korean chem. eng. res., - cheric chem. eng. res., vol. 42, ... 0@ doe i` h * 7 !< 2030-40 ab ) j...

Korean Chem. Eng. Res., Vol. 42, No. 1, February, 2004, pp. 1-9

·

305-343 71-2(2004 1 20 , 2004 1 31 )

Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Technology

Jae-Ek Son

Korea Institute of Energy Research,71-2, Jang-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-343, Korea(Received 20 January 2004; accepted 31 January 2004)

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Abstract − Among various technologies using hydrogen-energy, fuel cells have been considered as the most energy efficient

technology. A conventional combustion-based power plant typically generates electricity at efficiencies of 33 to 35 percent,

while fuel cell plants can generate electricity at efficiencies of up to 60 percent. When fuel cells are used to generate electricity

and heat (co-generation), they can reach efficiencies of up to 85 percent. Moreover, fuel cells generate virtually zero pollution

including greenhouse gases such as CO2. Therefore, the fuel cells are believed as a most promising alternative power produc-

ing technology, which can solve global problems facing 21st century such as exhaustion of fossil fuels and environmental pol-lution at the same time. In this review, recent trends in fuel cell R&D are summarized focusing on PEMFC and DMFC which

are closest to the practical use and can be used for batteries, electrical power sources for automobiles and immobile structures

such as buildings.

Key words: Hydrogen Energy, Fuel Cell, Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC), Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC)

1.

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†To whom correspondence should be addressed.E-mail: [email protected]

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Table 2. Feedstocks for hydrogen [34]

CO2/H2 Technology

0.25 Steam methane reforming0.31 Steam pentane reforming0.33 Partial oxidation of methane0.59 Partial oxidation of heavy oil1.0 Partial oxidation of coal

Table 1. Feedstocks for hydrogen [34]

Source World capacity (1988), %

Natural gas 48Petroleum 30

Coal 18Electrolysis 4

Korean Chem. Eng. Res., Vol. 42, No. 1, February, 2004

4

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c1h + " å8 I À¿ 4Nw a,.

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y¬ b` °(o Ç,[50].

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/Dt Ü -¬4 4Ô! Ü LM %U) I4 aK, 284

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Table 3. Main characteristics of each reforming process

Technology Main Reaction Characteristics Conc. of H2(%) Company

STR CH4+H2O=CO+3H2, H=+49.7 kcal/mol

· Slow endothermic · Indirect heating· Larger reactor volume· Slow response time· High efficiency

65-75 Plug power [40]

POX CH4+1/2O2CO+2H2 H=−9 kcal/mol

· Fast exothermic· Direct heating· Fast start-up and response· Low efficiency

30-40 Nuvera [41]

ATR Balance of STR & POX · Combination of STR & POX· Direct heating· Fast start-up and response

40-50 Johnson matthey [42]

Table 4. Characteristics of polymer electrolyte membranes

MembranePower density

(kW/m2)Life time

(*1,000 hr)

1959-19611962-19651966-19671968-19701971-1980

Phenol sulfonicPolystyrene sulfonicPolytriflurostyrene sulfonicNafion experimentalNafion procudtion

0.05-0.10.4-0.60.75-0.8

0.8-16-8

0.3-10.3-2

0.75-0.80.8-1

10-2000

42 1 2004 2

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