that are potentially

hazardous and the events that might lead to their release. Potentially hazardous materials include

those that are toxic, flammable, or explosive. If the analysis indicates that aspects of the

development represent an unacceptable risk, there will be changes to the facility, which may

include: process changes, site layout modification, improving secondary containment, or altering

site management to reduce risk.

The structure of a hazard analysis of a major facility is generally as follows:

1. Identify potential failures;

2. Calculate the quantity of hazardous materials released in each failure; and

3. Calculate the impact of each release on the plant equipment, people, the environment,

and property.

ibis is usually completed in a 14-step process if a major hazard analysis is required by the World

Bank guidelines. Appendix U of Techniques for Assessing Industrial Hazards (World

Bank/Technica, 1988) provides a listing of chemicals and situations that require major hazard

assessments. Based on the information contained in World Bank guidelines, a major hazard

analysis will not likely be required for the project.

The only substantial storage of chemicals at the facility will be in the form of the fuel oil. The

flash point of the fuel oil to be used ranges from 125°F to 190°F. The World Bank requires a

major hazard assessment for fuels with flash points below 70°F. Ihis means that the risk of

major off-site hazard is minimal in the event of a fire associated with this fuel source. However,

on-site damage and risk to personnel are still possible in the event of a major release of fuel and

subsequent fire.

As discussed in the previous paragraph, a major hazard assessment is not required for the fuel

storage tanks due to the high flash point of the diesel fuel oil. The probability of the oil spilling

from the storage tanks to the containment area is very low because it would require a catastrophic

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event such as a direct puncture to the wall of the storage tank to release its contents. Also. the

probability of fire hazard following such a spill is very unlikely because it would require direct

flame contact to ignite the diesel oil. The assessment of the proposed fuel tank area has indicated

that both vehicular traffic and spark-induced activity will be kept away from the contaiment area.

A potential catastrophic accident associated with a natural gas pipeline is the rupture of the

pipeline and release of natural gas into the atmosphere. The rupture would produce a continuous

release of natural gas at the point of rupture, and the resultant plume would move downwind and

disperse according to meteorological conditions. Since the pipeline will be buried, the risk of

rupture from collision or other physical contact is minimal.

The primary constituents of the natural gas to be used at Uch are carbon dioxide, methane, and

nitrogen, with minor amounts of hydrogen sulfide, ethane, propane and butane, and other inert

gases. Carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrogen are not considered a toxic air pollutant. However,

natural gas is considered an asphyxiant, i.e., if present in sufficient concentrations, and it can

A... result in oxygen concentrations of less than 18 percent by volume, thereby posing a suffocation

hazard to people.

The hazard analysis evaluated the potential for a natural gas pipeline rupture to produce a plume

containing an oxygen concentration of less than 18 percent by volume (180,000 ppm).

Considering the normal oxygen content of the atmosphere to be 20 percent by volume, the natural

gas concentration in the plume would need to be greater than 138,000 ppm in order to reduce the

overall oxygen level to 18 percent or less. Based on a pipeline rupture releasing 3,000,000 scfh

of natural gas, the hazard analysis indicates that such a level of natural gas concentration would

not exist downwind of the rupture, due to normal atmospheric dilution and dispersion. At a

distance of 25 m from the rupture, the predicted maximum gas concentration is only 8,000 ppm

under the most adverse meteorological co-Jitions. As a result, there appears to be low potential

for a natural gas rupture to cause a hazard downwind of the rupture due to the concentrated plume

of gas.

A second hazard associated with a natural gas pipeline rupture is that of fire. Such a rupture, if

ignited, would produce a jet fire. The resulting radiation from the fire would have the potential

to cause damage or casualties. The hazard analysis focused on estimating the heat intensity of the

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fire and the resulting damage area. The methodology used was that prescribed in the World

Bank's Manual of Industrial Hazard Assessment Techniques.

As in the case of the gas pipeline rupture, the gas flow from the rupture was assumed to equal the

maximum gas consumption of the proposed 584-MW facility. The predicted area of lethality

(i.e., potential casualties) is a 50 m radius surrounding the rupture point. Beyond 50 m and out

to 100 m radius, no casualties are expected, but other injuries such as burns are likely. Within a

50 m radius from the fire, 100 percent lethality is predicted. Damage to process equipment may

occur within 17 m from the fire, and melting of plastic tubing may occur within a 30 m radius.

