kqhk luns'k

'kqHk lUns'k

;g tkudj g’kZ gks jgk gS fd Mh-,-oh- Vsªfuax

dkyst] dkuiqj fnukad 26 ,oa 27 ekpZ] 2018 dks

“Teacher Education: Theory, Practice & Research”

fo’k; ij nks fnolh; jk’Vªh; laxks’Bh dk vk;kstu

djus tk jgk gSA laxks’Bh ds 'kqHk volj ij ,d

Lekfjdk dk izdk'ku Hkh izLrkfor gSA

vk'kk gS fd laxks’Bh esa dbZ egkfo|kyk;ksa ds Nk=&Nk=k,a] f'k{kd ,oa

izfrf’Br f'k{kkfon Hkkx ysaxsA izdkf'kr gksus okyh Lekfjdk] Kkuo/kZd ,oa

jkstxkjijd lkexzh ls ifjiw.kZ gksxh] ftldk YkkHk Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds lkFk gh

lkekU; tuekul dks Hkh izkIr gksxkA

eSa bl laxks’Bh dh lQyrk ,oa egkfo|ky; dh mŸkjksŸkj mUUkfr dh

dkeuk djrk gWWwA

¼ekuosUnz Lo:i½

lfpo]

Mh-,-oh- Vsªfuax dkyst] dkuiqj

izkpk;Z

Mh-,-oh- Vsªfuax dkyst]

dkuiqj &208001

;

16-03-2018

'kqHk lUns'k

eq>s ;g tkudj vR;Ur g’kZ gks jgk gS fd Mh-,-oh-

Vsªfuax dkyst] dkuiqj fnukad 26 ,oa 27 ekpZ] 2018 dks

“Teacher Education: Theory, Practice & Research” fo’k;

ij nks fnolh; jk’Vªh; laxks’Bh dk vk;kstu djus tk jgk

gSA bl volj ij ,d Lekfjdk dk Hkh izdk'ku fd;k tk

jgk gSA

egkfo|ky; esa mDr fo"k; ij jk"Vªh; laxks"Bh dk vk;kstu ,oa Lekfjdk

dk izdk'ku Nk=&Nk=kvksa] lq/khikBdksa ,oa euhf"k;ksa dks varjkZ"Vªh; fparu dh vksj

vxzlj djsxkA eSa jk"Vªh; laxks"Bh ds lQy vk;kstu]Lekfjdk ds lQy izdk'ku

,oa vius mnkŸk y{;ksa dks izkIr djus esa iw.kZr% lQy gksus dh dkeuk djrk gwWA

¼,l- ds- feJk½

Ikz/kku eq[; vk;dj vk;qDr ¼ls-fu-½

lfpo] izks0 ,p0 ,u0 feJk dkWyst

vkWQ ,twds”ku] dkuiqj

izkpk;Z


dkuiqj &208001

'kqHk lUns'k

eq>s vlhe g"kZ ,oa xkSjo dh vuqHkwfr gks jgh gS fd

Mh-,-oh- Vsªfuax dkyst] dkuiqj fnukad 26 ,oa 27 ekpZ] 2018

dks “Teacher Education: Theory, Practice & Research”

lelkef;d fo"k; ij nks fnolh; jk’Vªh; laxks’Bh dk

vk;kstu dj jgk gSA v/;kid f'k{kk txr ls tqM+h vusd

pqukSfr;k¡ gekjs le{k gSa] buds ckjs esa ppkZ&ifjppkZ djuk

ge lHkh dk uSfrd] lkekftd ,oa jk"Vªh; nkf;Ro gSA

eq>s iw.kZ fo'okl gS fd ;g nks fnolh; laxks"Bh fo"k; dk eaFku djus esa

lgk;d gksxh rFkk egRoiw.kZ ifj.kkeksa ds lkFk ;kstuk fuekZrkvksa ds fy, fn'kk

funsZf'kr djsxhA

laxks"Bh ds lQy vk;kstu ,oa Lekfjdk ds izdk'ku gsrq 'kqHkdkeuk;saA

¼MkW0 vfuy dqekj feJk½

{ks=h; mPPk f'k{kk vf/kdkjh]

dkuiqj e.My] dkuiqj

izkpk;Z


dkuiqj &208001

'kqHk lUns'k

;g tkudj gkfnZd izlUUkrk gks jgh gS fd Mh-,-oh-

Vsªfuax dkyst] dkuiqj fnukad 26 ,oa 27 ekpZ] 2018 dks

“Teacher Education: Theory, Practice & Research” fo’k; ij

nks fnolh; jk’Vªh; laxks’Bh dk vk;kstu djus tk jgk gSA

laxks’Bh ds ek/;e ls vusd f'k{kkfonksa] 'kks/kkfFk;ksZa ,ao

Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds fopkjksa dh vfHkO;fDr gksrh gS rFkk ys[ku

{kerk dk Hkh fodkl gksrk gSA

vk'kk gS fd laxks’Bh ds ek/;e ls izkIr gksus okyh fo’k; lkexzh ls lHkh

dk 'kSf{kd ,oa l`tukRed fodkl gksxkA

laxks’Bh ds lQYk lapkyu gsrq izkpk;Z ,oa lsfeukj e.My dks gkfnZd

'kqHkdkeuk,aA

¼MkW0 uouhr dqekj½

izkpk;Z]

th-,l-oh-,e- esfMdy dkyst] dkuiqj

izkpk;Z


dkuiqj &208001

'kqHk lUns'k

eq>s ;g tkudj vR;Ur g"kZ dh vuqHkwfr gks jgh fd

Mh-,-oh- Vsªfuax dkyst] dkuiqj fnukad 26 ,oa 27 ekpZ] 2018

dks “Teacher Education: Theory, Practice & Research” fo’k;

ij lsfeukj dk vk;kstu dj jgk gSA

fdlh fo"k; ij ;fn fujarj rdZ&fordZ vkSj ifjppkZ

dh tkrh gS rks fuf'pr :Ik ls mldk lkj&rRo izkIr gksrk

gSA lsfeukj esa fofHkUu fo'ofo|ky;ksa rFkk egkfo|ky;ksa ds

fo}ku ,oa 'kks/kkFkhZ vius&vius 'kks/k&i=ksa ds izLrqrhdj.k ds lkFk&lkFk xgu

ppkZ Hkh djrs gSaA ftlls fo"k; ds dbZ ,sls xw<+ rRo ,d ubZ [kkst ds :Ik esa

izdV gksrs gSa] tks 'kks/kkFkh;ksZa ,oa Hkkoh 'kks/k ds fy, izsjd dk dk;Z djrs gSaA

vk'kk gS fd lsfeukj esa fo}ku izk/;kid vkSj 'kks/kkFkhZ mifLFkr gksdj fo"k;

ij ldkjkRed ifjppkZ djsaxsA ftlls 'kks/kkfFk;ksZa ,oa vkus okyh ih<+h dks Hkh ubZ

fn'kk feysxh rHkh bl lsfeukj dks lkFkZdrk izkIr gksxhA

laxks"Bh ds vk;kstu ,oa mldh lQyrk ds fy, esjh gkfnZd 'kqHkdkeuk;saA

¼izks0 lqHkk"k panz vxzoky½

ladk;k/;{k] f'k{kk foHkkx]

lh-,l-ts-,e- fo'ofo|ky;] dkuiqj

izkpk;Z

Mh-,-oh- Vsªfuaxdkyst]

dkuiqj &208001

Message

I am happy to learn that D.A.V. Training College, Kanpur, is organizing a Seminar on Teachers’ Education: Theory, Practice, and Research on 26 and 27 March 2018. Education is the backbone of every society and should be given maximum attention, or society will become stunted. This attention is not just financial and educational but also all other fields such as intellectual, creative, aesthetic, cultural,

corporate, industrial, agricultural, and so on. Everybody are stakeholders! This is

the reason why a tremendous responsibility devolves on Teachers—their training,

mental health, attitudes, and character. Such Seminars should be the norm in all

Institutions at regular intervals because there are huge movements of change in

society, and Education and Teachers have to be either abreast or one step ahead

of these movements. I hope that the deliberations and discussions during these

two days will go a long way in helping all the participants.

Swami Satyamayananda

Secretary

Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama

R K Nagar, Kanpur 208 012

Principal

D.A.V. Training College

Kanpur- 208001

'kqHk lUns'k

f'k{kd f'k{kk ds mUu;u esa lg;ksxh laLFkk Mh,oh VhplZ

Vªsfuax d‚yst dkuiqj }kjk vk;ksftr “Teacher Education:

Theory, Practice & Research” fo"k;d jk"Vªh; laxks"Bh ,oa

rRlaca/kh Lekfjdk ds çdk'ku ds volj ij eq>s egkfo|ky; ifjokj

dks 'kqHkdkeuk,¡ çsf"kr djrs gq, vR;ar g"kZ ,oa xoZ dk vuqHko gks

jgk gSA

f'k{kd f'k{kk dks u, vk;ke çnku djus ,oa ubZ Å¡pkb;ksa rd ys tkus esa ;g

jk"Vªh; laxks"Bh rFkk çdkf'kr Lekfjdk viuk cgqewY; ;ksxnku nsxh] ,slk esjk fo'okl gSA

esjh gkfnZd 'kqHkdkeuk,¡ !

MkW0 eukst dqekj iztkifr

izkpk;Z

izks0 ,p0 ,u0 feJk dkWyst vkWQ

,twds”ku] dkuiqj Principal

D.A.V. Training College

Kanpur- 208001

lUns'k

eq>s vlhe g"kZ ,oa xkSjo dh vuqHkwfr gks jgh gS fd

gekjk egkfo|ky; fnukad 26 ,oa 27 ekpZ] 2018 dks

“Teacher Education: Theory, Practice & Research”

lelkef;d fo"k; ij mPp f'k{kk foHkkx] mŸkj izns'k 'kklu]

y[kuÅ }kjk izk;ksftr ,d vf[ky Hkkjrh; laxks’Bh dk

vk;kstu dj jgk gSA

oS'ohdj.k ds bl laØe.k dky esa Hkkjr ds le{k vusdkusd pqukSfr;k¡ ;{k

iz'u dh rjg gSaA v/;kid f'k{kk esa fl)kar] O;ogkj ,oa vuqla/kku dh xq.koŸkk

,d egRoiw.kZ iz'u cudj gekjs le{k [kM+h gSA xq.koŸkk] uokpkj ,oa ewY;ksa dks

egRo iznku dj v/;kid f'k{kk dks ,d u;k vk;ke iznku djuk ge lHkh dk

uSfrd] lkekftd ,oa jk’Vªh; nkf;Ro gSA

eq>s iw.kZ fo'okl gS fd nks fnolh; jk’Vªh; laxks’Bh fo’k; dk eaFku djus

esa lgk;d gksxh rFkk egRoiw.kZ ifj.kkeksa ds lkFk ;kstuk fuekZrkvksa ds fy, lq>ko

Hkh izLrqr djsxhA

eSa Lekfjdk ds lQy izdk'ku gsrq 'kqHkdkeuk;sa O;Dr djrk g¡wA

¼MkW0 Jh—’.k iVsy½

izkpk;Z

16.03.2018

laikndh;

gekjs fy, vR;Ur izlUUkrk o xkSjo dk fo’k; gS fd gekjs egkfo|ky; Mh-,-oh-

Vsªfuax dkyst] dkuiqj esa fnukad 26 ,oa 27 ekpZ] 2018 dks mPp f'k{kk foHkkx]

mŸkj izns'k 'kklu] y[kuÅ }kjk izk;ksftr “Teacher Education: Theory, Practice

& Research” fo"k; ij ,d f}&fnolh; jk’Vªh; laxks’Bh dk vk;kstu fd;k tk

jgk gSA

f'k{kk ds {ks= esa Hkkjro’kZ vkfndky ls gh vxz.kh jgk gSA f'k{kk izfØ;k esa

f'k{kd dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jgrh gSA v/;kid f'k{kk iwjs vkfFkZd] lkekftd ,oa

jktuSfrd <+kaps dks izHkkfor djrh gSA bl dk;Z dks Hkyh Hkk¡fr djuk ,d o`gn

pqukSrh gSA bl pqukSrh ij [kjk mrjuk ,d tfVy dk;Z gSA bl dk;Z ds

lqlapkyu gsrq u;s vk;ke rFkk uohu fopkjksa dh egrh vko';drk gS] ftudh

izkfIr bl izdkj ds vk;kstuksa }kjk gh laHko gSA

Mh-,-oh- Vsªfuax dkyst] dkuiqj }kjk bl fn'kk esa ;g egRoiw.kZ dne gSA

izLrqr Lekfjdk esa ns'k ds fofHkUUk Hkkxksa ls vk;s f'k{kkfonksa ds 'kks/k lkjka'kksa dks

LFkku fn;k x;k gSA vk'kk gS] bl laxks’Bh esa mu fo’k;ksa ij xaHkhj fopkj&foe'kZ

gksxk vkSj dqN ,sls lkjxfHkZr fu’d’kZ izkIr gksaxs tks mPPk f'k{kk foHkkx] mŸkj

izns'k ljdkj dks izsf’kr fd;s tk ldsaxsA

le;kuqlkj izkIr gq, lHkh Lrjh; 'kks/k&lkjka'kksa dks bl Lekfjdk esa

izdkf'kr djus dk gj laHko iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA

lEiknd e.My

vkHkkj&Kkiu

MkW0 lat; JhokLro MkW0 fu'kk ik.Ms;

vfl0 izksQslj vfl0 izksQslj

Mh-,-oh- Vsªfuax dkyst] dkuiqj Mh-,-oh- Vsªfuax dkyst] dkuiqj

;g vR;Ur g’kZ dk fo’k; gS fd Mh-,-oh- Vsªfuax dkyst] dkuiqj }kjk fnukad 26 ,oa

27 ekpZ] 2018 dks nks fnolh; **v/;kid f'k{kk % fl)kar] O;ogkj ,oa vuqla/kku** fo’k; ij

,d jk’Vªh; laxks’Bh dk vk;kstu fd;k tk jgk gSA blh lanHkZ esa Lekfjdk dk izdk'ku

fd;k x;k gSA bl 'kqHk volj ij gesa vusd f'k{kkfonksa dh 'kqHkdkeuk;sa dk;ZØe dks lQy

cukus gsrq izkIr gqbZ gSa] ge mu lHkh dk vkHkkj O;Dr djrs gSaA ge fo’k; fo'ks’kKksa ds izfr

Hkh vuqx`ghr gSa ftuds lkjxfHkZr fopkj gesa gLrxr gq;s gSaA

ge viuh izca/k lfefr ds lfpo Jh ekuosUnz Lo:i th ¼,MoksdsV½ dk Hkh vkHkkj

O;DRk djrs gSa ftudk ojngLr o dq'ky ekxZn'kZu gesa lnSo izkIr gksrk jgrk gSA ge vius

fo}ku o deZB izkpk;Z MkW0 Jh—’.k iVsy ds izfr —rKrk izdV djrs gSa ftudh nwjnf'kZrk

o dq'ky funsZ'ku ds dkj.k bl laxks’Bh dk vk;kstu laHko gks ik jgk gSA ge Lekfjdk ds

lEiknd eaMy ds lHkh lnL;ksa] fofHkUUk lfefr;ksa ds izHkkfj;ksa ,oa lnL;ks a dk Hkh /kU;okn

nsrs gSa ftudk visf{kr lg;ksx gesa le;≤ ij izkIr gqvk gSA

ge izks0 ,p0 ,u0 feJk dkyst vkWQ ,twds”ku] vk;Z uxj] dkuiqj o jkeÑ’.k

fe”ku vkJe] dkuiqj ds izfr Hkh vkHkkj O;DRk djrs gS] bUgksaus izR;{k :i ls bl laxks’Bh

dks lQyrkiwoZd vk;ksftr djus esa viuk lg;ksx fn;k gSA

blds vfrfjDr ge mu lHkh Nk=ksa dks Hkh c/kkbZ nsrs gSa ftUgksaus fu’Bk o yxu ls

vius mŸkjnkf;Roksa dk fuoZgu fd;k gSA egkfo|ky; ds leLr deZpkjh x.k Hkh c/kkbZ ds

ik= gSa ftudk lg;ksx fujarj bl laxks’Bh dks lQy cukus ds fy, feyrk jgk gSA mu

lHkh yksxksa ds izfr Hkh vkHkkj O;DRk djrs gSa ftUgksaus izR;{k ;k vizR;{k :i ls bl laxks’Bh

dks lQyrkiwoZd vk;ksftr djus esa viuk lg;ksx fn;k gSA

Mk- lat; JhokLro ¼ch-,u-,l-½]

vfl- izksQslj]

Mh-,-oh- Vsªfuax dkyst] dkuiqjA

la;kstd dh ys[kuh ls--------------

;g vR;Ur xkSjo o g"kZ dk fo"k; gS fd gekjs egkfo|ky; Mh-,-oh- Vsªfuax dkyst] dkuiqj }kjk

,d jk"Vªh; lsfeukj ^^v/;kid f'k{kk % fl)kUr O;ogkj ,oa vuqla/kku** fo"k; ij fnukad 26 o 27 ekpZ]

2018 vk;ksftr fd;k tk jgk gSA

vkt f'k{kk ds {ks= esa lcls T;knk t:jr uSfrd f'k{kk ds fodkl dh gSA uSfrd f'k{kk dh

t:jr u flQZ fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks cfYd vk/;kidksa dks Hkh gSaA cgqr ls yksx uSfrd f'k{kk dks /kkfeZd f'k{kk

ls tksM+rs gSaaA fdUrq bls /kkfeZd f'k{kk ds le:i ugha ekuk tk ldrk gSA uSfrd f'k{kk ij] pfj= fuekZ.k

ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k tkrk gSA uSfrdrk oLrqr% thou thus dh dyk gSA

uSfrd f'k{kk dk ewy mn~ns'; ^tkuuk vkSj djuk gSA* ;wusLdks }kjk vusd ns'kksa esa 2011 esa fd;s

x;s vuqlU/kku ls Kkr gqvk gS fd] lalkj ds cgqr ls ns'kksa esa foKku ds bl vk/kqfud ;qx esa Hkh /kkfeZd

f'k{kk ij eq[;r% cy fn;k tkrk gSA ogkaW mUgha cPpksa dks f'kf{kr djus ij cy fn;k tkrk gS tks ogkaW ds

izpfyr /keZ dk vuqlj.k djrs gSA tc fd uSfrd f'k{kk dk mn~ns'; uSfrd ewY;ksa ds egRo dks Lohdkj

djrs gq, O;fDr ,oa lekt ds Lrj dksa mRd`"Vrk dh vksj ys tkukA

^^tkuuk vkSj djuk** ds fl)kUr ds vUrxZr ge vH;kl vkSj vuqla/kku nksuksa gh ij /;ku

dsfUnzr djrs gSA tks fd Nk=ksa ds lkFk&lkFk v/;kidksa ds fy, Hkh cgqr mi;ksxh gSA

blds rgr lg;ksx lkekftd mRrjnkf;Ro] Je&izfr"Bk] bZekunkjh] lgu'khyrk] fo'ocU/kqRo]

ns'k HkfDr dh Hkkouk dks izksRlkfgr djrs gSA iqLrdksa ds ek/;e ls ;g dk;Z vlEHko gSA blds fy,

laxks"Bh] ukVd] [ksy&dwn dk lgkjk ys ldrs gSaA okn&fookn] 'kadk&lek/kku] iwNrkN] iz;ksxkRed

dk;Z vkfn lHkh fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds eu esa vuqla/kku dh Hkkouk dk fodkl djrs gSA ;s iz.kkfy;kaW fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds

efLr"d ds fodkl ds fy, vko';d vkSj Js;"dj fof/k;k¡ gSA f'k{kk ds {ks= esa budk iz;ksx vo'; gksuk

pkfg,A v/;kid f'k{kk o izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe esa Hkh ge bls iz;ksx dj ldrs gSA

vUr esa laxks"Bh dh lQyrk dh dkeuk djrs gq, ge ;g vk'kk djrs gSa fd bl laxks"Bh ls

mRlftZr Kku dh iwWath ls u dsoy lalkfjd lq[kksa dks Hkqukus esasa en~n feysxh cfYd ikjykSfdd lq[k dh

Hkh vuqHkwfr gksxhA

lqizfl) ukxk lUr ifFkd egkjkt ds vuqlkj f'k{kk dk ewy fl)kUr ;g gS&

pkj osn N% 'kkL= esa] ckr fy[kh gS nks;A

lq[k nhus lq[k gksr gS] nq[k nhUgs nq[k gks;AA

Mk- lat; JhokLro ¼ch-,u-,l-½]

la;kstd

Souvenir National Seminar on Higher Education: Theory, Practice and Research Page 1 26th & 27th March, 2018

Organised by D.A.V. Training College, Kanpur (U.P.)

Sponsored By Department of Higher Education, Government of Uttar Pradesh

Digital Learning Technologies

Dr.Sanjay Srivastava Assistant Professor, D.A.V. Training College, Kanpur

Digital learning is “learning facilitated by technology that gives students a type of control

over time, place and path”. It is more than just providing students, a laptop. Digital learning requires

a combination of technology, digital content and instructions .Technology is the mechanism that

delivers content in an easy and effective way. It facilitates the way how students receive content. It

includes internet access and hardware. Digital content is the high quality academic material which is

delivered through technology by which the students learn. It is not simply a PDF of text or

PowerPoint presentation but it ranges from interactive and adaptive software to classic literature,

video lectures and games. Educators are essential for digital learning. Technology may change the

role of teacher but it will never eliminate the need of a teacher. With digital learning, teachers will be

able to provide their personal guidance and assistance to ensure student‟s learning. A digital learning

technology may include any of or a combination of any of the following-

*Blended Learning *Classroom Technology *e-textbooks *Mobile Learning *e-learning

*Technology enhanced teaching and learning Blended Learning - It is an education program that combines online digital media with traditional

classroom methods.

Classroom Technology - It includes any digital technology used to enhance, supplement, or replace a

traditional educational curriculum.

e-textbook- It is a digital book or e-book intended to serve as the text for a class.

Mobile-Learning - It is learning across through social and content interactions, using personal electronic

devices.

e-learning- It involves courses offered by postsecondary institutions that are 100% virtual excluding

online massively open courses.

Technology Enhanced Teaching and Learning-It is a way to make a student understand in an effective

manner.

Digital learning technology helps students to learn more efficiently, effectively, completely, with

mastery anytime anywhere.

Emerging Trends and Innovations in Teacher Education

Saumya Gupta & Dr. Smita Trivedi M.Phil (Psychology), Kanpur, (U.P.)

Department of Psychology, D.A.V. College Kanpur, (U.P.)

Now a days the field of education is not only limited with books but has broadened in

various new horizons. Development and changes in education have affected teacher education

necessitating review and reforms. It demands understanding with investigative mind,

assimilating the required transformations accommodating and responding to the universal needs.

We also need to train teachers with new perspectives as the outer world is in the classroom and

school is opening to the world. This main purpose of this paper is to indicate main changes that

has incurred in teacher education in India and also provide an overview of trends, reforms and

innovations in teacher education. It also discusses the need of teacher education program to be

innovative and various practices that can be included. We never forget that teacher builds the

nation.

Keywords – Broadened, Horizons, Necessitating, Investigative, Assimilating, Transformations,

perspectives, Innovations.




Role of NCTE in Teacher Education

Nirdosh Chauhan & Dr. Sarita Misra

M.Phil (Psychology), Kanpur, (U.P.)

H.O.D. of Deptt. of Psychology, D.A.V. College, Civil Lines, Kanpur, (U.P.)

Globalization is the process in which people, ideas and goods spreads throughout the

world. This age of globalization also has great impact on education. Teacher education is the

brain of all educational disciplines as it delivers education to train the prospective teacher. With

the advent of globalization, there is a global paradigm shift in teacher education. The main

purpose of this study was to explore the role played by NCTE in teacher education. The quality

of teacher education not only depends on professionally sound and relevant curriculum, but also

on the way the curriculum is implemented in Teacher Education Institutions. The NCTE Act

confers upon the council to make every effort for improving the quality of teacher preparation in

the country and also to ensure planned and coordinated development of teacher education. The

teacher education is teacher training mingled with the theoretical framework and philosophical

foundation in a field of education.

Keywords - Globalization, Educational disciplines, paradigm shift, Curriculum, Philosophical,

Coordinated, Development.

Ethics in Education

Dr. Nisha Pandey Asst. Prof., D.A.V. Training College, Kanpur

Role & School, Teacher & Parents are very important to promote Ethics in Education. So

Ethics in Education in holistic & it is based on positive psychology.

Sharing with other teacher‟s experiences of implementing healthy classroom practices.

Sharing focus of ethics in education which students at opportune time. Improve students

discipline and moral behavior. Improve human relations between teacher-student, teacher-

teacher, student-student etc. To increase awareness about our national history our cultural

heritage, constitutional rights, natinal integration community development and society. To create

and develop awareness about the Ethics in Education and their significance and role. Ethics in

education and capacity about oneself. Teachers pass Ethics in Education to the Students both

consciously and unconsciously though their conduct in and out of class rooms. Therefore the

need for a consciously planned Ethics in Education program is obvious to establish a learning.

The sudents might face more complicated decision maiking situations about issues involving

Ethics in Education. They should be helped in devloping the ability to make proper choices in

such situations through through Ethics in Education. Developing a folder including news items,

photographs, episodes from biographies/autobiographies, relevant pictures, anecdotes, saying,

humorous stories etc to be used as pedagogical tool for upholding the related Ethics in Education

concerns of the subject and topic. Ethics in Education is a remediel measure to protect school

Children from falling into the ways of violent. It tries to inclucate social, moral human Ethics in

Education in the mind of child. Recently, several studies in the new 'positive psychology'

movement have, began to identify factors that contriute to children's. Specifically, factors such as

positive emotions gratitude, hope, goal setting, love increasingly and character strengths have

been increasingly associated with youth. Role & school, Teacher & Parents are very important to

promote Ethics in Education. So Ethics in Education in holistic & it is based on positive

psychology.




Teacher Education : Building Competencies through ICT

*Mr. Niraj Kumar Choudhary & *Saroj Kumar Jaiswal

*Assistant Professor, Prof. H. N. Misra College of Education, Kanpur

“Our motto is unambiguous- All for knowledge and knowledge for all.”

-Pranab Mukherjee (former President of India)

We owe it to every child of the country to provide education of the highest quality. The

improvement in quality of education is not possible without investing significantly into

improving the quality of teacher educators and teachers as stated in the 12th Five Year Plan of

the Government of India and carried forward by the governments afterwards. Teachers would be

able to acquire the effective qualities of teaching and will be able to become great teachers when

they would be properly trained and groomed. Thus the necessity of teachers‟ education arises.

Teacher education is related to the development of teachers‟ proficiency and competence that

would enable and empower the teachers to meet the requirements of the profession and face the

challenges therein. Teacher education encompasses teaching skills, sound pedagogical theories,

and professional skills. With teacher education, teacher will be able to become like a window

through which young people will see the future.

With the rise of a new global information society, education system around the world are

under increasing pressure to use the new Information and Communication Technology (ICT) to

help the students to learn the knowledge and skills they would need to prosper in the 21st

century. To reap the benefits of the new educational opportunities offered by the technological

expansion we do need highly motivated, knowledgeable and skilled teachers who are not only

the information consumer using the internet to access resources information but to be

information producer also who adapt the information for their particular cultural and educational

reality. Use of ICT can enhance teachers‟ professional knowledge and capabilities by permitting

new forms of teacher-to-teacher cooperation. It helps the teachers to learn to transform their

classrooms from static environment where a one way flow of information from teacher to student

occurs into dynamic student centred environments in which learners interact with peers in team

both in the classroom and in virtual classes as well.

In this paper the author reflects upon improving the quality of teachers and teaching learning

processes with the help of ICT by addressing:

-What type of ICT skills do teachers need?

-What could be the impact of ICT on teachers working conditions?

-Which policies and programmes will be effective to prepare and motivate teachers for their role

in education for information society?




Innovative Ideas to Enhance the Quality of Practice Teaching and Internship

in Teacher Education

Susmita Mondal Research Scholar

Department of Education, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal

Education makes the future generation to take their position in their society. The quality

and standard of an education system largely depends on the quality of teachers, and good

teachers are made by the teacher educators. The present time is characterized by rapid rate of

scientific, technological, economical and social changes. It is in this context, quality

enhancement in teacher education has also been the cause of concern. Various commission and

committees have been appointed to study the status of teacher education (B.Ed.) and to suggest

recommendations. None of the policy documents and teacher education (B.Ed.) curriculum

frameworks contested over the need of longer duration of Practice of Teaching and Internship for

ensuring professionalism in prospective teachers and the general consensus for the duration of

B.Ed. course has been at least of two years. The recently developed two year curriculum for

teacher preparation at the B.Ed. and M.Ed. level by the NCTE for different universities reflects

major change in the content and themes included in various courses of studies that have

considerable possibility of developing reflective teachers with the ability to comprehend the

applied nature of education, and utilise the knowledge gained through teacher preparation

courses in actual classrooms, thereby bridging the gap between the un-relatedness of actual

classroom realities and theoretical discourses of a training institution. The present paper deals

with Innovative Ideas to enhance the quality of Teacher Education. It mainly discusses the

quality of Practice Teaching and Internship in Teacher Education (B.Ed.) Programme.

Keywords - Teacher Education, B.Ed., Innovative Ideas, Quality Enhancement.

Role of Apex Bodies in Teacher Education in India

Renu Yadav Lecturer

Department of D.EL.ED , Abhinav Sewa Sansthan, Kanpur

When the National Network of Education (NNE) thought of a common platform for the

foremost centres of excellence and governing bodies spread across the country, the task not only

seemed challenging but also formidable. As we went ahead with the plan, we experienced both.

Probably, the NNE is the first education portal of its kind in the country to have covered all the

existing Apex Educational Bodies of India. You name it and you will find it in the list.

As the Government of India funds these Apex Bodies, it is naturally that all major policies

pertaining to education percolate through these apex bodies. They formulate guidelines, does and

do not, etc. For instance, if you are curious to know about DOEACC (Department of Electronic

Accreditation of Computer Courses), which is engaged in updating global industry relevant to

computer education, you may in all probability not get the information readily available. NNE

help furnishes with all the information.




Impact of Counselling and Individual Education Programme on

Dyscalculic Child

*Ashish Shukla & **Dr Sarita Misra *M.Phil (Psychology), APS University, Rewa (MP)

**Associate Prof. & H.O.D (Psy), D.A.V. College, Kanpur (UP)

There are many children suffering from Learning Disorder like Dyscalculia, they are

facing problems at home and out of home, specially at school. Learning disabilities are

neurological problems. These processing problems can interfere with learning basic skills such

as attention, reading, writing and mathematical calculations. For this study we have taken of one

case of dyscalculic child who have completed Counselling Sessions for diagnosis. In present

study, we have been using Psychological Report and Interview data sheets as tools. Results

shows dyscalculic child is facing many problems at school and home. He is facing problems like

attention, writing and mathematical calculations. He has also expressed anxiety and frustration,

because he is facing learning disabilities like Dyscalculia and moderate Attention Deficit

Disorder. Positive reinforcement and Individual Education Programme was very effective to

reduce dyscalculic and attention problems. It was found that mathematical calculation problems

of child reducing continuesly session by session of counselling.

Keywords - Learning Disabilities/Disorder, Dyscalculia, Counselling, Individual Education

Programme.

Present Teacher Education Programme in India and its Challenges

* Priyanka Gupta & ** Mohammad Kashif Taufeeque * Student of M.Ed, C.C.S.P.G.Collage, Heowara, Etawah (UP)

**Assistant Professor, B.Ed/M.Ed Department, C.C.S.P.G.Collage, Heowara, Etawah (UP)

Teachers are the greatest assets of any educational system of any country in the world. They

stand for the transmission of various Knowledge Skills and values. They are accepted as the

backbone of our educational system. Teacher quality is, therefore, crucial and has been

globally accepted to be significantly associated with the quality of education in general and

students learning outcomes in particular. The Education Commission (1964-66) of India

accepted this influence of Teachers in Powerful words, “ No system can rise above the status

of its teacher.” The National Policy of Education (NPE,1986) reflects this commitment by

considering pre-services and in-services teacher education. After privatisation of higher

education in India mash rooming in teacher training colleges are very fast and the main

concern is to maintain the quality in them. It is presently seen that in some states there are

more than 1200 private teacher training colleges whereas in others not a single one and in the

government sector the seats are so few that students go to other seats for B.Ed degree. Hence

each state government should come forward with a proper policy with the regard to the

quantitative and qualitative development of the teacher training institutions. In this paper

researcher tries to reveal what challenges we are facing today and how could we cope from

these challenges.




Issues of Teacher Education in India

* Priyanka Gupta & **Dr.Neeti * Student of M.Ed, C.C.S.P.G.Collage, Heowara, Etawah (UP)

**Associate Professor, B.Ed/M.Ed Department, C.C.S.P.G.Collage, Heowara, Etawah (UP)

Teacher education is a continuous process and its pre-service and in-service components

are complimentary to each other. Education is instrumental in the preparation of teachers who

can in their practice ensure transformative learning, where teacher and learner, learner and

learner are co-constructors of knowledge. The aim of the present paper is to improve the teacher

education quality in India by focusing on the problems & related concerns. The present structure

of teacher education is supported by a network of national, provincial and district level resource

institutions working together to enhance the quality and effectiveness of teacher preparation

programs at the pre-service level and also through in- service programs for serving teachers

throughout the country. Importantly, the teacher education and training institutions must take up

the charge of educating policy makers and the general public about what it actually takes to teach

effectively both in terms of knowledge and skills that are needed and in terms of the school

contexts that must be created to allow teachers to develop and use what they know on behalf of

their students. Now teacher has to perform various roles like encouraging, supporting and

facilitating in teaching-learning situations which enables learners to discover their talents, to

realize their physical and intellectual potentialities to the fullest, to develop character and

desirable social and human values to function as responsible citizens. Teacher and his education

are very significant aspects of any nation. The education gives a new shape to the individual and

the nation as well. It is a well known saying that teacher is the nation builder. The quality of

teacher education programmed needs to be up graded. Teacher education has not come up to the

requisite standards. Teachers are not able to think critically and solve the issue related to

teaching methods, content, organization etc. teacher education programmed needs a

comprehensive reform and restructuring curriculum of teacher-education programmed needs to

be revised according to changing needs of society.

The Role of Values in Human Lives

Dr. Pramod Kumar Rajput Associate Professor

P.G. Dep. of Teacher Education, I.P.(P.G.) College, Campus-2, Bulandshahr (U.P.)

In India, the concept of an all-around development of child through education, have

always remained a central concern to educationists, however with the change in the environment,

dominated by material and market forces, rapid changes in the priorities of education too, have

caused serious concern. Tracing Indian ethos, the present paper signifies the role of values in

human lives. Instead of shouting at the deteriorating value crisis, the paper advises to find

solution by addressing to the harsh realities of life.

Keywords - Values in Human Lives.




Enhancing History Teaching through Information and Communication

technology (ICT)

Monika Gupta Research Scholar

Department of Education, Bhagwant University, Ajmer

The development in ICT have grown exponentially over the few years and we, as

teachers, should look towards its benefits for education whilst cautioning ourselves that it must

remain our servant and not our master . There have been many valid criticisms of „techno

romanticism or the Luddite‟ mind set of some teachers today. it is obvious that there have be certain

parameters around the assumption that ICT, in all aspects, is a good thing . The ICT can not replace

the teacher rather can empower the teacher by providing many ways/ tools/ methods to express his

views through pictorial presentations of maps, historical pictures, writing details through ms-word or

creating data sheets/ graph charts by spread sheet software like ms-excel etc . The study material can

be easily re-used in class rooms and shared with the students. Having or not having a computer at

home illustrates this disparity well. Access to computers in education institution is fraught with

difficulty. There may not be enough computers to go around, some departments may have

preferential access to computers rooms, there may be time constraints on computer usage, staff may

not be sufficiently trained to use the technology or may fear the challenges it presents and there may

not be a skilled technician available to give help in times of crisis. I have had personal experience of

all the above. I realized the importance of becoming computer literate when I did compulsory project

PPT in my orientation program. We as history teachers should view ICT as a tool that can make the

teaching and larning of history more stimulating rewarding and rigorous for all. For many years

course have been written around textbooks. Teachers have taught through lectures and presentations

interspersed with tutorials and learning activities designed to consolidate and rehearse the content.

