kuliah 5 fungi

8/3/2019 Kuliah 5 Fungi

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Kuliah 5STRUKTUR & FUNGSI

KOMPONEN SEL JAMUR

FARMASI FMIPA UHAMKA

2011

Priyo Wahyudi


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a. Dinding sel

b. Organel - organel


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Organisme eukariot Bersifat heterotrof aerobik yang memerlukan

bahan organik untuk makanannya Tidak mengandung Klorofil Dinding sel mengandung kitin Mendapatkan makanan dengan jalan absorpsi Tumbuh sebagai yeast dan fungi berfilamen

atau kombinasi keduanya (dimorfisme) Terdapat > 700.000 jenis fungi Hanya 100 jenis yang patogen manusia

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Hidup sebagai: Saprofit tumbuh dari benda organik mati

Parasit tumbuh pada inang yang hidup

Dimorfik

bisa hidup sebagai saprofit (bentukfilamen) saat di tanah atau medium di lab., namun

juga bisa sebagai parasit/patogen (bentuk yeast) saattumbuh di dalam jaringan inang

Jamur /Fungi terdiri atas: Yeast/khamir uniseluler

Mold/kapang berfilamen (mempunyai benang-benang hifa)

Mushroom/cendawan/jamur cendawan

makroskopis yang membentuk tubuh buah 5


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Fungi=absorptive heterotrophs

Animals=phagotrophic heterotroph

Heterotroph (chemo-organotrophs):

an organism incapable of synthesizingcarbohydrates from inorganic sources;requires preformed organic compoundsproduced by other organisms

Plants=autotrophs


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Fungi get carbon from organic sources

Hyphal tips release enzymes

Enzymatic breakdown of substrate

Products diffuse back into hyphae

Product diffuses back

into hypha and is used

Nucleus hangs backand directs


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Cylindrical, branchingfilaments composed of atubular cell wall filled

with cytoplasm andorganelles

Most fungal hyphae are2-10 m diameter


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http://www.uoguelph.ca/~gbarron/MISCELLANEOUS/hairpen.htm


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Miselia fungi dapat tumbuh pada area yang luas One giant individual of Armillariaostoyaein Oregon is 3.4 miles in

diameter and covers 2,200 acres of forest,

It is at least 2,400 years old, and weighs hundreds of tons.

10 cm3 tanah yang kaya bahan organik mengandung hifa fungi yang

dapat mencakup permukaan seluas 300 cm2

mycelium

germinatingspore


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Structural components: chitin microfibrils [(1-4)-linked polymer of N-

acetylglucosamine]

chitosan in Zygomycota [(1-4)-linked polymer ofglucosamine]

-linked glucans

Gel-like components: Mannoproteins (form matrix throughout wall)


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Antigenic glycoproteins, agglutinans,adhesionson cell wall surface

Melaninsdark brown to black pigments (confer

resistance to enzyme lysis, confer mechanicalstrength and protect cells from UV light, solarradiation and desiccation)

Plasma membranesemi-permeable


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Septaregular cross-walls formed in hyphae.Hyphae with septa are septate, those lackingsepta except to delimit reproductive structuresand aging hyphae are called aseptate orcoenocytic. primary septa are formed as a process of hyphal

extension and generally have a septal pore, whichallows for cytoplasmic and organelle movement.

Secondary or adventitious septa are imperforate,formed to wall off ageing parts of the mycelium.


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1--3 m diam

3--40 chromosomes

Up to 13--40 Mb (million base pairs) DNA coding

for 6,000 to 13,000 genes

Intranuclear division--nuclear envelope remainsintact during mitosis (unlike plants and animals)


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Usually haploid

Nuclear membrane persists during division

Nuclear associated organelles (NAOs):

Associated with the nuclear envelope; function asmicrotubule-organizing centers during mitosis andmeiosis Spindle pole bodies

