Steve Hewitt © Table of Breton orthographies

C = consonant; V = vowel; N = nouns; X = all other categories (important distinction in ZH, KLT and Guened) E: etymological, S. Hewitt, 1999; OU: orthographe universitaire, 1955; ZH: peurunvan/unifiée, 1941; KLT: Kerne-Leon-Treger, 1908-11; Guened: Guillevic-Le Goff, 1902 – systematization of traditional Guened.

also ID: interdialectale, 1975, precursor of E; introduced s~ss/z~zz/zh~sh, -w-, -w; has OU final -b, -d, -g in non-nouns, and ZH –mp. Early Modern (1650-1911) mixture of Middle Breton (traditional s~z distinction starts slipping mainly in 19th c.) and KLT (c’h; n for ñ); Le Gonidec (1807) introduced k for c, qu, hard g for gu, w for o, u.

E item English E – 1999 OU – 1955 ZH – 1941 KLT – 1908-11 Guened – 1902 Middle Breton – 1400-1650 Welsh cognate f nose, defend, belly fri, difenn, kof fri, divenn, kov fri, difenn, kof fri, difenn, kof fri, diùen, kof fri, difen(n), cof~coff -, amddiffyn, - ff sly/end, spit, coif ffin, tuffañ, koeff fin, tufa, koef fin, tufañ, koef fin, tufa, koef fin, tufein, koef fin, tuffaff, coeff ffin, -, - ż sit, new aseżañ, neweż azeza, nevez azezañ, nevez azeza, nevez azeein, neùé asezaff, neuez~nevez eistedd, newydd żż newer neweżżox nevesoh nevesoc’h nevesoc’h neùéoh neuezoch~-zzoch~-zhoch (-v-) newyddach zh old, port kozh, porzh koz, porz (G koh, porh) kozh, porzh koz, porz koh, porh coz~cozz, porz~portz coth (Corn.), porth zzh oldest kozzhañ kosa (G kohañ) koshañ kosañ, kosa kohan cozzaff, cozhaff cotha (Corn.)

s look, mare, husband big, time, a lot

selled, kaseg, gŵas, bras, amser, kals

selled, kazeg, gwaz braz, amzer, kalz

selloutX, kazeg, gwazN, brasX, amzer, kalz

selloutX, kazegN, gwazN, brasX, amzer, kalz

selletX, kazegN, gwazN, brasX, amzer, kalz

sellet, casec, guas~goas, bras, amser, cals

syllu, caseg, gwas bras, amser, -

ss bigger, sugar, place, sweet, person

brassox, ssukr, plass, douss, persson

brasoh, sukr, plas, dous, person

brasoc’h, sukr, plas, dous, person

brasoc’h, sukr, plas, dous, person

brasoh, sukr, plas, dous, person

brassoch (-sh-), czucr (ç, çz), placz, doucz (ç, çz), pers(s)on

brasach, siwgr plas, -, person

x (c’h) dry vb sexañ seha sec’hañ sec’ha sehein sechaff sychu xx (c”h) driest sexxañ sec’ha sec’hañ sec’hañ, sec’ha sehan sechaff sychaf xwa play vb xwari c’hoari c’hoari c’hoari hoari (c)huari, (c)hoari chwarae xwoa sister xwoar c’hoar c’hoar c’hoar hoer (c)huoer, (c)hoer, (c)hoar chwaer gwa, wa husband, be careful gwas, diwall gwaz, diwall gwazN, diwall gwazN, diwall goazN, dioal guas, goas, diual(l), dioal(l) gwas, diwallu gwoa blood gwoad gwad gwadN gwadN goedN guoed~goed~goad gwaed xwe~i six, you pl xwex, xwi c’hweh, c’hwi c’hwec’h, c’hwi c’hwec’h, c’hwi hueh, hui (c)huech, (c)hui chwech, chwi gwe~i white, wine gwenn, gwin gwenn, gwin gwenn, gwin gwenn, gwin guen, guin guen(n), guin gwyn, gwin

w

colour, coloured alive, live vb hair, strand of hair rain, rainy dead, died

liw, liwed béw, béwañ blew, blewenn glaw, glaweg marw, marwed

liou, livet beo, beva bleo, blevenn glao, glaveg maro, marvet

liv, livetX

bev, bevañ blev, blevenn glav, glavekX

marv, marvetX

liou, livetX beo, beva bleo, blevenn glao, glavekX maro, marvetX

liù, liùetX

biù, biùein bleù, bleùenn glaù, glaùekX marù, marùetX

liu~liou, liuet~livet beu~beo, beuaff~bevaff bleu~bleo, bleuen~bleven glau~glao, glauec~glavec maru~maro, maruet~marvet

lliw, lliwiedig byw, bywio blew, blewyn glaw, glawiog marw, (marwol)

ñv ill, illness klañv, kleñved klañv, kleñved klañv, kleñvedN klañv, kleñvedN klañù, kleñùedN claff, cleffet claf, clefyd -b without heb heb hepX hepX hepX hep heb -d good mad mad matX, madN matX, madN matX, madN mat mad -g ten, Breton n~adj deg, brezhoneg deg, brezoneg (G –h-) dekX, brezhonegN, -ekX dekX, brezhonegN, -ekX dekX, brehonegN, -ekX dec, brezonec deg, Brythoneg -s big, dirty, husband bras, lous, gwas braz, louz brasX, lousX, gwazN brasX, lousX, gwazN brasX, lousX, goazN bras, lous, guas~goas bras, -, gwas oa wood, forest koad koad koad koad koed coet, coat coed ao table, shore taol, aot (pl. aochoù) tôl~taol, ôt~aot taol, aodN taol~tôl, aodN, ôdN taul, aud taul~taul, aut~aot taflen, allt (cliff) awC crotch, hunger gawl, nawn gaol, naon gaol, naon gaol, naon gaul, nan gaul~gaol, naun~naon gafl, newyn aou two, young daou, yaouank daou, yaouank daou, yaouank daou, yaouank deù, iouank~ieùank dou~daou, iouanc~iaouanc (y-) dau, ieuanc ae milk laezh lêz~laez (G lêh) laezh laez~lêz leh laez, lez llaeth aë thief laër laer laer laer laer lazr lladr(on) -añ, -iñ pull~shoot, learn inf. tennañ, deskiñ~diskiñ tenna, deski tennañ, deskiñ tenna, deski~diski tennein, deskein tennaff, desquiff~disquiff tynnu, dysgu an ar ul the an, ar, ul an, ar, al an, ar, ul an, ar, al en, er an~en y C, yr V, V’r un ur ul a, an un, ur, ul eun, eur, eul un, ur, ul eun, eur, eul un, ur un, vn - (un) -mp in 1 pl endings -mp -m -mp -mp -mb -mp, -m -m (-n)