Contemporary settings are now favouring curriculam that promote competency and performanc.

History teaching with ICT can also enhance the content and skills in teaching history, but ICT alons

does not enhance learning, however ICT can empower classroom and students is learning.

Mixed Methods Researches in Education: Challenges and Possibilities

*Rajesh Kumar & **Dr. Gaurav Rao *Research Scholar, Department of Education, C.S.J.M. University, Kanpur (U.P.)

**Asst. Professor, Department of education, C.S.J.M. University, Kanpur (U.P.)

The Mixed Methods Researches (MMR- used as singular), nowadays, being promoted as

practice that breaches divide between traditionally labeled Quantitative and Qualitative

Researches. The most innovative use of this MMR has been the expansion of research designs

that are rooted in one tradition (i.e. mono method design) into a design that incorporates or

interfaces with other tradition. This research approach, frequently different from multi method

research approach one, involves the collection, analysis and integration of both quantitative and

qualitative data/ methods in a single study, which itself does not separate numbers from every

other form or data in the first place. As far as, the educational research concerned, the MMR is

the most suitable one by having access to good evidence. This paper tends to explore various

aspects of this MMR including its challenges and possibilities.

Keywords :- Mixed Methods Research, Mono method design, integration.




Digital Libraries: A Powerful Modern Tool of 21st Century Need to Promote

for Higher Education

*Ravindra Goswami & **Neha *Department of Botany, R.B.S.College, Agra

* Department of Education, R.B.S.College, Agra

Digital Libraries are being created today for diverse communities and in different fields e.g.

education, science, culture, development, health, governance and so on. With the availability of

several free digital Library software packages at the recent time, the creation and sharing of

information through the digital library collections has become an attractive and feasible proposition

for library and information professionals around the world. Library automation has helped to provide

easy access to collections through the use of computerized library catalogue such as On-line Public

Access Catalog (OPAC). Digital libraries differ significantly from the traditional libraries because

they allow users to gain an on-line access to and work with the electronic versions of full text

documents and their associated images. Many digital libraries also provide an access to other multi-

media content like audio and video. This paper discusses the new activities, methods and technology

used in digitization and formation of digital libraries. It set out some key points involved and the

detailed plans required in the process, offers pieces of advice and guidance for the practicing

Librarians. Digital Libraries are today‟s need for diverse communities and in different fields e.g.

education, science, culture, development, health, governance and so on. With the help of several free

and advance digital Library software packages at the recent time, creation and sharing of information

through the digital library collections has become an attractive and important proposition for library

and information professionals around the world.

Keywords: Digital Libraries, Informative tool, Technology Digitalization.

Computer Education : A Need for Teachers

Mr. Vikas Tivedi IT Executive

Prof. H. N. Misra College of Education, Kanpur

We live in a fast-moving world where almost everything must come instantly to us. In

this computer era, we depend on the computer to help us complete tasks, and to solve problems.

Computers are used in various fields like business, pharmacy, music, education, engineering,

defense, transportation, and cooking as they help to ease certain tasks, provide information

faster, and speed up the work. By computer education, we mean learning how the basic concepts

related to a computer works, gaining the basic knowledge of computer operation, knowing about

the basic components of a computer, the basic concepts behind the use of computers and

knowing how some of the elementary computer applications constitute computer education.

Computers have changed the way society functions. Future generations will need to compete

with the growing trends of a technologically-driven society that relies on computers to perform

daily tasks. The classroom is a good starting point for people to learn how to use these complex

machines. Without skilled and technologically updated teachers it is not possible to educate the

student to cope with the growing needs of technology-driven society. This article intends to

highlight the need and importance of computer education for teacher.




Two Years B.Ed. Programme Teaching practice: Issues, Problems and Suggestions

Afiya Jamal Ph.D. Scholar

Department of IASE, Faculty of Education, Jamia Millia Islamia, Delhi

Teaching practice is an integral part of any teacher preparation programme as it is

intended to help the prospective teachers in acquiring pedagogical skills and competencies that

are needed to be transferred in the real classroom settings. Efforts are made to expand the

diversified scholastic expertise so as to enable them in facing the future challenges. A lot of

emphasis has been placed on improving the quality of teacher education and in view of that the

duration of the B.Ed. course has been increased from one year duration to two years. The work

of a teacher isn‟t concentrated on delivery of subject knowledge alone, there are lot more tasks,

duties that need to be carried out by the school teacher. Has an increase in the duration of

teaching practice taken into account those aspects of teaching profession? We need to look for

the answers to these questions. Problems related to school internship could be dealt under two

broad aspects, first the problems related to orientation programme (pre-internship) and second

the problems related to practice teaching. Some of the noted problems associated with pre

internship are no specification of demonstration lessons, inefficiency of teaching skills,

simulated teaching less competent and poor training in the use of teaching aids. Similarly, the

problem associated with practice teachings are poor supervision and feedback, less scope of

introspection and self-evaluation, no correlation of actual teaching with lesson plan prepared.,

faulty teaching methods, incompetency in carrying the day to day tasks of a regular teacher like

preparing time table, question papers and organizing co-curricular activities of the school.In

order to bring about quality improvement in teacher education, these shortcomings need to be

overcome by incorporating various remedial measures in the teacher training programme.

Ethics in Education

Dr. Paramjit Kaur Principal, Dr. Virendra Swarup Sr. Sec. School

Ethics is a branch of moral philosophy. It involves the concepts of right and wrong

conduct. Values are rules from which we make our personal decisions about what is right and

what is wrong, good or bad. This helps guide us when making decisions. These virtues are

considered worthy in building up the character of an individual. The fabric of any society is held

together by the standards of morality that we maintain and practice. Values are our personal set

of beliefs about what is important, unimportant, right, wrong, good and bad. When we are

confronted by choices, options, or moral dilemmas, the decisions we make will indicate what

values we hold. Human values give worthiness and respect to life. The foundation of human

values is based on dignity of human life, respect and consideration for the other. Education is

meant to foster the personality through the continuous development of innate qualities of a

person. It aims to adjust the rhythm of the individual life with the rhythm of the society. A

person who knows the difference between right and wrong and chooses right is moral. A person




whose morality is reflected in his willingness to do the right thing – even if it is hard or

dangerous – is ethical. Ethics are moral values in action. Being ethical is an imperative because

morality protects life and is respectful of others – all others. Ethics in education are as important

as air for life. Ethics are to be internalized while morals are imposed. With changing

technological trends there is a regular change in ethics in various areas of concern as well.

Although with the deterioration of values in society it is well evident that the flow of ethics is

from a responsible level, and who else is more responsible than a teacher for all that affects the

value orientation of students and society at large.


Pratima Shukla Asst. Professor (B.Ed.)

Mahila Mahavidyalaya,Kidwai Nagar, Kanpur

Education is changing. Digital technologies are every-where and they are impacting what,

where, how and why students learn and who they learn from. Many schools are using digital

technologies like the internet, laptops and tablets to quickly, easily and cost effective connect

students with he huge range of digital services and resources. However, the many benefits of learning

with digital technologies are accompained by some challenges and potential risks for students and

schools. These digital challenges are real and present a dilemma to schools seeking to use digital

technology to enhance student learning. There are multiple benefits of digital learning in

transforming a student's life like-motor skills, decision making, visual learning, cultural awareness,

improved academic performance, inventiveness etc. Today's students are able to use to internet to

research and find text sources, videos, pod casts and presentations related to anything they would like

to learn about. Learning is inherently a social activity and rather than trying to ban children from

joining online networks we should encourage them to learn safe. Digital literacy is here to stay and if

we are serious about taking advantage of the potential benefits of digital learning then we need to

appropriately resource our schools and teachers. Teachers and professors are using social media

channels like facebook to connect with other schools and individuals who can help them adopt their

teaching practices to make the most of the digital tools. On the other hand, students are using digital

technologies to connect with other students, not only in their country but across the globe, to engage

in self-directed learning in areas of personal expertise and interest. Another benefit that people argue

is that technology, especially the internet, allows for equality with in education. The information and

the technology that students use are available for everyone, they just have to go get it. Of course this

is referring more to the use of the internet because certain educational technologies are too expensive

for lose fortunate people to afford access to.

There is no doubt that digital education is more interesting for today's pupils than education

in the classic form. This result, on the one hand, from the fascination with electronics and the

internet, which for young people is the favourite environment of existence. On the other hand,

methods practised at lesson with the use of multimedia are more involving for pupils and, as a

consequence they result in their greater commitment. The increase of the effectiveness of education

and the equalisation of educational opportunities are the most frequently enumerated advantages of

digital education.




Enhancing Quality of Practice Teaching through Micro Teaching

Dr. Sarfaraz Ahmad Assistant Professor

Department of B.Ed., Halim Muslim P.G. College, Kanpur

Microteaching is a design for teacher training which provides trainees with information

about their performance immediately after completion of their lesson. It is a laboratory technique

of teaching in which the complexities of normal class-room teaching are simplified. It is scaled

down with respect to teaching complexity also. Teaching is considered to be made up of a

number of teaching skills and each teaching skill is a set of related teaching behaviour which

tend to facilitate pupil's learning. Such skills can be defined, practiced controlled, observed and

evaluated. The pupil-teacher (Micro-teacher) teaches a short lesson based on a single teaching

skill (micro lesson). This lesson is recorded, observed and followed by immediate feedback by

the observer (S) This lesson is re-planed in the light of the feedback received and re-taught

generally to a different set of pupils.

Microteaching is a scaled down sample of teaching. The complex act of teaching is

broken down into simple components making the task more manageable. How to teach is more

important than what to teach. Setting for an inexperienced teacher to acquire new skills but is

also equally helpful to more experienced teacher to modify the skills they already possess. It is

useful in pre-service as well as in service training of teacher. Teacher-education programme in

India requires too much of improvement. Micro-teaching comes as a remedy to the difficulties of

teacher education programme. In this method an effective feedback is provided for modification

of behaviour. The knowledge and practice of different teaching skills are provided by experts.

The specific teaching skill viz. reinforcement, probing questions are developed through

microteaching. It analyzed the performance of pupils by use of video-tape. It is economical and

taxes less time.

Integration of Information & Communication Technology in Teacher Education

*Neetika Saxena & Dr. Rohit Kumar

*Assistant Professor, Department of B.Ed., Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Kidwai Nagar, Kanpur U.P.

**Lecturer, Dept. of D. El. Ed.,V. S. S. D Collage, Nawabganj, Kanpur U.P.

Present age is the age of technology. In the modern age, information and communication

technology has influenced all aspects of human life. In every sphere of life we use technology.

Teacher education has also been influenced by ICT. It is most important to understand the

meaning of technology first then the meaning of information and communication technology.

Information technology in defined as the study or use of electronic equipment especially

computers for storing, analyzing and sending out information, and communication technology is

the process of sending, receiving and exchanging information.

Educational systems around the world are under increasing pressure to use the new

information and communication technologies, to teach students the knowledge and skills they

need in the 21st century. With the emerging new technology teaching and learning become

technical. Globally education systems are adopting new technologies to integrate ICT in teaching

and learning process, to prepare students with the knowledge and skills they need in their subject




matter. In this way the teaching profession is involving from teacher centered to students

centered learning environments. So teachers are strongly encouraged to integrate or preferably

make integral, ICT in their teaching. ICT is a powerful tool for problem solving, conceptual

development and critical thinking that helps to make the learning process much easier for the

teacher trainees. Owing to knowledge, exploring and tremendously fast changing ICT, the

teacher some times find it rather difficult to cope with the new intellectual challenge. One of the

greatest challenges facing teacher education today is preparing good quality teachers for an ever

changing world. Teacher trainees are the key components in any system of teacher educations.

Unless they are trained we cannot expect any qualitative change to come out of the system of

teacher education. Teachers are strongly encouraged to integrate or , preferably , make integral,

ICT in their teaching. If as is often the case teachers & first impulse is to teach as they were

taught, then the most effective way to prepare them to teach with ICT may be ensure that ICT is

integral to teacher preparation programme.

Teacher Education and Values

Mrs. Sudha Yadav Lect. Dept. of B.Ed. , M.M.V.P.G. College Kidwai Nagar , Kanpur

Teacher education today is terribly concerned with continual erosion of values. This has

its serious effects on pupil-world where the canvas of a positive, harmonious, disciplined and

decent mode of life beyond life is gradually going to be hazy, indistinct and almost extinct. A

global picture of devaluation of values only points out the unavoidable fact that education now is

in utter doldrums and teacher education in particular suffers from an appealing loss of vision of

time – past, present and future, howsoever – and fails to play a living and really worthwhile role

to channelize our pupils towards sincere cultivation of perennial values in course of their

education. Apart from the fact that today‟s teachers are heavily burdened with the so-called

essentials of curricula and syllabi to be covered within a stipulated period of time , the wailings

of desirable and significant values remaining alien and unexercised due to absence from

classroom instructions closed in abstractions of facts and figures staffed and stifling even though

absorbing for the time being, never reach the arena of softer values of life. As a consequence ,

education and life run in a paralleled way and the two never mingles in a disciplined and

synchronized pattern.

To encourage teachers to probe into diverse constraints in association with knowing,

feeling, evaluating and appreciating the deeper values of life, from which the student

community, national or international, terribly suffers.

To provide teachers with ample opportunities to be well-familiar with the emotional,

social, moral, intellectual, spiritual and aesthetic problems of pupils, which hinder them

in different ways from understanding and appreciating appropriate and significant values

both individually and in a group.

To stimulate teachers to come in close contact with their pupils worst affected in

devaluation of values and establish a healthy relationship with the latter for involvements

in nobler values in life and society.

To prepare teacher-educators to be adept in training teachers for imparting instructions on values

to pupils in an ardent and all embracing way




Yoga Education: A Tool of Human Development

Vikas Kumar

Department of B.Ed., S.K.J.D. Mahavidyalaya, Dilwal-Mangalpur, Kanpur Dehat

Yoga, known as the art of living, is an ancient and Pre-vedic Indian tradition. It is considered

as the best discipline for mental and spiritual development of human beings. In fact, the accumulation

or coordination of universal conscience with individual conscience is known as Yoga. In ancient

India, Yoga was considered as the unity of soul to the extreme. Since Indus valley civilization, Yoga

prevailed in India and it was considered a gift to mankind and the world from India. Scholars from all

round the world considered the significance of Yoga and considered it extremely helpful for all round

human development. Yoga was compulsory in Gurukul system of education. The unhealthy lifestyle,

tension, competitiveness, pressure regarding education and career, health problems, increasing

pollution are among the main causes why Yoga is of extreme importance for human in today's

scenario. Yoga is equally important from child to the old persons. However, Yoga is extremely

beneficial for students as well as for teachers for increasing their physical and mental abilities so as

to utilize their skills to the fullest. Apart from this, Yoga provides great relief to us in today's world

of hustle and bustle. It cleanses the body and mind and hence boosts the memory and learning ability.

Thus, Yoga is extremely important for students and teachers to a great level. The present study is an

effort to signify the importance and role of Yoga for the welfare of human beings in today's world.

Key words: Yoga, pre-vedic tradition, Gurukul, spiritual development.

Inovative Approche in Teacher Education

*Dr. Sunita Godara & **Dr. Shalini Asthana *Vice Principal & **Assistant Professor

Deen Dayal Rustagi College of Education

Education has traditionally been seen as a pedagogic relationship between the teacher and

the learner. It was always the teacher who decided what the learner needed to know, and indeed,

how the knowledge and skills should be taught. In the past thirty years or so there has been quite

a revolution in education through research into how people learn, and resulting from that, further

work on how teaching could and should be provided. This paper suggests there is benefit in

moving from andragogy towards truly self-determined learning. The concept of truly self-

determined learning, called heutagogical, builds on humanistic theory and approaches to learning

described in the 1950s. It is suggested that heutagogical is appropriate to the needs of learners in

the twenty-first century, particularly in the development of individual capability. Andragogy

(Knowles, 1970) provided many useful approaches for improving educational methodology, and

indeed has been accepted almost universally, it still has connotations of a teacher-learner

relationship. It may be argued that the rapid rate of change in society, and the so-called

information explosion, suggests that we should now be looking at an educational approach where

it is the learner himself who determines what and how learning should take place. Heutagogy,

the study of self determined learning, may be viewed as a natural progression from earlier

educational methodologies - in particular from capability development - and may well provide

the optimal approach to learning in the twenty-first century.




Value Oriented Teacher Education

Smita yadav

Assistant professor

Mahila Maha Vidyalaya Kidwai Nagar Kanpur

Good teacher makes good schools and a good nation; teachers are the real masons who lay

the foundations of a nation. Teachers have to be competent and to be committed to their task of

nation building by developing values in coming generations. As per the UNESCO commission

report, education for the 21st century – learning the treasure within, emphasis has been laid on

“reorientation of pre-service and in service teacher education for enabling teachers in acquiring

intellectual and emotional qualities, that a nation wants to be developed by them in its pupils”. In the

national policy on education and the program of action 1992 emphasis was given to value oriented

education, if moral or value education is to be effectively undertaken, it must be firmly based on the

principles of value development. Value development denotes different things to different people. The

process of value development can be visualized from philosophical, psychological and sociological

perspectives. According to Lawrence Kohlberg opinion that the moral development is the meeting

ground of philosophy and psychology. As a general rule therefore value orientation is integral to all

stages of upbringing, formal education, interaction between individuals and social group‟s .Values

are the inseparable from life of the individual. It permeates the whole life since education is an

essential requirement and an integral part of education, the aims of education content and

methodology is viewed in terms of value development. Values and development are used

interchangeably; human development cannot be conceived in the absence of values. Emphasizing the

role of education in moral development john Dewey 1950 remarked “intellectual and moral, ethical

and psychological principles can aid the school in the greatest of all reconstruction, the building of a

free and powerful character. All values are valuable and value hierarchy should be formally based on

human developmental requirements.

Vocational Skill Development

*Masroor Fatima & **Dr. Ritu Sharma *Research Scholar, Department of Education, Babu Banarsi Das University, Lucknow

**Department of Education, Babu Banarsi Das University, Lucknow

Today's education should not be just the education imparted in the classroom but the

education should be career education where students should be given education that prepares them to

develop any skill for their future. Being a fast the developing country yet Planning Commission of

India has constituted a working group on skill development and trainers on 6th March 2006 to give

more employment opportunities and to contribute in the growth of the country. The vocational

education training is imparted in higher secondary and secondary schools in polytechnics of the fact

that Government of India is putting a lot of efforts in imparting skill development and vocational

training yet is lagging behind with other countries there is a gap that are needed to be filled and the

gaps are due to shortage of vocational education infrastructure and their capacity to meet the

requirements lack of trainers and there should be awareness which should be imparted that how

courses are available under vocational training and how can they help in changing one's life. School

should adopt the vocational courses design by NSDC (National Skill Development Corporation) and

the students must have the option of containing vocational training along with formal higher

education. Keywords: - Vocational education, Skill development, NSDC




Digital Techniques Makes Learning Fun and Interactive

Shweta Singh Chandel Assistant Professor

D.A.V. College, Kanpur

After the Indian government‟s digitalization program, we can see the development of internet,

mobile phones, mobile apps, tablets, laptops and other modern devices. The number of internet

users in India is expected to reach 500 million by June 2018, said a report by the Internet and

Mobile Association of India(IAMAI) and Kantar IMRB. The Number of Internet Users stood at

481 million in December 2017, an increase of 11.34% over December said the report titled,

“Internet in India 2017”. Now days internet, mobile phones, mobile apps, tablets, laptops and

other modern devices are not just helping children become sharper, but it is also helping children

with special abilities to learn better and bring out their best. Digital Textbooks, gaming and

personalization, digital storytelling, smart class and mobile apps, are the technologies which took

education at a different level. These new digital technologies have not bound learning to the

school premises anymore. These technologies create a superior atmosphere for children to grasp

basic as well as complex concepts. These technologies are more interactive, user friendly and

support learning at own pace as compared to classroom learning.

Inculcating Human Values through Physical Education, Sports and Yoga in

Teacher Education

Smt. Seema Tripathi Assistant Professor (B.Ed.)

D.W.T. College, Kanpur

By living sedentary life, in the race of modernism we have made our body house of many

deadly, diseases like B.P., Diabetes, Thyroid, Coronary disease etc. and we are giving our

forthcoming generation these diseases in heritage. If we compare to early life style there is a

drastic change in our way of living, eating habits and working environment. Today, we are living

fully mechanized life labour saving, time saving; devices have made suffered man physically.

Today almost we have become physically lethargic, mentally stressed due to addiction of

electronic gadgets. Children prefer playing video game, watching T.V. rather than physical

sports which impedes their all round development. Inclusion of yoga and physical education in

the demand of time. "Yoga in methodized effort towards self perfection by the expression of

potentialities latent in human being." Yoga is referred to a science of health, happiness and

harmony. Yoga is thoroughly globalized phenomenon. It suggests number of ways to achieve

calm, peaceful mind and blissful healthy body. In this era of raid modernization we are falling

victim of many diseases, mental ailments unknowingly and knowingly. 'Yoga education and

physical education' with regular educational course, we can accelerate the process in real and

better sense, achieving the actual goal. 'Yoga' has been felt after thorough research for few

decades utterly significant and worthwhile in getting rid of all these time-borne problems.

Realizing the utility and importance of yoga education for sound health and overall development

of personality our National Institutes has laid emphasis on introducing yoga education and

physical education to the curriculum at all levels of education. In present paper role of yoga

education, physical education, for the attainment of mental, physical and social health and

inculcating human values besides academic achievements are discussed in short.




Leadership and Management in Teacher Education

Sunita Madan

Asst. Professor (B.Ed.), M.M.V. PG College

In today‟s world the one who leads conquers all. It is a value and virtue that empowers

any person who posses it. Currently, education system around the world are focusing on student

achievements and inculcates such values of self betterment. This empowers leader to create a

broader sense and wider the horizon for education. Teacher education is a complex process and

is even more demanding in a country like India where people of different caste, creed, race and

color exist, institutions in urban rural and remote areas. Developing effective leadership and

management skills is a two way process for that the leader who is being follow should posses all

necessary and opt traits of a commendable leader.Developing management and achievement

skills in teacher education helps to the to become adaptable to situations, alert to social

environment, ambitions, and achievement oriented, assertive, cooperative, dependable, persistent

and is always willing to assume responsibilities. These virtues also help a person derive the skills

of becoming intelligent, diplomatic and tactful, enhances speaking skills, become organized and

most importantly socially skilled. Teachers may face obstacles‟ and hindrances in achieving this

development in students and not all may be willing to adapt to this responsible behavior and

develops this kind of personality.

It is clear that mostly all institutions‟ are basically student oriented teaching are encouraged

everywhere with the impact of technology and the drastic change in the role of teacher. Efforts to

improve the education quality and quantity is being altered everywhere in favor of students.

Therefore, leadership and management in teacher education provides quality of each describing

the degree of principal and effectiveness in institution‟s academic achievement.

Inculcating Human Values through Physical Education and Sports

Poonam Shukla

Asst. Professor (B.Ed.), M.M.V. PG College

In the present world, education holds a very crucial position in formation of any base. A

formative effect on the mind, physical ability that has been contributed by any source of

knowledge is commendable. Developing a human in the field of education requires knowledge of

every aspect through which it can be derived. Human values are the ethics by which a human

develops its being and developing values through physical activity has been a longstanding

objective of physical educators and coaches. Stimulating action in physical education in order to

bring about normal education can be a possibility. Participation in physical activities is crucial

for the holistic development of young people to nurture their physical, social and essential health

as well as intellectual side. At times students are praised or criticized for their quality of work

and intelligence wore specifically, they tend to develop a fixed theory of the concept of

intelligence which is not in context to their holistic development.




Hence, Physical Education is an important part of a person‟s overall education and

development and needs to get its due importance.

Physical Education, sports and yoga aid in inculcating many human values and qualities

like leadership, discipline, sharing, teamwork, honesty, team spirit, tolerance and many more.

However, we cannot touch and say that every child gets an opportunity to experience this, there

are exceptions. On the teacher‟s level this contributes in the professional development of the

person and allows more initiative to be taken and makes us more students oriented than anything

else. Many intuitions have come up with initiatives where not only quality education is provided

by also best sports infrastructure to encourage physical education. Yoga brings about mental and

physical calmness and composure which contributes in a student‟s personality development as

well. It inculcates knowledge apart from books rather than concentrates on the burning issues

today‟s youth faces.

Teacher Education: Current Trends and Challenges in Teaching and Research

*Dr. Kautilya Chaudhary, *Dr. Rekha and *Dr. Manju Tonk

*Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University , Hisar, Haryana

Teacher education programs increase competence and skills of educators that make them

competent enough to innovate new ideas and to face new challenges in the education. All the formal and non-formal activities and experiences that help to qualify a person to assume

responsibilities of a educationist or to discharge his responsibilities more effectively are the part

of teacher education. In present scenario the field of education is not restricted to bookish knowledge but has broadened in various new dimensions. Teacher education encompasses

teaching skills, sound pedagogical theory and professional skills. Teacher education comprise of features that enable the student teachers to view learning as a search for meaning out of personal

experience. The educators view knowledge generation as a continuous evolving process, a search for meaning out of personal experience and knowledge generation as a continuously evolving

process of reflective learning. It inculcate the sense of responsibility towards society and teach them how to observe and engage pupils . It provides opportunities for self-learning, reflection,

assimilation and articulation of new ideas; developing capacities for self-directed learning and

the ability to think, be self-critical and to work in groups. The pre-service and in-service teacher education programs have shown paradigm shift with its emphasis on globalization and

individualization. They provide opportunities for understanding self and others (including one„s beliefs, assumptions and emotions); developing the ability for self analysis, self-evaluation,

adaptability, flexibility, creativity and innovation. Development and changes in education have affected teacher education necessitating review and reforms. It demands understanding with

investigative minds, assimilating the required transformations, accommodating and responding to the universal needs. We also need to train teachers with new perspectives as the classroom and

schools are opening to the world. It is ever-evolving and dynamic. In order to prepare teachers

who are competent to face the challenges of the dynamic society, teacher education has to keep abreast of recent developments and trends.




Hkkjr esa v/;kid f'k{kk % fodYi] pqukSfr;k¡] miyfC/;k¡ vkSj Hkfo’; dk ekxZ

MkW0 Jh—’.k iVsy

izkpk;Z


v/;kiu] nwljksa dks Kku ;k dkS'ky nsus dh ,d izfØ;k gS vkSj tks O;fDr ;g dk;Z djrk gS

mls v/;kid dgk tkrk gSA v/;kiu esa O;fDr dh vkSj lekt dh 'kSf{kd vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus

ds fy,] fof'k’V lsok iznku djus ds fy,] fodflr fd;s x;s Kku] dkS'ky rFkk xq.kksa dk fo'ks’krkiw.kZ

vuqiz;ksx djuk fufgr gSA f'k{kk dks fdlh Hkh O;olk; ls Js’B ekurs gq,] v/;kidksa dks lekt ds

lcls etcwr LrEHk ds :Ik esa lEeku fn;k tkrk gSA ;s v/;kid gh gSa tks gesa gekjk euksokafNr y{;

izkIr djus ds fy, izsfjr dj Lo&vuqHko vkSj fopkj dh 'kfDr dks tkxzr djrs gSaA bl laca/k esa Lokeh

foosdkuan dk dFku gS& **dHkh fdlh O;fDRk us fdlh nwljs dks ugha fl[kk;k gSA gees ls izR;sd dks

vius&vkidks fl[kkuk gksxkA ckgj ds xq: rks dsoy lq>ko vkSj izsj.kk nsus okys dkj.k ek= gSa] tks

gekjs vUrLFk xq: dks lc fo’k;ksa dks eeZ le>us ds fy;s mn~cksf/kr djrs gSaA rc fQj lc ckrsa gekjs

gh vuqHko vkSj fopkj dh 'kfDr ds }kjk Li’Vrj gks tk,¡xh vkSj ge viuh vkRek esa mudh vuqHkwfr

djus yxsaxsA

v/;kiu fulansg ,d iqjLdj.kh; vkSj pqukSrhiw.kZ dSfj;j gS ftlds fy, Kku] vuqla/kkuksUeq[kh

efLr’d] fo’k; dh xgu tkudkjh] Dykl:e EkSustesaV dkS'ky vkSj lekt esa ewY;ksa dk laj{k.k vkSj

lq/kkj ykus dh vko';drk gSA ;g O;olk; u dsoy izsjd] fnypLi vkSj lEEkku iznku djus okyk gS]

cfYd gj o’kZ lSdM+ksa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks izsfjr vkSj O;ofLFkr djus rFkk mudk thou laokjus ds volj Hkh

iznku djrk gSA ;fn vki ;qok O;fDr;ksa ds lkFk le; fcrkus esa :fp j[krs gSa vkSj vki esa vlhe /kS;Z

rFkk vkst gS rks ;g tkurs gq, fd vki esa ;qok O;fDRk;ksa dks la?kfVr djus] lqxfBr ,oa izHkkfor djus

dh {kerk gS rks ;g fo'o esa vkids fy, Js’B vkSj miyfC/k;ksa ls Hkjk {ks= gks ldrk gSA

v/;kiu ds dqN O;kid {ks= fuEufyf[kr gSa&

Ldwy iwoZ v/;kiu]

izkFkfed Ldwy]

ek/;fed ,oa mPPkrj ek/;fed v/;kiu]

egkfo|ky; ,oa fo'ofo|ky;]

xSj&fo|ky;h {ks=ksa tSls futh laLFkkvksa vkSj dksfpax d{kkvksa esa v/;kiuA

ekaVsljh ls ysdj fo'ofo|ky;ksa tSls mPp Lrj rd] lHkh Lrjksa ij v/;kid dk fof'k’V LFkku gksrk

gS&

**gesa ;g /;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd ,d iqLrd] ,d isu] ,d cPpk vkSj ,d f'k{kd fo'o dks cny ldrk

gSA**

& eykyk ;qlqQtbZ




gesa Hkkjrh; f'k{kk i)fr esa cnyko dh D;ksa vko';drk gS\

izfrik|

MkW- lat; JhokLro ¼ch-,u-,l-½

vfl- izkssQslj]


orZeku f'k{kk iz.kkyh vaxzstksa dh nsu gSA vktknh ds ckn ls le; le; ij blesa ifjorZu dh

ekaWx mBrh jgh gSA vktknh ds iwoZ ls gh Hkkjrh; fo}ku johUnz ukFk VSxksj] Lokeh foosdkuUn] vjfoUn

?kks"k tSls yksxksa us f'k{kk esa ifjorZu dh vko';drk dks cgqr yEcsa ys[kksa esa fy[kk gSA vkt dh f'k{kk

iz.kkyh dk lcls cM+k nks"k ;g gS fd f'k{kk izkIr djus ds fy, ekrk&firk dh cpr iwWth dks [kpZ djrs

gSa cSadksa ls m/kkj ysrs gS fQj Hkh ge oSf'od Lrj ij f'k{kk izkIr ugha dj jgs gSaA vkt gekjs ;qok

f'kf{kr gksus ds mijkUr Hkh jkstxkj ds fy, HkVd jgsa gSA gekjh f'k{kk i)fr esa f'k{k.k dkS'ky dh

O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg,A fdlh O;fDr dks ,d eNyh nsus ls vPNk gS fd mls eNyh idM+uk fl[kk nsA

f'k{kk esa izkS|ksfxdh rFkk <kWpk xr ewy Hkwr lqfo/kkvksa ds fodkl ls f'k{kk dks ge vius ;qokvksa ds

vuqdwy cuk ldrs gSA vkt gekjs f'k{kk dsUnzksa esa <kWpk xr f'k{kk dk vHkko gSA LekVZ Qksu] VscysV] gkbZ

LihM bUVjusV ds ek/;e ls ge f'k{kk dks vf/kd izHkkoh cuk ldrs gSA Hkkjrh; f'k{kk i)fr esa

fuEufyf[kr cnyko dh vko';drk gS&

1-dkS'ky fodkl f'k{kk ij /;ku dsfUnzr djukA

2-f'k{k.k ds fy, izf'kf{kr v/;kidksa dh vko';drkA

3-f'k{kk ds fy, vk/kkjHkwr izkS|ksfxd dk fodkl djukA

4-f'k{kk ds mn~sn';ksa dk ewY;kadu djukA

f'k{kk vkSj uSfrd fodkl

MkW- 'k'kh 'kqDyk

,lksfl,V izksQslj]


f'k{kk O;fDr ds fodkl ,oa Kku dk vk/kkj ekuh tkrh gS ;g tUe ls ysdj e`R;q i;ZUr rd

pyus okyh ,d lfdz; fujUrj ,oa xfr'khy izfdz;k gSA ;g lgh gS fd lokZaxh.k fodkl ds fy;s f'k{kk

vko';d gSA ijUrq tc rd f'k{kk esa uSfrd i{k dk O;ogkfjd lekos'k ugha gksxk rc rd mldk

fodkl v/kwjk ekuk tk;sxkA ,d ckyd iw.kZr% euq"; rHkh cu ldrk gS tc mlesa ekuoh; ewY; gks vkSj

;s fcuk uSfrd ewY; dh f'k{kk ds lEHko ugha gSA

f'k{kk og gS tks O;fDr dk ekuoh; cuk;s] fcuk f'k{kk O;fDr u rks lkekftd vkSj u gh

O;ogkfjd cu ikrk gSA ckyd ds lkekftd o O;ogkfjd i{k dk fodkl dj ckyd dks fodkl dh

vksj vxzlj dj ldrs gSaA ,d ckyd lH; lekt dk lnL; lqukxfjd rHkh cu ikrk gS tc og

lqO;ogkj djs vkSj lqO;ogkj rHkh dj ik;sxk tc mlesa ekuoh; ewY; gks vFkkZr~ ekuoh; ewY;ksa dk

lekos'k gksuk vR;ko';d gSA ;s ekuoh; ewY; ckyd esa f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls mRiUu fd;s tk ldrs gSa]

ijUrq f'k{kk esa tc rd uSfrd i{k dk O;ogkfjd :i ls lekos'k ughas fd;k tk;sxk rc rd ckyd esa

ekuoh; ewY;ksa dk fodkl fd;k tkuk yxHkx vlEHko gh gSA fcuk uSfrd f'k{kk ds ckyd dks O;ogkfjd

o lkekftd xq.kksa ds izfr mUeq[k ugha dj ldrsA

;g euksoSKkfud lR; gS fd ckyd ds fodkl dk pkgs dksbZ Hkh i{k gks og dbZ egRoiw.kZ

dkjdksa ls izHkkfor gksrk gS] blh izdkj ,d ckyd dk uSfrd fodkl Hkh vusd dkjdksa ls izHkkfor jgrk

gS tSls& f'k{kk] okrkoj.k] ifjos'k ¼'kgjh&xzkeh.k½ vkfFkZd&lkekftd Lrj] fo|ky; vkSj ckSf)d Lrj




bR;kfnA ckydksa dks fo|ky;h ikB~;dze ds vUrxZr uSfrd f'k{kk ,d vfuok;Z fo"k; ds :i esa i<+k;k

tkuk pkfg,A ckydksa dks viuh f'k{kk izkfIr ds izkjfEHkd Lrj ls gh ;fn uSfrd f'k{kk iznku dh tk, rks

ckydksa esa uSfrd ewY; ljyrk ls fodflr gks ldrs gSaA uSfrd ewY;ksa ds gksus ls gh mldk O;ogkj

