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KRISHI VIGYAN KENDRA BARAMATI (PUNE) M.S.
Mr.Yashwant L. Jagdale Scientist- Horticulture
KVK, Baramati (Pune)
International Conference on
Atmospheric Chemistry &Agricultural Meteorology
Presentation On
Effect of Green House Gases On Crops On
Farm Land.
Green house Gases Causes Global Warming or Climate Change
What is Global warming?
Global warming is the rise in average temperature of the earths atmosphere and Oceans.
The earth Mean temperature has increased about 0.8 degree Celsius since the late 19 th Century with about two- third of the increase occurring after 1980.
Global warming or Climate Change primarily caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases produced by human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels & deforestation and different agricultural Practices.
Introduction
Global warming, caused by the increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere, has emerged as the most prominent global environmental issue. These GHGs i.e---
I. Carbon dioxide (CO2)
II. Methane (CH4)
III. Nitrous oxide (N2O)
These above three gases which comes due to the different agriculture sectors trap the outgoing infrared radiation from the earth’s surface and thus raise the temperature and cause for Global warming.
ATMOSPHERIC GASES
• Nitrogen ( N2)
Non –Greenhouse gases (99%)
• Oxygen ( O2)
• Carbon DiOxide
• Nitrous Oxide Greenhouse Gases (1%)
• Methane ( CH4)
Emission of GHGs from agriculture
Carbon Dioxide ( Sources of carbon Dioxide) *Decay of organic matter & forest fires.
*burning of fossil fuels & deforestation .
* land-use changes.
Methane ( Sources of Methane)
* Methane is about 21 times more effective as a heat-trapping gas than CO2.
* Wetlands, organic decay, termites, natural gas and oil extraction,.
*biomass burning, rice cultivation & cattle.
* The primary sources of methane from agriculture include animal digestive
processes, rice cultivation and manure storage and handling
Nitrous oxide ( Sources of Nitrous oxide)
* As a greenhouse gas, nitrous oxide is 310-times more effective than CO2.
* Forests, grasslands, oceans, soils, nitrogenous fertilizers, and burning of
biomass and fossil fuels are the major sources of nitrous oxide,
Share of the GHG emissions of the agricultural sector
Sr. No.
Component Details
Contribution % of Gases
1. Energy Excluding transport
60 %
2. Transport
19 %
3. Industries
9 %
4. Agriculture ( Methane CH4- 4.3 % & Nitrous oxide N2O- 5 %)
9 %
5. Waste
3 %
6. Total %
100 %
Effect of green house gases on crops
Global climatic changes can affect agriculture through their direct and indirect
effects on the crops, soils, livestock and pests.
Direct Effect
The increase in temperature, depending upon the current ambient temperature, can reduce crop duration, increase crop respiration & Evapotranspiration rates.
Affect the survival and distribution of pest populations.
Decrease fertilizer-use efficiencies and increase evapo-transpiration rate so requires more water for crop production.
Horticultural crops are more susceptible to changing conditions than arable
crops. Indirect Effect Indirectly effects on land use due to snow melt, increases sea level causes
reduces the % of Cultivable land & availability of good quality of Water for Irrigation affects on the yield of crops.
Frequency and intensity of seasonal droughts ,floods & Hailstorm.
Soil organic matter transformations, soil erosion, changes in pest profiles.
Therefore, concrete efforts are required for controlling GHGs.
Composition of GHGs in various sectors in India
Green Houses Gases Contribution (%)
Carbon dioxide 55
Methane 15
CFCs 11 & 12 17
Nitrous oxide 6
Others 7
Mitigation measures in agriculture and their indicative mitigation potential
Particulars Measures Mitigation effect
Crops and farming system management
Improve crop varieties and productivity
Reduces direct and indirect Emissions & increases per kg yield
Improve residue management e.g. avoid biomass burning
Reduces direct emissions
Introduce legumes into grasslands to enhance Productivity
Reduces direct nitrous oxide and indirect emissions
Optimized Rice management (e.g. System of Rice Intensification SRI – not flooded)
Reduces methane (but may increase nitrous oxide; - more research needed)
Mitigation measures in agriculture and their indicative mitigation potential
Particulars Measures Mitigation effect
Fertilizers, manures & bio mass management
Reduce use and production of synthetic fertilizers
Reduces direct and indirect emissions.
Avoid leaching and volatilization of N from organic fertilizers during storage and application
Reduces Nitrous Oxide Emission
Optimize fertilizer application management e.g. fertilizer application adjusted to crop needs , including right timing for optimum uptake through crops. Use slow-releasing fertilizers
Reduces emissions by 1/3 to 3/4
Optimize compost production (by addition of bulking material)
Reduces emissions by 1/3 to 3/4
Biogas production (methane capture) No emissions besides physical leakage
Mitigation measures in agriculture and their indicative mitigation potential
Particulars Measure Mitigation effect
Soil- management
Use organic fertilizers (production emissions from organic fertilizers have to be accounted for e.g. compost production)
Increases soil organic carbon, Reduces emissions from synthetic fertilizer production
Optimize crop rotations e.g. use perennials in crop rotations.
Increases soil organic carbon 0.8 T CO2-eq/ha/year
Use of legumes to fix nitrogen use cover crops and intercropping avoid bare fallows
Increases soil organic carbon, reduces emissions
Avoid soil compaction e.g. by avoiding heavy machinery
Reduces nitrous oxide emissions
Agro forestry Increases soil organic carbon. 3-8 T CO2 eq/ha/year
Crop Problems Identified/ Climatic Vulnerabilities
Paddy /
Rice
1.Erratic Rainfall & Water shortage at critical growth
stages
2.Late onset of Monsoon
3.Less availability of farm labour during peak period
due heavy rain.
4. less mechanization
5.Emmission of Methane Gas due to wetland.
Rice Crop -Problems Identified and Technology
Intervention to Overcome the Problems
Contingent crop Demonstration Paddy / Rice
90 % Paddy seedlings got wilted wilted due to no rains/drought.
Intervention KVK assess technology of SRI Plantation of younger 14 days seedling Staggered planting of nursery & transplanting by Mechanical Transplanter
Wilting of paddy nursery due to no. rain
SRI Rice cultivation
Assessment SRI Rice and Machine Transplanting
Nursery
Transplanting
of 21 days
seedling by
hands or
machine
Spacing -
22.5x22.5 cm
Use of Renewable Energy or Solar Power Energy
Wind and Solar Hybrid System Sprayer with Solar Panel
Solar Hybrid System Insect Trap with Solar Panel
Demonstration of Hydroponics
1.Growing of crops lettuce &
cabbage in water ( Stagnated & NFT
( Nutrient Film technique) .
TV Show on ABP Maza Channel
Hydroponics Unit
Thank you