In fungi that lack a flagellated stage in lifecycle

Centrioles In fungi and other organisms possessing flagellated stage in

lifecycle


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Organism # bp # genes

Escherichia coli 4,600,000 4288

Saccharomyces cerevisiae 13,000,000 5885

Caenorhabditis elegans ~100,000,000 ~14,000

Arabidopsis thaliana ~120,000,000 ~10,000

Drosophila melanogaster ~170,000,000 ~12,000

humans ~3,400,000,000 ~80,000


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Tree of eukaryotes, showing

variation in genome size.From Keeling and Slamovits(2005). Current Opinion inGenetics and Development15: 601-608

Unikonteukaryotic cellwith one flagellum


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Cell Membrane


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Spindle Pole Body


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Mitochondriaflattened or plate-likemitochondrial cristae in Fungi (similar toanimals)

Golgi bodies

consist of a single, tubularcisternal element (stacked, plate-like cisternaein animals and plants)

Other types:

ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles, lipidbodies, glycogen storage particles, microbodies,microtubules, vesicles


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Glycogen, lipids and trehalose in fungi andanimals

Starch in plants


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Animal Cell Plant Cell


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G. T. Cole. 1986. Microbiol. Rev. 50: 95-132


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Lipid bilayer : hydrophilic exteriors and a hydrophobicinterior.

Highly selective permeability : The attraction of thenonpolar fatty acid portions of one phospholipid layer

for the other layer helps to account for the selectivepermeability of the cell membrane.

Hopanoids in bacteria (similar to sterols in eukaryotes),may strengthen the membrane as a result of their rigid

planar structure. Integral proteins involved in transport and other

functions traverse the membrane.


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Different composition of phospholipid

Absence of sterols in prokaryotic membranes

In many bacteria hopanoids instead


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Fungi uniseluler,ukuran p x l = 1 5 x 5

30 m

Bereproduksi dengancara buddingSaccharomyces

CandidaRhodotorula


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Fungi multiseluler yang membentuk strukturseperti benang (filamen) yang disebut hifa

Diameter hifa 5 10 m

Kumpulan hifa Miselium Bereproduksi dengan spora dan pemanjangan

ujung-ujung hifa

Aspergillus Penicillium Rhizopus


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Tumbuh sebagai yeast secara in vivoatau invitropada suhu 37C sebagai parasit/patogen, sedangkan tumbuh sebagai kapangbila ditumbuhkan pada suhu 25C sebagaisaprofit.

Contoh: Histoplasma, Blastomyces,Sporothrix, Coccidioides


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1. Aseptat atau senosit. Hifatidak mempunyai sekat(septum)

2. Septat uninukleat. Hifabersekat dan tiap sekatmempunyai satu inti sel

3. Septat multinukleat. Hifabersekat dan tiap sekatmempunyai inti lebih darisatu


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Septate

Non-Septate


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Ciri Fungi Bakteri

pH optimum 3,8 5,6 6,5 7,5

Suhu optimum 22 30oC (saprofit)

30 37oC (parasit)

20 37oC (mesofil)

> 40 oC (thermofil)

Kebutuhan oksigen Aerobik obligat (kapang,mushroom)

Fakultatif (yeast)

Anaerobik

anaerobik

Kebutuhan cahaya Tidak membutuhkan Beberapa fotosintetik

Kadar gula dalam medium 4 5% 0,5 1%

Sumber Carbon Organik Organik &/atau anorganik

Komponen dinding sel Kitin, selulosa & glukan Peptidoglikan

Kerentanan antibiotik Peka griseofulvin Resisten griseofulvin


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Yeast bereproduksi dengan Budding (pertunasan)

Hampir seluruh bagian suatu kapang secara potensialmampu untuk tumbuh dan berkembang biak, sertaberkembang biak dengan spora seksual & aseksual nya

Mushroom berkembang biak dengan hifa dan sporaseksualnya

Fungi berkembang biak secara:

Aseksual melalui pembelahan, penguncupan atau pembentukan

spora

Seksual melalui peleburan nukleus dari 2 sel induk (karyogami)

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Karyogami


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Karyogami


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1. Konidiospora / konidia, dibentuk di ujung hifa(fialid =conidiogenus cell) atau di sisi hifa