^ln~* curk gS vkSj mlds fodkl dks ,d uohu fn'kk izkIr gksrh gSA uSfrd ewY; f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls

ckydksa esa ln~O;ogkj o lqukxfjdrk ds xq.k fodflr gks ldrs gSa rHkh f'k{kk dh Hkh izklafxdrk gksxhA

uSfrdrk ds vUrxZr ge lkekU; ijksidkj] drZO;] lR;] vfgalk] bR;kfn izdkj ds pkfjf=d

xq.kksa dks ys ldrs gSaA ftl O;fDr esa uSfrd xq.k ugha mldk uSfrd pfj= ughaA og u dsoy Lo;a ds

vius fodkl ds fy, oju~ lekt o jk"Vª ds fodkl ds fy, Hkh gkfudkjd gSA uSfrd pfj= ds fuekZ.k

ds fy, O;fDr ds ewy izo`R;kRed laosx ftrus lqlaxfBr rFkk uSfrd xq.kksa ds LFkk;h Hkko ftrus vf/kd

gksaxs] mldk pfj= mruk gh lqn`<+ gksxkA

egku f'k{kk 'kkL=h gjcVZ egksn; Hkh dgrs gSa] ^^f'k{kk dk dsoy ,d] vkSj lEiw.kZ dk;Z] uSfrdrk

ds vUrxZr gh lekfo"V gSA** f'k{kk ogh gS tks lR;e] f'koe~] lqUnje dh vksj izsfjr djsA

gesa vkt lokZf/kd vko';drk gS bUlku dh u fd MkDVj] bathfu;j ;k v/;kidksa dhA f'k{kk esa

uSfrd i{k dh vogsyuk dk gh ;g ifj.kke gS fd vkt ge pkWan flrkjksa rd tk igqWps gSa ysfdu /kjrh

ij bUlku dh rjg pyuk Hkwyrs tk jgs gSaA vkt viuh cqf) dk mi;ksx ge LokFkZlk/ku gsrq dsoy

vFkZlap; esa djrs gSaA

vkt ds lkekftd ifjn`'; ds lUnHkZ esa uSfrd f'k{kk dk mn~ns'; lkekftd lUnHkZ esa O;fDr ds

lexz O;fDrRo dk 'kkjhfjd vkSj v/;kfRed fodkl dj muesa uSfrd fu.kZ; dh {kerk tkxzr djuk gS

ftlls og xfr'khy lekt esa lHkh Js;Ldj ewY;ksa dks vius thou dk vfoHkkT; vax cuk ldsaA

ckyd dk ?kj vkSj ifjokj uSfrd f'k{kk dk izFke vfHkdj.k gksrk gSA ;g gekjs :f<+;ksa dk

tUeLFkku] fu"Bkvksa dh ifjpkf;dk vkSj lkekftd lUrks"k dk eq[; dsUnz gSA

ifjokj ds i'pkr~ fo|ky; dk LFkku vkrk gSA ;gkaW uSfrd f'k{kk vkSj lkekftdj.k dh izfdz;k

,oa ewY;ijd f'k{kk ds }kjk O;fDr vius nkf;Ro dks fuHkkuk lh[krk gSA

uSfrd f'k{kk esa f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk egRoiw.kZ gksrh gS f'k{kd ckyd ds O;fDrRo dks x<+rk gS ,oa

mls ,d :i ¼vkd`fr½ iznku djrk gSA fo|ky; dsoy v/;kiu dh nqdku ugha oju~ ;g ewY;ksa vkSj

vfHkO;fDr;ksa ds leizs"k.k dk LFkku gSaA

uSfrd f'k{kk ds Lo:i dk fu.kZ; djus ds fy, rhu eqn~nksa dks /;ku esa j[kuk fo'ks"k vko';d gS

izFke ckj f'k{kk {ks= esa ckydksa dks f'k{kk nsus okyk O;fDr pfj=oku gks vkSj ckyd dk mlds lkFk xgjk

lEidZ gks rks og O;fDr mlds uSfrd f'k{kk ns ldrk gSA nwljh ckr euq"; dh lkekftdrk vkSj

ekuork dks y{; esa j[kuk gS vFkkZr~ cpiu ls gh ckyd vius leku ckydksa ds lewg eas jgdj f'k{kk

izkIr djds mldh lkekftdrk vkSj ekuork dk fodkl gksrk gSA rhljh ckr ckyd esa 'kfDr vkSj o`fRr

mRiUu djuk gSA tks f'k{kk ckyd dks fdz;k'khy cukdj dqizo`fr;kas ls cpkrh gS vkSj ifjJe }kjksa

lnkphjh cukrh gS og uSfrd f'k{kk ns ldrk gSA

f'k{kk esa uSfrdrk dk iqV gksus ls gh euq"; dks lalkj dh okLrfodrk dk Kku gksrk gSA mlls

vius thou ds vfUre mn~ns'; dh tkudkjh gksrh gS] ckyd esa leqfpr vkn'kksZa dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS]

lekt esa vuq'kklughurk] Hkz"Vkpkj] 'kks"k.k] ikikpkj tSlh cqjkbZ nwj gksrh gSA

vUr esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd f'k{kk uSfrdrk ls rVLFk jgdj gekjk Hkyk ugha dj ldrhA

gekjk Hkyk rHkh gks ldrk gS tc uSfrdrk gekjs thou dk vfHkUu vax cu tk,A ukxfjdksa dks vius

uSfrd vkn'kksZa dks O;ogkj esa ykus ds fy, mUgsa volj nsuk pkfg,A

vr% uSfrdrk dh f'k{kk ns'k ds Hkkoh ukxfjdksa dks izR;{k ;k vizR;{k :i ls vo'; nh tkuh

pkfg,A




f'k{kk esa uSfrdrk ¼lkj½

izks- gchc bdjke

vfl- izkssQslj]


Lokeh foosdkuan tks tudY;k.k o ekuork ds leFkZd rFkk vn~Hkqr O;fDrRo ds /kuh Fks] us ,d ckj

Hkkjr dh nqnZ'kk] leL;kvksa vkSj folaxfr;ksa ds fo"k; esa vius fopkj bl :i esa izdV fd;s Fks&

^^;fn f'k{kk ls lEiUu jk"Vª gksrk rks vkt ge ijkHkwr eu% fLFkfr esa u vk;s gksrsA bl ns'k dk lcls

vf/kd uqdlku f'k{kk ds vHkko ds dkj.k gh gqvk gSA** &Lokeh foosdkuan

f'k{kk vko';d gS] cfYd vko';d gh ugha vfr vko';d gSA vkt ge f'kf{kr gS vkSj f'kf{kr gksus ij

ge fdrus fou;'khy gS] ;g lkspuh; fo"k; gSA i<+s&fy[ks gksus ds mijkUr Hkh ge tkfgy vkSj i'kqor~ gSA tgkaW

pkgs Fkwd nsuk] dpjk b/kj&m/kj Qsaduk vkSj vLoPNrk ds okrkoj.k dk fuekZ.k djuk gekjh vuSfrdrk dks

n'kkZrk gSA 'kCn uSfrdrk ls uSfrd gksus dk Hkko fudyrk gS vkSj gekjh ln~O;gkfjdrk izdV gksrh gSA ftlesa

uhfr dh jhfr ugha gksrh og uSfrdrk ds iFk ij pyuk rks nwj uSfrdrk ds fo"k; esa lksp Hkh ugha ldrkA tks

O;fDr uSfrd gksxk ;k ftlesa uSfrdrk ik;h tk;sxh og lgh] mfpr] lkQ&lqFkjs] ifo=] U;k;laxr vkSj lR; ls

Hkjs dk;Z djsxk gh ugha oju~ nwljksa dks Hkh djus ds fy, izsfjr djsxkA uSfrdrk ls foyx O;fDr bu Hkkoksa ds

foijhr ;Fkk&[kjkc] cqjs] xUns] vifo=] vU;k;iw.kZ vkSj >wBs dk;ksZa dks djus esa lq[k dk vuqHko djds nwljksa dks

nq[k igqWpk;sxkA uSfrdrk ds fo"k; esa êSdkboj vkSj ist* dk dFku gS&

^ûSfrdrk dk rkRi;Z fu;eksa dh ml O;oLFkk ls gS ftlds }kjk O;fDr dk vUr% dj.k vPNs vkSj cqjs

dk cks/k djkrk gSA** & êSdkboj o ist*

uSfrdrk vkSj uSfrd ewY; ds lapkj dks lr~lax dk ifj.kke crkrs gq, ckck xksLokeh rqylhnkl us cgqr

lqUnjrk ls dgk&

^lB lq/kjfg lRlaxfr ikbZ] ikjl ijl dq/kkrq lqgkbZA*

&xksLokeh rqylhnkl

19oha 'krkCnh ds mRrjk/kZ vkSj 20oha 'krkCnh ds chp dk le; uSfrdrk dh ckrksa dks udkjus yxkA

ifj.kkeLo:i fo|ky; ls uSfrd f'k{kk dks ckgj dk jkLrk fn[kk fn;k x;k ijUrq 20oha 'krkCnh ds var rd

vkrs&vkrs lekt ds fofHkUu oxksZa esa uSfrdrkfoghu f'k{kk ls ,d cspSuh ¼restlessness½ QSyus yxhA f'k{kkfonksa

dh vis{kk vfHkHkkodksa ,oa fofHkUu Lrj ds usrkvksa us le> fy;k fd lH; ukxfjd cukus ds fy, uSfrdrk ds

nkeu dks vo'; idM+uk iM+sxkA QyLo:i ekWjy ,twds'ku] djsDVj ,twds'ku] oSY;w ,twds'ku ij cy fn;k

tkus yxkA

n'kjFk iq= e;kZnk&lEiUu Jhjke dk pkSng o"kZ ds fy, ouokl dks tkuk mudh uSfrdrk ds mPp

vkn'kZ dks n'kkZrk gSA blds foijhr dSds;h vkSj eUFkjk vuSfrdrk ds LrEHk Lo:i lekt essa lnk&lnk ds fy,

LFkkfir gks xbZaA dqUrh&iq= vtqZu dks ;ksxhjkt Jhd`".k }kjk laokn Lo:i yM+us ds fy, vius cU/kq&ck/koksa ds

fo:) rS;kj djuk vuSfrdrk ij uSfrdrk dh fot; dks iznf'kZr djrk gS ftls ge Jhen~Hkkxor xhrk esa ns[krs

gSA lgh dks viukuk vkSj vuqfpr dks NksM+uk tks uSfrdrk dk ewy gS bLyke /keZ esa ^vez fcy ek:Q* ¼uSfrdrk

dks /kkj.k djks½ vkSj ûgha vfuy equdj* ¼vuSfrd dekZsa ls cpks½ ds :i esa izLrqr gqvk gSA bruk gh ugha ikWp

le; dh uekt esa ckj&ckj dgyk;k x;k gS fd gesa lh/ks vkSj mfpr ekxZ ij pyk ¼,gfnul fljkry

eqLrdhe½ vkSj vuqfpr iFk ij pyus ls cpk ftlls ge izdksfir vkSj iFkHkz"V u gks ¼xSfjy eXnwcs vySfge oyn~

nqvkYyhu½A

uSfrdrk ls gekjs cPps laLdkjh vkSj foosdiw.kZ cudj lRdeZ djus dh lksp fodflr djrs gSA uSfrdrk

dk vHkko gh vkt vkradokn] 'kjkc[kksjh] eWgxkbZ] csjkstxkjh] cykRdkj o xSaxjsi] fdlkuksa dh vkRegR;k o

dtZekQh rFkk djksM+ks :i;s ysdj fons'k Hkkx tkuk] cu tkrk gSA uSfrdrk viukus ds fy, vko';d gS fd

cPpksa dks ikfjokfjd ,oa lkekftd ckrksa o rF;ksa rFkk nkf;Roksa dh tkudkjh nsuh pkfg,A ijEijkvksa] ekU;rkvksa

o fofHkUu ewY;ksa dh tkudkjh nsus ds lkFk jk"Vª ds lEeku] lqj{kk vkSj mlds izfr nkf;Roksa dks fl[kkus dk deZB

dk;Z djuk pkfg,A ;fn ,slk ge ugha djrs gS rks lekt dk izR;sd O;fDr lekt ds fy, ,d eqlhcr ugha

uklwj cudj mHkjsxk ftldk dksbZ gy vFkok bykt ugha gksxkA




f'k{kd f'k{kk ds {ks= esa leL;k;sa vkSj volj

vouh”k iVsy

“kks/k Nk=

f'k{kk ladk;] jktk Jhd".k nRr ih0th0 dkyst] tkSuiqj ¼m0iz0½

euq"; tc dksbZ dk;Z djrk gS rks og fdlh mís'; dh izkfIr ds fy, djrk gS vkSj mldh izkfIr

gsrq vusd lk/ku tqVkrk gSA dHkh&dHkh euq"; ds }kjk fuf'pr fd;s x;s mís'; rks izkIr gksrs gS]

dHkh&dHkh ugh izkIr gksrs gS] ysfdu mís'; dh izkfIr gsrq fd;s x;s dk;Z dqN u dqN vuqHko vo'; ns

tkrs gSaA f'k{k.k vf/kxe izfØ;k esa f'k{kd dk eq[; mís'; f'k{k.k dk;Z dks izHkko'kkyh ,oa O;kogkfjd

cukuk gksrk gS rFkk ckydksa ds Kku vkSj f'k{k.k dk;Z dk ewY;kadu djuk gksrk gSA mPp f'k{kk dk izkjEHk

ge Lukrd d{kkvksa ls ekurs gS ftldh f'k{kk fo'ofo|ky;ksa vkSj egkfo|ky;ksa esa iznku dh tkrh gSA

v/;kid f'k{kk dk ewyHkwr y{; mÙke v/;kid ,oa v/;kfidkvksa dk fuekZ.k djuk ,oa mudh dk;Z

dq'kyrk dks c<+kuk gSA orZeku le; esa ns[kk x;k gS fd v/;kid f'k{kk esa vusd fod`fr;k¡ ,oa leL;k;sa

mRiUu gks jgh gSa] f'k{k.k vf/kxe dk;Z ls f'k{kd vkSj Nk= nksuksa nwj Hkkxrs gq, fn[kkbZ ns jgs gSA f'k{kk

i)fr Hkkoh ,oa orZeku vko';drkvksa dks iw.kZ djus esa vleFkZ gksrh utj vk jgh gSA ftl izdkj ls

lgh jkLrs ds vHkko esa euq"; vius y{; LFkku rd ugh igq¡p ldrk mlh izdkj fcuk izHkkoh f'k{k.k

O;oLFkk ds f'k{kk ls lacaf/kr y{;ksa dks ugh izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA vr% f'k{k.k vf/kxe dk;Z dks

izHkko'kkyh cukus ds fy, orZeku ifjn`'; ds vuqlkj f'k{kk dk mís';] ikB~;Øe] f'k{k.kfof/k dk iz;ksx

djrs gq, f'k{k.k dk;Z djuk pkfg,A Nk=ksa ds fy, funsZ'ku ,oa ijke'kZ dh mfpr O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg,A

ijh{kk iz.kkyh esa lq/kkj dj ewY;kadu i)fr dks izHkkoh cukuk pkfg,A

v/;kid f”k{kk% xq.kkRed lq/kkj dh lEHkkouk,a

*eqds”k dqekj]

**izeksn dqekj oekZ ,oa

***MkW- equs”k dqekj

* ofj’B “kks/k v/;srk] f”k{kk”kkL= foHkkx] N+=ifr “kkgw th egkjkt] fo”ofo|ky;] dkuiqj ¼m-ç-½ **ofj’B “kks/k Nk=] f”k{kk”kkL= foHkkx] N+=ifr “kkgw th egkjkt] fo”ofo|ky;] dkuiqj ¼m-ç-½

***,lksfl,V izksQslj] f”k{kk”kkL= foHkkx] N+=ifr “kkgw th egkjkt] fo”ofo|ky;] dkuiqj ¼m-ç-½

v/;kid f”k{kk ls fdlh O;fDr dks dq”ky] ;ksX;] ,oa lQy f”k{kd cuk;k tk ldrk gSA

v/;kid f”k{kk fdlh Hkh jk’Vª dh f”k{kk O;oLFkk eq[; vk/kkj gksrh gSA blds xq.kkRed fodkl ds vHkko

eas] ml jk’Vª esa xq.koRrkijd f”k{kk iz.kkyh dh dYiuk djuk vfr”k;ksfDr gksxhA gekjs jk’Vª esa fo”ks’k

:Ik ls Lora=rk ds Ik”pkr v/;kid f”k{kk ds xq.kkRed lq/kkj ds fy, lrr iz;kl fd, tk jgs gSaa fdUrq

ljdkj o uhfr fuekZrkvksa esa v/;kid f”k{kk ds lqfu;ksftr fodkl ds fy, n`.k bZPNk “kfDr dk vHkko

,oa dqdjeqRrksa dh rjg mx jgs Lo&foRriksf’kr f”k{k.k&izf”k{k.k laLFkku] orZeku esa v/;kid f”k{kk

iz.kkyh ds fy, lcls cMh pqukSrh gSaA f”k{k.k izf”k{k.k laLFkkuksa esa f”k{kd izf”k{kdksa dks dk;Z lUrks’k fey

lds] blds fy, laLFkkuksa ds laxBukRed okrkoj.k esa vis{kkuq:i ifjorZu fd, tk jgs gSA tfLVl oekZ

vk;ksx ¼vxLr] 2012½ us ch-Vh-lh-@Mh-,M~-] ch-,M~-] o ,e-,M~- ds ikB~;dze esa O;kid lq/kkj dh laLrqfr

dhA tfLVl oekZ vk;ksx dh laLrqfr ds vk/kkj ij gh ch-,M~ ,oa ,e-,M~- ds ikB~;Øe dh vof/k dks

f}o’khZ; fd;k x;k tks v/;kid f”k{kk iz.kkyh esa xq.kkRed lq/kkj dh fn”kk esa lS)kfUrd :Ik ls ,d cM+k

dne gS fdUrq blds ifj.kke vkus “ks’k gSaA jkT; ljdkjksa ,oa dsUnz ljdkj }kjk xfBr vk;kxksa] lfefr;ksa

,oa laxBuksa us Hkh v/;kid f”k{kk ds xq.kkRed fodkl esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk;h gSaaA izLrqr izi= esa

v/;kid f”k{kk esa xq.kkRed lq/kkj ls lEcfU/kr vk;kxksa] lfefr;ksa o laxBuksa }kjk lq>k, x, lHkh

igyqvksa ij foLrkj ls izdk”k Mkyk x;k gsSA




f'k{kd f”k{kk esa usr`Ro ,oa izcU/ku

Monika Srivastav Lecturer

Department of D.El.Ed., Abhinav Sewa Sansthan, Kanpur

usr`Ro dh vko”;drk thou ds izR;sd {ks= esa iM+rh gSA ikfjokfjd thou Hkh rHkh lq[ke; gks

ldrk gS tcfd mldk usr`RodrkZ dq”ky gksA lkekftd rFkk jktuSfrd thou dq”ky usr`Ro ls gh

mUufr dj ldrk gSA blh izdkj f”k{kk ds izR;sd Lrj ij izHkkoh usr`Ro dh vko”;drk gSA usr`Ro bl

izdkj dk gksuk pkfg, fd fo|ky; ds y{; dh iwfrZ dk iw.kZ lk/ku gksA izcU/kd dks iztkrU= ds egRo

dk Kku rFkk mlds fl)kUrksa ij fo”okl gksuk pkfg,A rHkh os le; ds vuqlkj f”k{kk i)fr dks tUe

ns ldrs gSaA f”k{kd fo|ky; ds os usr`RodrkZ gSa ftuds usr`Ro esa fo|ky; dk laiw.kZ fodkl gks ikrk gSA

f”k{kd lekt ,oa jk’Vª fuekZ.k dh izfØ;k dk vfHkUu vax gSA fcuk f”k{kd ds ;ksxnku ds ,d mUur

,oa lH; lekt dk fuekZ.k ugha gks ldrk gSA izR;sd O;fDr dh lQyrk ds ihNs fdlh u fdlh f”k{kd

dh izsj.kk fufgr gksrh gSA izR;sd f”k{kd dks ;g /;ku j[kuk pkfg;s fd mldk /;s; Nk=ksa ds lkekftd

rFkk CkkSf)d fopkjksa esa tks loZJs’B gS] mldks izkIr djds mls fodflr djuk gSA f”k{kk i)fr Hkkjrh;

ukxfjd ds pfj=&xBu] vkpkj&fopkj rFkk Hkkoukvksa dk fodkl bl izdkj djs fd izR;sd ukxfjd

vius mRrjnkf;Ro dks iw.kZ :Ik ls le>s rFkk mu izo`fRr;ksa ds mUewyu esa lgk;d gks tks iztkrU=okn

ds fo:) dk;Z djrh gksaA bu vko”;drkvkssa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, “kSf{kd izzcU/k vius izcU/kkRed <+kaps

dks bl izdkj <kys fd bu y{;ksa dh izkfIr gks ldsA tgka fdlh fo|ky; ds lapkyu esa fdlh etcwr

usrk dk gksuk fuLlansg vko”;d gS ogha fo|ky; ds f”k{kdksa dh dM+h esgur vkSj is”ksoj ;ksX;rkvksa ds

dkj.k fo|ky; ds izHkkoh f”k{kk ds izko/kku dk Hkh leku egRo gSA

f'k{kd f'k{kk dh leL;k,as % dkj.k o fuokj.k

uohu pkSjfl;k

,e-,M- ¼Nk=½

f'k{kk ladk;] pkS- pj.k Çlg ih-th-d�yst] gSojk] bVkok ¼m-ç-½

fo'o ds leLr dk;ksZ esa f'k{k.k dk dk;Z lcls ifo= gSA izkphu le; esa f'k{kd o Nk= nksuks

gh vius drZO;ksa dk ikyu bZekunkjh o drZO;fu"Bk ls djrs FksA orZeku le; esa nksuks gh vius drZO;ksa

dk fuokZg Bhd <ax ls ugha dj ik jgs gaSA bldk ,d dkj.k HkkSfrdrkoknh lksp o nwljk f'k{kd Nk=

vuqikr esa vlUrqyu rhljk f'k{kd izf'k{k.k laLFkkuksa }kjk ;ksX;] drZO;fu"B] nwjn'khZ o tkx:Ik

v/;kidksa dks rS;kj u dj ikuk gSA bldks eaS ,d okLrfod mnkgj.k }kjk Li"V djuk pkgw¡xkA eSa ,d

bUVj dkWyst esa cksMZ ijh{kk esa M~;wVh dj jgk FkkA tc eaS izFke ikyh ¼izkr% 7%30 ls 10%30½ dh ijh{kk

lekIr djOkkdj mRrj iqfLrdk,sa tek djus iz/kkukpk;Z d{k esa igqapk rks d{k ds ckgj ,d cM+k cYo

ty jgk FkkA eSusa d{k es tkdj dqN cVu nckdj cYo cUn djus dk iz;kl fd;kA tc cYo cUn ugha

gqvk rks eaSus iz/kkukpk;Z egksn; ls cYo cUn djus dk vuqjks/k fd;kA iz/kkukpk;Z mPp f'kf{kr O;fDr FksA

tks vk;ksx }kjk p;fur gq, Fks] dk mRrj lqudj eSa vk'p;Zpfdr jg x;kA mUgksus dgk bls cUn djus

dk dksbZ cVu ugha gS tc ykbV pyh tk;sxh ;g Lor% cUn gks tk;sxkA

ckr cgqr NksVh lh gS ijUrq ;g crkus ds fy;s Ik;kZIr gS fd f'k{k.k izf'k{k.k esa dgha u dgha

dqN dfe;k¡ fo|eku gS ;gh dkj.k gS fd vkt f'k{kd lekt dh vdka{kkvksa ij [kjk ugha mrj ik jgk

gSA leL;k,as gekjh gaS rks lek/kku Hkh gesa gh [kkstuk gksxkA leL;k,as rks cuh gh lek/kku djus ds fy;s

gaSA ges rks cl bu leL;kvksa ds izfr vkdf"kZr gksus okys f'k{kd rS;kj djus gSA




f'k{kk esa uSfrdrk

*MkW0 vt; dqekj ;kno ,oa

**ftrsUnz flag ;kno

*,lksfl,V izksQslj] f'k{kk ladk;] pkS- pj.k Çlg ih-th-d�yst] gSojk] bVkok ¼m-ç-½

**“kks/k Nk=] f'k{kk ladk;] pkS- pj.k Çlg ih-th-d�yst] gSojk] bVkok ¼m-ç-½

orZeku le; esa thou ds lHkh {ks=ksa esa uSfrdrk dk ,d egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSa o rFkk f”k{kk Hkh

ekuoh; thou dh ,d ewyHkwr izfdz;k gSA ,d vPNs O;fDrRo dk fuekZ.k djus ds fy, “kS{kkf.kd

O;oLFkk esa uSfrdrk dks ikB~;dze ds :I eas j[kk tkuk vfr vko”;d gSA O;fDr ds vkpkj fopkj mlds

O;ogkj dks izHkkfor djrk gS uSfrdrk ds fcuk thou dks fofu;fer djuk vkSj ftEEksnkjh ls dk;Z djuk

cgqr gh dfBu gksxkA uSfrdrk ds egRo dks fdlh Hkh thou esa utjvankt ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS

blfy, ;s vko”;d gS fd f”k{kk ds {ks= esa uSfrdrk gksuk t:jh gS D;wfd os iz.kkyh dks vklkuh ls

pyus esa enn djrs gSA o’kksZ ls f”k{kk esa uSfrdrk dks cgqr egRo fn;k x;k gS fo|ky;ksa esa Nk=ksa dks

muds uSfrd ewY;ksa ds ckjs esa tkx:d djus ds fy;s f”k{kdksa dh fu;qfDr dh xbZ gSA f”k{kd Nk=ksa ds

thou esa ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gS os u dsoy f”k{kk iznku djrs gS cfYd Nk=ksa ds O;fDrRo dks

fodfLkr djus ess enn djrs gSA blfy, ;g vko”;d gS fd os Loa; uSfrdrk dk ikyu djsA uSfrdrk

Nk=ksa dks vius f”k{kdks dk lEEkku djus vkSj muds }kjk fu/kkZfjr fu;eks dk ikyu djus dh vuqefr

nsrh gSA rFkk Nk=ksa dks vdknfed v[k.Mrk vkSj ftEEksnkjh ds lkFk gh Lo&vuq”kklu dk vH;kl djuk

pkfg, O;fDr ds thou esa uSfrd f”k{kk fofHkUUk pj.kksa esa iznku dh tkuh pkfg,&

1-ifjokj esa uSfrd f”k{kk 2-Ldwy esa uSfrd f”k{kk 3-fo”ofo|ky; esa uSfrd f”k{kk 4-O;kikj esa uSfrd f”k{kk

f”k{kk esa uSfrdrk f”k{kk iz.kkyh dks fofu;fer djus esa enn djrh gS vkSj ;g lqfuf”pr djrh gS fd

bldk ekuo dY;k.k ds izfr ldkjkRed ;ksxnku gS gekjs ns”k dh ;qok ih<ha vius uSfrd ewY;ksa dks

Hkwyrs tk jgs gS rFkk lekt esa O;kIr ubZ lqfo/kkvksa vkSj izkS|ksfxdh ds dkj.k os vius uSfrd xq.kksa ls nwj

gksrs tk jgs gS blfy, f”k{kk dk uSfrdrk gksuk vfrvko”;d gSA ftlls ge vius lekt dh ;qok ih<h

dk uSfrd ,oa pkfjf=d fodkl dj lds] vkSj ,d vPNs ukxfjd dk fuekZ.k fd;k tk ldsA

“uSfrdrk thou ds mu lHkh {ks=ksa esa vfuok;Z fLFkfr gS tks fo”o esa lcls vf/kd

mi;qDr gSA’’ &vusZLV dSYMdksV

orZeku es ;ksx f'k{kk dk egRo

v#.k dqekj

Nk= & ,e-,M- çFke o"kZ

f'k{kk ladk;] pkS- pj.k Çlg ih-th-d�yst] gSojk] bVkok ¼m-ç-½

;ksx foè;k ;ksx f'k{kk dk tud Hkkjr gksus ds dkj.k Hkkjrh; n'kZu es ;ksx dk loZJs"B LFkku gS

;ksx f'k{kk dk thou ls xgjk lacaèk gS fdlh O;fä ds thou es tSlh f'k{kk gksrh gS oSls gh mlds

thou dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS ekuo thou es vLVkax ;ksx dh lkèkuk dk pje Qy gS ;ksx dk eq[; mís'k;

gS ÃÜoj çkfIr ;ksxkH;kl djus ls ;fn fdlh dks Hkxoku Hkfä çkIr ugÈ gqÃ rks mldk ç;kl O;FkZ gS

D;ksfd ;ksx lkèkuk ,d ÃÜoj dk;Z gS tc vki fu"dke Hkko ls fdlh vijfpr dks bldh çsj.kk nsrk gS

;ksx lkèkuk ds fy;s çsfjr djrs gS rks ;g ,d nSoh; dk;Z gks tkrk gS ysfdu ;g rHkh laHko gS tc

ge Lo;e æ<+çfrKk cudj ekus fd bl lalkj ds çR;sd d.k es ÃÜoj dk okl gS vksj lHkh tho mlh

dk :i gS vkèkqfud le; es O;Lr thou 'kSyh ds dkj.k yksxksa ds eu es vlarks"k dh Hkkouk O;kIr gksrh

tk jgh gS bl vlarks"k dks nwj djus ds fy;s çk.kh ;ksx dk lgkjk ys jgk gS orZeku le; es ;ksx f'k{kk

ls euq"; thou es 'kkafr rFkk v'kkafr nksuksa dk lekèkku ;ksx gh gS ;ksx eqæk rFkk è;ku eu dks ,dkxz

eu ls Lej.k 'kfä dk fodkl gksrk gS ;ksx }kjk rdZ 'kfä dk Hkh fodkl gksrk gS ;ksx fpÙkozfr;ksa vksj

eu dks vuq'kkflr djus dk cM+k gh çHkko'kkyh lkèku gSA




f”k{k.k lq/kkj dks lq/kkjus ds fy, cgq&vk;keh iz.kkyh O;kid leFkZu

*MkW0 vt; dqekj ;kno ,oa

**f”kYih dqekjh

*,lksfl,V izksQslj] f'k{kk ladk;] pkS- pj.k Çlg ih-th-d�yst] gSojk] bVkok ¼m-ç-½

**,e- ,M- Nk=k] f'k{kk ladk;] pkS- pj.k Çlg ih-th-d�yst] gSojk] bVkok ¼m-ç-½

21 oha “krkCnh dh oSf”od vFkZO;oLFkk ,sls okrkoj.k esa mUufr dj ldrh gS tks jpukRedrk

,oa dkYifudrk foospukRed lksp vkSj leL;k ds lek/kku ls lEcfU/kr dkS”ky ij vk/kkfjr gSa ;fn

cPpksa dks okLrfod nqfu;k dk vkRefo”okl ls lkeuk djus dh f”k{kk nh tk, rks Hkkjr esa bl tu

lkaf[;dh; fgLls dh lEiw.kZ lkeF;Z dk vius fy, mi;ksx djus dh {kerk gSA la/kkj.kh; fodkl y{;

2030 dks vaxhdkj djus ds ckn /;ku ek/;fed f”k{kk ds Lrj rd xq.koRrk ds lkFk fu’i{krk ij

LFkkukUrfjr gks x;k gSA dqN eghuksa igys iz/kkuea=h Jh ujsUnz eksnh us eu dh ckr esa vius ,d m}ks/ku

esa xq.koRrk ds egRo ij bu “kcnksa esa tksj fn;k FkkA ^^vc rd ljdkj dk /;ku ns”k Hkj esa f”k{kk ds

izlkj ij Fkk fdUrq vc oDr vk x;k gS fd /;ku f”k{kk dh xq.koRrk ij fn;k tk,A vc ljdkj dks

Ldwfyax dh ctk; Kku ij vf/kd /;ku nsuk pkfg,A fo|ky;ksa esa f”k{kk dh xq.koRrk ds Lrj dks

lq/kkjus ds fy, dsUnz ,oa jkT; nksuksa ljdkjsa uohu O;kid n`f’Vdks.kksa ,oa j.kuhfr;ksa dks cuk jgs gSA

dqN fo”ks’k dk;Z {ks=ksa dh ckr djsa rks v/;kidksa] d{kk d{k esa viukbZ tkus okyh dk;Zfof/k;k sa] Nk=ksa esa

Kku esa ewY;kadu ,oa fu/kkZj.k] fo|ky;h volajpuk] fo|ky;h izHkko”khyrk ,ao lkekftd lgHkkfxrk ls

lEcfU/kr eqn~nksa ij dk;Z fd;k tkuk gSA

f'k{kd f'k{kk esa f}o"khZ; dk;ZØe% izklafxdrk ,oa ewY;kadu

*vfUrek jkBkSj ,oa

**lR; ujk;u ;kno

*,e0,M0 Nk=k f}rh; o"kZ] f'k{kk foHkkx] N=ifr 'kkgw th egkjkt fo'ofo|ky; dkuiqj ¼m0iz0½

**,e0,M0 Nk= f}rh; o"kZ] f'k{kk foHkkx] N=ifr 'kkgw th egkjkt fo'ofo|ky; dkuiqj ¼m0iz0½

f'k{k.k dk dk;Z lHkh dk;ksZ es aifo=re ,oa ijeko';d ekuk tkrk gSA f'k{k.k dh izfØ;k

fuf'pr :i ls v/;kid f'k{kk ij fuHkZj gS D;ksafd v/;kid f'k{kk gh og ek/;e gS ftlds }kjk Hkkoh

v/;kidx.k fufgr dkS'ky rFkk rduhdks ls ifjfpr gks ldrs gSA vkSj muesa n{krktZu djrs gq,

visf{kr f'k{k.k O;ogkjksa dks vkRelkr djus es al{ke gks ikrs gS ¼HkV~Vkpk;Z % 2016&17½A f'k{kd f'k{kk

¼ch0,M0] ,e0,M0½ dks v|ru ,oa mEnk cukus ds fy, le;≤ ij LorU= Hkkjr esa jk/kkd"uu

vk;ksx ¼1948&49½] eqnkfy;j vk;ksx ¼1952½] dksBkjh vk;ksx ¼1964&66½] jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr ¼1986½]

jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk ¼2005½] jk"Vªh; v/;kid f'k{kk ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk ¼2009½ esa fofHkUu

egRoiw.kZ lq>ko fn, gS] ijUrq bu lq>koksa dk mfpr rjg ls fØ;kUo;u ugha gks ik;k ftlds dkj.k

v/;kid f'k{kk dh xq.koRrk esa fujUrj âkl gksrk jgkA f'k{kd f'k{kk ds fujUrj fxjrs Lrj esa xq.kkRed

lq/kkj ykus ds fy, tfLVl oekZ vk;ksx ¼2012½ ,oa iwue c=k lfefr ¼2014½ us ch0,M0 ,oa ,e0,M0

dk;ZØe dks nks o"khZ; djus dh odkyr dh ,oa bldh lajpuk Hkh rS;kj dh ftls NCTE us 2014 esas

"Curriculum Framework of National Council for Teacher Education" ds uke ls izdkf'kr fd;k A

NCTE }kjk ch0,M ,oa ,e0 ,M0 dk f}o"khZ; dk;ZØe tqykbZ 2015 ls lEiw.kZ ns'k esa ykxw dj fn;k

x;kA orZeku le; esa ch0,M0 ,oa ,e0,M dk nks o"khZ; ikB~;Øe py jgk gS ftlls v/;kid f'k{kk

ds Lrj esa lq/kkj ,oa fofHkUu i{kksa esa xq.kkRed o`f} gqbZ gSA izLrqr izi= ds ek/;e ls orZeku le; esa

fØ;kfUor nks o"khZ; ch0,M0 ,oa ,e0,M0 dk;ZØe dh izklafxdrk ,oa ewY;kadu ij izdk'k Mkyk x;k

gSA




v/;kid f”k{kk esa lq/kkj ds fy, cgqvk;keh lkekftd ewY;kadu iz.kkyh ,d iz;ksx

f”ko ujk;u

,l0 vkj0 ,Q0

f'k{kk foHkkx] N=ifr 'kkgw th egkjkt fo'ofo|ky; dkuiqj ¼m0iz0½

vPNs f”k{kdksa dks rS;kj djus ds fy, v/;kid f”k{kk dk;ZØe ds ek/;e ls v/;kidks dks rS;kj

fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn v/;kidksa ds O;fDrRo dks cgqvk;keh cuk;k tk ld]s rks fu”p; gh ,ls v/;kid vPNs

ukxfjdksa dks rS;kj dj ldsxsa vkSj jk’Vª ds fuekZ.k ,oa fodkl esa muds ;ksxnku dks Hkqyk;k ugh tk ldrkA

v/;kidksa ds fy, dgk tkrk gS fd ltu vksj izy; mldh xksn esa [ksyrs gS vfr”k;ksfDr u gk sxhA

cgqvk;keh lkekftd ewY;kadu iz.kkyh esa lcls igys f”k{k.k ds y{; blds Ik”pkr~ y{;ksa dh izkfIr ds fy,

fØ;kvksa uhfr;ks dk fu/kkkZj.k ,oa vUr%fØ;kvksa dk fu/kkZj.k ,oa mudk Øec) djuk vUr esa mn~ns”;ksa dh

fdl lhek rd izkfIr gqbZ dk irk yxkuk blds ckn mn ~ns”; ftl lhek rd izkIr ugh gq, gSA buds

dkj.ksa dh tkWp ds Ik”pkr lq/kkj vkSj ifjorZu ykus ds iz;kl djukA ;g lEeiw.kZ izfØ;k gh lkekftd

ewY;kdau iz.kkyh dgykrh gSA v/;kid f”k{kk dk;ZØe pkgs og fdlh Hkh Lrj dk D;ksa u gks] mlds ek/;e

ls lektksi;ksxh] O;ogkjdq”ky vkSj vkthfodkxr n{krk ;qDr O;fdrRo okys v/;kidksa dks rS;kj djuk

gksrk gSA v/;kidksa dks lsukvksa dh rjg gh jk’Vhª; vkinkvksa vkSj izkd`frd dfBukb;ksa ds le; vius

nkf;Roksa dks fuHkkus ds rRij jguk pkfg,] rHkh og jk’Vª&fuekZrk ds :Ik es lEeku ikus ds gdnkj gksxsaA

ikB;~&lgxkeh fØ;k;sa os fØ;kdyki gS] tks ijks{k :Ik esa fo|ky;h fØ;kdykiksa lekfgr ugh gksrk gSA

ftlds ek/;e ls v/;kidksa ,oa Nk=ksa ds “kkjhfjd] ekufld] HkkoukRed rFkk laosxkRed ,oa lkekftd

lkeUtL; dj ikuk v/;kidksa ds fy, lEHko gks ikrk gSA ikB;~&lgxkeh fØ;kvksa esa lkfgfR;d fØ;kdyki]