Adequate fire protection and firefighting equipment will be maintained at the facility to respond

quickly and effectively in case of a fire.

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5.0 MMGATION, MONITORING, AND TRAINING PROGRAMS

5.1 MMTIGATION

5.1.1 AIR

By utilizing natural gas as the primary fuel source, PM and SO2 emissions will be extremely low

and well under World Bank guidelines. PM and SO emissions resulting from firing the

secondary fuel source are also well under World Bank guidelines. Therefore, no additional

mitigation, other than that realized by the project as designed, is required. Additionally, the high

percentage of CO2 in the fuel results in a lower peak flame temperature and, as a result, reduces

NO. emissions to below World Bank guidelines. Water injection will be utilized to reduce NO.

emissions in the unlikely event that fuel oil must be fired over extended periods.

The most effective mitigation for impacts associated with emissions from the facility is rigo:ous

monitoring of the plant's overall operation. This will be achieved through regular perfcrmance

evaluations that will be conducted to ensure facility efficiency. The performance standards of the

facility, required by the organizations financing the project, are more than adequate to ensure that

emissions from the facility are kept to prescribed limits.

5.1.2 WATER

Impacts associated with water use at the facility will be mitigated by the withdrawal of water from

the Pat Feeder Canal only during periods of average or high flows. The fact that the canal

maintenance periods, during which the canal is closed, coincide with these low-flow periods

reinforces this strategy. Twenty-seven million cubic feet of water (7.7 x 105 ni3) (60 days at

maximum flow rate) will be stored onsite to provide water for the facility during these periods.

Documentation and background documents reviewed by the ESSA team did not indicate that the

Pat Feeder Canal had run dry over the life of the canal; however, if the canal does run dry, UPL

will use the water stored on site until water is returned to the canal.

An extensive water quality sampling program of the Pat Feeder Canal has been started. Analyses

will be made for many constituents including heavy metals. Based on the results of this sampling

program, a water treatment plan will be developed that will produce potable water- that meets the

WHO drinking water criteria.

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The Operating Procedures Manual for the Plant will include a monitoring schedule of the raw and

finished potable water that meets or exceeds the monitoring schedule for the waste water.

The soils investigation found no groundwater onsite. The extremely low permeability indicates

that liners will not be necessary for the evaporation pond.

Mitigation for wast-water discharge is not required since the proposed de-sign, i.e., the use of

evaporation ponds fbr plant wastes as well as wastewater from the workers colony, results in a

zero discharge to surface water.

To reduce the pollutant concentration of the waste stream, the project will incorporate a treatment

basin to treat low-volume wastes (chemical drains and deminineralizer regeneration wastes).

Treated low-volume wastes will be discharged to a wastewater recovery basin and allowed to mix

with cooling water blowdown.

To mitigate irnpacts from the use of hazardous chemicals in the cooling systern, the project will

specify that chemicals containing chromium will not be used in the condenser circulating water

svstems.

Three design features fbr the facility will be implemented to improve wastewater basin

performance and operation. First, inclusion of an oil control baffle (floating or fixed) near the

basin inlet will effectively control and limit the discharge of any floating oils which might enter

the basin due to routine operations or spills. Second, a sludge sump and associated flange and

valve will facilitate the routine removal of accumulated settleable solids. The sludge from the

waste water basin will be disposed of on-site in an environmentally sound manner. Third, the

drains from chemical storage and handling areas will be directed to a neutralization tank where, in

the event of spill, any toxic materials can be neutralized or treated before they enter the low-

volume waste water treatment system. The basin will then be cleaned and the pollutant removed

prior to fiurther discharge. Each of these features will significantly improve the performance of

the wastewater treatment and disposal system.

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.4

5.1.3 NATURAL AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDS

An emergency response plan will be prepared and implemented to minimize onsite damage and

risk to personnel in the unlikely event of a major release of fuel and subsequent fire. To

minimize the potential for fires associated with direct puncture or ignition of the fuel oil storage

tanks, vehicular traffic and spark-induced activities will be kept away from the containment area.