2. Sporangiospora, terbentuk dalam suatukantung yg disebut sporangium di ujung hifa

khusus yaitu sporangiofor3. Oidium atau Arthrospora, terbentuk karena

terputusnya sel-sel hifa4. Klamidospora, spora berdinding tebal

terbentuk dari hifa somatik5. Blastospora, tunas atau kuncup pada selkhamir

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Klamidospora

Konidia

Sporangiospora


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1. Askospora, spora bersel satu terbentukdidalam kantung yang disebut askus

2. Basidiospora, spora bersel satu terbentukdiatas struktur berbentuk gada yang disebutbasidium

3. Zigospora, spora besar berdinding tebal yangterbentuk bila 2 ujung hifa yang secara seksualserasi (gametangia)

4. Oospora, terbentuk dalam struktur betinakhusus yang disebut oogonium

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Klasifikasi cendawan didasarkan pada ciri-ciri sporaseksual dan tubuh buah yang ada selama tahap-tahap seksual dalam daur hidupnya

Cendawan yang diketahui tingkat seksualnya

disebut cendawan perfek/sempurna Cendawan yang belum diketahui tingkat seksualnya

dinamakan cendawan imperfek, u/ identif digunakanciri morfologi spora aseksual dan miseliumnya.

Selama belum diketahui tingkat seksualnya makadikelompokkan dalam kelas Deuteromycetes/FungiImperfecti sampai diketahui tingkat seksualnya

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are divided into the phyla

includesincludesincludesincludes

Fungi

Commonmolds

Imperfectfungi

Sac fungiClubfungi

AscomycotaZygomycota Basidiomycota Deuteromycota


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Phycomycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Deuteromycetes

Miselium Aseptat/senosit Septat Septat Septat

Spora Aseksual Sporangiosporakadang2 konidia

Konida Konidia Konidia

Spora seksual Zigospora,Oospora

Askospora Basidiospora Tidak diketahui

Habitat alami Air, tanah, hewan Tanah,tumbuhan,

hewan

Tanah, tumbuhan Tanah, tumbuhan,hewan


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Diploid

Haploid

Zygospore (2N)

Spores (N)

Sporangium

Zygospore (2N)

+ Mating type (N)Stolons

Rhizoids

- Mating type (N)Spores (N)

Sporangiophore

Sporangium

Gametangia

Asexual

Reproduction

Sexual Reproduction

MMEIOSIS

FERTILIZATION


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Mikosis Nama Penyakit Fungi Penyebab

Permukaan (Superficial):Terbatas pada lapisanterluar dari kulit danrambut

Pityriasis versicolor (skin)

Tinea nigra (skin)

Black/white piedra (hair)

Malassezia

Exophiala

Piedra/Trichosporum

Kutan: Meliputi epidermis

dalam dan anggota badanyang mengandung keratin(kulit, rambut, kuku).Hubungannya dengankosmetik,tdk berbahaya

Penyakit pd kulit : Tinea;

Penyakit pd rambut &kuku : Dermatophycoses

Trichophyton

MicrosporumEpidermophyton

Subkutan: Meliputi

dermis, jaringan subkutandan otot. Fungi yangtumbuh di kulit akanmenyebabkan lesi

Lymphocutaneous

sporotricosis

Chromoblastomycosis

Eumycotic mycetoma

Sporothrix

Foncecaea

Pseudallescheria

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Mikosis Nama Penyakit Fungi Penyebab

Sistemik: Terjadi di paru-paru, saluran pencernaandan sirkulasi darah. Fungipatogenik primer

Histoplasmosis: infeksitak bergejala

Blastomycosis: mrnjadiproblem pd ternak

Paracoccidioidomycosis: endemik di Amerik Latin

Coccidioidomycosis

Cryptococcosis: dptmenyebabkan meningitis.

Histoplasma capsulatus

Blastomyces dermatitidis

Paracoccidioidesbraziliensis

Coccidioides immitis

Cryptococcus neoformans

Oportunistik: Fungi floranormal yang bisa berubahmenjadi patogen padainang yang terkompromi

CandidiasisAspergillosis

Zygomycosis

Candida albicansAspergillus

Rhizopus
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Dermatomikosis
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Dermatomikosis

kuliah 5 fungi

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