;ksxklu] Hkk’k.k] okn&fookn] lkewfgd [ksy] izkFkfed fpfdRlk] {ks=h; dk;Z] Jenku] Ik;kZoj.k tkx:drk]

lekt lsok] LoPNrk] “kSf{kd Hkze.k] lkeqnkf;d dk;Z] tkx:drk dk;ZØe ,oa lossZ{k.k vkfn dk;Z fd;s tkus

pkfg,A ftlls v/;kidksa ,oa Nk=ksa esa usr`Ro dkS”ky] Lo&vfHkO;fDr {kerk] l`tu”khyrk] lkekftdrk vkSj

lkeqnkf;d dRoZ; oks/k] LoPNrk izoU/ku dkS”ky vkfn ewY;ksa dk fodkl gks ldsA v/;kidksa dks fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds

ewY;kadu ds fy, cgq&ewY;kadu iz.kyh dk mi;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ftlls Nk=ksa dk O;kid ,oa lr~r

ewY;kadu fd;k tk ldsA

eq[; “kCn& cgqvk;keh] vkthfodk ,oa ikB;~&lgxkeh fØ;k;saA

,d izkFkfed esa mPp xq.koRrk okys f”k{kd usr`Ro dk fodkl djuk

xkSjo flag

“kks/k Nk=

f'k{kk foHkkx] y[kuÅ fo'ofo|ky;] y[kuÅ ¼m-ç-½

usr`Ro ,d ,slk “kCn gS ftldk vFkZ gS fd vki fdl ij fuHkZj djrs gSaA ckr djrs gSa vkSj lanHkZ

ppkZvksa esa Qalk;k tkrk gS] ;g fØ;kvksa ds ,d lsV dk o.kZu djrk gSA ftldk mn~ns”; yksxksa ;k laxBuksa

dks fodflr djuk vkSj mUgsa lq/kkjuk gS] usr`Ro dj ldrs gSaA ;g Hkh Lrj dk o.kZu ,d ukSdjh ;k iksLV

,d inkuqØe ds Hkhrj cSBrk gSA ^^ifjorZu ds fy;s ,d nf’V fodflr djsa tks fd eSa lq/kkj dh vksj tkrk

gSA f”k{kkfFkZ;ksa ds fy, ifj.kke vkSj lk>k ewY;kasa vkSj etcwr ij vk/kkfjr gSA ^^orZeku vH;kl vkSj ifj.kkeksa

ds lk{; dk ewY;kadu** vkSj ^^nwljksa dks fodflr djus vkSj ikyu djus ds fy;s nwljksa dks tqVkus] l{ke

vkSj leFkZu djus dh {kerkA ml ifjorZu dks izkIr djus ds fy, j.kuhfr;ksa ds ek/;e lsA** f”k{kd usr`Ro

rc gksrk gS tc ,d f”k{kd lQyrkiwoZd vkxs c<+rk gS ¼tSlk fd Åij of.kZr gS½ ikB~;Øe vkSj Nk=ksa dks

viuh d{kkvksa esaA eSa ,pD;w,y,y dks usrRo ds :Ik esa ifjHkkf’kr djrk gw¡ tks fd foHkkx dh LFkkiuk usr`Ro

dkS”ky vkSj {kerkvksa ds ,d O;kid lkj.kh dks ykxw djus ls f”k{kdksa us fo|kfFkZ;ksa vkSj lgdfeZ;ksa dks

leku ;k mlls de ds fy, ifj.kkeksa dks c<+k;k lalk/ku vkSj ;s ifj.kke LFkkbZ gSa tc Ldwy Hkj esa f”k{kdksa

O;k;ke ,pD;w,y,y] ,d rkyesy izHkko yxrk gS] usrRo dh vksj vf/kd tksM+uk izHkko”khyrkA




uSfrd f'k{kk & D;k vkSj dSls

*MkW- vuhrk tk;loky ,oa

**nhfIr tkSgjh

*vflLVsaV izksQslj] lkgwjke Lo:i efgyk egkfo|ky;] cjsyh

** ,lksfl,V izksQslj] lkgwjke Lo:i efgyk egkfo|ky;] cjsyh

vkt gekjs thou ds lHkh {ks=ksa esa uSfrdrk dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA f'k{kk Hkh ekuo thou dh

vk/kkjHkwr izfØ;k gSA O;fDr ds fuekZ.k vkSj lekt ds mRFkku esa f'k{kk dh vR;kf/kd egRoiw.kZ ,oa

izHkkoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gSA uSfrd f'k{kk ij ckr djus ls iwoZ ^ûSfrdrk** dks le>uk vR;ko';d gSA

^ûSfrdrk**] uSfrd n'kZu dh ,d 'kk[kk gS] nwljksa ds chp] blesa lgh vkSj xyr vkpj.k dh

vo/kkj.kkvksa dh j{kk vkSj vuq'kalk 'kkfey gSA

vYcVZ fLpRt+j ds vuqlkj ^ûSfrdrk fodkl esa igyk dne vU; euq";ksa ds lkFk ,d tqVrk dh

Hkkouk gSA**

ewy uSfrdrk gekjs Hkhrj fNidj cSBs gq, vkRek dh LoPNrk rFkk mlds LokLF; ;k mldh

ifo=rk dks dk;e j[kus dk uke gSA ûSfrdrk* ,slh Hkkouk] ,sls fpUru rFkk ,sls O;ogkj dk uke gS

ftlls&

euq"; ds Hkhrj tks vkRek gS rFkk euq"; ds ckgj tks ukuk dk;e l`f"V gS mu nksuksa ds izfr

euq"; ,d lkFk viuk rnkRe; LFkkfir dj ldsA

euq"; vkSj euq"; ds chp fo'okl] vkLFkk] lg;ksx rFkk lEeku dh LFkkiuk gksA

uSfrd f'k{kk D;ksa nh tk;s] bl iz'u dk mRrj ;g gS fd uSfrdrk ij gh thou gS vkSj

vuSfrdrk e`R;q gS vkt tks gesa ;g vkokt lqukbZ ns jgh gS fd f'k{kk eas uSfrdrk dk Hkh lekos'k gksuk

pkfg, mldk ewy dkj.k v/;kfRed ugha gS cfYd HkkSfrd thou ftu ijs'kkfu;ksa esa vkt iM+ x;k gS

mlh ds =kl ls ge uSfrd f'k{Kk dks ;kn djus yxs gSA uSfrdrk ds vHkko ds ns'k dk fodkl :d

x;k gS euq"; fujk'k rFkk O;kdqy gks x;k gSA D;ksafd thou esa vuSfrdrk Nk x;h gSaA foKku dk xoZ

pwj gks x;k gS tks lkjh HkkSfrd leL;kvksa ds lek/kku djus dk Bsdk ys jgk FkkA uSfrdrk ds izlkj ds

fcuk foKku dk izlkj ?kkrd gksrk tk jgk gSA

rks vc iz'u mBrk gS fd uSfrd f'k{kk dSls nh tk;saA bl iz'u dks lgh <+x ls j[kus gsrq

mls myV nw¡xh vkSj dgw¡xh fd iz'u ;ks iwfN;s fd vuSfrd f'k{kk Lo;a gh ,d vuSfrdrk gS dkj.k

Ldwyksa esa mRiknd ifjJe rks fuf"k) dj fn;k x;k tks fd uSfrd thou dk ewyk/kkj gS vkSj dsoy

ckSf)d Kku ds O;kikj ij tksj fn;k x;k bl izdkj :ikUrj ls ijksithoh thou dk] 'kkld thou

dk] nh?kZdkyhu vH;kl Ldwyksa esa fn;k tkus yxk bl izdkj f'k{kk dks lkoZtuhu ;k ;wuholZy cukus

dh dksf'k'k dh x;h ftlls f'k{kk rks ugha cfYd vuSfrdrk loZtuhu gksrh tk jgh gS tSls tSls f'k{kk

QSy jgh gSa vusdkusd :iksa esa eq¶r[kksjh rFkk izfr;ksfxrk c<+ jgh gS ;kfu vuSfrdrk c<+ jgh gSA xk¡/kh

th us tks cqfu;knh rkyhe dh ckr dh vkSj dgk fd mRiknd ifjJe dks f'k{kk dh cqfu;kn rFkk f'k{kk

dh /kqjh cukvks mldk [kkl dkj.k ;g Fkk fd f'k{kk dh vuSfrd fo"kkäk dks nwj djus dk nwljk dksbZ

Hkh mik; ugha gSA




Hkkjr esa v/;kid f'k{kk ds fy, lq>ko

*nhfidk ,oa

**Mk- vuhrk 'kekZ

*vflLVsaV izksQslj] MkW- oh-,l-vkbZ-ih-,l-] fdnobZ uxj] dkuiqj

**vflLVsaV izksQslj] MkW- oh-,l-vkbZ-ih-,l-] fdnobZ uxj] dkuiqj

f'k{kk dk Lo:i cgqr gh O;kid ,oa foLrr gksrk gS rFkk bldk vkjaHk ckyd ds bl lalkj esa

ços'k ls gksrk gS vkSj vUr mlds thou dh lekfIr ij gksrk gSA vr% ge dg ldrs gSa fd f'k{kk esa

thou ewY;] laL—fr rFkk ijEijkvksa ds ifjçs{; esa gh ;ksX;rkvksa dk vkdyu djus dk ç;kl fd;k

tkrk gS u fd ek= dq'kyrk vkSj n{krk ds lUnHkZ esaA ;gh dkj.k gS fd vk/kqfud ;qxksi;ksxh v/;kid

ds ek= çf'kf{kr gksus ls dke ugha py ldrk] cfYd mUgsa f'kf{kr gksus ds fy, ç;kl djuk pkfg,

rkfd v/;kid f'k{kk ek= ,d dk;ZØe gh ugha gS] cfYd ,slk fe'ku ;k vk;kstu gS] ftlds ek/;e ls

jk"Vªh; lanHkZ esa vk/kqfud ,d ifjofrZr v/;kidh; Hkwfedk ds fuoZgu ds fy, n{krk rFkk dq'kyrk çkfIr

gsrq O;fä;ksa dks f'kf{kr fd;k tk ldsA f'k{kd dk lEeku çkphu dky ls orZeku dky rd gh lhfer

ugha gSA f'k{kdksa ds dk;Z O;ogkj ,oa drZO;fu"Bk esa o`f) ds fy, le; le; ij fofHkUu vk;ksxksa }kjk

lq>ko fn, x, gSa] ftUgsa f'k{kd f'k{kk laca/kh lq>koksa ds ek/;e ls tkuk x;k gSA f'k{kd f'k{kk esa visf{kr

lq/kkj Hkh laHko gqvk gS rFkk çR;sd v/;kid f'k{kk esa lsokjr çf'k{k.k çnku djuk] v/;kid f'k{kk esa

vuqla/kku dks çkFkfedrk nsuk f'k{kd f'k{kk ds uohu fo|ky;ksa dks ekU;rk çnku djuk] f'k{kd f'k{k.k esa

uohu ;k uokpkjks dk ç;ksx ,oa f'k{kd f'k{kk esa fofHkUu çdkj ds çf'k{k.kksa dh O;oLFkk vkfn fofHkUu

vk;ksx ,oa f'k{kk uhfr;ksa esa lq/kkj ds dkj.k laHko gks ldrk gSA

f'k{kd f'k{kk esa vuqla/kku rFkk uokpkj

Pushpa Lata Singh Lecturer


'kSf{kd vuqla/kku Nk= v/;;u] f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa] f'k{kd izf'k{k.k vkSj d{kk xfrdh tSls fofHkUu

igyqvksa ds ewY;kadu dks lanfHkZr djus okys fof/k;ksa dks dgk tkrk gSA 'kSf{kd vuqla/kku ls rkRi;Z ml

vuqla/kku ls gksrk gS tks f'k{kk ds {ks= esa fd;k tkrk gSA mldk mn~ns'; f'k{kk ds fofHkUu igyqvksa]

vk;keksa] izfØ;kvksa vkfn ds fo"k; esa uohu Kku dk l`tu] orZeku Kku dh lR;rk dk ijh{k.k] mldk

fodkl ,oa Hkkoh ;ksutkvksa dh fn'kkvksa dk fu/kkZj.k djuk gksrk gSA ^jsMesu ,oa eksjh* us f'k{kd esa f'k{kk

vuqla/kku dks uohu Kku izkfIr ds fy;s O;ofLFkr iz;kl ekuk gSA ^^v/;kid f'k{k.k }kjk visf{kr

mn~ns';ksa dh iwfrZ djuh vko';d gSA dsoy v/;kid f'k{kk dh leL;kvksa dh la[;k c<+kus rFkk i=kpkj

ls v/;kid f'k{kk dh lqfo/kk ls ns'k dk Hkyk ugha gks ldrk gSA bl {ks= esa 'kks/k v/;;u ij fo'ks"k

/;ku nsus dh vko';drk gSA** Hkkjr lfgr fo'o ds lHkh ns'kksa esa ,d vkdka{kk gS fd lh[kus dh izfØ;k

os fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh lfØ; Hkwfedk gSA blds fy;s vR;f/kd dq'ky f'k{kd vkSj xq.koRrkiw.kZ f'k{kd&f'k{kk

dk gksuk vko';d gSA ^v/;kid f'k{kk dk le`f)dj.k^ dkslZ f'k{kd izf'k{kdksa dks eqDr ^'kSf{kd lalk/kuksa

(Open Educational Resources) ls ifjfpr djkrk gSA^ tks fd eqDr ¼fu%'kqYd ,oa vklkuh ls miyC/k½

vf/kxe lkefxz;k¡ gSa] ftUgsa fo'ks"k lanHkksZa esa mi;ksx ds vuqdwy cuk;k tk ldrk gSA ;g dkslZ tkudkjh

nsrk gS fd v/;kid f'k{kk dk;ZØeksa dh :ijs[kk cukus vkSj muds fØ;kUo;u esa vki fdl izdkj OER

dks mi;ksx dj ldrs gSa rkfd d{kk&d{k ds lh[kus fl[kkus dh izfØ;k esa ifjorZu yk ldsA f'k{kd

f'k{kk fo|ky; dh f'k{kk ij fuHkZj gS rFkk bldh foijhr fLFkfr Hkh laHko gks ldrh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS

fd ;fn ge fo|ky; ds Lrj ij f'k{kk ds {ks= esa lq/kkj ;k uokpkj dh dYiuk djrs gSa rks vo'; gh

igys mUgsa f'k{kd f'k{kk ds lanHkZ esa vuqiz;qDr djus ds fy;s iz;kl djuk gksxkA vktdy vusdkusd

uokpkfjd vuqiz;ksx dks v/;kid f'k{kk ds {ks= esa fo'ks"k egRo fn;k tk jgk gSA




v/;kid f'k{kk % lekt ds lkFk laca/k rFkk ;ksxnku

Sangeeta Kanaujia Lecturer


Hkkjr esa f'k{kd f'k{kk uhfr dks le; ds vuqlkj fu:fir fd;k x;k gS vkSj ;g f'k{kk

lfefr;ksa@vk;ksxksa dh fofHkUu fjiksZVksa esa fufgr flQkfj'kksa ij vk/kkfjr gS] ftuesa ls egRoiw.kZ gSa %

dksBkjh vk;ksx ¼1966½] pV~Vksik/;k; lfefr ¼1985½] jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr ¼,u0ih0bZ0 1986&92½] vkpk;Z

jkeewfrZ lfefr ¼1990½] ;'kiky lfefr ¼1993½ ,oa jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ <+k¡pk ¼,u0lh0,Q0 ¼2005½A

fu%'kqYd vkSj vfuok;Z cky f'k{kk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e 2009 tks 1 vizSy 2016 ls ykxw gqvk] dk ns'k esa

f'k{kd f'k{kk ds fy;s egRoiw.kZ fufgrkFkZ gSA jkT; Lrj ij jkT; 'kSf{kd vuqla/kku ,oa izf'k{k.k ifj"knsa]

f'k{kd izf'k{k.k ds ekWM;wy rS;kj djrh gSa vkSj f'k{kd f'k{kdksa vkSj Ldwy f'k{kdksa ds fy;s fof'k"V

ikB~;Øeksa dk lapkyu djrh gSaA f'k{kd f'k{kk egkfo|ky; vkSj mUur f'k{kk fo|k laLFkku] ek/;fed

vkSj ofj"B ek/;fed Ldwy v/;kidksa vkSj f'k{kd f'k{kdksa dks lsokdkyhu izf'k{k.k iznku djrs gSaA

Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dk ,d lw= okD; izpfyr gS ^^relks ek T;ksfrxZe;** bldk vFkZ gS ^va/ksjs ls mtkys

dh vksj tkuk*A bl izfØ;k dks okLrfod vFkksZa esa iwjk djus ds fy;s f'k{kk f'k{kd vkSj lekt rhuks a dh

cM+h Hkwfedk gksrh gSA Hkkjrh; lekt f'k{kk vkSj laLdfr ds ekeys esa izkphudky ls gh cgqr le) jgk

gSA fdlh Hkh jk"Vª dk vkfFkZd] lkekftd] laLd`frd fodkl ml ns'k dh f'k{kk ij fuHkZj djrk gSSA ;fn

jk"Vª dh f'k{kk uhfr vPNh gksrh gS rks ml ns'k dks vkxs c<+us ls dksbZ ugha jksd ldrk gSA ;fn fdlh

Hkh jk"Vª dh f'k{kk uhfr csdkj gS] ysfdu ,d f'k{kd csdkj f'k{kk uhfr dks Hkh vPNh f'k{kk uhfr esa

ifjofrZr dj nsrk gSA okLrfod :i esa Kku gh f'k{kk dk vk'k; gS] Kku esa vkdka{kh gS& fo|kFkhZ vkSj

bls miyC/k djkrk gS f'k{kdA f'k{kd og iFk izn'kZd gS tks Nk=ksa dh iqLrdh; Kku gh ugha cfYd

thou thus dh dyk Hkh fl[kkrk gSA v/;kid f'k{kk v/;kidksa ds fy;s f'k{kk dk vk;kstu gSA v/;kid

f'k{kk dk lekt ls ?kfu"B lEcU/k gS rFkk lekt dh izR;sd {ks= esa mUufr esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSA

f”k{kd f”k{k.k dk vuqla/kku ,oa uokpkj

*lqferk cktisbZ ,oa

**MkW0 uhfr

*,e0,M0 f}rh; o’kZ &Nk=k] pkS0 pj.k flag ih0th0 dkyst] gSaojk ¼bVkok½

**,lksfl,V izksQslj] pkS0 pj.k flag ih0th0 dkyst] gSaojk ¼bVkok½

nqfu;k Hkj esa lcls egRoiw.kZ fparkvksa esa ls ,d blesa dksbZ lUnsg ugha gS ^f”k{kk^ dksbZ QdZ ugha

iMrk fd ge dkSu gSa ;k D;k dk;Z djrs gSaA gekjs ikl gS rks dsoy ckras bl egRoiw.kZ eqn~ns ds ckjs esa

dgus ds fy,] ge yksx dsoy ekStwnk f”k{kk dh vkykspuk djrs gSaA ftu ns”kkas esa ge jgrs gSaA muds

vklikl dh iz.kkyh ds ckjs esa fVIi.kh djrs gSaA f”k{k.k vkSj lh[kus ds u;s rjhds lq>krs gSaA f”k[kk dk

izHkko fufoZokn gSA ysfdu lcls egRoiw.kZ fparkvksa esa “kkfey gS tks leL;k og gS f”k{kdksa dh f”k{kkA

okLro esa bl is”ks dk izn”kZu lHkh f”k{kkfFkZ;ksa ds thou dks vkdkj nsus ls gSA ,d f”k{kd vklkuh ls

,d usrk cu ldrk gS ,oa d{kk esa mlds Nk=ksa ds thou esa ldkjkRed cnyko dj ldrk gSA i;kZoj.k

,oa ns”k ds Hkfo’; dks vkdkj nsus esa f”k{kd ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA D;ksafd f”k{kd gh jk’Vª dk

HkkX; fo/kkrk gksrk gSA bu ^jksy ekWMy^ dks dSlk gksuk pkfg;s f”kf{kr vkSj izf”kf{kr\ ;g fo’k; yEcs

le; ls bl rdZ dks gy djus ds fy, f”k{kd f”k{kk vkSj izf”k{k.k ds {ks= esa lq/kkj djus ds fy,

dk;ZØeksa dk vk;kstu fd;k tk;s ,oa f”k{k.k vkSj fl[kkus dh izfØ;k dh xq.koRrk esa lq/kkj fd;k tk;sA

lekt rsth ls cny jgk gS ,oa f”k{kk lkekftd cnykoksa dk ikyu dj jgh gSA blfy, dqN gn rd

f”k{kk Hkh cny jgh gSA laoS/kkfud vko”;drkvksa esa gekjh f”k{kk dsUnzhÑr gSA fltesa f”k{kdksa dks




O;fDrxr :i ls bl leL;k ls fuiVus dh t:jr gSA ftlds fy, f”k{kd f”k{kk eas vuqla/kku dh

vko”;drk gSA vuqla/kku gesa crkrk gS fd okrkoj.k dSls lsV djsa ,oa fgUnh] laLÑr] vjch vkSj mnwZ

dks i<kus ds fy, vyx&vyx rjhdksa dks f”k{kdksa ds }kjk D;ksa viukuk pkfg;s\ f”k{kdksa dks fdrus

f”k{k.k vH;kl dh vko”;drk gSA f”k{kdkas dks ;g “kks/k djuk gksxk D;ksafd dksbZ cqfu;knh vUrj ugha gSA

f”k{k.k vkSj “kks/k ds chp f”k{kdksa dk iqjkuk fgLlk gSA is”ksoj dke gSA f”k{kdksa ds f”k{k.k ds vUrxZr

v/;kiu dh ;kstuk;sa fodflr dh tk;saA ftlds }kjk f”k{kd Nk=ksa ds dk;ksaZ dk ewY;kadu djsa ,oa

ifj.kkeksa dks lk>k djsa] ftlds fy, f”k{kk esa vuqla/kku dh vko”;drk gSA blds vfrfjDr f”k{k.k

vH;kl] d{kk vH;kl] f”k{kd vH;kl bUgsa fodflr djuk vR;Ur vko”;d gSA ysfdu ,sls dk;ZØeksa dh

lkexzh dks vuqla/kku vk/kkfjr Kku ls lwfpr fd;k tk ldrk gSA f”k{kd f”k{k.k dh ,dhÑr iz.kkyh dks

fodflr djus ds fy, gesa ,dtqV djus ds rjhdksa dks <wa<uk gksxkA f”k{kd f”k{k.k esa lkekU; xq.kork

lqfuf”pr djus dh vko”;drk gSA t:jr gS fd fo|ky;h ra= izfrHkk”kkyh ;qokvksa dks v/;kiu {ks= esa

yk;saA


*MkW0 uhfr ;kno ,oa

**f”k[kk jkuh

*,lksfl,V izksQslj f”k{kk ladk;] pkS0 pj.k flag ih0th0 dkWyst gsaojk bVkok

**,e0,M0 f}rh; o’kZ &Nk=k] pkS0 pj.k flag ih0th0 dkyst] gsaojk ¼bVkok½

vkt dk ;qx futhdj.k dk ;qx gS vkSj bl futhdj.k esa gekjh f”k{kk iz.kkyh dks Hkh vius

vUrxZr lesV fy;k gSA ;g rF; lR; gS fd f”k{kk dk futhdj.k gksus ls f”k{kk ds {ks= esa ØkfUr vkbZ

gSA fMftVy rduhdh dh ckr djsa rks baVjusV] eksckby Qksu] eksckby ,Iyhds”ku] VscysV] ySiVkWi vkSj

vU; vk/kqfud midj.kksa ds fodkl ds dkj.k vkt dh nqfu;k dh vf/kd ls vf/kd phstsa fMftVy gks

jgh gSA Hkkjr ds egkuxjksa vkSj vU; “kgjksa dh f”k{kk iz.kkyh dkQh gn rd vk/kqfudhdr gks x;h gS

ftlls fMftVyhdj.k ds fy, jkLrk cu x;k gSA fMftVy f”k{kk dbZ vUrZjk’Vªh; Ldwyksa ds lkFk&lkFk

Hkkjr dh ikjEifjd f”k{kk iz.kkyh esa viuh txg cuk jgh gS vkSj ikjEifjd d{k izf”k{k.k dk LFkku ys

jgh gSA ,d le; Fkk tc f”k{kd d{kk esa izf”k{k.k ikB~;&iqLrdksa }kjk djk;k tkrk FkkA f”k{kd viuh

ckrksa dks le>ku s ds fy, CysdcksMZ dk bLrseky djrs Fks vkSj Nk= mu “kCnksa dks viuh dkWfi;ksa ij

fy[krs FksA lh[kus ds fy, Nk= v/;kiu vkSj ikjEifjd :Ik ls dk;Z vk/kkfjr rjhdks ds fy, f”k{kdksa

ij vkfJr jgrs Fks vkSj fy[kus vkSj ;kn djus ij vf/kd /;ku dsfUnzr djrs Fks tcfd orZeku le; esa

vc T;knkrj Ldwyksa esa pkWd dk mi;ksx u ds cjkcj gks x;k gSA vktdy fMftVy f”k{k.k tSls

ih0ih0Vh0] ohfM;ks izLrqfr;ksa] bZ&yfuZax ohfM;ks] vH;kl lEcU/kh Mseks vkWuykbu izf”k{k.k vkSj vU;

fMftVy i}fr;ksa ;k IysVQkeksZa mi;ksx ds lkFk d{kk esa f”k{k.k vR;f/kd laoknkRed gks x;k gSA orZeku

le; esa fMftVy f”k{kk ds tfj;s d{kkvksa dk f”k{k.k vf/kd etsnkj vkSj laoknkRed cu x;k gSA cPps

bl ij vf/kd /;ku ns jgs gSA og u dsoy bls lqu jgs gS cfYd bls LØhu ij Vsc Hkh dj jgs gS

ftlls muds lh[kus dh {kerk esa dkQh btkQk gks jgk gSA /ofu;ksa vkSj n”;ksa ds ek/;e ls cPps

vklkuh ls lh[k jgs gSA dbZ ckj ,d Nk= vius f”k{kd ls d{kk esa izf”k{k.k ds nkSjku iz”u iwNus ls

f>>drk gS ysfdu fMftVy f”k{kk ds ek/;e ls Hkys gh og ,d ckj esa dqN u le> ik;s fQj Hkh og

viuh nqfo/kk dks feVkus ds fy, fjdkfMZax l= esa “kkfey gks ldrs gSA izkS|ksfxdh ,d Nk= dks mudh

;ksX;rk ds vuqlkj lh[kus esa mudh enn djrh gSA f”k{kk ds {ks= esa fMftVy rduhdh dh ckr djs rks

lcls T;knk Js; b.VjusV dks tkrk gSA ftlus lHkh {ks=ksa esa ØkfUr ykdj j[k nh gS rFkk ftlesa vkt

iwjh nqfu;kW dk Kku yksxksa ds lkeus ykdj j[kk gqvk gSA iqjkuh f”k{kk rduhdh dks gVkdj ,d u;h

f”k{kk iz.kkyh dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k gSA fMftVy rduhdh fodkl ds lHkh {ks=ksa esa u;h&u;h i)fr;ksa ds

ek/;e ls ekuo dks dqN u;k djus ds fy;s izsfjr djrh gSA




v/;kid f”k{kk esa vuqla/kku

Pratibha Rajput Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya P.G. College Kalyanpur Kanpur

f”k{kk ds {ks= esa ;/kfi vuqla/kku dk;Z uohu ugha gSa, ysfdu v/;kid f”k{kk ds {ks= esa “kks/k ,oa

iz;ksxhdj.k dk bfrgkl cgqr T;knk iqjkuk ugha gSaA izHkko”kkyh ,oa lq;ksX; v/;kid rS;kj djus ds fy,

bl fn”kk esa fujUrj iz;kl dh O;kid vko”drk gSaA d{kk &f”k{k.k, lEizs’k.k vUrjky, f”k{k.k fof/k rFkk izfrekuksa dh mikns;x, f”k{k.k rFkk vf/kxe lEcU/kh mn~ns”;ksa dh izfIr vkfn vusd {ks= ,sls gS ftuesa

“kks/k dk;Z fd, tkus dh cgqr vf/kd vko”;drk gSA orZeku dky esa v/;kid f”k{kk esa vuqla/kku dk;Z

dk foLrkj /khjs&/khjs gks jgk gSaA lS)kfUrd ds lkFk & lkFk fdz;kRed “kks/k dk {ks= “kk;n lokZf/kd

egRoiw.kZ ekuk tk ldrk gSaA fo|ky; lapkkyu d{kk O;ogkj ,oa vuqfdz;k;sa, fofo/k Lrjh; v/;kid

f”k{kk laLFkku vkfn dh dk;Z iz.kkyh rFkk lEcfU/kr leL;kvksa ds lek/kku ds fy, bl mn~ns”; iz.kksfnr

“kks/k dk;Z dk egRo o mi;ksfxrk loZtu Lohdr gS A lS)kfUrd “kks/k ds ek/;e ls tgka ,d vksj uohu

Kku {ks= rFkk rF;ksa dk mUes’k fd;k tkrk gS ogha nwljh vksj fdz;kRed “kks/k ds ek/;e ls izpfyr

O;oLFkk esa la”kks/ku, ifjorZu, ifjektZu vkSj ifjo/kZu ds fy, Bksl iz;kl fd;s tkrs gSA Hkkjr o’kZ es a

v/;kid f”k{kk esa “kks/k v/;;u dh vf/kd vko”;drk gS D;ksfd vU; ns”kksa ds “kks/k fu’d’kksZa ds mi;ksx ls

ykHk ughas gks ldrk gSA izR;sd jk’Vz~ rFkk lekt dh f”k{kk dk Lo#i viuk gksrk gSA f”k{k.k ,d

lkekftd izfdz;k gSA f”k{k.k lkekftd n”kZu “kklu iz.kkyh rFkk vkfZFkZd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls vf/kd izHkkfor

gksrh gSA vkSj ;g ?kVd f”k{kk dk Lo#i fu/kkZfjr djrs gSA f”k{k.k, f”k{kd rFkk f”k{kd O;ogkj dks

Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa v//k;u ds )kjk le>us dh vko”;drk gSA

v/;kid f”k{kk esa vk/kqfud izo`fRr;ka vkSj vuqla/kku dk v/;;u

ufyuh flag

fjlpZ Ldkyj

ts0 vkj0 ,p0 ;w0 fo”ofo|ky;] fp=dwV

v/;kid f”k{kk ds {ks= esa iz;qDr uokpkfjd iz.kkfy;ksa ,oa lS)kfUrd rFkk fdz;kRed vuqla/kkuksa ds

QyLo:i vusdkusd izo`fRr;kW adze”k% fodflr gksdj vk/kqfudhdj.k dh fn”kk ds {ks= esa izxfr dks lqfu”pr

djus esa lgk;d fl) gks jgh gSaA mikxeksa dh n`f’V ls nks izeq[k mikxe vkt v/;kid f”k{kk ds {ks= esa

vf/kd izpfyr fn[kkbZ ns jgs gSA os gS & vUr% oS’kf;d mikxe rFkk ,dhdr ;k lekdyu mikxeA v/;kid

f”k{kk ds {ks= esa vUr% oS’kf;d mikxe ds iz;ksx dk Js; jk’Vzh; “kSf{kd vuqlU/kku vkSj izf”k{k.k ifj’kn ds

)kjk lapkfyr {ksf=; f”k{kk laLFkuksa dks tkrk gS tgkW pkj o’khZ; v/;kkid f”k{kk ikB~;dze ds ek/;e ls

oS’kf;d vuq”kklu vkSj v/;kkid f”k{kk ds e/; vUroS’kf;d lEcU/k dks n< cukus ds fy, iz;kl izkjEHk fd;k

x;kA v/;kid f”k{kk ds {ks= esa “kks/k dk;Z ds fy, Hkh vUroS’kf;d mikxe dks egRo fn;k tkrk jgk gS

ftlds vUrxZr fdlh fo’k; ds f”k{k.k dks izHkkodkjh cukus ds fy, fd, x, vuqla/kku fdlh foKku ;k

rduhdh fo’k; ds Kku dk f”k{kk ds {ks= esa vuqiz;ksx lglEcU/kkRed fo’k; f”k{k.k dh mikns;rk rFkk

visf{kr izHkkodkfjrk dk ewY;kadu A f”k{k.k izfreku O;wg & jpuk fof/k vkfn dk fofHkUu f”k{k.k fo’k; ds

lUnHkZ esa mi;ksx lEcU/kh iz;ksx dks egRo fn;k tkrk jgk gSA ,dhd`r mikxe og mikxe gS ftlesa fofHkUu

fo’k;ksa ds e/; leUo; ds LFkku ij ,dhdj.k dks egRo fn;k tkrk gSA ;g mikxe Hkh Kku ds i`FkDdj.k