Explicit rules for welding procedures during maintenance will be included in the plant training

program and Operations Manual. These preventative measures will reduce the risk of offsite

damage or impacts to a minimum. The proposed model for the emergency response plan is as

follows:

1. Responsible personnel;

2. Description of the facility;

3. Past spill experience;

4. Spill prevention-storage area;

S. Spill prevention-transfer operations;

6. Personnel and responsibilities; and

7. Future spill prevention plans.

For small leaks or spills, sorbant materials, pillows, and tools will be readily available. For

larger spills, a secondary containment area will be constructed around the fuel storage tank. Mhe

project will implement an oil spill contingency plan to mitigate impacts in the unlikely event that a

substantial volume of oil is discharged from the containmeiut ce! te, T)n: rlv . .. 1 1 dethe

following:

I. Emergency Response Action Plan-a quick reference summary of the pertinent

information in the plan;

2. Facility and Emergency Response Information-personnel and duties, equipment, and

contractors;

3. Hazard Evaluation-where spills might occur;

4. Discussion of Tiered Planning Scenarios-small, medium, large;

5. Discharge Detection-alarms, secondary contaimnent;

6. Plan Implementation;

7. Facility Self-Inspection, Training, and Meeting Logs;

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8. Diagrams-e.g., site plan; and

9. Security.

All required equipment to implement the plan will be stored at the site, and employees will be

properly trained to respond to such spills.

To mitigate the risks associated with the potential for earthquakes, all structures will be built to

Zone 2 classification. The power pant will be engineered, designed, and constructed in

accordance with the potential for minor to moderate earthquakes in the area. An emergency

response plan will be in place in the unlikely event that a larger than minor earthquake is

experienced at the project site.

The evaporation pond will be bermed to mitigate impacts associated with flooding. In addition,

the entire site will be raised with material excavated during construction of the evaporation and

water storage ponds.

5.1.3.1 Process Hazards

The principal hazards with any fossil-fueled power plant are explosion and fire. Generally, such

incidents are the result of an equipment malfunction or operator error.

5.13.2 Oil Storage

The fuel oil will be stored in an aboveground atmospheric storage tank. This tank will be sited in

a containment area as discussed later in this section.

The tank will be constructed of materials suitable for the design in accordance with applicable

specifications such as API 650, Welded Oil Storage Tanks. The tank will be sited with regard to

public ways and important buildings in accordance with applicable standards such as NFPA 30,

Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code. Venting will be provided to allow filling and

emptying and changes in atmospheric pressures. Vents will be incorporated into the tank design

using an acceptable standard such as API Standard 2000, Venting Atmospheric and Low Pressure

Storage Tanks. In addition to normal venting, emergency venting will be installed on the tanks to

relieve internal pressure in the event fire occurs around the tank. The emergency venting may

take the form of rupture disks, roof-to-shell seams, floating roofs, or mechanical vents.

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5.1.3.3 Incidental Safety and Health Hazards

Hazards incidental to process operations include:

* Exposure to feedwater chemicals,

* Exposure to hot steam lines and equipment.

Additional safety and health considerations that are part of the operations of an electrical power

plant that will be implemented at the Uch facility include the following:

* Working surfaces (such as floors, platforms, ladders, stairs, etc.),

* Emergency exit placement and maintenance,

* High noise exposure,

* Chemical exposure Cincluding incidental use materials for maintenance, etc.),

* Exposures to hazards of working in confined spaces (boilers, vessels, sewers, etc.),

e Control of hazardous energy (accidental startup of systems and equipment),

* Fire prevention and protection,

* Materials handling and storage,

j.s. * Machine ard equipment mechanical guarding,

* Biohazards, and

* Ergonomic design and operation of workstations.

5.1.4 SOLID WASTE

The solids accumulating in the evaporation pond will be neither toxic nor hazardous; therefore,

additional mitigation, other than that achieved by the design of the pond, is not required. The

minimal construction materials, chemical containers, and other wastes generated during

construction and operation will be recycled when feasible.

5.1.5 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTIBIODIVERSITY

The project will not result in significant adverse impacts to the biological environment and

biodiversity in Baluchistan; therefore, no mitigation is proposed to reduce impacts to aquatic and

terrestrial ecology.

5.1.6 SOCIOECONOMIC AND CULTURAL

There are no known archaeological sites or historic structures on the proposed site o. adjacent

parcels. Nevertheless, if artifacts of cultural significance are uncovered during construction, work

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13130C15-604117195

in the immediate vicinity will be temporarily stopped and the proper GOP authorities notified to

determine the appropriate action.