;k foHkktu ds fo#) gSA fdlh Hkh fo’k; ;k rF; ds ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr djus ds fy, ,d ls vf/kd

fo’k;xr Kku dk O;ogkfjd mi;ksx djuk vko”;d gksrk gSA f”k{kk ds {ks= esa “kks/k dk;Z ;|fi uohu ugha gS

ysfdu v/;kid f”k{kk ds {ks= esa “kks/k dk;Z ,oa iz;ksxhdj.k dk bfrgkl cgqr izkphu ugha gSA v/;kid f”k{kk

ds {ks= esa “kks/k dk;Z dk foLrkj {ks+= vkt O;kid #i ys pqdk gSA




Teacher Education

*MkW0 ljkst ;kno ,oa

**nhikUtyh ;kno


**,e0,M0 Nk=k] pkS0 pj.k flag ih0th0 dkyst] gsaojk] bVkok

\

izd`fr dh loksZRre dfr ekuo f”k”kq gS f”k”kq dks fodflr djus] mls ifj’dr dj ekuo cukus

dk xq:rj dk;Z f”k{kd dk gksrk gS ;gh f”k”kq Hkfo’; esa lQy ukxfjd curk gS vU; dykdkjksa dh

rqyuk esa f”k{kd dh dyk loZJs’B gksrh gS pWwfd jk’V fuekZ.k ds lEcU/k esa mldk cMk egRo gksrk gSA

f”k{kd dh d`fr fcxM tk;s rks mldk ifj.kke lkjs lekt vkSj jk’Vª dks Hkksxuk iMrk gSA f”k{kd f”k{kk

dk dk;Z dq”ky ,oa izHkkoh v/;kidksa dks rS;kj djuk gksrk gSA vFkkZRk~ f”k{kd f”k{kk ,d ,slh izfØ;k gS

ftlds vUrxZr O;fDr esa fufgr vkUrfjd “kfDr;ksa vkSj {kerkvksa dk fodkl fd;k tkrk gSA blesa lkFk

gh lkFk O;fDr dks lkekftd rFkk jk’Vªh; lanHkZ esa mi;ksxh vkSj lk/ku lEiUu O;fDrRo fuekZ.k ds fy;s

iz;Ru djrk gSA bl izdkj ,slk O;fDrRo tks okrkoj.k vkSj ewY;ksa ds laj{k.k ds gh lkFk mfpr ifjos”k

ds fuekZ.k esa Hkh lgk;d fl) gks ldrk gSA

“The test of a good teacher is not how many questions he can asked his peoples that they

will answer reading but how many questions in inspires them to ask him which he find it hard to

answer.” --------- “Alice Wellington Rossings”

v/;id f”k{kk dk mn~ns”; u;s f”k{kdksa esa fo’k; Kku ds vfrfjDr f”k{k.k dkS”ky ,oa rduhdh ds ckjs esa

tkudkjh dks c<kuk gSA lkFk gh lkekftd vkn”kZ ,oa lkekt Lohdr fookn izk:Ik dks fodflr djus

ds lkFk&lkFk muesa iztk rkaf=d ,oa fodklkRed vFkZO;oLFkk lanfHkZr ,oa ewY; rFkk :fp vkfn dks Hkh

fodflr djuk gS ekuoh; vkSj lkekftd ewY;ksa dh j{kk v/;kid viuh f”k{kk ds }kjk dj ldrk gSA

vr% fdlh Hkh jk’Vª ds fy;s ;ksX; f”k{kdksa dh vge Hkwfedk gksrh gSA d{kk ds ckgj iwjs lekt vkSj ns”k

ds uo fuekZ.k ds fy;s Hkh og ftEesnkj gksrk gSA

izR;sd Lrj ij ;ksX; ,oa dq”kyrk izkIr mRre v/;kid v/;kfidkvksa dks rS;kj djus dk egku

nkf;Ro v/;kid f”k{kk dk;ZØe ij lnSo gh jgk gS vkSj vkt Hkh gS ysfdu vkt vusdkusd ,slh

leL;k;sa bl {ks= esa Øe”k% c<rh tk jgh gS fd v/;kid f”k{kk dk;ZØe ds ek/;e ls fu/kkZfjr mn~ns”k

dh izkfIr dfBu gksrh tk jgh gSA v/;kid f”k{kk lecU/kh leL;kvksa esa tSls izos”k lEcU/kh leL;k]

laLFkkxr ,oa iz”kklfud leL;k;sa] ikB~;Øe lEcU/kh leL;k;sa] f”k{k.k vH;kl lEcU/kh leL;k;sa] ijh{kk

lEcU/kh leL;k;sa vkfn O;kIr gS bu leL;kvksa dk fujkdj.k djds gh v/;kiu f”k{kk dh xq.koRrk esa

lq/kkj yk;k tk ldrk gSA

Hkkjr esa f”k{kd f”k{kk uhfr ml le; ds fglkc ls fu:fir fd;k x;k vkSj ;g f”k{kk

lfefr;kW@vk;ksxks dh fofHkUu fjiksZVks esa fufgr flQkfj”kksa ij vk/kkfjr gS ftuesa ls egRoiw.kZ gS dksBkjh

vk;ksx] ¼1966½ pV~Vksik/;k; lfefr ¼1985½] jk’Vªh; f”k{kk uhfr ¼NPE 1986/92½] vkpk;Z jkeewfrZ

lfefr ¼1990½] ;”kiky lfefr ¼1993½ ,oa jk’Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ <kWpk ¼NCF 2005½]@fu”kqYd ,oa vfuok;Z

cky f”k{kk vf/kdkj ¼RTE½]vf/kfu;e 2009 tks 01 vizSy 2010 ls ykxw gqvk gS] dk ns”k esa f”k{kd f”k{kk

ds fy;s egRroiw.kZ fufgrkFkZ gSA

vFkkZr~ laf{kIr esa ge dg ldrs gS fd f”k{kd f”k{kk dk vFkZ ,slh f”k{kk ls yxk;k tkrk gS

ftldk lEcU/k dsoy f”k{kd dh “kkjhfjd fØ;kvksa ls u gksdj] ekufld fØ;kvksa ls gS blesa f”k{kd ds

ewy vf/kdkj tSls jktuSfrd] euksoSKkfud] nkf”kZfud] lekt”kkL=h o oSKkfud leL;ksa ds Kku ds

lkFk&lkFk jk’Vªh; f”k{kk ds Øfed fodkl rFkk f”k{kk ds izfr vUrZnf’V dk fodkl djuk gSA

drZO;ksa dk cks/k djkrh]

vf/kdkjksa dk Kku]

f”k{kk ls gh fey ldrk]

loksZifj lEekuA





*MkW0 ljkst ;kno ,oa

**Msth ;kno


**,e0,M0 Nk=k] pkS0 pj.k flag ih0th0 dkyst] gsaojk] bVkok

vkt ge ns[krs gS fd Hkkjr esa cPpksa dh f”k{kk ds {ks= esa o`f) gqbZ gS vc yksx le>us yxs gS

fd f”k{kk D;ksa t:jh gS vkSj blls mudks D;k ykHk gS vc xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa Hkh yksx yMdk yMdh esa

Hksn&Hkko fd;s fcuk mUgsa Ldwy dkWyst Hkst jgs gS tksfd gekjs nss”k ds fodkl ds fy;s ,d vPNk dne

gSA ,d le; Fkk tc f”k{kd d{kk eas izf”k{k.k ikB~; iqLrdksa }kjk djk;k djrk FkkA f”k{kd viuh ckrksa

dks le>kus ds fy;s CySd cksMZ dk bLrseky djrs Fks vkSj Nk= mu “kCnksa dks viuh dkWfi;ksa ij fy[krs

FksA lh[kus ds fy;s Nk= f”k{kdksa }kjk fu/kkZfjr rjhdksa ij vkfJr jgrs FksA

vkt dk ;qx futhdj.k dk ;qx gS bl futhdj.k esa f”k{kk iz.kkyh dks Hkh vius esa lekfgr dj

fy;k gS cgqr lkjs Ldwyksa esa vktdy eYVhehfM;k ds }kjk f”k{kk nsus ij tksj fn;k tk jgk gSA vaxzsth

dh vykok fgUnh vkSj vU; {ks=h; Hkk’kkvksa esa Hkh “kSf{kd lkexzh vc b.VjusV ij miyC/k gSA orZeku

le; esa fMftVy f”k{kk ds tfj;s d{kkvksa dk f”k{k.k vf/kd etsnkj vkSj laoknkRed cu x;k gSA cPps

bl ij vf/kd /;ku ns jgs gS og u dsoy bls lqu jgs gS cfYd bl LØhu ij Msc Hkh dj jgs gS]

ftlls mudh lh[kus dh {kerk esa dkQh btkQk gks jgk gSA /ofu;ksa vkSj n`”;ksa ds ek/;e ls cPps

vklkuh ls lh[k jgs gS db Z ckj ,d Nk= vius f”k{kd ls d{kk esa izf”k{k.k ds nkSjku iz”u iwNus ls

f>tdrk gS ysfdu fMftVy f”k{kk ds ek/;e ls Hkys gh og ,d ckj esa dqN u le> ik;s fQj Hkh og

viuh nqfo/kk dks feVkus ds fy;s fjdkfMZx lRr esa “kkfey gks ldrs gSA izks|kSfxdh ,d Nk= dks mudh

;ksX;rk ds vuqlkj lh[kus esa en~n djrh gSA fMftVy f”k{k.k tSls&ih0ih0Vh0 chfM;ksa izLrqfr;ksa]

bZ&yfuZx fof/k;ksa] vH;kl lEcU/kh Mseksa] vkWuykbu izf”k{k.k vkSj vU; fMftVy if)fr;ksa ;k IysVQkeksZ ds

mi;ksx ds lkFk djk;k tkrk gSA fMftVy rduhdh esa f”k{kk ds {ks= esa Økafr yk nh gSA fMftVy

rduhd dh ckr dh tk;s rks b.VjusV] eksckby Qksu] eksckby ,Iyhds”ku] ySiVkWi vkSj vU; vk/kqfud

midj.kksa dk fodkl ds dkj.k vkt dh nqfu;kW dh vf/kdrj phts fMftVy gks jgh gs] ftlls vk/kqfud

le; esa f”k{kk iz.kkyh Hkh fMftVy gks jgh gSA f”k{kk ds {ks= esa fMftVy rduhdh dh ckr djs rks lcls

T;knk Js; b.VjusV dks tkrk gSA ftlus lHkh {ks=ksa esa ØkfUr ykdj j[k nh gS rFkk ftlesa vkt iwjh

nqfu;kW dk Kku yksxksa ds lkeus ykdj j[kk gqvk gSA iqjkuh f”k{kk rduhdh dks gVkdj ,d u;h f”k{kk

iz.kkyh dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k gSA fMftVy rduhdh fodkl ds lHkh {ks=ksa esa u;h&u;h i)fr;ksa ds ek/;e

ls ekuo dks dqN u;k djus ds fy;s izsfjr djrh gSA

“Technology is just a tool. In terms of getting the kids working together and

motivation them,the teacher is most important-Bill Gates.”

Hkkjr esa f'k{kd f'k{kk esa lq/kkj

Tanveer Habiba

Lect. B.Ed. Department, Shivwati Shivanandan Shukla Mahavidyalaya, Kanpur Dehat

yfuZax Vw ch] 1972 UNESCO us dgk gS fd f'k{kd izf'k{k.k ekuo O;fDrRo ds fofHkUu vk;keksa

dh [kkst ,oa lEeku dh nf"V ls lapkfyr fd;s tkus pkfg,A izos'k esa ekin.M ,sls fu/kkZfjr fd;s tk;s

ftuls Nk=ksa ds uSfrd ,oa ekufld xq.kksa dh i;kZIr tkudkjh izkIr gks tk;s vkSj izR;sd 5 o"kZ ;g

losZ{k.k djs fd mUgsa jkT; ds fy;s fdrus izf'kf{kr f'k{kdksa dh ekax gS blh ekax ds vk/kkj ij fofHkUu

Lrjksa dh izf'k{k.k laLFkkvksa esa izos'k fn;k tk;sA ,slh izf'k{k.k laLFkkvksa dh la[;k cgqr de gSa ftuls




mfpr izdkj ds izn'kZu Ldwy lEc) gSa vr% Nk=k/;kidksa dks bl ckr dk volj ugha fey ikrk gS fd

os mu fl)kUrksa ,oa iz.kkfy;ksa dks ftudks mUgksaus cM+s ifjJe ls lh[kk gS O;ogkj esa ij[k ldsaA izf'k{k.k

laLFkkvksa esa O;olkf;d v/;;u dks ltho cuk;k tk;s vkSj mudks Hkkjrh; n'kkvksa ij vk/kkfjr fd;k

tk;s vkSj v/;kid vH;kl dks egRo fn;k tk;sA Nk=k/;kidksa ds izR;sd ikB dk mfpr izdkj ls

fujh{k.k fd;k tk;s vkSj ikB~;Øe dh fo"k; lkexzh dks vko';drkvksa ds vuqlkj iqu% fu/kkZfjr fd;k

tk;s vkSj os v/;kid f'k{kk ds mn~ns';ksa dks izkIr djkus esa lgk;d gksA igys izf'k{k.k laLFkkvksa esa

yEcs&pkSM+s [ksy ds eSnkuksa] HkO; Hkouksa iw.kZr;k lqlfTtr iqLrdky;ksa ,oa iz;ksx'kkykvksa ds n'kZu gksrs Fks

muesa ;ksX; vuqHkoh vkSj i;kZIr v/;kid gksrs Fks blds foijhr vkt dh izf'k{k.k laLFkkvksa esa budk iw.kZ

vHkko gSA fo'ofo|ky; ds foHkkx esa v/;kid f'k{kk dks f'k{k.k ikB~;Øe ,oa ewY;kadu lEcU/kh vuqla/kku

ds fy;s dsUnz fcUnq cukuk pkfg, fo'ofo|ky; esa f'k{kd f'k{kk ds dk;ZØeksa dk fodkl fd;k gSA

v/;kid f'k{kk dks izHkko'kkyh cukus ds fy;s izf'k{k.k laLFkkvksa ls bl vyxko dks nwj djuk vko';d

gSA izkFkfed@ek/;fed Lrj v/;kid f'k{kk ds {ks= esa ikB~;&iqLrdsa lgk;d ikB~; lkexzh fgUnh ,oa

LFkkuh; Hkk"kkvksa esa lanHkZ iqLrdksa dk vHkko gSA izns'k ljdkj dks v/;kid izf'k{k.k f'k{kk ds foHkkx ds

fy;s foRrh; lgk;rk nsuh pkfg;sA orZeku le; esa vk/;kfRed mUufr dh vis{kk HkkSfrd mUUkfr dks

egRo iznku fd;k tkrk gS vr% f'k{kk dk lS)kfUrd Lo:i f'k{kd f'k{kk ,oa leqnk; ds e/; nwjh esa

o`f) djrk gS cgqr ls v/;kid izf'k{k.k laLFkku ekuork dh nf"V ls vf'kf{kr v/;kidksa dk mRiknu

dj jgs gSa rFkk blh dkj.k muesa ;ksX;rk] bZekunkjh] vkSj drZO;fu"Bk dh deh gSa vkSj vuq'kklughurk

c<+rh tk jgh gSA orZeku v/;kid f'k{kk izf'k{k.k esa lQy gks ldrh gSa ysfdu ;g ekuo dks f'kf{kr

djus esa iw.kZr;k foQy jgh gSaA fo'ofo|ky; ds Js"B izksQsljksa dh lgk;rk ls fo'ofo|ky; esa v/;kid

f'k{kk foHkkx dks lq/kkjk tk ldrk gSA ftl lekt ,oa jk"Vª dh f'k{kd f'k{kk izHkko'kkyh gksxh ogk¡

;ksX; ,oa dq'ky f'k{kd rS;kj gksaxsA

dSls c<s f”k{kk dh xq.koRrk & ,d f”k{kd dk n`f’Vdks.k

xk;=h flag

izoDrk] f”k{kk”kkL=] MkW0 jke euksgj yksfg;k ih0th0 dkWyst egkfo|ky; dkuiqj

f”k{kd lekt dh lokZf/kd laosnu”khy bdkbZ gSA xSj “kSf{kd dk;ksZa esa bLrseky djrk iz”kklu

f”k{kdksa dh “kSf{kd lksap dks “kSf{kd dk;Zdzeksa dks /oLr dj nsrk gSA vkt oSKkfud vuqla/kku ,oa

rduhdh [kkst ds {ks= esa fuR; uohu vxzxeu ,oa izxfr gksus ds dkj.k Kku dk foLrkj.k gksrk tk jgk

gSA fo|ky;h f”k{kk iz.kkyh vkSj lekt lEcU/kh vko”;drkvksa dh iwfrZ nksuks gh n`f’V ls izpfyr v/;kid

f”k{kk dk;Zdze dks O;ogkfjd ik;k x;k A tcfd “kSf{kd vkSj Lkkekftd nksuks gh vk/kkjh ij mi;ksxh

gksuk t:jh gS A vkt ;fn ns”k ds fy, mRre ukxfjdrk xq.k laiUu iztkrkfU=d ewY;ksa ds vuqikyu

vkSj usr`Ro iznku djus okys ukxfjdksa dh vko”;drk gSA rks mlds vuqlkj gh v/;kid f”k{kk dks igys

O;ofLFkr vkSj lajf{kr djuk gksxk A v/;kid f”k{kk ds ek/;e ls f”k{kk ds KkukRed Hkk’kkRed rFkk

fdz;kRed {ks= ds fofo/k mn~ns”;ksa dh izkfIr dks lqfu”pr djuk lEHko gks ikrk gSA vr% v/;kiu dks ,d

mn~ns”;iw.kZ vkSj lqfu;ksftr izfdz;k ds :i esa xzg.k djuk ljy izrhr gksrk gSA v/;kiu dks mn~;e dk

:i fn, tkus ds ckn m|exr n{krk dkS”ky Kku vfHko`fRr O;ogkj izn”kZu vkSj izfrc)rk dks vfr

vko”;d ekuk x;k gS A bl izdkj vko”;drk rFkk egRo nksuksa gh v/;kkid f”k{kk ifj’kn vkSj

fo”ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx tSls vfHkdj.kksa ds )kjk bl fn”kk esa Bksl vkSj lkFkZd iz;Ru fd, x, gSA




v/;kid f”k{kk esa vuqla/kku ,oa uokpkj

vt;”kadj

vflLVsaV izksQslj

f”k{kk”kkL= foHkkx] pkS0 pj.k flag ih0th0 dkWyst gsaojk bVkok

f”k{kk ÁfØ;k ds rhu vax gS–f”k{kd] f”k{kkFkhZ ,oa ikB~;dzeA ikB~;Øe dh çHkkof”kyrk ,oa lQy

lapkYku gsrq çf”kf{kr v/;kidksa dk fu;kstu f”k{k.k dh ,d vfuok;Z vko”;drk gSA vPNh rjg ls

çf”kf{kr v/;kid ikB~;Øe dks jkspd]thoUr ,oa ÁHkko”kkyh cukus esa leFkZ gksrk gSA v/;kidksa dh

ÁHkkodkfjrk dks v/;kid f”k{kk ds {ks= esa gksus okys vuqla/kku dk;ksZa ,oa lsokiwoZ o lsokdkyhu Áf”k{k.k

ds nkSjku Á;qDr fd;s tkus okys uokpkfjd vuqÁ;ksxksa }kjk c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA *jk’Vªh; v/;kid f”k{kk

ifj’kn~* (NCTE) ds }kjk ÁLrqr ifjppkZ Áys[k *v/;kid f”k{kk dk ikB~;p;kZ Ák:i* ¼1996½ esa

vuqla/kku ,oa uokpkj ds lUnHkZ esa dgk x;k gS fd **f”k{kd Áf”k{k.k laLFkkuksa rFkk “kkykvksa esa

lh[kusa&lh[kkuas dh xq.koRrk c<kus ds Áeq[k fuos”kksa esa ,d ;g fd ra= }kjk vuqla/kku ifj.kkeksa rFkk

uokpkjksa dk mi;ksx fdl lhek rd fd;k tkrk gSaA** ifj’kn~ dh ekU;rk gS fd lsokiwoZ ,oa lsokdkyhu

v/;kid f”k{kk esa vuqla/kku dk;ksZ rFkk uokpkfjd i|fr;ksa ds mi;qDr :i esa ykus dh ,d fuf”pr

vko”;drk gSA orZeku le; dh “kS{kf.kd pqukSfr;ksa dks ns[krs gq, vuqla/kkuksa rFkk uopkjksa dk Áf”k{k.k

laLFkkvksa ds Áf”k{k.k dk;ZØeksa dk vfHkUu vax cu tkuk pkfg,] pkgs og laLFkk fdlh Hkh Lrj ds

v/;kid D;ksa u rS;kj djrh gksA Hkkjr esa v/;kid f”k{kk esa gksus okys vuqla/kku dk;ksZ ,oa uokpkjksa ds

vuqÁ;ksx dh oLrq fLFkfr dks ;fn ik”pkR; ns”kksa dh rqyuk esa ns[kk tk, rks ;s dk;Z ;gka vHkh viuh

“kS”kokoLFkk esa gSaA f”k{kd f”k{kk ds {ks= esa ekSfyd vuqla/kkuksa ds fiNM+siu dk Áeq[k dkj.k Hkkjr dk ,d

yEcs le; rd fczfV”k mifuos”k dk gksuk gSA Lora=rk ÁkfIr ds i”pkr~ v/;kid f”k{kk gsrq fd, tkus

okys vu qla/kkuksa dk;ksZ ,oa Áf”kf{kr xq.koRrk dks c<+kus okys uokpkfjd vuqÁ;ksxksa dh oLrq fLFkfr esa

ldkjkRed ifjorZu vk;kA vkt Hkkjr esa v/;kid f”k{kk ds {ks= esa fofo/k vuqla/kku dk;Z tks mlds

fofHkUu “kSf{kd i{kksa ij vk/kkfjr gS] fd, tk jgs gSaA tSls& d{kk f”k{kd O;ogkj] f”k{k.k Áo.krk] f”k{k.k

vUr%fØ;k] Áos”k lEcU/kh ekun.M] f”k{k.k mikxe ,oa fo|ky; ÁHkkodkfjrk vkfnA v/;kid f”k{kk esa

uokpkfjd vuqÁ;ksx ds #i esa lw{e f”k{k.k] ny f”k{k.k] vuq#i.k] vfHkØfer vuqns”ku] dEI;wVj lgk;

vuqns”ku] nwjLFk f”k{kk] eqDr f”k{kk] i=kpkj f”k{kk] lektksRiknd dk;Z rFkk dk;kZuqHko ,oa efLr’d

mn~nsyu vkfn Áf”k{k.k dh xq.koRrk esa o`f) gsrq Á;ksx fd, tk jgs gSaA

lkdsafrd “kCn& f”k{k.k Áo.krk] ny f”k{k.k] nwjLFk f”k{kk] uopkj] ikB~;p;kZ] vkfnA

f”k{kk esa uSfrdrk

Dr. Anita Shukla Lecturer


Kku] deZ ,oa Hkkouk dk lefUor fodkl gh f'k{kk gS] ;fn blesa ls f'k{kk thou ds fdlh ,d

i{k dh Hkh mis{kk dj nsrh gS] rks f'k{kk viw.kZ gh jg tk;sxhA Kku'kwU; f'k{kk foosdghurk] cqf)ghurk dh

|ksrd gS] deZ'kwU; f'k{kk dksjs fl)kUrksa dk <sj gksxh] tks O;ogkfjdrk ls jfgr gSA blh izdkj tgk¡

Hkkouk ugha gS ogk¡ foosd gksrs gq, Hkh] deZBrk gksrs gq, Hkh O;fDr dk thou uhjl] 'kq"d vkSj ân;ghu

gksxkA ;fn orZeku f'k{kk dk ewY;kadu fd;k tk;s rks dg ldrs gSa fd orZeku f'k{kk ek= Kku iznku

djrh gS] deZ dh f'k{kk Hkh O;ogkj esa ugha] fl)kUr ds vk/kkj ij gh iznku djrh gS vkSj Hkkouk&Hkkouk

dk rks iz'u gh ughaA vkt ekuo Hkh jkscksV ¼e'khuh ekuo½ ekuoksa dh Js.kh esa vk x;k gS] tks Kku

lEiUu gSA deZ djrk gS] ij Hkkouk ds uke ij mlds ikl dqN Hkh ughaA blds ewy esa tks dkj.k

fufgr gS og gS uSfdrk dk iw.kZr% vHkkoA




f”k{kd f”k{kk esa usr`Ro vkSj izcU/ku

*jtuh oekZ ,oa

**MkW0 ljkst ;kno

*,e0,M0 Nk=k] pkS0 pj.k flag ih0th0 dkyst] gsaojk] bVkok

**,lksfl,V izksQslj f”k{kk ladk;] pkS0 pj.k flag ih0th0 dkWyst gsaojk bVkok

usr`Ro dh O;k[;k bl izdkj nh xbZ gS ^ûsr`Ro ,d izfØ;k gS ftlesa dksbZ O;fDr lkekftd izHkko ds

}kjk vU; yksxksa dh lgk;rk ysrs gq, ,d loZfu’V dk;Z fl) djrk gSA ,d vkSj ifjHkk’kk ,yu dhFk

xsusVsd us nhA ftlds vf/kd vuq;k;h Fks ^ûsr`Ro og gS tks varr% yksxkas ds fy, ,d ,slk ekxZ cukuk]

ftlesa yksx viuk ;ksxnku nsdj dqN vlk/kkj.k dj ldsaA vkslokYM Lisxyj us viuh iqLrd ^êSu ,s.M

VsfDuDl^^ esa fy[kk gS fd ^^bl ;qx esa dsoy nks izdkj dh rduhdh gh ugha gS] oju~ nks izdkj ds vkneh Hkh

gSaA ftl izdkj izR;sd O;fDr esa dk;Z djus rFkk funsZ”ku nsus dh izo`fRr gSA mlh izdkj dqN O;fDr ,sls gSa

ftudh izÑfr vkKk ekuus dh gSA ;gh euq’; thou dk LoHkkfod :i gSA miyC/k lalk/kuksa dk n{krkiwoZd

rFkk izHkkoiw.kZ rjhds ls mi;ksx djrs gq, yksxksa ds dk;ksaZ esa leUo;d djuk rkfd y{;ksa dh izkfIr

lqfuf”pr dh tk ldsA izcU/ku ds vUrxZr vk;kstu laxBu&fuekZ.k LVkfQx usr`Ro djuk rFkk laxBu

vFkok igy dk fu;a=.k djuk vkfn vkrs gSaA izcU/k blfy, vko”;d gS fd O;fDr lkewfgd mn~ns”;ksa dh

iwfrZ esa viuk Js’Bre ;ksxnku ns ldsA izcU/k esa ikjLifjd :i ls lEcfU/kr og dk;Z lfEefyr gSa] ftUgsa

lHkh izcU/kd dgrs gSaA izcU/kd vyx&vyx dk;ksaZ ij fHkUu le; yxkrs gSaA laxBu ds mPp Lrj ij cSBs

izcU/kd fu;kstu ,oa laxBu ij uhps Lrj ds izcU/kdkas dh rqyuk esa vf/kd le; yxkrs gSA vkSipkfjd :i

ls f”k{kk ds {ks= esa izcU/k “kCn dk iz;ksx vHkh u;k gSA f”k{kk ds {ks= esa izcU/kd dh vo/kkj.kk O;olk;ksa ,oa

m|ksxksa ds izcU/k ls yh xbZ gSA pwafd vc f”k{kk Hkh ,d O;olk; gks xbZ gSA ijUrq f”k{kk O;olk; vU;

O;olk;ksa ls iw.kZr;k fHkUu gSA blesa f”k{kk dh O;oLFkk ,oa izcU/k tu vkdka{kkvksa] vko”;drkvksa vkSj jk’Vªh;

y{;ksa ds vuq:i dh tkrh gSA ftlesa tu dY;k.k ,oa leLr jk’Vª dk fgr loksZifj gksrk gSA nwljs f”k{kk

O;olk; ,d fe”ku Hkh gSA ftlds fØ;kUo;u dk ykHk lHkh O;fDr;ksa] lekt ,oa lEiw.kZ jk’Vª dks feyrk gSA

vr% f”k{kk esa izcU/k ds vFkZ dks bl izdkj Li’V fd;k tk ldrk gSA f”k{kk esa izcU/k ,d izfØ;k gS ftlesa

f”k{kk ds iwoZ fu/kkZfjr mn~ns”;ksa dh izkfIr ds fy, ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ka l`ftr dh tkrh gSA ftlls ekuo

lalk/ku viuh ;ksX;rk ,oa {kerk dk iw.kZ fodkl dj ldsaA

vukFkky;ksa esa jgus okys cPpksa ds vkRe&lizR;; lEc/kZu esa f”k{kdksa dh Hkwfedk

*o:.k dqekj ;kno ,oa

**ckyxksfoUn ekS;Z

*“kks/k Nk=] f”k{kk”kkL= foHkkx]y[kuÅ fo-fo-]y[kuÅ

** “kks/k Nk=] f”k{kk”kkL= foHkkx]y[kuÅ fo-fo-]y[kuÅ

vukFk Hkkjr esa jgus okys lcls fu%lgkl ekuk tkrk gSA fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj Hkkjr eas vukFk cPpksa dh

la[;k 2 djksM+ gSA lkekU;r;k ;s vukFk cPps vukFkky;ksa esa jgrs gS ijUrq i<+kbZ ds fy, fdlh u fdlh

fo|ky; esa tkrs gS o lkekU; d{kkvksa esa cPpksa ds lkFk i<+kbZ djrs gS] ,slh n”kk esa ;gka lekos”kh f”k{kk dk

cksyokyk gSA tc f”k{kk lekos”kh gksrh gS rks ekuk x;k gS fd f”k{kdksa] Ldwy okrkoj.k o ikB~;dze dk bruk

lEcf/kZr fd;k tk;sxk fd lHkh rjg ds fo”ks’k vko”;drk okys] lkekftd oafpr] vukFk cPpksa dh

vko”;drkvksa dh iwfrZ “kSf{kd O;oLFkk vklkuh ls dj nsxhA bl “kks/ki= dk mnn~s”; gS fd vukFk cPpksa dks

csgrj “kSf{kd okrkoj.k nsus ds fy, f”k{kdksa esa vko”;d f”k{k.k dkS”kyksa esa n{krk ds lkFk gh lkFk] vukFk

cPpksa dh fofHkUu leL;kvksa ,oa ekrk&firk ds I;kj ls oafpr bl deh dks iwjk dj ldus esa l{ke gksA

vukFk cPpksa dk vkRe&lEizR;; izR;; :i ls muds “kSf{kd miyfC/k dks izHkkfor djrk gSA vr% vukFk

cPpksa ds vkRe&lEizR;; dks lEcf/kZr djus ds fy, f”k{kdksa ds dkS”kyksa ls ifjiw.kZ djuk gksxk rFkk lHkh

csgrj “kSf{kd okrkoj.k ds }kjk vukFk cPpksa ds vkRe&lEizR;; dks lEcf/kZr fd;k tk ldsxkA




ewY; vk/kkfjr f'k{k.k esa ;ksx dk egRo

MkW0 xfjek

vflLVsaV izksQslj] ;ksx

lkgw jke Lo:Ik efgyk egkfo|ky; ]cjsyh

izR;sd f'k{kd ds lkeus O;fDr ,oa Nk+=&Nk=kvksa ds thou lokajus dk cgqr cMk mRrjnkf;Ro

gksrk gSS D;kasfd f'k{k.k dk m}s'; gh Nk=ksa esa jk"Vª ,oa O;fäo fuekZ.k dh {kerk,a mRiUu djuk

gSAblfy, ifjokj ds ckn f'k{kd ,oa f'k{k.k lLaFkk,a ,d vk/kkjf'kyk dk dk;Z djrh gSa ftl ij thou

dh bekjr [kMh gksrh gS D;ksafd tSlk cht cpiu esa cks;k tkrk gS oSlk gh thou ds o`{k esa Qy yxrk

gS blfy, opiu esa nh tkus okyh f'k{kk dkyst ;k fo'ofo|ky; esa nh tkus okyh f'k{kk ls vf/kd

egRoiw.kZ gksrh gSA pwafd ,d f'k{kd ds thou ls vusd nhi izTtofyr gksrs gS f'k{kd gh gS tks Kku ds

izdk'k ls fopkjksa dks xfr iznku djrk gS blfy, f'k{kd dk iw.kZ:Ik ls LoLFk ,oa ,dkxzfpRr gksuk

vko';d gS ftlds fy, ;ksx ekxZ dk vuqlj.k djuk pkfg, D;ksafd ;ksx esa og {kerk gS tks O;fDr dk

lokZaxh.k fodkl dj ldrk gS muds fopkjksa dks ,d u;h fn'kk ns ldrk gS ;ksx ds }kjk ge fopkjksa

dks jksdus dh txg mUgsa ,d uohu ekxZ nsdj fopkjksa dh ijkdk"Bk rd igqap ldrs gSA ;g fopkj gh

gSa ftuds }kjk O;fDr ]O;fäo]lekt ,oa ifjokj o jk"Vª dk fuek.kZ fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj ewY;

vk/kkfjr f'k{kk ds fofHkUu vk;keksa dks ljyrk ls izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;fn iw.kZ euks;ksx ls ;ksx

ekxZ dk vuqlj.k fd;k tk; rks ewY; vk/kkfjr f'k{k.k esa vk'kk vkSj fo'okl j[kus okyksa ds fy;s vk'p;Z

tud ykHk izkIr gksaxsAlkFk gh fopkjksa dh Js"Brk ,oa O;fäo ifj"dkj ls mPp ekuoh; xq.kksa dh [kku

:ih vueksy ghjksa dkss mRiUu fd;k tk ldrk gS A dgk Hkh x;k gS fd LoLFk 'kjhj esa gh LoLFk

efLr"d fuokl djrk gS bldk mnkgj.k nsrs gq, Lokeh lR;kuUn ljLorh dgrs gS fd ,d LoLFk 'kjhj

ds vo;o Hkyh izdkj ls ml laLofjr ok| ;a= dh rjg gksrs gS tks efLr"d rFkk Luk;q laLFkku }kjk

lapkfyr gksrs gS 'kjhj dk izR;sd vo;o nwljs vo;oksa ds lkFk y;c} <ax ls lkeatL; dh fLFkfr esa

dk;Z djrk gSA bl fLFkfr dks ;ksx }kjk ljyrk ls izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gS ;ksx esa v"Vkax ;ksx]

fo'ks"k :Ik ls /;ku vkSj izk.kk;ke vkfn ;kSfxd fdz;kvksa dk vuqlj.k fd;k tk ldrk gS ftlds ek/;e

ls ewY; vk/kkfjr f'k{k.k i}fr dks Hkh lqn< fd;k tk ldrk gS A

Leadership and Management in Teacher Education

Pratibha Pandey Assistant Professor

Department of M.Ed., Abhinav Sewa Sansthan, Kanpur

euq"; esa vkRe izn'kZu dh izo`fÙk ewy :i esa gksrh gSA ;gh ewy izo`fÙk 'kfä dks txkus eas

vR;f/kd lgk;d gksrh gSA usr`Ro O;fDr;ksa ds O;ogkj dks izHkkfor djrk gS rFkk ;g izfØ;k gS ftlds

ek/;e ls O;fDr vius mn~ns';ksa dh izkfIr gsrq mRlkgiwoZd dk;Z djrs gSaA

^iz'kklu* rFkk ^usr`Ro* esa Hkh lw{e vUrj Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gSA oLrqr% iz'kklu ds vUrxZr

fdUgha dk;ksaZ dks fLFkjrkiwoZd rFkk dq'kyrkiwoZd djus dk iz;kl rks fd;k tkrk gS ijUrq ml

dk;Ziz.kkyh esa vf/kd ifjorZu djus dh bPNk izdV ugah dh tkrhA blds foijhr usr`Ro ds vUrxZr

ifjorZu dks gh eq[; dk;Z le>k tkrk gSA tks ifjorZu u dj lds mls usrk gh ugha dgk tkrk gSA

f'k{kd usr`Ro d{kk f'k{kd ds fy, Ldwyksa esa bLrseku ,d 'kCn gS tks ,d lkFk cM+s Ldwy iz.kkyh esa

dk;ksaZ esa lgk;rk djus ds fy, vius d{kkvksa ds ckgj iz'kklfud Hkwfedk;sa ysrs gSaA usr`Ro 'kfDr

lkekftd lajpuk esa izkjEHk ls gh es#n.M dk dk;Z djrh gSA izR;sd laxBu ,oa laLFkk ds dq'ky

lapkyu ,oa izcU/ku ds fy, usr`Ro dh vko';drk gksrh gSA fo|ky; izcU/ku esa dq'ky usr`Ro vkRek dh

Hkk¡fr gksrk gS tks ekuoh; ,oa HkkSfrd lk/kuksa esa lkeatL; LFkkfir djrs gq, 'kSf{kd mn~ns';ksa dh izkfIr esa

vkus okyh ck/kkvksa dks nwj djrk gSA




ek/;fed f'k{kdksa ds ewY; lao/kZu esa f'k{kd&f'k{kk dk ;ksxnku

vk'kk voLFkh

vflLkVsaV izksQslj¼ch0,M0½

MkW0 ohjsUnz Lo:i baLVhV~;wV vkWQ izksQs'kuy LVMht] fdnobZ uxj dkuiqj

Hkkjrh; lekt f'k{kk vkSj ewY;ksa ds izfr izkphu dky ls gh cgqr le`) jgk gSA Hkkjrh; lekt

essa tgkW f'k{kk dks 'kjhj] eu vkSj vkRek ds fodkl dk lk/ku ekuk x;k gS] ogh f'k{kd dks lekt ds

lexz O;fDrRo dk mRrjnkf;Ro lkSik x;k gS vkSj ;g mRrjnkf;Ro ek/;fed Lrj ds f'k{kdks ij vf/kd

gS D;kssfd f'k{kk dk ek/;fed Lrj Hkkjrh; f'k{kk iz.kkyh dh e/;LFk dM+h gSA bl Lrj ds f'k{kdksa dh

egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks Hkfo"; esa vkus okyh pqukSfr;ksa ds fy;s rS;kj djuk gSS vkSj lkFk gh muesa

,sls vkn'kZ o ewY; fodflr djus gS ftlls og ,d vPNk euq"; cu ldsA blfy, f'k{kd ls ;g

vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd og izHkkoh o dq'ky f'k{kd gksus ds lkFk gh ,d vkn'kZ O;fDrRo ls iw.kZ gks rHkh

og vius fOk|kfFkZ;ksa dks vPNs laLdkj nsus esa LkeFkZ gks ldsxkA vPNk vkpj.k vPNk pfjr ekuuh; ewY;ksa

dks vkRelkR;Z djus ls gh cu ldrk gS vkSj f'k{kk dk Hkh ;gh okLrfod mn~ns'; gSA

lkekU;rk fdlh lekt eas ftu vkn'kks dks egRo fn;k tkrk gS vkSj ftuls ml lekt ds

O;fDr;ksa dk O;ogkj funsZf'kr ,oa fu;af=r gksrk gS] mUgsa gh ml lekt ds ewY; dgrs gSA ewY; lH;rk

ds vkok';d rRo rFkk gekjs pfj= ds |ksrd gSA ekuo thou ewY;ksa dss fcuk fujk/kkj gSA vkt lekt

esa pkjksa vksj uSfrd] lkekftd] ,oa lkLd`frd ewY;ksa esa fxjkoV ifjyf{kr gks jgh gS] ftlls f'k{kk ds

Lrj esa fxjkoV vk;h gSA vkt f'k{kk dk Yk{; mPks in IkzkIr djuk ,oaa /ku dekuk gh jg x;k gSA f'k{kk

ds bl Lo:i us thou ,oa lekt esa cM+h mFky&iqFky epk nh gS] ftlds QyLo:i ÞewY; ijd f'k{kkß

dh vo/kkj.kk ij cy fn;k tk jgk gSA ewY; ijd f'k{kk dh vo/kkj.kk rHkh lQYk gksxh tc mDr f'k{kk

dks iznku djus okyk f'k{kd Lo;a ekuoh; ewY;ksa ls ;qDr gks] rHkh og vius fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks Hkh ewY;ksa dks

vkRelkr djus dh vksj izo`Rr dj ldrk gSA blfy;s ;g vkok';d gS fd Hkkoh f'k{kdksa dks rS;kj djrs

gh mUgsa ewY; ijd f'k{kk ds lS)kfUrd] fØ;kRed o 'kks/k i{k ij fo'ks"k /;ku fn;k tk;sA

vr% tc f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k ds nkSjku gh muesa ewY;ksa ds izfr ldkjkRed vfHko`fRr fodflr djus

dk iz;kl fd;k tk;sxk] rc mudh ;g ldkjkRed vfHko`fRr Hkfo"; esa muds f'k{k.k dk;Z esa ifjyf{kr

gksxh vkSj tc fo|kFkhZ izHkkoh] dq'ky ,oa lnkpj.k ls ;qDRk f'k{kdksa }kjk f'k{kk x`g.k djsxk rks og Hkh

ewY;ksa dks vkRelkr djus dh vksj izo`Rr gksxk] ftldk ifj.kke Hkfo"; ds fy;s lq[knk;d gksxkA

O;kolkf;d dkS”ky fodkl

*lqeu ;kno ,oa

**MkW0 uhfr ;kno

*,e0,M0 Nk=k] pkS0 pj.k flag ih0th0 dkyst] gSojk] bVkok

**,lksfl,V izksQslj f”k{kk ladk;] pkS0 pj.k flag ih0th0 dkWyst gSojk] bVkok

f”k{kk ekuo thou dh vk/kkj f”kyk gSA f”k{kk ds iFk ij pydj O;fDr vkxs c<+rk gSA Hkkjr

,d fodkl”khy ns”k gS] bldh vFkZO;oLFkk esa vusd dfBukb;ksa dks ns[krs gq, Hkkjr ljdkj us vf/kdka”k

Hkkjrh;ks ds fy, rFkk jkstxkj ds voljksa dks tUe nsus ds fy, O;olkf;d izf”k{k.k ij /;ku fn;kA

Hkkjrh; turk dks Je ds fodkl esa ;ksxnku djus ds fy, mUgsa f”k{kk vkSj izf”k{k.k feyuk pkfg, blls

mUgs ikfjJfed YkkHk fey ldrk gSA Hkkjr esa csjkstxkjh dh la[;k T;knk gS] vxj mUgs izf”k{k.k feysxk

rks os dq”ky rFkk YkkHknk;d O;olk; “kq# dj ldrs gSA

O;olkf;d f”k{kk og f”k{kk gS tks yksxks dks fofHkUu ukSdfj;ksa esa dk;Z djus ds fy, rS;kj djrh

gS tSls & O;kikj] f”kYi ;k rduhf”k;u ds #i esa O;olkf;d f”k{kk dks ekuk tkrk gS] dHkh&dHkh

dSfj;j f”k{kk ;k rduhdh f”k{kk ds #i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA O;olkf;d izf”k{k.k ,sfrgkfld #i ls Je




ea=ky;] vU; dsUnzh; ea=ky;kas vkSj jkT; Lrjh; laxBuksaaaaaa aaaa aaaa aaaa a }kjk fu;fU=r ,d fo’k; jgk gSA ekuo

lalk/ku fodkl ea=ky; }kjk i;kZIr lqfo/kkvksa ds lkFk ifjofrZr O;olk;ksa esa O;olkf;d Nk=ksa dks

dkS”ky izf”k{k.k iznku djus ds fy, fty O;olkf;d izf”k{k.k dsUnz [kksys x;sa gSA ekudksa vkSj ykxrksa ds

lUnHkZ esa fofo/krkvks vkSj cgqyrk ds vuq#i dk;Z djusa ds fy, jk’Vªh; dkS”ky ;ksX;rk <+kpk fnlEcj

2013 esa “kq# fd;k x;k] tks Kku] dkS”ky vkSj vk;ksftr djrk gSA

uoEcj 2014 esa Hkkjr dh ubZ ljdkj us dkS”ky fodkl vkSj m|ferk ea=ky; dk xBu fd;kA

dkS”ky fodkl ;kstuk izR;sd ftys esa pykdj Nk=ks dks izR;sd {ks= esa fu%”kqYd izf”k{k.k fn;k x;kA dqN

Nk=ksa dks jkstxkj Hkh izkIr gqvkA vkt lHkh dkS”ky fodkl ds ek/;e ls O;olkf;d f”k{kk dks izksRlkgu

feyk gSA tSls & vkbZ0Vh0vkbZ0] ikWfyVsfDud] dEI;wVj esa izf”k{k.k izkIr djds Nk= viuh thfodk

pykus esa leFkZ gks tkrk gSA O;olkf;d f”k{kk ls Nk=ksa esa ubZ rduhd izkIr djus dh bPNk tkxzr gqbZ

gSA

f”k{kd f”k{kk esa ekuoh; ewY;ksa dh vko”;drk

eksfudk ;kno

vflLVsaV izksQslj

f”k{kk ladk;] pkS0 pj.k flag ih0th0 dkWyst] gsaojk] bVkok

,d fo|kFkhZ ds thou esa f”k{kd ,d ,slk egRRoiw.kZ bUlku gksrk gS tks vius Kku] /kS;Z] I;kj

vkSj ns[kHkky ls mlds iwjs thou dks ,d etcwr vkdkj nsrk gSA Nk=ksa ds fy, ,d f”k{kd Hkxoku dh

rjQ ls ,d vueksy rksgQk gSA ,d f”k{kd bZ”oj dh rjg gS D;ksafd bZ”oj iwjs czãk.M dk fuekZrk

gksrk gS tcfd ,d f”k{kd dks ,d vPNs jk’Vª dk fuekZrk ekuk tkrk gSA f”k{kd ;k xq# dh efgek dk

vuqeku bl vk;Zdkyhu izkFkZuk ls yxk;k tk ldrk gS ftldks vkt Hkh izk;% lHkh nksgjkrs gSa&

xq#czZãk xq#foZ’.kq xq#nsZoks egs”oj%A xq#% lk{kkr~ ijczã rLeS Jh xq#os ue%AA

tudY;k.kdkjh jk’Vª ds fodkl ds fy, uSfrd ,oa vk/;kfRed ewY;ksa dh vk/kkjf”kyk vR;Ur

vko”;d gSA dksbZ Hkh lkekftd laxBu tks uSfrdrk vkSj vk/;kfRedrk ds vk/kkj ij fufeZr ugha gS og

dkykUrj esa ljyrk ls fc[kj tk,xkA f”k{kk vkSj ewY; dksbZ vyx&vyx ckrsa ugha gSaA ;fn xgjkbZ ls

ns[kk tk, rks ekuoh; ewY;ksa dk mfpr fodkl djuk gh okLrfod f”k{kk gSA ewY; f”k{kk ds egRRo ij

izdk”k Mkyrs gq, jk’Vªh; f”k{kk uhfr esa dgk x;k gS fd gekjs cgqoxhZ; lekt esa f”k{kk dks loZO;kih ,oa

“kk”or ewY;ksa dks izksRlkfgr djuk pkfg, rkfd gekjs lekt esa jk’Vªh; ,drk c<+s vkSj ladh.kZ

lEiznk;okn] tkfrokn] /kkfeZd dV~Vjrk] fgalk] vU/kfo”okl ,oa Hkk’kkokn dks lekIr fd;k tk ldsA

jk’Vªh; ikB~;dze dh :ijs[kk ds vuqlkj ;s lHkh loZO;kih ewY; gekjs lafo/kku esa Hkh fufgr gSA

cnys gq, orZeku ifjn`”; esa v/;kid Hkh lekt ds vuq:i dk;Z ,oa O;ogkj dj jgk gSA tc

thou ds vkn”kZ esa vk/;kRe o uSfrdrk dks LFkku gh ugha fey jgk gS rFkk vR;k/kqfud rduhdh

ikB~;dzeksa ds vUrxZr vk/;kfRed psruk o uSfrdrk dk ikB gh ugha i<+k;k tk jgk gS rks v/;kid dSls

uSfrdrk dk iks’kd gksxkA vc gekjs lEeq[k iz”u ;g gS fd bu ewY;ksa dh f”k{kk fdl izdkj nh tk,]

pwafd lEiw.kZ f”k{kk izfdz;k esa v/;kid dk LFkku loksZifj gSA vr% ;g egku mRrjnkf;Ro vc gekjs

orZeku vkSj Hkkoh f”k{kdksa ds dU/kksa ij gSA f”k{kd fdlh Hkh lekt dk fuekZrk o iFk izn”kZd gksrk gSA

vr% f”k{kdksa dks izR;sd Lrj ij ewY; f”k{kk iznku djus dk egRRoiw.kZ /keZ fuHkkuk gksxkA ijUrq bl dk;Z

dk fuoZgu djus okys f”k{kdksa esa Lo;a ekuoh; ewY;ksa vkSj xq.kksa dk Kku gksuk vko”;d gS D;ksafd f”k{kd

tc ewY;ksa vkn”kksZa uSfrdrk dh ckr djrk gS rks loZizFke mls Lo;a dks ,d vkn”kZ :i esa izLrqr djuk

gksxkA bl dk;Z ds fy, v/;kid izf”k{k.k dk;Zdze dks ewY; vfHkeq[k cukuk gksxk rFkk v/;kid

izf”k{k.k dk;sdze esa ewY; vfHkeq[k ikB~; lgxkeh fdz;kvksa dks izksRlkgu fn;k tkuk pkfg,A




Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dk cnyrk ifjn`';

iwue nsoh

,e0,M0 Nk=k ¼f}rh; o’kZ½

pkS0 pj.k flag ih0th0 dkyst gsaojk ¼lSaQbZ½ bVkok

f'k{kk fdlh Hkh ns'k ds fodkl dh cqfu;kn ,oa vk/kkjf'kyk gksrh gSA ;g dsoy vrhr ;qxksa dh

miyfC/k;ksa rFkk orZeku ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk laf/kLFky gh ugha cfYd ,slh vkyksd Hkh gS] ftlesa Hkfo"; dh

:ijs[kk fu[kjrh gSA ysfdu orZeku ifjizs{; esa Hkkjrh; f'k{kk ds Lo:i esa vusd cnyko fn[kkbZ iM+ jgs

gSaA fiNys 65 o"kksZa esa f'k{kk ds {ks= esa Hkkjr esa ftrus iz;ksx gq, gSa mrus 'kk;n gh fdlh vU; {ks= esa

gq, gksaA Hkwe.Myhdj.k ds nkSjku f'k{kk dss futhdj.k vkSj O;kolk;hdj.k ls ns'k esa fo|ky;ksa]

egkfo|ky;ksa vkSj fo'ofo|ky;ksa dh la[;k esa fujUrj o`f) gqbZ gSA lk{kjrk dk izfr'kr Hkh c<+k gS vkSj

u;h lnh esa Hkkjro"kZ esa f'k{kk dh mRrjksRrj ekax c<+rh gh tk jgh gSA izR;sd xzke fo|ky; dh ekax

dj jgk gS] izR;sd dLck dkyst dh ,oa izR;sd uxj fo'ofo|ky; dhA ;g ek¡xs ns'k dh izxfr ds

lEcU/k esa cgqr LokLF;o/kZd gSa] fdUrq gesa ;g ;kn j[kuk pkfg, fd f'k{kk dksbZ foykflrk dh oLrq ugha

gS] vkSj u gh dkyst ;k fo'ofo|ky; fdlh LFkku ds izfr"Bk fpUgA blds fy, tks egRoiw.kZ ckr gS]

og ;g gS fd ge 'kSf{kd izxfr dks fdl izdkj ls 'kkfUr ,oa lEiUurk ls lEcfU/kr djrs gSaA gesa f'k{kk

esa vfuok;Z Hkkxhnkfjrk dks lqfuf'pr dj izxfr dh egku izfØ;k dks c<+kuk pkfg, vkSj f'k{kk dh

xq.koRrk ij Hkh fo'ks"k /;ku nsuk pkfg,A vr% vkt vko';drk gS fd f'k{kk ds {ks= esa ;Fkk laHko

loksZRre o mRd"V ekin.Mksa dk egt lS)kfUrd lekos'k u gks vfirq bUgsa fØ;kUo;u ds Lrj ij Hkh

ewrZ Lo:i nsrs gq, ,d O;kid dk;Z ;kstuk cuk;h tk;sA f'k{kk dsUnzksa ls f'kf{kr ,oa izf'kf{kr fo|kFkhZ

ek= ikB~;Øe iw.kZ djds mikf/k ysdj u fudysa oju~ f'k{kk vof/k ds nkSjku f'k{k.ksRrj xfrfof/k;ksa esa

layXu gksdj O;fDr ds fodkl lEizs"k.k {kerk esa o`f) lkekftd dk;ksZa esa Hkkxhnkjh ,oa m|ksx O;kikj

txr dh ek¡x ds vuq:i izf'k{k.k tSlh fØ;kvksa ls gksdj xqtjsA bl izfØ;k ls f'kf{kr ;qok ek=

f'kf{kr gh ugha vfirq vk/kqfud ;qx dh ekax ds vuqlkj iw.kZ izf'kf{kr gksdj jk"Vªh;fodkl ds fo'kky ;K

esa iw.kZ ;ksxnku djus esa lQy gks ldsaxsA

,d izkFkfed esa mPp xq.koRrk okys f”k{kd usr`Ro dk fodkl djuk

uohu pkSjfl;k

,e-,M- ¼Nk=½] pkS0 pj.k flag ih0th0 dkyst gsaojk ¼lSaQbZ½ bVkok

usr`Ro ,d ,slk “kCn gS ftldk vFkZ gS fd vki fdl ij fuHkZj djrs gSaA ckr djrs gSa vkSj

lanHkZ ppkZvksa esa Qalk;k tkrk gS] ;g fØ;kvksa ds ,d lsV dk o.kZu djrk gSA ftldk mn~ns”; yksxksa ;k

jalaxBuksa dks fodflr djuk vkSj mUgsa lq/kkjuk gS] usr`Ro dj ldrs gSaA ;g Hkh Lrj dk o.kZu ,d

ukSdjh ;k iksLV ,d inkuqØe ds Hkhrj cSBrk gSA

^^ifjorZu ds fy;s ,d nf’V fodflr djsa tks fd eSa lq/kkj dh vksj tkrk gSA f”k{kkfFkZ;ksa ds fy,

ifj.kke vkSj lk>k ewY;kasa vkSj etcwr ij vk/kkfjr gSA orZeku vH;kl vkSj ifj.kkeksa ds lk{; dk

ewY;kadu** vkSj ^^nwljksa dks fodflr djus vkSj ikyu djus ds fy;s nwljksa dks tqVkus] l{ke vkSj leFkZu

djus dh {kerkA ml ifjorZu dks izkIr djus ds fy, j.kuhfr;ksa ds ek/;e ls**

f”k{kd usr`Ro rc gksrk gS tc ,d f”k{kd lQyrkiwoZd vkxs c<+rk gS ¼tSlk fd Åij of.kZr gS½

ikB~;Øe vkSj Nk=ksa dks viuh d{kkvksa esaA eSa ,pD;w,y,y dks usr`Ro ds :Ik esa ifjHkkf’kr djrk gw¡ tks

fd foHkkx dh LFkkiuk usr`Ro dkS”ky vkSj {kerkvksa ds ,d O;kid lkj.kh dks ykxw djus ls f”k{kdksa us

fo|kfFkZ;ksa vkSj lgdfeZ;ksa dks leku ;k mlls de ds fy, ifj.kkeksa dks c<+k;k lalk/ku vkSj ;s ifj.kke

LFkkbZ gSa tc Ldwy Hkj esa f”k{kdksa O;k;ke ,pD;w,y,y] ,d rkyesy izHkko yxrk gS] usr`Ro dh vksj

vf/kd tksM+uk izHkko”khyrkA




v/;kid f'k{kk esa xq.koRrk vkSj mRÑ"Vrk % eqn~ns vkSj pqukSfr;k¡

jatuk iksjoky

,e0,M0] f}rh; o’kZ Nk=k

f”k{kk foHkkx] N=ifr 'kkgw th egkjkt fo0fo0] dkuiqj

vkt ds mHkjrs gq, Hkkjr esa vkus okys lkekftd ifjorZu rFkk oS'ohdj.k dh vko';drkvksa ds

vuq:i ^^lHkh ds fy;s xq.koRrk iw.kZ f'k{kk** ij cy nsuk txtkfgj gSA xq.koRrk iw.kZ f'k{kk dk vknku&iznku

iw.kZr% f'k{kd f'k{kk dh xq.koRrk ij fuHkZj djrk gS fdUrq lqfu;ksftr v/;kid f'k{kk ds fodkl dk vHkko

,oa dqdqjeqRrs dh rjg mx jgs LofoRriksf"kr f'k{k.k&izf'k{k.k laLFkku orZeku esa v/;kid f'k{kk ds fy;s

lcls cM+h pqukSrh gSA v/;kid f'k{kk esa lq/kkj ds fy;s v/;kidksa dh xq.koRrk] f'k{kd&izf'k{kdksa dh

O;olkf;d n{krk] Lora=] fpUru] Lok/;k;] oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k] izfrc)rk ,oa la[;kRed <kapk] vdknfed

,oa 'kks/k vk/kkfjr uokpkjh fopkj o fodkl rFkk l`tuiw.kZ v/;kiu o ikB~;Øe dks c<kok fn;k tk jgk gSA

izLrqr izi= esa v/;kid f'k{kk esa xq.kkRedrk vkSj mRd"Vrk dks izkIr djus esa vkus okyh pqukSfr;ksa ,oa eqn~nksa

ij izdk'k Mkyk x;k gSA

f”k{kd f”k{kk esa 'kkjhfjd f'k{kk] [ksy vkSj ;ksxk }kjk ekuoh; ewY;ksa dks tkxzr djuk

eatjh JhokLro

vflLVsaV izksQslj

ch0,M0 foHkkx] efgyk egkfo|ky;] fdnobZ uxj] dkuiqj

vk/kqfud ;qx esa 'kkjhfjd f'k{kk dks f'k{kk {ks= dk ,d vfuok;Z vax ekuk tkus yxk gSA vkt ls

dqN le; iwoZ f'k{kk dk y{; dsoy ekufld fodkl gh ekuk tkrk Fkk] vkSj 'kkjhfjd f'k{kk [ksyksa rFkk

vU; fØ;kvksa ds ek/;e ls f'k{kk ds mn~ns';ksa dh iwfrZ dj jgh gSA dqN f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa ds vuqlkj ;g ek/;e

vf/kd yksdfiz; o ljy gSA 'kkjhfjd f'k{kk lEcU/kh dk;ksZa esa Hkkx ysus ls O;fDr dk LokLF; lq/kj jgk gSA

mlesa dk;Zdq'kyrk ds lkFk Kku dh o`f) Hkh gksrh gSA [ksy [ksyus ds lkFk&lkFk fo|kFkhZ bl izdkj dh ckrsa

Hkh lh[krk gS fd mDr [ksy dh mRifRr dgk¡ ls gqbZA 'kkjhfjd xfrfof/k;ksa ls gh thou esa gekjh 'kkjhfjd

o`f) lEHko gSA 'kkjhfjd O;k;ke ,oa ;ksxk ls gh gekjh 'kkjhfjd {kerk c<+rh gS vkSj cgqr ls jksxksa dk cpko

gks tkrk gSA vk/kqfud ;qx ds 'kkjhfjd f'k{kk lEcU/kh dk;ZØe ij cy nsuk igys ls Hkh vf/kd vfuok;Z gks

x;k gSA 'kkjhfjd Je rFkk O;k;ke ls ekalisf'k;ksa dh dk;Z{kerk c<+rh gSA Je ij O;k;ke djrs le; jDr

lapkj dh xfr rhoz gks tkrh gSA O;k;ke ,oa ;ksxk djus ls vfLFk lEcU/kh nks"k Hkh nwj gks tkrs gSaA 'kjhj ds

vaxksa esa LQwfrZ cuh jgrh gSA ekufld rFkk 'kkjhfjd dk;Z{kerk cuh jgrh gSA 'kkjhfjd mRd"kZ O;k;ke rFkk

laxfBr [ksy&dwn nhf{kr v/;kidksa dh ns[k&js[k esa gksuk pkfg,A dk;ZØeksa esa Hkkx ysus okys dh #fp vkSj

{kerk dks /;ku esa j[kdj vHkh"V ifj.kkeksa dh n`f"V ls 'kkjhfjd f'k{kk dk;ZØe dh ;kstuk cukbZ tk;sA bu

dk;Zdykiksa ij tks fd gekjs ns'k esa fodflr gq, gSa] mfpr cy fn;k tk;sA tks dk;ZØe izLrqr fd;s tk;sa

os f'k{kk ds vU; dk;ZØeksa ds iwjd gksaA dk;ZØe dqN pqus gq, Nk=ksa ds fy, u jgdj lc rd igqapsA f'k{kk

esa izfrHkk dk fo'ks"k #>ku okys Nk=ksa dks fo'ks"k f'k{k.k vkSj izf'k{k.k fn;k tk;sA f'k{kd f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks

mudh #fp vkSj vko';drkuqlkj [ksy f[kykdj mUgsa ns'k ds fodflr vkSj vkn'kZ ukxfjd cuk ldrs gSaA

fo|ky; vkSj fo'ofo|ky; Lrj ij gekjh ogh [ksy vuqla/kkukRed dk;ksZa esa vkSj jpukRed dk;ksZa esa

lgk;rk djds Hkkoh thou dh fn'kk fu/kkZj.k esa lgk;rk djrs gSaA O;k;ke ,oa [ksy rFkk ;ksxk ds }kjk

ckyd Hkkoh thou ds la?k"kZ ds fy, 'kkjhfjd :i ls rS;kj gksrs gSaA O;fDr dks iw.kZ vfHkO;fDr ds fy,

'kkjhfjd] uSfrd rFkk ekufld fØ;kvksa dks djus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA 'kkjhfjd f'k{kk] [ksydwn rFkk

;ksxk LokLF; dk;ZØeksa dk vko';d vax gS blls Nk=ksa ds 'kkjhfjd o ekufld LokLF; dk fodkl gksrk

gS] mudh euksjatu dh fØ;kvksa esa #fp c<+s vkSj muesa lkewfgd Hkkouk] vPNs f[kykM+h ds xq.kksa dk fodkl

gks] nwljksa dk vknj djus dh Hkkouk fodflr gks blesa lHkh izdkj ds os 'kkjhfjd [ksy o fØ;k;sa lfEefyr

gSa ftuesa ekufld o 'kkjhfjd fodkl gksrk gSA bl n`f"Vdks.k ls orZeku esa f'k{kd izf'k{k.k ds nkSjku

'kkjhfjd f'k{kk] [ksydwn vkSj ;ksxk }kjk ekuoh; ewY;ksa dks tkxzr djus dk iw.kZ iz;kl djuk pkfg,A




Hkkjr eas f'k{kd f'k{kk lq/kkj

Arunima Khare B.Ed. Department, M.M.V. Kidwai Nagar, Kanpur

f'k{kk vkSj fo'ks"kdj mPp f'k{kk lnSo ls ,d vkUrfjd vfHk;ku jgk gS dHkh u :dus vkSj

lekIr u gksuss okyh ;g loZJs"B dh [kkst gS vkSj loZJs"B dk g; eki n.M ÅWpk gksrk tkrk gSA vius

vUnj dh [kkst vkSj vius pkjks rjQ ds ifjos'k dks lnSo Js"Brk dh vksj ys tkus dk iz;kl f'k{kk gSA

f'k{kd fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ds ek/;e ls Nk=ksa esa ewY;kas dh LFkkiuk djus ds lcls cM+s L=ksr gSA f'k{kk dk

vFkZ dsoy ikB~; iqLrdksa dk Kku djokuk rFkk f'k{kFkhZ dks O;olk; ds fy;s rS;kj djuk ek= ugh gsSA

tSlk fd Lokeh foosdkUkUn dk dguk Fkk *gesa ekuo fuekZ.k rFkk jk"Vª fuekZ.k dh f'k{kk iz.kkyh dh

vko';drk gS*A Hkkjr dh orZeku fLFkfr esa ,slh f'k{kk iz.kkyh dh vko';drk gS tks jk"Vªh; ,drk dks

'kfDr'kkyh cukus ds vfrfjDr vFkZiw.kZ rFkk mns~n';iw.kZ jpukRed ewY;k/kkfjr f'k{kk ds tfj;s lkekftd

,drk dks Hkh etcwr djsA izkphu Hkkjrh; n'kZu vkSj f'k{kk ij oSfnd laLd`fr dk izHkko jgk gS vkSj

osfnddky ls orZeku rd f'k{kk] f'k{kd] lekt vkSj thou i)fr esa vusd ifjorZu gq, gSA bl le;

riL;k vk/;kfRed f'k{kk izkIr djus dk eq[; lk/ku FkkA Hkkjr esa eqlyeku vkØe.k &dkfj;kas ds vkB

oha 'krkCnh dsa vkxeu ds ckn bLykeh f'k{kk dks laj{k.k feykA vk/qkfud dky dk izkjEHk ;wjksih;

fonsf'k;kas ds vkxeu ds lkFk ekuk x;k gSA ml le; vusd LFkkuksa ij izkFkfed 'kkyk,W Hkh [kksyh xbZA

u rks f'k{kk lq/kkj ds fy;s Bksl fopkjkas dh deh gS vkSj u gh 'kSf{kd xq.koRrk dks izksRlkgu nssus ds

fy;s dYiuk ubZ ;sktukvksa dhA ftu {ks=ksa esa leL;k lcls vf/kd tfVy gS os gS 'kSf{kd y{;ksa dh

dk;Ziz/kku rFkk le;c)rk f'k{kk iz.kkyh dks nQrj'kkgh ls tfVy cuk,a fcuk nkf;Ro Hkkouk tkxuk

vkSj mls ykxw djuk] rkfd 'kSf{kd LorU=rk vkSj igy djus dh 'kfDr detksj u gks izfrQy ekU;rk

iz.kkyh dk bl izdkj iquxZBu djuk] ftlls xq.koRrk ij cy fn;k tk ldsA

bDdhloh “krkCnh esa f”k{kd f”k{kk dh pqukSfr;ka

*jhuk ;kno ,oa

**MkW0 uhfr ;kno

*,e0,M0 Nk=k] pkS0 pj.k flag ih0th0 dkyst] gSojk] bVkok

**,lksfl,V izksQslj f”k{kk ladk;] pkS0 pj.k flag ih0th0 dkWyst gSojk] bVkok

f”k{k.k iz.kkyh dk vFkZ f”k{kd o Nk= ds egRo vUr%fdz;k ls gS d{kk esa gksus okyh ?kVukvksa dk

cks/k okLrfod d{kk ifjfLFfr ds fujh{k.k ls gh lEHko gS bl izfof/k dh lgk;rk ls d{kk ds vUrxZr

f”k{kd rFkk Nk= ds e/; vUr%fdz;kvksa dk v/;;u fd;k tk ldrk gSA f”k{k.k vf/kxe ds fy,

v/;kid f”k{kk ,d egRoiw.kZ dk;Z dj ldrh gSA lS)kfUrd Íf’V ls v/;kid f”k{kk dk;Zdze ds rhu

ekin.M fn, tk ldrs gS& izos”k dk ekin.M] v/;;u gsrq ikB~;dze rFkk v/;kid f”k{kk dh O;oLFkk

dh izfØ;kA;g ekin.M v/;kid f”k{kk ds mn~ns”;ksa ij vk/kkfjr gaSA le; ,oa LFkku ds vuqlkj

v/;kid f”k{kk ds mn~ns”; cnyrs jgrs gSA blfy; s v/;;u dh ikB~;oLrw Hkh cny tkrh gSA vkt

bDdhloha “krkCnh esa thou ;kiu dj jgs gSA vr% f”k{kk ds ikB~;Øe f”k{k.k fof/k;kW vkSj iz.kyh esa

O;kid ifjorZu dh vko”drk gSA f”k{kk dh iz.kkyh v/;kid f”k{kk laLFkkvksa dh izf”k{k.k izfØ;k ij

fuHkZj gksrh gSA D;ksafd f”k{k.k laLFkkvksa esa gh jk’Vª fuekZrkvksa vFkkZr v/;kidksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA vkt

bDdhloha “krkCnh dh f”k{kk igys ls fHkUu gSA blesa rduhfd;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkus yxk gSA blds

mijkUr Hkh f”k{kd f”k{kk ds fy, pqukSfr;ka gSA izR;sd v/;kid ds le{k uohu pqukSfr;ka gSA bu

pqukSfr;ksa dks n`f’Vxkspj j[krs gq;s d{kk esa vf/kd ls vf/kd rduhdh ds iz;ksx dh vko”;drk gSA

D;ksafd gesa f”k{k.k f”k{kk ds uohu pqukSfr;ksa dks Lohdkj djuk gksxk vkSj f”k{k.k laLFkkvksa esa ,slh

vk/kqfud rduhdksa ds ek/;e ls f”k{k.k lqfuf”pr djuk gksxkA ftlls f”k{k.k esa fujarj lq/kkj vkSj

fodkl gks ldsA




f“k{kd % lkekftd vkn”kZ ds :Ik esa

*vkuUn dqekj ,oa

**mfeZyk oekZ

*vflLVsaV izksQslj] f”k{kk ladk;] pkS0 pj.k flag ih0 th0 dkWyst] gSojk] bVkok

**,e0 ,M0 Nk=k] f”k{kk ladk;] pkS0 pj.k flag ih0 th0 dkWyst] gSojk] bVkok

Hkkjrh; thou n”kZu esa xq: dks ijes”oj ds led{k ekuk x;k gSA xq:nsoksa egs”oj% esa+ J)k

j[kus okys dqN fpardks ds erkuqlkj xq: ijes”oj ls Hkh c<+dj gSa] xq: gh ijes”oj izkfIr dk iFk

fn[kkrs gSaA fn”kk n”kZu djrs gSa] lekt oSlk gh cusxk tSlk f”k{kd gksxkA f”k{kd ds ek/;e ls gh

f”k{kkFkhZ fdlh fo’k; oLrq dks lh[kus ds fy, izsfjr djrh gSaA fo|ky; dh ,d xR;kRed dM+h gSaA

f”k{kkFkhZ ikB;dze ds e/; leUo; LFkkfir djrh gS f”k{kd vius Lusgiw.kZ O;ogkj o R;kx ls Hkh “kCnksa

dk fuekZ.k djrk gSaA f”k{kd ds usr`Ro esa gh f”k{kkFkhZ iw.kZr% dks izkIr djrs gSA lekt dh laLd`fr rFkk

O;ogkjksa dh /;lj.k djrs gSaA lH;rk dss fodkl vkSj mUufr esa ;ksxnku nsrs gSaA Hkkjrh; laLd`fr esa

f”k{kd ,d ekxZn”kZd] euksoSKkfud] iFkÍ”Vk ds :Ik esa viuh Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA futh fgrksa ds dkj.k

Nk=ksa vkSj f”k{kdksa esa ijLij rkyesy ugha cSB ik jgk gSA ysfdu lekt esa vkn”kZ ds :Ik esa f”k{kd dh

vge Hkwfedk gSA D;ksafd ,d f”k{kd vkn”kZ rHkh gks ldrk gSA tc og bl O;olk; dks lsok dk;Z ds

:Ik esa Lohdkj djsaA mls cPpksa ds firk] fe= vkSj iFk izn”kZd vusd :Ik esa dk;Z djuk gksrk gSaA

blfy, mls lfg’.kq] mnkjpsruk vkSj /kS;Zoku gksuk pkfg,A ;fn f”k{kd bZekunkj vkSj drZO;fu’B gks

tk, rks f”k{kk txr dh lHkh leL;k,a vklkuh l s gy dh tk ldrh gSaA

f”k{k.k dh izfdz;k esa f”k{kd dks “kh’kZ LFkku izkIr gS] cPpksa dks Ik”kqRo ls euq’;Ro vkSj euq’;Ro

ls nsoRo dh vksj ys tkus esa f”k{kd dh vge Hkwfedk gSa cPpksa dks HkkSfrd fo’k;ksa dk Kku rks dksbZ Hkh

O;fDr djk ldrk gSa ijUrq muds pfj= fuekZ.k vkSj vk/;kfRed fodkl ds fy, ;ksX; lPpfj= ,oa ris

gq, O;fDr;ksa dh vko”;drk gksrh gSA vf”kf{kr euq’; dks vlH; rFkk Ik”kq&rqY; le>k tkrk FkkA

ladsr 'kCn & f”k{kd ikB~;dze] lkekftd O;ogkj] mnkjpsrukA

e/;izns”k ds foØze fo”ofo|ky; ds lsokiwoZ f”k{kd izf”k{k.k dk;Zdze esa efgyk o iq:’k

f”k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh Ik;kZoj.k f”k{kk fo’k; ds izfr jk;ksa dk v/;;u

MkW- Hkkouk mik/;k;

izkpk;Z

vkpk;Z jktsUnz lwjh f”k{kk egkfo|ky;] eUnlkSj

Ik;kZoj.k dks lqjf{kr djuk vkt dh egrh vko”;drk gS vkSj bl vko”;drk dh iwfrZ Ik;kZoj.k

f”k{kk nsdj Ik;kZoj.k ds izfr psruk o tkx:drk fodflr dj dh tk ldrh gSA loksZPp U;k;ky; }kjk

lu~ 1991 esa bl fo’k; dks vkSipkfjd fo’k; ds :i esa vfuok;Z fd;s tkus ds fy, dgk vkSj fnlEcj

2003 esa U;k;ky; us funsZf”kr fd;k-------“izR;sd jkT; ljdkj o izR;sd f”k{kk cksMZ tks esfVªd Lrj ;k

b.VjehfM,V dkWystksa dh f”k{kk ls tqM+s gSa] mUgsa i;kZoj.k f”k{kk fo’k; dks vfuok;Z fo’k; ds :i esa ykxw

djus gsrq vko”;d dne mBkus pkfg,A ” “kks/kdrhZ }kjk bl “kks/k i= esas foØe fo”ofo|ky;] mTtSu

ds lsokiwoZ f”k{kd izf”k{k.k dk;ZØe esa i;kZoj.k f”k{kk fo’k; ds ckjs esa izf”k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh jk;ksa dk v/;;u

fd;k x;k gSA bl gsrq oS/krk ,oa fo”oluh;rk ds Lrj ij ekih xbZ LofufeZr iz”ukoyh dk iz;ksx fd;k

x;kA losZ{k.k fof/k dk iz;ksx djrs gq, 50 efgyk o 50 iq:’k izf”k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh jk; tkuus gsrq vkadM+s