5.1.7 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

In accordance with the occupational health and safety measures identified in Section 4.3.5, the

project will implement the ibllowing activities:

1. Maintenance activities around electrical equipment will utilize written procedures to

deenergize circuits that will be impacted by repair activities, and tools will be the type

that will not conduct electricity if circuits cannot be deenergized.

2. Standard procedures for confined space entry will be in writing and include air testing

before and during entry, proper respiratory protection, standby help, and piping

system disconnect.

3. Proper machine guarding and guard railing at elevated walkways and critical points

such. as fanbelts and moving gears will be installed.

4. Protective clothing such as head, eye, and ear protection and steel-toed shoes will be

worn as necessary by plant workers.

5. Adequate firefighting equipment, handheld fire extinguishers and fire water supplies

Vill be available, clearly marked, and tested regularly.

6. Exits from the workplace will be well marked and visible in dim light.

7. Measurements of noise exposure will be made for all job categories as soon as new

equipment is operational, and the proper hearing protection will be prescribed,

including personal protective gear and a hearing conservation program.

8. Ongoing medical monitoring of employees will be conducted at the onsite medical

clinic.

9. Electrical and stored energy lockout will be implemented.

5.2 MONITORING PROGRAMS

The Uch Power Project is implementing a rigorous performance evaluation program to ensure the

efficiency of the facility. This program is required in the financing agreements and has the added

benefit of ensuring that the measures being recommended as part of the mitigation of

environmental impacts are monitored.

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13130C15-7OUl1819S

In addition to monitoring conducted as part of the performance evaluations, wastewaters will be

evaluated quarterly for nine heavy metals (i.e., arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, copper,

lead, mercury, selenium, and silver, if expected) before discharge to the evaporation pond.

Baseline occupational air monitoring for the power plant work areas will be accomplished during

the first six months of plant operation. Toxic compounds that will be included in the air

monitoring strategy are identified in Table 5.2-1. Personal air samples will be collected in the

-breathing zone of job categories with potential exposure. An industrial hygienist or other

experienced air sampling professional will collect initial data. There will be a chromatograph on

site, and a laboratory technician will draw samples for testing and other plant purposes. For

subsequent air sampling, plant personnel may be trained to perform routine air monitoring. An

intexnationally trained and experienced consultant, provided by plant management, will be used

for gas sampling.

After the initial collection of personal exposure data, the data will be compared to the exposure

limits listed in Table 5.2-1. If exposure exceeds the listed value, respiratory protection will be

provided or the time of exposure limited. Efforts will be made to reduce the exposure through

engineering or process changes. If the exposure exceeds the listed standard, additional air

monitoring will be performed on a quarterly basis. If the air concentrations are between one-half

and one times the standard, air monitoring will be performed on a six-month basis. If the air

concentrations are below one-half of the standard, regular air monitoring can be ended for that

compound or affected group. Air monitoring will be performed if process changes occur or

additional compounds are introduced into the plant.

Monitoring for ambient air quality may be required although the impacts to air quality from the

project fall below World Bank, IFC, and GOP guidelines.

5.3 TRAMNING REOUIREMENTS

As appropriate, plant personnel will be thoroughly trained as appropriate in the following areas:

I. Use of all safety equipment, including protective clothing and ear, eye, and

respiratory protection.

2. Safe levels of exposure to heat, noise, and occupational air pollutants.

3. Procedures for responding to oil spills and other industrial hazards.

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Table 5.2-1. Toxic Compounds Associated With the Combustion of Fuel Oil

Compound Exposure Limits Target Organs

Sulfur Dioxide NIOSHlOSHA-2 ppm Respiratory system, sldn, eyes

Carbon Monoxide NIOSH/OSHA-35 ppm Lungs, blood, central nervoussystem

Nitrogen Dioxide NIOSH/OSHA-1 ppm Respiratory system,cardiovascular system

Note: mg/m3 = milligrams per cubic meter of air.NIOSH = National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.OSHA = Occupational Health and Safety Administration.

ppm = parts per million in air.

Exposure limits are expressed as 8-hour time-weighted averages except where noted (seeFootnote b).

- Indicates that the limit is expressed as a ceiling which cannot be exceeded during any 15-minuteperiod.

Source: Argonne National Laboratory, 1990.

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4. Procedures for responding to earthquakes and flooding.5. Sampling procedures for wastewater and solids associated with the evaporation pond.6. Gas sampling and routine air monitoring.

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l environmental and social soundness assessment …€¦ · 1.1 purpose and scope of report 1-1 1.2...

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