,df=r fd, x,A vkadM+ksa ds fo”ys’k.k gsrq ‘t’ ijh{k.k dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA fu’d’kZ esa ik;k x;k fd

Ik;kZoj.k f”k{kk ds ewY;kadu vk;ke ds izfr efgyk o iq:’k izf”k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh jk;ksa esas lkFkZd varj gS]

vU; vk;keksa ikB~;Øe] mn~ns”;] f”k{k.k o l=h; dk;Z ds izfr jk;ksa esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha ik;k

x;kA

ladsr 'kCn & Ik;kZoj.k f”k{kk] f”k{kd izf”k{k.k] izf”k{k.kkFkhZA




Hkkjr esa f'k{kd f'k{kk ds cnyrs vk;ke

*ySUlh pkS/kjh ,oa

**;kfeuh

,e0,M0&Nk=k

N=ifr 'kkgw th egkjkt fo'ofo|ky;] dkuiqj

f'k{kd f'k{kk esa cnyko ns'k ,oa lekt ds yksxksa ds fy, vko';d gS vkSj blhfy, dksBkjh

deh'ku us dgk gS fd jk"Vª ds fdlh Hkh O;fDr dk Lrj ml jk"Vª ds f'k{kd Lrj ls Å¡pk ugha mB

ldrkA Hkkjr esa f'k{kd f'k{kk us dkQh izxfr dh gS fdUrq xq.koRRkk ds vk/kkj ij ugha cfYd ek=kRed

:i esaA Hkkjr esa f'k{kd f'k{kk ds cnyrs vk;ke ls rkRi;Z f'k{kd f'k{kk esa dqN uohu fof/k;k¡] izfof/k;k¡

o rduhdksa ds iz;ksx ls gS tks fd f'k{kd f'k{kk dh xq.koRRkk c<+kus ds fy, mRrjnk;h gSA Hkkjr esa

f'k{kd f'k{kk ds cnyrs vk;ke fuEufyf[kr gS tSls& b.VuZf'ki] funsZ'ku ,oa ijke'kZ] vkbZ0lh0Vh0]

ewY;kadu] ikB~;Øe] nks o"khZ; ch0,M0 vkSj ,e0,M0 ikB~;Øe] f'k{k.k fof/k;k¡] lalk/ku vkfn vf/kd

Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSA bu rRoksa dh xq.koRrk vkSj cnyko ds fy, ljdkj dks Lo;a ftEEksnkjh ysuh iMsxh u

fd futh laLFkkvksa ds lgkjs NksM+ nsukA

ladsr 'kCn & f'k{kd f'k{kk] ewY;kadu] b.VuZf'ki] vkbZ0lh0Vh0A

“kS{kf.kd o xSj “kS{kf.kd efgykvksa ds cPpksa ds ekufld LokLF; dk rqyukRed v/;;u

*MkW- Hkkouk mik/;k; ,oa **Jherh fiz;adk lkSyadh

*izkpk;Z] vkpk;Z jktsUnz lwjh f”k{kk egkfo|ky;] eUnlkSj

**lgk;d izk/;kfidk % vkpk;Z jktsUnz lwjh f”k{kk egkfo|ky;] eUnlkSj

f”k{kk dk mn+ns”; gS ckyd dks vkRefuHkZj fparu”khy foosdiw.kZ rFkk lektksi;ksxh cukuk gS]

f”k{kk vius bl egRoiw.kZ mn~ns”; dh izkfIr esa rc rd lQy ugha gks ldrh] tc rd fd ckyd

ekufld :i ls LoLFk u gks A cPpk Hkfo’; dh uhao gS] blhfy, mldk ekufld :Ik ls LoLFk cus

jguk t:jh gSA ftu ckydks ds eu esa Hk;] fpark] fujk”kk] nq%[k rFkk lek;kstu ds nks’kksa dk lekos”k

jgrk gS] buds O;fDrRo dk fodkl :d tkrk gSA ,slh ifjfLFkfr esa efgykvksa }kjk lkekftd Hkwfedk ds

fuoZgu ds LkkFk ekr`Hkwfe ds fuoZgu ds lkFk ekr`Hkwfe dk fuoZgu Lo:Ik nksgjh Hkwfedk fuHkkuh gksrh gS

rFkk ckydksa ds fodkl dks fo”ks’k :Ik ls ekufld LokLF; dks fdl :Ik esa izHkkfor djrh gS ;gh “kks/k

dk egRoiw.kZ {ks= gSA nwljs “kCnksa esa bl v/;;u dk mn~ns”; ;g ns[kuk jgk gS fd “kS{kf.kd o xSj

“kS{kf.kd efgykvksa ds ckyd ,oa ckfydkvksa ds rqyukRed :Ik ls mi;ZqDr pj (ekufld LokLF;) ds

vk/kkj ij dksbZ lkFkZd varj gS vFkok ugha ? ;fn ckyd dk ekufld fodkl fdlh dkj.k ls :d

x;k rks ml ckyd dk O;fDrRo vfodflr jg tk,xkA bl gsrq “kks/kdrhZ }kjk losZ{k.k fof/k ds varxZr

f”k{k.k {ks= ls tqM+h dqy 40 efgyk,Waa rFkk xSj f”k{k.k {ks= ls tqM+h 40 efgykvksa dk p;u fd;k x;k

gSA “kks/kdrhZ }kjk vkadM+ksa dk ladyu djus gsrq izek.khd`r midj.k dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k rFkk

rqyukRed v/;;u djus gsrq ‘t’ ijh{k.k iz;qDr fd;k x;kA fu’d’kZ esa ik;k x;k fd ekufld LokLF;

ds {ks=ksa] laosxkRed fLFkjrk] lek;kstu] lqj{kk o vlqj{kk] Lo%izR;; rFkk cqfn~/k esa rks lkFkZd varj ik;k

x;k ijUrq Lok;Rrrk {ks+= esa lkFkZd varj ugha FkkA ladsr 'kCn & “kS{kf.kd] xSj “kS{kf.kd] ekufld LokLF;] laosxkRed fLFkjrk] lek;kstu] Lo%izR;; vkSj

cqf)A




v/;kid f'k{kk esa 'kks/k ,oa uokpkj % dsfUnzr lewg ifjppkZ

fu'kk dfV;kj

,e0,M0&Nk=k

N=ifr 'kkgw th egkjkt] fo'ofo|ky; dkuiqj

v/;kid f'k{kk esa 'kks/k ,oa uokpkj dh egRrk ge lHkh ds }kjk Lohdk;Z gSa] D;ksafd v/;kiu

dk;Z dksbZ fLFkj O;olk; ugha gSA izkS|ksfxdh lnSo cnyrs Kku] oSf'od vFkZ'kkL= ds nckoksa vkSj

lkekftd nckoksa ls izHkkfor gksdj cnyrk jgrk gS] orZeku esa v/;kid f'k{kk ds le{k vk jgh

pqukSfr;k¡] tSls& v/;kid dh v/;kiu O;olk; ds izfr cnyrh vfHko`fRRk] O;kolkf;d izfrc)rk]

v/;kiu n{krk vkfn vkSj Hkh cyorh gksrh tk jgh gSaA bu ifjorZukas ds lkFk lekatL; fcBkus ds fy;s

v/;kiu dh fof/k;ksa ,oa dkS'kyksa dk fujUrj v/;;u ,oa fodkl vfr vko';d gks x;k gS] ,d v/;kid

dk ifjofrZr lekt ds lkFk lekatL; fcBkus ds fy;s mlds O;fDrRo esa fodkl djuk vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ

gks x;k gSA v/;kidksa ds O;fDrRo ls lEcaf/kr fofHkUu vk;keksa ds fy;s orZeku esa ,d egRoiw.kZ izpfyr

izfof/k gS] izLrqr izi= esa egRoiw.kZ izfof/k dsfUnzr lewg ifjppkZ ds ek/;e ls v/;kid f'k{kk ds le{k

vkus okyh pqukSfr;ksa ds fuokj.k gsrq mik; lq>k;sa x;s gSsaA

ladsr 'kCn & v/;kid f'k{kk] dsfUnzr lewg ifjppkZA

orZeku esa Hkkjr ds f”k{kd&f”k{kk ds fodkl esa 'kh"kZ fudk;ksa dh Hkwfedk

izhfr flag

vflLVsaV izksQslj ¼ch0,M0 foHkkx½

dq¡0 vkj0lh0 efgyk egkfo|ky;] eSuiqjh

fdlh Hkh ns'k ds lkekftd fodkl] vkfFkZd fodkl] jktuhfrd fodkl vkfn esa mlds ukxfjdksa

dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gksrk gS rFkk ns'k ds ukxfjdksa dks jk’Vª fuekZ.k esa ;skxnku ds fy, mUgsa ;ksX;

cukus dk dk;Z ,d f'k{kd gh djrk gSA ,d f'k{kd gh gS tks ,d cPps dks cpiu ¼izkjEHk½ ls ysdj

mlds cM+s gksus rd mldk ekxZn'kZu djrk gSA mls lgh xyr dh igpku djus ds ;ksX; cukrk gSA

vr% bl nf’V ls fopkj djsa rks vkt f'k{kd f'k{kk esa lq/kkj rFkk fodkl nksuksa dh vko';drk gS D;ksafd

;fn f'k{kd lgh :i ls izf'kf{kr gS rks og vius Nk=ksa dks Hkh lgha ekxZn'kZu nsdj jk’Vª fuekZ.k esa

;ksxnku nsus ds fy, ;ksX; cuk ldrk gSA Hkkjr esa f'k{kd f'k{kk uhfr dks le; ds fglkc ls fu:fir

fd;k x;k gS vkSj ;g f'k{kk lfefr;ksa@vk;ksxksa dh fofHkUu fjiksVksZa esa fufgr flQkfj'kksa ij vk/kkfjr gS]

ftuesa ls egRoiw.kZ gS] dksBkjh vk;ksx ¼1966½] pV~Vksik/;k; lfefr ¼1985½] jk’Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr ¼,uihbZ

1986@92½] vkpk;Z jkeewfrZ lfefr ¼1990½] ;'kiky lfefr ¼1993½ ,oa jk’Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ <k¡pk

¼,ulh,Q] 2005½ fu%'kqYd vkSj cky f'k{kk vf/kdkj ¼vkjVhbZ½ vf/kfu;e] 2009 tks 1 viSzy 2010 ls

ykxw gqvk dk ns'k esa f'k{kd f'k{kk ds fy, egRoiw.kZ fufgrkFkZ gSA

Hkkjr esa Ldwyh cPpksa dh f'k{kk miyfC/k;ksa ds lq/kkj ds fy, f'k{kd f'k{kk ds foLr`r mn~ns'; ds

lq/kkj ds fy, f'k{kd f'k{kk ds fy, foLr`r mn~ns'; dh nksgjh dk;Zuhfr gS tks fuEufyf[kr gS%&

lsok iwoZ izf'k{k.k ¼Ldwy iz.kkyh ds fy, v/;kidksa dks rS;kj djuk½

lsokdkyhu izf'k{k.k ¼ekStwnk Ldwy v/;kidksa dh {kerk esa lq/kkj djuk½

orZeku esa f'k{kd f'k{kk esa lq/kkj ykus ds fy, fofHkUu 'kh’kZ fudk;ksa tSls ,u0lh0Vh0bZ0

¼lsokiwoZ izf'k{k.k ds fy,½] Vh0Vh0vkbZ0] ,l0lh0bZ0vkj0Vh0] lh0Vh0bZ0] vkbZ0,0,l0bZ0]

Mh0vkbZ0bZ0Vh0] ch0vkj0lh0 ¼lsokdkyhu izf'k{k.k½ vkfn dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gSA




izxfr”khy lekt esa f”k{kk ,oa f”k{kd dh Hkwfedk

*iwtk ;kno ,oa **uohu dqekj ;kno

*Nk=k] ,e0,M0 f}rh; o’kZ, pkS0 pj.k flag ih0th0 dkyst] gSaojk ¼bVkok½

**Nk=] ,e0,M0 f}rh; o’kZ, pkS0 pj.k flag ih0th0 dkyst] gSaojk ¼bVkok½

izxfr”khy lekt esasa f”k{kk ,oa f”k{kd dh vge Hkwfedk gSA f”k{kd ds mfpr ekxZn”kZu ds iFk ij vxzlj

gksdj ckyd izxfr”khy lekt dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA izxfr”khy f”k{kk dh vo/kkj.kk ds vuqlkj f”k{kk dk

,d ek= mn~ns”; ckyd dh “kfDr;kas dk fodkl djuk gSA izxfr”khy f”k{kk esa f”k{k.k fof/k dks vf/kd

O;ogkfjd cukus dh t:jr gSA ekuo lH;rk dk fodkl f”k{kk ds }kjk gh lEHko gqvk gSA fcuk f”k{kk

ds euq’; fcuk iw¡N ds i”kq leku gSA f”k{kk dk ewy mn~ns”; lHkh dk fodkl djuk gSAegkRek xk¡/kh us

dgk Fkk fd f”k{kk ,d ,slk lk/ku gS tks jk’Vª dh lkekftd vkfFkZd fLFkfr esa lq/kkj ykus esa ,d thoar

Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrk gSA Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk ,d izfl) dFku gS& relks ek T;ksfrxZe; bldk vFkZ gS va/ksjs ls mtkys dh vksj tkukA bl dFku dks pfjrkFkZ djus esa f”k{kk] f”k{kd ,oa

lekt dh vge Hkwfedk gksrh gSA lekt esa f”k{kk dks “kjhj] eu ,oa vkRek ds fodkl dk lk/ku ekuk

x;k gSA ogha f”k{kd dks lekt ds lexz O;fDrRo ds fodkl dk mRrjnkf;Ro lkSaik x;k gSA f”k{kd

lekt dk lsod gksrk gSA og fo|ky; esa ,sls okrkoj.k dk fuekZ.k djrk gS] ftlesa ckyd ds

lkekftd O;fDrRo dk fodkl gks o tura= ;ksX; ukxfjd cu ldsA f”k{kd jk’Vª dh laLÑfr ds prqj

ekyh gksrs gSaA os laLÑfr dh tMksa esa [kkn nsrs gSa vkSj vius Je ls lhapdj mUgsa “kfDr esa fufeZr djrs

gaSA fdlh Hkh jk’Vª dk Hkfo’; fuekZrk dgs tkus okys f”k{kd dk egRo ;gh ugha lekIr gksrk] D;ksafd os

gesa u dsoy lgh ekxZ ij pyus ds fy, izsfjr djrs gaSA cfYd izR;sd fo|kFkhZ ds lQy thou dh uhao

Hkh mUgha gkFkksa }kjk j[kh tkrh gSA fdlh Hkh jk’Vª ;k ns”k ds fodkl esa f”k{kd }kjk vius f”k{kkFkhZ dks

nh xbZA f”k{kk vkSj “kSf{kd fodkl dh Hkwfedk dk vR;Ur egRo gksrk gSA

vuqla/kku vkSj f”k{kd f”k{kk esa uokpkj f'k{kk eas uSfrdrk

*MkW0 vfuy dqekj ik.Mk ,oa **'kkfyuh JhokLro

*,lksfl,V izksQslj] Mh0,0oh0 dkyst] dkuiqj

*vflLVsUV izksQslj] efgyk egkfo|ky;] dkuiqj

okLro esa fdlh Hkh dk;Z {ks= esa lqO;oLFkk dk ;fn dksbZ vk/kkj gS rks og gS uSfrdrkA ,d vPNs

O;fDrRo ds fy;s uSfrdrk dk f'k{kk esa lekos'k gksuk vR;Ur vko';d gSA f'k{kk esa Hkh uSfrdrk egRoiw.kZ

Hkwfedk vnk djrh gS] ;fn f'k{kk dk {ks= uSfrdrk ls foghu gS rks dksbZ Hkh {ks= uSfrd ewY;ksa ls foghu

gkasxs vkSj og jk"Vª dHkh Hkh okLrfod izxfr ugha dj ldrkA ;s uSfrd ewY; tks O;fDrxr thou dks

vuq'kkflr djrs Fks lekIr gks x;s gSaA ifj.kke Lo:i vkt prqfnZd fofHkUUk leL;k;sa mRiUu gks jgh gSa

blds lek/kku ds fy;s ns'k d.kZ/kkjksa dks izkjEHk ls gh uSfrd ewY;ksa dks fodflr djuk vfuok;Z gSA vr%

;fn ekuoh; lalk/kuksa esa uSfrd ewY;ksa dks vkRelkr djus dh f'k{kk nsuh gS rks ;g dk;Z f'k{kk esa uSfrd

ewY;ksa dks lekfgr djds gh fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj bl dk;Z dks djus dk nkf;Ro gksrk gS f'k{kd

f'k{kk ijA f'k{kk vkSj uSfrdrk ,d nwljs ds iwjd gSaAorZeku le; esa gekjk jk"Vª vFkZoknh gks x;k gS

vkSj uSfrd ewY;ksa ls iw.kZr% foeq[k izks|ksfxd dh lgk;rk ls ge lkjh tkudkjh vklkuh ls izkIr dj

ldrs gSa f'k{kk esa izks|ksfxd ds bLrseky ls dqN uSfrd leL;k;sa mRiUUk gksrh gSa tSls udy] lkfgR; dh

pksjh vkfnA vr% bl rF; dks /;ku esa j[krs gq;s uohu izf'k{k.k ikB~;Øe esa uSfrd ewY;ksa ls lEcfU/kr

fo"k; dks 'kkfey fd;k tkuk pkfg;s rkfd f'k{kk ds izkFkfed Lrj ls gh ckyd esa uSfrd ewY;ksa ds izfr

vocks/k tkx`r fd;k tk lds vkSj fd'kksjkoLFkk rd vkrs&vkrs uSfrd ewY;ksa dks vkRelkr dj ldsa

ftlls ,d ,sls ekuoh; lalk/ku dk fuekZ.k gks lds ftlesa uSfrd ewY; thou dk izeq[k vax gks

okLrfod izxfr uSfrd ewY;ksa dk leqfpr ikyu djds gh dh tk ldrh gSA




vk/kqfud f”k{kk esa Digital Learning Technology dk ;ksxnku

“kkfyuh

vflLVsaV izksQslj ¼f”k{kk”kkL=½

f”koKku fMxzh dkWyst] lh0ch xat] cjsyh

vk/kqfud “kSf{kd okrkoj.k esa rduhdh dk mi;ksx djuk u dsoy d{kk ds ckgj f”k{kkfFkZ;ksa ds

thou dks csgrj <a+x ls iznf”kZr djrk gS] cfYd mUgsa vius fMftVy dkS”ky dks ,sls rjhds ls izkIr

djus dh Hkh vuqefr nsrk gS tks vius O;Ld thou ds nkSjku ewY;oku cus jgasA lh[kus esa bZ&yfuZax ;k

VsDuksykWth f”k{kk esa t:jh gks xbZ gS tks vkt vk/kqfud f”k{kkfFkZ;ksa dh t:jrksa dks iwjk djrh gSA

fMftVy yfuZax ds }kjk f”k{kk mu f”k{kkfFkZ;ksa ds fy, Hkh miyC/k gks jgh gS ftUgsa vkSipkfjd f”k{kk esa

izos”k djuk csgn dfBu FkkA fMftVy yfuZax esa dqN eq[; ckrsa fufgr gSaA igyk ;g txg dks cnyus

esa l{ke] xfr vkSj lh[kus dh fof/k] fMftVy VsDuksykWth ds }kjk vU; lkfFk;ksa vkSj f”k{kdksa ds chp

ckrphr esa cnyko ykrk gSA ;g lkaLd`frd tkx:drk vkSj oS”ohdj.k dks c<+kus esa lgk;rk dj jgk

gSA f”k{k.k ds ifjizs{; esa fMftVy rduhd f”k{kdksa dks fMftVy vkSj eYVhehfM;k Lo:iksa dh ,d Js.kh

esa vf/kd vkd’kZd] yphyk] lh[kus dh lkefxz;ksa dks cukus esa l{ke cukrh gS vkSj mUgsa vkWuykbu

miyC/k djkrh gSA fMftVy yfuZax VsDuksykWth ,d iw.kZ “kCn gS tks ,d foLrr Js.kh dh izkS|ksfxdh dks

“kkfey djrk gS ,oa fMftVy ikB~;dze lkefxz;ksa vkSj bZ&ikB~;dze ls f”k{k.k vkSj lh[kus dh lqfo/kk

iznku djrk gSA fMftVy v/;;u :>ku 2017 ds vuqlkj fMftVy yfuZax VsDuksykWth dh lcls cM+h

lqfo/kk ;g gS fd xfr”khyrk vkSj yphysiu ds dkj.k ;g Nk=ksa dks viuh xfr vkSj viuh lqfo/kk ij

lh[kus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA fMftVy yfuZax VsDuksykWth ds }kjk f”k{kd fofHkUu izdkj ls] fofHkUu rjhds

esa i<+k ldrk gSA ;s ifjorZu f”k{kd dks vius f”k{kkfFkZ;ksa ds leFkZu ds fy, “kSf{kd n`f’Vdks.k ds ,d

vkSj fofo/k lsV dks l{ke cukrs gS ftldk vFkZ gS fd os viuh f”k{k.k fof/k;ksa esa vf/kd lekos”kh gks

ldrs gSA ;g Li’V gS fd fMftVy VsDuksykWth ds }kjk vk/kqfud f”k{kk esa lh[kus vkSj fl[kkus dk

rjhdk cny jgh gS] ftls laxBuksa vkSj f”k{kdksa }kjk Lohdkj djus dh vko”;drk gSA fMftVy yfuZax

VsDuksykWth dks vkSj vf/kd leFkZ djus ds fy, vko”;d cqfu;knh <kaps] j.kuhfr vkSj fodkl esa fuos”k o

tkx:drk vko”;d gSA

f'k{kk esa DykmM dEI;wfVax rduhd dh laHkkouk,¡ ,oa lhek,¡

t;arh

'kks/kkFkhZ

ouLFkyh fo|kihB

fdlh Hkh ns'k dh vkfFkZd o`f) dks cuk, j[kus esa f'k{kk dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gSA orZeku

le; esa rduhdh ;qx vk/kkfjr gksus ds dkj.k d{kk f'k{k.k esa cnyko rFkk Nk=ksa dh :fp rduhdh dh

vksj vxzlj gSA bl cnyko dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, f'k{k.k o vf/kxe izfØ;k esa rduhdh dh egRork

eglwl dh x;h rFkk blds fy, vkt ds le; esa DykmM dEI;wfVax dks ,d uohu rduhd ds :i esa

iz;ksx esa yk;k tk jgk gSA DykmM dEI;wfVax baVjusV csLM dEI;wfVax ikoj gS tks ,d baUVjusV ;wtj dks

baVjusV ds loZj ls Mk;jsDV lkW¶Vos;j vkSj vU; ,Iyhds'kUl dh lfoZlst izkIr djus dh izfØ;k gSA

DykmM dEI;wfVax lwpuk laizs"k.k izkS|ksfxdh dh enn ls 'kSf{kd laLFkkuksa esa Nk=] f'k{kd o lg;ksxh dks

viuh lQyrk gsrq vko';d midj.k o lsok,¡ iznku djrh gSA izLrqr fo"k;oLrq f'k{kk esa DykmM

dEI;wfVax dh mi;ksfxrk ij fo'ks"k cy nsrh gS rFkk bl rduhdh ds }kjk f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk dks cuk,

j[kus gsrq fofHkUu lsokvksa dh ppkZ dh x;h gSA




vuqla/kku vkSj f”k{kd f”k{kk esa uokpkj

fiz;adk iksjoky

,e0,M0&Nk=k

f”k{kk foHkkx] N=ifr 'kkgw th egkjkt] fo'ofo|ky; dkuiqj

vuqla/kku fparu dh ,d ,slh dzec) rFkk fo”kq) izfof/k gS ] ftlesa fof”k"V ;U=ks] midj.kks

rFkk izfdz;kvksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] ftlls ,d leL;k dk vf/kd leqfpr lek/kku miyC/k gks

ldsaA f”k{kk ds izR;sd {ks= esa uokpkj dk vkt O;kid vuqiz;ksx gks jgk gS vkSj v/;kid f”k{kk

Hkh blls vyx ugha jg ik;h gSA f”k{kk ds izR;sd Lrj ij vusdkusd uokpkfjd i)fr;ksa

dk lekos’k uohu vuqla/kkuksa ds ifj.kkeLo:Ik T;ksa&T;ksa gksrk jgk gS] R;kas&R;ksa v/;kid f”k{kk ds {ks=

esa Hkh mUgsa la;ksftr djuk vifjgk;Z curk tk jgk gS rkfd vk/kqfudrk ds bl nkSj esa

v/;kid&vf/kxedrkZ ds e/; ih<h vUrjky dh leL;k fn[kkbZ u nsA bl n`f"V ls u;h lnh ds

f”k{kd&f”k{kk laLFkkuksa dks vius dekaM ,fj;k dh vis{kkvksa dks e/;utj j[krs gq,] mls LFkkuh;] jk"Vªh;

,oa oSf”od lanHkksZa ls rkyesy cSBkuk gksxk lkFk gh oS/kkfudrk o vko”;drkvksa ds iVy ij viuh ,d

czkaM best cukuh gksxhA rHkh tkdj ge ,d O;kid] xfr”khy] mRrjnk;h] laosnu”khy] ewY;ijd ,oa

uokpkjh f”k{kd&f”k{kk dk “ka[kukn dj ik;saxsA

f”k{kd&f”k{kk ds cqfu;knh <k¡ps esa lq/kkj

js[kk

vflLVsaV izksQslj ¼ch0,M0 foHkkx½

dq¡0 vkj0lh0 efgyk egkfo|ky;] eSuiqjh

'kSf{kd iz.kkyh dk vfHkUu vax gksus ds dkj.k f'k{kd f'k{kk lekt ls ?kfu’B :i ls tqM+h gSA

f'k{kdksa dh xq.koRrk dk vk/kkj gSa izHkkoh f'k{kd f'k{kk dk;ZØe dk fu;kstu vkSj fØ;kUo;uA f'k{kdh;

vfHk{kerk] O;kolkf;d n{krk] izfrc)rk rFkk dk;Z fu’iknu & ;s ,sls vk/kkj LrEHk gSA ftu ij Hkkoh

f'k{kdksa dh rS;kjh ds vk/kkj ij dk;ZØe dk <k¡pk rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA ijUrq orZeku ifjn`'; ij n`f’V

Mkysa rks f'k{kd izf'k{k.k laLFkkvksa esa lapkfyr gksus okys f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dh fLFkfr Hkh

larks’ktud ugha gSA f'k{kd f'k{kk dh voekud laLFkkvksa esa rhoz xfr ls o`f) gqbZ gSA O;oLFkk] lalk/ku

rFkk izcU/ku ds uke ij flQZ dkxth nLrkost gSaA ftuds lgkjs f'k{kd izf'k{k.k laLFkk;sa fMxzh nsdj

Hkkoh f'k{kdksa dh vkiwfrZ dj jgh gSaA ifj.kkeLo:i f'k{kdksa dh O;olkf;d izfrc)rk rFkk lexz

n{krkvksa ds fodkl dh fLFkfr loZ= vlarks’ktud fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA fofHkUu vk;ksxksa o lfefr;ksa vkSj

jk’Vªh; uhfr;ksa us Hkh f'k{kd f'k{kk dh fLFkfr dks nq[kn crk;kA vk;ksxksa] lfefr;ksa vkSj uhfr;ksa us f'k{kd

f'k{kk ls lEcfU/kr vusd leL;kvksa ¼tSls & f'k{kd izf'k{k.k esa i`Fkdrk] f'k{kd izf'k{kr ds Lrj esa

fxjkoV] f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk vlUrqfyr izlkj vkfn½ dks crk;k vkSj mlesa lq/kkj ds vusd lq>ko Hkh

izLrqr fd,A dqN gn rd f'k{kd f'k{kk esa lS)kfUrd ifjorZu gq,] vusd dkxth ;kstukvksa dk fuekZ.k

gqvk laxBuksa ds uke ij vusd laxBu ,u0lh0Vh0bZ0] ,u0lh0bZ0vkj0Vh0] ;w0th0lh0 vkfn vusd

miyfC/k;k¡ gqbZa ijUrq budh ped vHkh Hkh Hkkjr ds vusd {ks=ksa rd ugha igq¡p ik;h gSaA okLro esa vkt

Hkh f'k{kd f'k{kk esa iw.kZ :i ls cnyko ugha vk ik;k gSA ftlds dkj.k f'k{kd f'k{kk dk Lrj fxjrk tk

jgk gS orZeku le; esa gesa ,slh f'k{kd f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk djuh gksxh ftldk mn~ns'; ,sls izHkkoh

f'k{kdksa dks rS;kj djuk gks] ftuesa f'k{k.k vf/kxe lEcU/kh O;kolkf;d n{krk] izfrc)rk] dk;Z fu’iknu

ds dkS'ky ds lkFk&lkFk oSKkfud vfHko`fRr] uokpkjh] l`tukRed {kerk rFkk lHkh fØ;kdykiksa esa

vfHk:fp dh Hkkouk fodflr gksA




f”k{kd f”k{kk esa xq.koRrkiw.kZ f”k{k.k dh vksj ,d dne

jktdqekjh

,e0,M0¼Nk=k½

N=ifr “kkgw th egkjkt fo”ofo|ky; dkuiqj

fdlh Hkh jk’Vª dk vfLro bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd ml jk’Vª ds ukxfjd fdrus tkx:d]

;ksX; vkSj pfj=oku gSaA bu rhuksa xq.kksa dh uho iw.kZ:Ik ls jk’Vª dh f”k{kk O;oLFkk ij fuHkZj djrh gSA f”k{kk

O;oLFkk ftruh gh O;fDrijd gksxh] ewY;ijd gksxh vk/kwffud ,oa dkS”ky fodkl ;qDr gksxh] jk’Vª mruk

gh “kfDr”kkyh gksxhA xq.koRrkiw.kZ] f”k{k.k ds fy, gesa ,d Hkze gS fd blds fy, mPpdksfV dk Hkwfedk:i

O;oLFkk gksuk t:jh gS] tcfd lR;rk ;s gS fd gkbZ&Vsd bUQzkLVªDpj gh xq.koRrkiw.kZ f”k{k.k dk dsUnz ugha

gks ldrkA xq.koRrkiw.kZ f”k{k.k ds fy, t:jh gS fd ge izf”kf{kr gksus okys f”k{kkfFkZ;ksa ds O;fDrxr vUrjksa

dks le>sa ,oa ij[ksa] izf”k{k.k ds nkSjku tks Hkh ikB~;dze j[kk x;kA gS mldh izklafxdrk fdruh gS] vf/kxe

mnns”;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k Vªsfuax ds nkSjku ,slh fof/k;ksa dks lekfgr djuk ftlls QhMcSd Kkr fd;k tk lds ]

uokpkjksa dk /;ku j[krs gq, ,sls iz;ksxksa dks f”k{k.k esa lekfgr djus dh vko”;drk gS ftlesa dEI;wVjhdr

fof/k;ksa b.VjusV, vkfn dh lqyHkrk gks A lkFk gh lkFk vU; f”k{k.k laLFkkuksa ls ,d nwljs ds chp fuf”pr

vUrjky esa lekxe LFkkfir gks vkSj lkFk gh lkFk ,slh ewY;kadu fof/k;ksa ftlls okLrfod vf/kxe dks tkWpk

,oa ij[kk tk ldsa] flQZ jVUrq dkfcfy;r dks ughaA blds vykok ,sls vusd fcUnqvksa ij /;ku nsus dh

vko”;drk gS ftlls ge f”k{k.k xq.koRrk dks vljnk;h cuk;k tk ldrk gS vkSj bl izdkj ls jk’Vª fuekZ.k

ds ladYi dks O;fDr fuekZ.k ds ek/;e ls lqn<+ fd;k tk ldrk gSA

dqath “kCn&f”k{kd f”k{kk] izf”k{k.k] vkbZ0 lh0 Vh0] QhMcSd] ukokpkjA

'kSf{kd xq.koRrk esa f”k{kd dh Hkwfedk

*jkts”k dqekj] **uhye flag ,oa ***izhfr lksudj

*iz/kkuk/;kid] izkFkfesd fo|ky;] ykSok] lUnyiqj] dkuiqj nsgkr

**iz/kkuk/;kid] izkFkfesd fo|ky;] txnh”kiqj] dkuiqj nsgkr

**lgk;d v/;kid] izkFkfesd fo|ky;] lcyiqj] >h>zad dkuiqj nsgkr

f'k{kk ds izlkj ds fy, vkt cgqr lh vkSipkfjd leL;k,a izkFkfed ls ysdj mPp f'k{kk rd tgk¡

,d vksj fo|eku gS] ogha ij nwljh vksj 'kSf{kd mid.kksa dks ysdj dkQh folaxfr;k¡ gSA LFkkbZ vFkok

vLFkkbZ ekU;rk ysrs le; fuLlansg izcU/kra= ds }kjk vko';d midj.kkas dks n'kkZ;k tkrk gS ysfdu dkWyst

ds 'kSf{kd thou eas mudk iz;ksx cgqr gh de fd;k tkrk gSA blds Hkh dbZ dkj.k gks ldrs gSaA ,d rks

izf'k{kd f'k{kdkas ds vHkko eas midj.kksa dk mi;ksx ugha gksrk gS] nwljs ;s ,sls midj.k gksrs gSa tks vkus ds

ckn [kjkc gks tkrs gSaA rhljs bl izdkj ds midj.k ekU;rk ysrs le; fn[kk, tkrs gSa ckn eas mudk irk

gh ugha pyrk gSA vkt dh f'k{kk rduhdh vk/kkj ij fuHkZj gksrh tk jgh gSA okLro eas ekSf[kd Kku vc

'kSf{kd midj.kkas ,oa rduhdh ds vHkko eas izklafxd ugha gSA ftu&ftu laLFkkvksa eas rduhdh ,oa rduhdh

midj.kksa ij vk/kkfjr f'k{kk nh tk jgh gS mueas LFkkbZ Kku vkSj xq.koRrk vf/kd ns[kh tk jgh gSA f'k{kd

vkSj f'k{kkFkhZ dh Hkwfedk Hkh 'kSf{kd xq.koRrk eas vf/kd izklafxd gSA tgk¡ ,d vksj f'k{kdksa dh ;ksX;rk]

dk;Zfu"Bk rFkk laLFkk eas mifLFkfr ldkjkRed Hkwfedk dk fuokZg djrh gS ogha ij fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh mifLFkfr

Hkh mruh gh tokcnsg gSA vkt ,dsMfed ls ysdj rduhdh ,oa O;olkf;d f'k{kk eas Nk=ksa dh mifLFkfr

cgqr de gksrh tk jgh gSA orZeku ifjizs{; eas f'k{kk thou ds 'kkjhfjd] ekufld] uSfrd] pkfjf=d]

lkekftd] lkaLd`frd] vk/;kfRed] vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd] oSKkfud] O;olkf;d i{kksa dh iwfrZ ds fy, foLrr

ifjf/k eas dk;Z dj jgh gSA ;g ifjf/k ns'k rd gh lhfer u gksdj ekuo] ekuork ,oa oSf'od ifj{ks= rd

QSyh vkSj igq¡p xbZ gSA fuLlansg bu lanHkksZa eas fodkl vkSipkfjd ,oa vukSipkfjd 'kSf{kd vfHkdj.kksa ds

ek/;e ls dj jgh gSA bu vfHkdj.kksa dh Hkwfedk dk tgk¡ ,d vksj egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gS ogha ij lh[kus vkSj

fl[kkus okys dh Hkwfedk blls dgha vf/kd egRoiw.kZ gSA




'kSf{kd xq.koRrk esa f”k{kd dk uSfrd nkf;Ro

*vYdk flag ,oa **f”k[kk flag

*la;kstd] Hkkjrh; f”k{k.k e.My ifj’kn

**lgk;d v/;kid] izkFkfesd fo|ky; vfgjuiqjok] ljou[ksMk] dkuiqj nsgkr

f'k{kk ds izlkj ds fy, vkt cgqr lh vkSipkfjd leL;k,a izkFkfed ls ysdj mPp f'k{kk rd tgk¡

,d vksj fo|eku gS] ogha ij nwljh vksj 'kSf{kd mid.kksa dks ysdj dkQh folaxfr;k¡ gSA LFkkbZ vFkok

vLFkkbZ ekU;rk ysrs le; fuLlansg izcU/kra= ds }kjk vko';d midj.kkas dks n'kkZ;k tkrk gS ysfdu dkWyst

ds 'kSf{kd thou eas mudk iz;ksx cgqr gh de fd;k tkrk gSA blds Hkh dbZ dkj.k gks ldrs gSaA ,d rks

izf'k{kd f'k{kdkas ds vHkko eas midj.kksa dk mi;ksx ugha gksrk gS] nwljs ;s ,sls midj.k gksrs gSa tks vkus ds

ckn [kjkc gks tkrs gSaA rhljs bl izdkj ds midj.k ekU;rk ysrs le; fn[kk, tkrs gSa ckn eas mudk irk

gh ugha pyrk gSA vkt dh f'k{kk rduhdh vk/kkj ij fuHkZj gksrh tk jgh gSA okLro eas ekSf[kd Kku vc

'kSf{kd midj.kkas ,oa rduhdh ds vHkko eas izklafxd ugha gSA ftu&ftu laLFkkvksa eas rduhdh ,oa rduhdh

midj.kksa ij vk/kkfjr f'k{kk nh tk jgh gS mueas LFkkbZ Kku vkSj xq.koRrk vf/kd ns[kh tk jgh gSA f'k{kd

vkSj f'k{kkFkhZ dh Hkwfedk Hkh 'kSf{kd xq.koRrk eas vf/kd izklafxd gSA tgk¡ ,d vksj f'k{kdksa dh ;ksX;rk]

dk;Zfu"Bk rFkk laLFkk eas mifLFkfr ldkjkRed Hkwfedk dk fuokZg djrh gS ogha ij fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh mifLFkfr

Hkh mruh gh tokcnsg gSA vkt ,dsMfed ls ysdj rduhdh ,oa O;olkf;d f'k{kk eas Nk=ksa dh mifLFkfr

cgqr de gksrh tk jgh gSA bu fcUnqvksa dks ysdj fpUru euu djus ,oa mleas lq/kkj djus ds fy,

fo'ofo|ky;] egkfo|ky; ,oa vU; laLFkkvkas dks lrdZ gksuk iM+sxkA bl dk;Z gsrq uSfrd ,oa nkf;Ro cks/k

dh ije vko';drk gSA

Teacher Education Theory Practice and Research

*dk”kh ujs”k flag ,oa **MkW0 Hkkouk lksusth

*'kks/kkFkhZ ¼f”k{kk'kkL=½] jkuh nqxkZorh fo”ofo|ky; tcyiqj] e0iz0

**izkpk;kZ jk/kkd`".k dkyst vkWQ ,twds”ku] tcyiqj e/;izns”kA

Hkkjr essa izkjfEHkd f”k{kk ds lkoZtuhdj.k dh pqukSfr;ka lk{kjrk dh fLFkfr] ;qok lk{kjrk] izkFkfed

f”k{kk vk;qoxZ dk ukekadu@mifLFkfr nj] vkfFkZd i{k] ikfjokfjd ekfld izfr O;fDr vk;] Ldwy mifLFkfr

nj] LokLF;] HkkSfrd i;kZoj.k dkjd rFkk f”k{k.k d{k dh fLFkfr vkfn dks leku djus gsrq lqf”kf{kr

f”kf{kdkvksa dh egrh vko”;drk gSA bu lcds fy;s gekjs Hkkjrh; lekt esa Lo;a lsoh laLFkk,] ,u0th0vks0

Hkkjr ljdkj] jkT; ljdkj fofHkUu laLFkk, f”k{kk dh fLFkfr esa lekurk ykus gsrq dkQh iz;kljr gSA thou

dk dksbZ Hkh {ks= gks pkgs og [ksy dk eSnku gks] fpfdRlk gks] lkekftd {ks= gks] odkyr gks] jktuhfr gks]

iz”kklfud {ks= gks lHkh esa f”k{kd@f”kf{kdkvksa ds f”k{k.k dh vge Hkwfedk gSA D;ksafd muds }kjk iznku fd;s

x;s f’k{k.k }kjk gh lqf”kf{kr f”k{kd] f”kf{kdk;sa] odhy] fpfdRld] dq’ky jktuhfrK] iz”kklfud vf/kdkjh]

lekt lsoh vkfn dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA ftlls lqO;ofLFkr lekt curk gSA vkt yM+fd;ksa dks gekjs lekt

esa cks> le>k tkrk gSA bl dqjhfr dks Hkh nwj djus esa Hkh f”k{k.k dh vge Hkwfedk gSA le; chrus ds

lkFk&lkFk vkfFkZd fØ;kdykiksa ds f”k{k.k ds Lo:i esa blds egRo esa Hkkjh deh vk;h gSA ,d v/;;u ds

vuqlkj Hkkjr dh dqy tula[;k dk yxHkx 35-50 izfr”kr efgyk,W ?kj ls ckgj vkfFkZd dk;ksZ esa layXu

gSA ftlesa 3 ls 4 izfr”kr f”kf{kdkvksa dh Hkwfedk gSA bl fo”kky vkcknh dk izfrfuf/kRo djus esa f”kf{kdkvksa

dh vge Hkwfedk gSA Hkkjr o’kZ eas yksd ra= ds fodkl ds fy;s lokZf/kd vko”;drk f”kf{kr lsokjr

f”kf{kdkvksa dh gS vkSj blls Hkh vf/kd vko”;drk gS fof”k"V] uSfrd f”k{kk iznku djus okyh lqf”kf{kdkvkas

dh tks lekt es f”k{kk ds vykok vius da/kks ij ftEesnkjh ysdj gekjs le{k [kM+h gSA vkt tc efgykvksa

us f”kf{kdkvksa ds :i esa ?kj dh pkS[kV dks yka?kk gS rks lekt esa f”k{kk dh vy[k txkus dk oh.kk Hkh mBk;k

gSA vkt Hkkjr dh vkcknh dk yxHkx 3 ls 4 izfr’kr f”kf{kdkvksa ds :i esa gekjs le{k [kM+k gSA tks bl

f”k{kk ds fodkl esa viuk egRo j[krh gSA D;ksfd L=h ij lekt rFkk ifjokj dk mRrjnkf;Ro gksrk gSA

fo’ks’k :i ls cPpks ds fo’k; esa ,oa mUgs lgh fn”kk funsZf”kr djrh gSA blfy;s dgk tkrk gS fd cPpks dh

izFke ikB”kkyk ekW ¼f”kf{kdk½ gksrh gSA




f”k{kdksa dh O;kolkf;d vfHko`fÙk vkSj xq.kkRed f”k{kk

*Lkqn”kZu flag ,oa **MkW0 LohVh JhokLro

*“kks/k Nk=&f”k{kk izf”k{k.k, Mh0MCY;w0Vh0 dkyst dkuiqj

**,lksfl,V izksQslj] f”k{kk izf”k{k.k foHkkx] Mh0MCY;w0Vh0 dkyst dkuiqj

f”k{kd] f”k{kk iz.kkyh dk lcls egRoiw.kZ ,oa laosnu”khy vax gksrk gSA f”k{kd gh f”k{kk dh

xq.koÙkk esa lrr~ mUu;u djrs gq, ns”k ,ao lekt dh izxfr dk iFk lqfuf”pr djrk gSA usYlu ,y0

ckaflax ds vuqlkj & ** fdlh Hkh f”k{kk ;kstuk es eS f”k{kd dks fufoZokn dsUnzh; LFkku nsrk gw¡A ^^ f”k{kk

dh nf’V ls ns”k o lekt esas vkt dkQh izxfr ns[kus dks feyrh gSA ijUrq xq.koÙkk dh dher ij

vfu;ksftr fodkl ,ao vfu;fU=r izlkj gh gekjs gkFk yxk gSA D;ksafd vkt lekt lq/kkjd] jk’Vª

fuekZrk] o ekxZ n”kZd dgk tkus okyk f”k{kd vius lkekftd] /kkfeZd] “kSf{kd ewY;ksa o vius nkf;Roksa

dks Hkwyrk tk jgk gS rFkk viuh O;kolkf;d vfHko`fÙk ls foyx gksrk tk jgk gSA ;fn ge viuh f”k{kk

iz.kkyh esa xq.kkRed f”k{kk dk lekos”ku djuk pkgrs gSaA rks ;g vR;Ur vko”;d gS fd f”k{kdksa dh

f”k{k.k O;olk; ds izfr vfHko`fÙk ldkjkRed gks vkSj og vius dk;ksaZ ls larq’V jgsaA O;kolkf;d vfHko`fÙk

lS)kfUrd ,oa O;kogkfjd nksauks n`f’Vvksa ls vR;Ur vko”;d gSA D;ksafd O;fDr dh ftl dk;Z esa :fp gks

mls djuk oks ilUn djsxkA ;fn ifjfLFkfr;ksa us dk;Z dk laiknu djus dks foo”k fd;k rks mls

vfuPNk ls djsxkA ftlds vusd nq’ifj.kke gksaxsA ns[kk tk;s rks f”k{kdksa dks vius O;olk; ls feyus

okys larks’k ij gh xq.kkRed f”k{kk vkSj “kSf{kd txr ds lq[kn Hkfo’; dh dkeuk dh tk ldrh gSA

izLrqr “kks/k i= f”k{kdksa dh O;kolkf;d vfHko`fÙk dks ldkjkRedrk ds iFk ij ys tkus okys fofHkUu

mik;ksa ij dsfUnzr gksxkA ftlls dh xq.kkRed f”k{kk dk LoIu lkdkj gks ldsaA

f'k{kd f'k{kk ls ek/;fed Lrj ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk lEcU/k ,oa ;ksXknku

e/kq xqIrk

vfLk0 izks0&ch0,M0

efgyk egkfo|ky; dkuiqj

fdlh Hkh jk"Vª dh prqeq[kh izxfr ds vk/kkj gksrs gS ml jk"Vª esa miYkC/k ekuoh; ,oa HkkSfrd lalk/ku

vkSj gekjk jk"Vª uSlfjx :i ls izpqj ek=k esa ekuoh; ,oa HkkSfrd lalk/kuks ls lEiUu gS] fdUrq lrr le`f)

,oa izxfr rFkh lEHko gS tc HkkSfrd lalk/kuks dk lE;d ,oa foosdiw.kZ lnqi;ksx djus ds fy;s ekuoh;

lalk/kuks dks izf'kf{kr ,oa izsfjr fd;k tk;s] vkSj ;g dk;Z djrh gS gekjs jk"Vª dh f'k{kk O;oLFkkA bl f'k{kk

O;oLFkk ds leqfpr lapkyu dk xq:rj nkf;Ro gS f'k{kd&f'k{kk ijA bl f'k{kd&f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk fofHkUu

{ks=ksa esa oSf'od izfrLi/kkZ] jk"Vª dh uohure ifjfLFkfr;ksa] jk"Vª dh lE;d O;oLFkk dks lapkfyr djus okys

fofHkUu izfr"Bkuksa ds fy;s vko';d] n{k ,oa izf'kf{kr ekuoh; lalk/kuksa dh izfriwfrZ dks /;ku esa j[kdj dh

tkrh gSA gekjh f'k{kd&f'k{kk ek/;fed f'k{kk ds fy;s izf'kf{kr v/;kid rS;kj djrh gSA

ek/;fed fo|k dk Lo:Ik ,oa foLrkj {ks=

foHkktu d{kk ladk; ,oa ikB~;Øe

fuEe ek/;fed f'k{kk 9 ,oa 10 lkekU;

mPp ek/;fed f'k{kk 11 ,oa 12 dyk] foKku ,oa okf.kT;

dyk ladk; vk/kkfjr fo"k; mi;ksfxrk

lkfgR;¼fofo/k Hkk"kk;sa½ ek/;e Hkk"kk ds {ks= eas] fpUru] l`tu]

lkekftd foKku esa lekfgr dYiuk] laKkukRed] HkkokRed ,oa ewY;

fo"k;¼ch0,M0 ikB~;Øe ds vuqlkj½ vk/kkfjr fodkl

x`g foKku] euksfoKku] f'k{kk




IkkSjkf.kd f”k{kk esa vkpkj & fopkj

*MkW0 f=yksdh ukFk ik.Ms;] **MkW0 js[kk ik.Ms; ,oa ***MkW0 tus”oj fe+Jk

*,lks0 izks0 Jh catjx ih0th0 dkyst fldanjiqj cfy;k]

*iz/kkuk/;kfidk] izk0 fo|ky; MksM+ok f”kojktiqj dkuiqj

***lgk;d izk/;kid ljLorh efgyk egkfo|ky;] fot; uxj] dkuiqj

vkt ge lHkh Hkkjr ds yksx orZeku f”k{kk ls vkdf’kZr gks oSfnd rFkk ikSjkf.kd f”k{kk ds “kk”or

ewY;ks ds vpkj &fopkj ,oa muesa okf.kZr /keZ lLadkj lLd`fr ls vyx gksrs tk jgs gS gekjs Hkkjrh;

lekt tkfr /keZ ]o.kZ lLadkj ls gVdj vius vpkj &fopkj dks ubZ lksp es <kysa tk jgk gS fo”o

izfl) ,oa fo”ooU/k lLadr lkfgR;kdk”k esa oSfnd ,oa ikSjf.kd mRre f”k{kk :ih Kku ds izdk”k ls

ekuo dks ifjfpr gksdj vius vpkj &fopkj ,oa /keZ dks tku dj ekuoh; ”kk”or ewY;ksa dh LFkkiuk

ije vko”;d gS oSfnd f”k{kk ,oa ikSjkf.kd f”k{kk vius Lusfgy izHkk ls fo”o dks pdkpkSn dj jgk gS

;g vius vkuUnnk;d izHkk ls lEiw.kZ yksdksa esa thou ds dfydYe’k dks “kwU;] ifo= ,oa HkfDrHk;

ckudj /keZ ] vFkZ ]dke ]eks{kkfn ] iq:’kkFkZ dks fl) djkdj vk/;fRed] vf/knSfod] vkf/kHkkSfrd rki=;ksa

ls eqDr dj ijeczg; ijekRek esa foyhu dj nsus okyk gSA ikSjkf.kd laLd`r lkfgR; f”k{kk ,oa lLad`fr

ds jRufuZfer vewY; J`xakj gS rFkk vrhr dks orZeku ls tksM+us okyh Lo.kZe;h J`a[kyk gS fo”o&lkfgR;

ds v{k; Hk.Mkj esa v’Vkn”k iqjk.k vuqie ,ao loZJ`s’B v’Vkn”k jRu gSA gekj s lkekftd] lkaLd`frd]

jktuSfrd /kkfeZd] nk”kZfud thou vkSj foKkue; f”k{kk dks LoPN niZ.k ds leku izfrfofEcr djrs gS

lkFk gh ljy Hkk’kk ,oa dzeo} dFkkud “kSyh f”k{kk ds dkj.k izkphu gksrs gq, Hkh uohure LQwfrZ

l¥pkfjr djrs gSA iqjk.kksa esa ;= &r= vkfndkyhu l`f’V & fo’k;d izalx of.kZr gS v’Vkn”k egkiqjk.kks

esa l`f’V fo’k;d vk[;kuksa dk egRo gSA orZeku le; esa euq’;ksa ds fy, iqjk.k Hkkjrh; laLd`fr f”k{kk o

lH;rk ds xkSjoiw.kZ xzUFk gS bu iqjk.kksa ds Kku xaxk e;h f”k{kk ds vkpkj&fopkj ls ifjfpr gksdj rFkk

vfojy /kkjk esa Lukudj ikSjkf.kd rFkk oSfnd f”k{kk ls vius dfydYe’k dks /kksdj vk/;kRe :ih f”k{kk

Hkh ysus dh vko”;drk gS ftllsa thou thus ds “kk”or ewY;ksa dks Hkyh Hkakfr tku ldsA vkt gekjs

iqjk.k vk[;kuks dk vuqokn vxzastks rFkk QzkfUlfLk;ks us [kwc fd;k gS vkSj dgh u dgh f”k{kk ds vkpkj

fopkj ek/;e ls vius yksxksa dks nsdj vius ns”k lekt dk fodkl fd;k ysfdu ge Hkkjrh;] iqjk.k

& osn tSlh lkfgR; f”k{kk ls oafpr gks x;s gS orZeku Hkkjrh; f”k{kk ds :i esa dgh u dgh ls

vfuok;Z :i ls izkFkfed f”k{kk ls mPpf”k{kk esa lEefyr djds ]Lokeh foosdkuUn ds dgs gq, okD;ksa dks

¼osnks dh vksj ykSVks½ iqu% pfjrkFkZ djus dh vko”;drk gSA ftlls Hkkjr dks fQj ls fo”o xq: cukus

esa lgk;d gks lds ,oa vius ns”k ,oa lekt dk fodkl gks ldsA

v/;kidh; f”k{kk % lekt esa lEcU/k vkSj ;ksxnku

*euh’k jko,

*ftrsUnz dqekj ;kno &

*vrqy dqekj ;kno

*B.Ed. 1st year Student, D.A.V. Training College, Kanpur

f”k{kk gh og vk/kkj gS ftl ij vkn”kZ lekt dh lEiw.kZ bekjr [kM+h dh tk ldrh gSA D;ksafd

f”kf{kr lekt gh vkn”kZ lekt dh vksj vxzlj gksrk gSA vf”kf{kr yksx vkn”kZ lekt dh LFkkiuk ugha

dj ldrs gS] vkSj bl lUnHkZ esa f”k{kd dk LFkku loksZifj gSA f”k{kd vusd ukeksa ls ifjfpr gSA f”k{kd

dh xkSjoxkFkk ;qxksa&;qxksa ls pyh vk jgh gSA osnksa] ikSjkf.kd xzUFkksa ls ysdj vk/kqfud ;qx esa Hkh xq#

iwtuh; jgk gS] D;ksa og viuh Kku :ih jf”e;ksa ds ek/;e ls vius f”k’;ksa vkSj lekt esa O;kIr re dk

uk”k djrk gS] vkSj thou ds ;FkkFkZ ls tksM+rk gSA vkfn xzUFkksa esa xq# of”k’B] xq# fo”okfe=] xq#

nzks.kkpk;Z vkfn ,sls xq# gq, ftldh efgek vkt Hkh “kkL=ksa esa of.kZr gSA gekjs “kkL=ksa esa xq# dks

nsorqY; ekuk x;k gS lekt fofo/k izdkj ds va/kfo”oklksa] vkMacjksa ls O;kIr gksrk gS] vkSj mldh

okluk,a f}xqf.kr gks tkrh gS] O;fDr blh va/kfo”oklksa] vkMEcjksa ls bZ’;kZ] }s’k] dyg dk f”kdkj gksrk

gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa f”k{kd ek= gh fu%LokFkZ] fu”py #i ls O;fDr vkSj lekt esa la;e LFkkfir dj ubZ

fn”kk iznku djrk gSA f”k{kd lekt esa fodflr #i iznku djus esa vFkd iz;kl djrk gS] og vius

ljy LoHkko ls lekt esa vuqjkx O;kIr dj ldrk gSA




f”k{kk esa uSfrdrk

*Surjeet singh,

*Jitendra singh &

*Pradeep kumar


orZeku le; esa gekjs uSfrd ewY; Hkh cny jgs gS vr% f”k{kk esa ,sls uSfrd ewY;ksa dks tksM+us dk

vlQy iz;kl ugh djuk Pkkfg, tks ;qxkuq#i u gksA blesa fdlh izdkj dk /keZ fo#) Kku iznku ugh

fd;k tkuk pkfg, D;ksafd blls u dsoy ckyd dh uSfrdrk dk iru gksrk gS( cfYd f”k{kk cksf>y Hkh

gks tkrh gSA gekjs /kkfeZd xzUFkksa ]osnksa vkSj mifu’knksa es ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd uSfrdrk euq’; dk og

xq.k gS tks mls nsoR; ds lehi ys tkrk gSA uSfrdrk gh euq’; dk Jaxkj gS vkSj bl uSfrdrk ds

fodkl essa f”k{kk viuh vge Hkwfedk vnk djrh gSAorZeku le; esa uSfrdrk dk ikB i<+kuk ,d QS”ku

&lk Pky i<+k gS vkSj bl {ks= esa izR;sad ys[kd viuh&viuh fdrkcsa fy[kdj fo|kfFkZ;ksa ij cks{k c<+kdj

viuh vkfFkZd fLFkfr dks lq/kkjus dh nkSM+ esa Hkkx ys jgs gS] oju~ vko”;drk bl ckr dh gS fd fdrkch

cks> u c<+kdj uSfrdrk dks ,d [kqyh ifjppkZ ds #i esa LFkkfir fd;k tk;s vkSj mldks f”k{kk dk

vfHkUu vax ekudj ckydksa dks ml uSfrdrk ls ifjiw.kZ fd;k tk;saA blds fy, fofHkUu laLFkkvksa }kjk

le;& le; ij ,dfnolh; o f}fnolh; dk;Z”kkykvksa dk vk;kstu fd;k tkuk Pkkfg,A vkSj blh ds

lkFk lekt esa uSfrdrk ls lEcfU/kr xfrfof/k;ksa dk vk;kstu dj ckydksa dks mu xfrfof/k;ksa esa “kkfey

fd;k tkuk pkfg,Adsoy og yksx tks mu ewY;ksa ds n’Vkar gS ftls os izksRlkfgr djuk pkgrs gS ogh

leqfpr :i ls ,fFkDl dh f”k{kk ns ldrs gSA n”k Zu] euksfoKku izca/ku ls tqM+s dqN yksx xyrh ls

,fFkDl dh f”k{kk nsus dk nkf;Ro dk p;u dj ysrs gSA vkSj os igys ls gh pqukSrhiw.kZ bl fo’k; esa Hkze

vkSj tfVyrk dk lekos”k dj fo’k; dk Hkyk djus dh otk; mldks uqdlku gh igq¡prs gSAvkSj ,d

O;fDr ftlus vius thou ess uSfrd ewY;ksa ds lkFk laxzkfgr ugh fd;k gks ]larks’ktud rjhds ls ,fFkDl

dh f”k{kk ugh ns ldrk A vr% ,fFkDl dh f”k{kk nsus ds fy, uhfrxr vH;kl vkSj thou esa xgjh

vkLFkk gksuh pkfg,A

orZeku f'k{kk O; oLFkkj esa fMftVy çkS|ksfxdh dk ;ksxnku

*vkeksn dqekj,

*egs'k pUæ &

*fjtoku vgen


fMftVy yfuaZx dk vFkZ gS rduhfd dh enn ls lh[kuk] Þtks Nk=ksa dks le;] LFkku] iFk] vkSj

xfr ds lkFk fu;a=.k nsrk gSAß dE;wVj] ySiV�i] LekuVZQksu vkSj baVjusV dh [kkstksa us fMftVy yfuaZx

ds dkUlsIV dks tUe~ fn;kA fMftVy yfuaZx orZeku le; esa ekuo lH;wrk dk i;kZ; curk tk jgk gSA

fMftVy yfuaZx mu ns'kksa esa f'k{kk] lk{kjrk vkSj vf/kd fodkl ds Lrkj dks c<+krh gS tgka rduhfd

f'k{kk egaxk gS] volj lhfer gSa] vkfFkZd vlekurk,a ekStwn gSaA

fMftVy yfuaZx ds vusd eq[; igyq ns[kus dks feyrs gSa tSls& le;] LFkku] iFk vkSj xfr

eq[; gSaA lh[kus dh çfØ;k vc le; dh lhekvksa esa ca/kk gqvk ugha jg x;k gSA vkt dk Nk=

LekVZQksu ds :i esa iwjh ykbczsjh vius lkFk ysdj pyrk gSA ,d le; og Fkk tc Kku vftZr djus

ds fy, Ldw~y dh d{kk gh dsoy fodYis gqvk djrk Fkh ijarq vkt baVjusV rFkk ySiV�i] LekdVZQksu

dh enn ls cl] jsyxkM+h] gokbZ tgkt vkfn esa lQj djrs gq, Hkh lh[kus dk dk;Z dj ldrs gSaA

lh[kus dh ijaijkxr fof/k;ksa dh txg vc baVjSfDVo rFkk vuqdwyh lk¶Vos;lZ us ys fy;k gSA çR;ssd

Nk= viuh yfuaZx LihjM ls phtksa dks lh[k jgk gSA mldh iwjh d{kk dh xfr ij fuHkZjrk [kReu gks

xbZ gSA fMftVy yfuaZx eq[; :i ls çkS|ksfxdh] fMftVy lkexzh vkSj lk¶Vos;j ds la;kstu ij fuHkZj

gSA çkS|ksfxdh ,d ra= ;k midj.k gS] ftlesa baVjusV rFkk gkMZos;j 'kkfey gSaA dE;w lk Vj ds

ek/;Sels iqLrddksa dk vadh;dj.k dj v/;r;u lkexzh dks fMftVy :i esa ifjofrZr dj loZj esa LVksaj

dj fn;k tkrk gSA ;g lkexzh ys[ku] ohfM;k ;k xse ds :i esa baVusVij miyfC/k djk;k tkrk gSA

Nk= dh vk;q rFkk d{kk ds vk/kkj ij f'k{k.k lk¶Vos;j rS;kj fd;k tkrk gS ftlls lkexzh dks ljy]

lgt vkSj çHkkoh :i esa Nk=ksa rd igqapk;k tk ldsA fMftVy çkS|ksfxdh f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk dks cny

ldrh gS ysfdu f'k{kd dh vko';drk dks [kRe ugha dj ldrhA




IkkSjkf.kd f”k{kk esa vkpkj & fopkj f'k{kd&f'k{kk esas cnyko% pqukSfr;ka ,oa lEHkkouk;sa

*MkW0 equs'k dqekj] **vfers'k dqekj flag,oa ***ehuk{kh prqosZnh *foHkkxk/;{k] f'k{kk foHkkx] N=ifr 'kkgw th egkjkt fo'ofo|ky;] dkuiqj

** 'kks/k Nk= ¼,l0vkj0,Q0½] f'k{kk foHkkx] N=ifr 'kkgw th egkjkt fo'ofo|ky;]dkuiqj

*** 'kks/k Nk=k ¼,l0vkj0,Q0½] f'k{kk foHkkx] N=ifr 'kkgw th egkjkt fo'ofo|ky;]dkuiqj

O;fDr ds fodkl esa f'k{kk ,d egRoiw.kZ vk;ke gSA f'k{kk esa f'k{kd ,d egRoiw.kZ LrEHk gS

ftlds bnZ fxnZ f'k{k.k&O;oLFkk ?kwerh gSA orZeku f'k{kd&f'k{kk esa egRoiw.kZ cnyko gq, gS tks jk"Vªh;

ikB~;p;kZ dh :i js[kk 2009 vkSj U;k;ewfrZ ts0,l0oekZ lfefr dh fjiksVZ 2012 ij vk/kkfjr gSA mDRk

fjiksVZ f'k{kd&f'k{kk esa vkewypwy cnyko dh flQkfj'k dh gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa u;s rjg ds fopkjksa dk

LQwVu vkSj muds izlj.k esa fo'ofo|ky;ksa ,oa f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k laLFkkuksa dh Hkwfedk c<+ tkrh gSA

f'k{kd&f'k{kk vius cnyko ds lkFk&lkFk pqukSfr;k¡ ,oa lEHkkouk;sa Hkh Li"V :i ls js[kkfdar djrk gSA

vkt gesa f'k{kd&f'k{kk ds fy, ,d ,sls 'kSf{kd ekgkSy dh t:jr gS] tgka fo'ofo|ky; ,oa f'k{kd

izf'k{k.k laLFkkvksa ds chp izf'k{kqvksa ls lh/kk laokn LFkkfir gksaA izf'k{kq&f'k{kdksa dks fo|ky;h okrkoj.k

dk xgjk ,oa lgHkkxh vuqHko izkIr gksA f'k{k.k 'kkL=h; Kku vkSj dkS'kyksa ds lkFk fo"k; Kku dk

lo/kZu gks] f'k{k.k dk;Z ds lkFk&lkFk os lekt esa Hkh viuh lfØ; Hkwfedk dks le>rs gq, Lo;a dks

lekt ds cnyko ds fy, rS;kj djsaaA izLrqr izi= esa f'k{kd&f'k{kk esa cnyko ,oa mlls mRiUu

pqukSfr;k¡ ,oa lEHkkoukvksa ij izdk'k Mkyk x;k gSA

'kCn&dqath & f'k{kd&f'k{kk esa cnyko] pqukSfr;ka ,oa lEHkkouk;saA

izkjafHkd laxhr f'k{k.k dks vR;f/kd ljy o :fpdj cukus esa dfri; xhr izdkjksa dh

mikns;rk

MkW0 vkdka{kk xqIrk

vflLVsaV izksQslj ¼laaxhr xk;u½

tq0ns0x0ih0th0 dkWyst] dkuiqj

f'k{kk ekuo thou dh ,d vko';d vkSj egRoiw.kZ izfØ;k gS tks lekt esa jgus ds fy;s ekuo

esa vko';d xq.kksa dks fodflr djrh gSA dykvksa dh tc ckr vkrh gS rks bl {ks= esa laxhr f'k{kk

lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ gSA bl laxhr dyk dh f'k{kk ls vfHkizk; laxhr ds vk/kkjHkwr rRo Loj] rky o y;

dh f'k{kk nsuk gS lkFk gh fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa laxhr ds izfr lk/kuk] J)k o vkLFkk dh Hkkouk tkx`r djuk

gSA laxhr f'k{kk dk mn~ns'; Hkkjrh; laxhr rFkk lH;rk dk fodkl djrs gq, mldh ,sfrgkfld

i`"BHkwfe ls u;h ih<+h dks voxr djkuk o laxhr ijEijk dks fodkl ds iFk ij mUeq[k djuk gSA vkt

'kks/k v/;;u }kjk ;g Li"V gks pqdk gS fd laxhr ,d ek= ,slh dyk gS tks euq"; ds lokZaxh.k fodkl

esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkus ds lkFk&lkFk] jksfx;ksa ds mipkj gsrq Hkh lgk;rk iznku djrh gS cfYd 'kks/k

}kjk euq"; ds vfrfjDr isM+&ikS/kksa ij Hkh budk vuqdwy izHkko ns[kk x;k gSA vkt fo|ky; ds

ikB~;Øe esa Hkh laxhr dks 'kkfey fd;k tk jgk gSaA yxHkx lHkh ns'kksa esa vkt bl ckr ij /;ku fn;k

tk jgk gS fd cky f'k{kk esa vU; fo"k;ksa ds tkudkjh ds lkFk&lkFk dykRed Kku dks Hkh vfuok;Z :i

ls tksM+k tk;s ftlesa laxhr izeq[k gSA




f”k{kk esa uhfr”kkL=

fdju ekS;kZ

lgk;d vkpk;Z

ch0,M0 foHkkx] Mk0 jke euksgj yksfg;k egkfo|ky;] dY;kuiqj dkuiqj

euq’; ,d lkekftd izk.kh gS vkSj lekt ds dqN ekin.M fu/kkZfjr fd, x, gSA lkekftd

izk.kh gksus ds dkj.k euq’; dh cgqr lh fHkUufHkUu vko”;drk,¡ gksrh gSA ftudh iwfrZ mls lekt es

jgdj djuh gksrh gSA gekjs fy, ;g tkuuk furkUr vko”;d gS fd euq’; viuh vko”;drkvksa dh

iwfrZ gsrq fdl ekxZ] dk vuqlj.k djrk gS] vkt lekt ds ifjn`”; dks ns[kdj ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd

balkfu;r dgh [kks lh xbZ gSA lekt esa uSfrdrk dk vHkko gj txg O;kIr gS O;fDr viuh

vko”;drkvks dh iwfrZ gsrq lekt }kjk cuk;s x;s ekin.Mksa+] fu;eksa] fl)kUrksa dks rksM+rk pyk vk jgk gS

A vkt O;fDr ;g ugha ns[krk fd mlds }kjk viuk;s x;s fl)[email protected] nwljksa dks fdruh gkfu

igq¡pk jgs gSA D;ksafd euq"; flQZ viuk Hkyk euq’; lksp jgk gSA

vk/kqfud thou esa uSfrd ewY;ksa dh vko”;drk] egRork] vfuok;Zrk dks bl ckr ls le>k tk

ldrk gS fd lalkj ds vusd f”k{kkfonksa] euksoSKkfudksa] lekt”kkfL=;ksa us uSfrdrk dks ekuo ds fy,

vfuok;Z o vko”;d xq.k ekuk gSA nq%[k fd ckr rks ;g gS fd vkt dh f”k{kk O;oLFkk dsoy ckSf)d

fodkl ij tksj ns jgh gS] u fd f”k{kkFkhZ esa cks/k tkxzr dj jgh gSA ;g f”k{kk gekjs vUnj ftKklk

mRiUu ugh djrh fd tks lR; gSA ge mls [kksts] mls tkus vkSj le>asA ftlls ge vkReKku dh vksj

tk,A lgh f”k{kk ogha gks ldrh gS tks O;fDr esa uSfrd ,oa nk'kZfud@vk/;kfRed xq.kksa dk lekos”k dj

ldsA f”k{kk ds vUrZxr uSfrd f”k{kk dks “kkfey fd;k x;k gS fdUrq mldk vuqlj.k dgk¡ rd gks jgk gS

blls ge lHkh vufHkK ugha gS] vc t:jr gS fdrkcksa ds iUuksa esa lq”kksfHkr gks jgh uSfrd f”k{kk dks tu

ekul rd igq¡pk;k tk,A fdUrq uSfrdrk] /keZxzUFkksa ds mins”k ;k fQj pfj= fuekZ.k gsrq lthys Hkk’k.k

ds :Ik essa vkt ds okrkoj.k esa izHkkoh ugha gks ldrsaA cfYd mu ifjfLFfr;ksa esa vko”;d gS fd uSfrd

f”k{kk dk LOk:Ik izk;ksfxd ,oa lrr~ gks A blds vUrZxr mu egkiq:’kksa o ns”kHkDrksa dh thou xkFkkvksa

dks ukVd ds :Ik esa iznf”kZr fd;k tk tk, A rkfd Nk= mldk fgLlk cu lds o mu vkn”kksZsa] ewY;ksa

dks [kqn esa /kkj.k dj ldsaA bUgha ds in~fpUgksa dk vuq'kj.k dj euq’; uSfrdrk dh jkg ij py ldrk

gS A blds lkFk&lkFk ikB~;dze esa O;k;ke] ;ksx] lk/kuk dk Hkh mYys[k vko”;d gS vFkkZr~ mu lHkh

fØ;k dykiksa dks lfEefyr djuk] ftlls euq’; dk lEiw.kZ pkfjf=d fodkl gks ldsA

izkphu Hkkjrh; lkfgR; esa f”k{kd dh ladYiuk& ,d v/;;u

*ljkst dqekj tk;loky ,oa *uhjt dqekj pkS/kjh

* vflLVsaV izksQslj] izks0 ,p0,u0 feJk dkWyst vkWQ ,twds”ku] dkuiqj

izkphu dky ls gh Hkkjr dh ,d leqUur~ laLdfr jgh gS tks orZeku dky rd izokgeku gSA bl

foy{k.k Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dks latksus&laokjus ,oa izpkfjr&izlkfjr djus esa xq: ¼v/;kid½ dh fo”ks’k

egRrk jgh gSA Hkkjrh; laLd`fr esa xq: dk in loksZPp izfr’Bk dk FkkA blhfy;s dgk x;k gS&

^^xq:% czºek xq:% fo’.kq xq:% nsoks egs”oj%A

xq:% lk{kkr~ ije czºe rLeS Jh xq:os ue%AA**

xq: in izkfIr Hkh ljy ugha Fkh oju~ v/;;u dky ls gh Js’B Kku] o`fRr ,oa laLdkj /kkj.k

djus okys gh bl izfr’Bk dks izkIr dj ldrs Fks rFkkfi fHkUu&fHkUu ;ksX;rkvksa ,oa o`fRr;ksa ds dkj.k

xq: ¼v/;kid½ dks fofHkUu ukeksa ls lEcksf/kr fd;k tkrk FkkA orZeku esa f”k{kd in dh izfr’Bk ,oa

xfjek esa gzkl gqvk gSA izLrqr ys[k izkphu Hkkjrh; lkfgR; esa of.kZr f”k{kd dh ;ksX;rk] izf”k{k.k ,oa

xfjek dk v/;;u dj orZeku esa f”k{kd dh fLFkfr dks Å¡pk mBkus gsrq dqN foUnqvksa dks js[kkafdr djus

dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA

kqhk luns'k

Documents