koordinasi badan -
DESCRIPTION
FORM 4TRANSCRIPT
PENYELENGGARAN DAN KESINAMBUNGAN HIDUPTOPIK:KOORDINASI BADAN
Sistem saraf manusia
Human nervous system
2.2.3 Neuron Type of neurones
Ciri-ciri
CharacteristicsNeuron deria
Sensory neuroneNeuron perantaraan
Relay neuroneNeurone motor
Motor neurone
Struktur
Structure
Kedudukan badan sel
Position of cell bodyDi tengah neuron
In the middle of neuroneDi tengah neuron
In the middle of neuroneDi hujung neuron
At the end of the neurone
Panjang akson
Length of axonPendek
ShortBerubah-ubah
ChangesPanjang
Long
Arah pergerakan impuls
Movement of impulseDari organ deria atau reseptor ke sistem saraf pusat
From the sensory organ or the receptor to the central nervous system Dari neuron deria ke neuron motor dalam sistem saraf pusat
From the sensory neurone to the motor neurone in the central nervous systemDari neuron perantaraan keluar dari sistem saraf pusat ke otot atau efektor
From the relay neurone going out from the central nervous system to the muscle or effectors.
Fungsi
FunctionMembawa impuls dari organ deria atau reseptor ke sistem saraf pusat
Carries impulses from sensory organ or receptor to central nervous systemMenghantar impuls dari neuron deria ke neuron motor
Transmits impulses from sensory neurone to motor neuroneMenghantar impuls dari sistem saraf pusat ke efektor
Transmits impulses from central nervous system to effector
Bahagian neuron dan fungsinya
Part of the neurone and their function
Bahagian neuron
Neurone partFungsi
Function
Badan sel
Cell bodyMengawal semua aktiviti neuron
Controls all activities of the neurone
Dendrit
DendriteMenerima impuls dari neuron-neuron lain dan menghantarnya ke badan sel
Receives impulses from other neurone and transmits them to cell body
Dendron
DendroneDendrit yang membawa impuls ke arah badan sel
Dendrite that carries impulses towards cell body
Akson
AxonDendrit yang membawa impuls keluar dari badan sel
Dendrite that carries impulses out of cell body
Salut myelin
Myelin sheathPenebat pada akson yang mengelakkan kebocoran impuls
Insulator on axon that prevents the leakage of impulses
Mempercepatkan halaju penghantaran impuls
Increases the speed of impulse transmission
2.3 : Koordinasi Saraf Nervous Coordination
Hubungan antara reseptor, neuron, dan efektor dengan sistem saraf pusat
Relationship between receptors, neurones and effectors with the central nervous system
2.4 Peranan Reseptor Regang dalam Mengekalkan Keseimbangan dan Koordinasi The Role of Proprioceptors In Maintaining Balance and Coordination
Fungsi _______________: Untuk mengimbangkan kedudukan dan koordinasi badanFunction of _______________ : to maintain body balance and coordination of muscular activity
Receptor regang dijumpai pada otot, ____________, sendi dan _________________Proprioceptors found in muscle, ______________, joint and ___________________Contoh aktiviti yang menggunakan reseptor regang :
Examples of activity involves proprioceptors:(Mengenakan butang baju tanpa melihat
Buttoning shirt without looking(Ahli sarkas berjalan atas tali
Acrobatic walking on rope(Jurutaip menaip tanpa mata tertumpu pada papan kekunci
Typist do typing without looking at key board
2.5 Otak Manusia dan Kerencamannya
Human Brain and Its Complexity
Tindakan Terkawal dan Tindakan Luar Kawal
Voluntary and Involuntary Actions
Tindakan Terkawal
Voluntary actionPerbezaan
DifferencesTindakan Luar Kawal
Involuntary action
Tindakan yang kita sedari
Actions we are aware ofJenis gerak balas
Type of responseAutomatik
Automatic
Bermula di otak
Begin in the brainRangsangan tindakan
Stimuli of actionsTiada rangsangan
No stimuli
Serebrum
CerebrumBahagian otak yang mengawal tindakan
Region of the brain which controls the actionsMedula oblongata
Medula oblongata
Dari otak ke otot melalui saraf tunjang
From the brain to the muscles through the spinal cordPenghantaran impuls
Impulse transmissionDari medulla oblongata ke organ-organ dalaman
From medulla oblongata to the internal organs
Otot-otot rangka seperti otot biceps
Skeletal muscles like the bicepsBahagian yang bergerakbalas
Part that respondsOrgan-organ dalaman seperti jantung
Internal organs like the heart
Sistem saraf soma
Somatic nervous systemJenis saraf yang terlibat
Type of nerve involvedSistem saraf autonomi
Autonomic nervous system
Menulis, bercakap, berjalan, mendengar dan menari
Writing, speaking, walking, hearing and dancingContoh tindakan
Examples of actionDenyutan jantung, peristalsis, pernafasan, tindakan reflex, pembesaran dan penguncupan anak mata
Heartbeat, peristalsis, breathing, reflex actions, dilation and constriction of pupils
2.6 Koordinasi Kimia dalam Badan Harmonal Coordination
Kelenjar/Organ
Gland/OrganHormon yang dirembeskan/
Hormones secretedFungsi Utama
Main Functions
Kelenjar Pitutari
Pituitary GlandHormon pertumbuhan (GH)
Growth hormone
Mengawal proses tumbesaran tulang dan otot
Controls growth of bone and muscles
Hormon perangsang folikel (FSH)
Follicle-stimulating hormonesMerangsang perkembangan folikel ovary dan spermatogenesis
Stimulates development of ovarian follicles and spermatogenesis
Hormon peluteinan (LH)
Luteinising hormone
Merangsang ovulasi dan penghasilan progesterone daripada ovary serta testosterone daripada testis
Stimulates ovulation and production of progesterone from ovaries and testosterone from testes
Prolaktin
ProlactinMerangsang penghasilan susu
Stimulates milk production
Hormon perangsang tiroid (TSH)
Thyroid stimulating hormone Merangsang penghasilan hormone tiroid oleh kelenjar
Stimulates growth of thyroid gland
Oksitosin
OxytocinMerangsang pengecutan uterus
Stimulates contraction of uterus during birth
Hormon antidiuresis
Antidiuretic hormoneMengawal proses penyerapan semula air di tubul ginjal
Causes the kidney tubules to become permeable to water so that more water is absorbed into the blood
Kelenjar tiroid
Thyroid glandTiroksina yang mengandungi iodine
Thyroxine in conjuction with iodineMengawal kadar metabolisme dan membantu pertumbuhan yang normal
Controls metabolic rate as well as ensures normal physical and mental development.
Pankreas
PancreasInsulin
InsulinMenurunkan aras glukosa darah; menggalakkan pertukaran glukosa kepada glikogen
Lowers blood glucose level. Increases glucose uptake and utilization by cells
Glukogen
GlucagonMeningkatkan aras glukosa darah dengan merangsang penguraian glikogen kepada glukosa. Kedua-dua hormone ini mengawal aras glukosa darah
Increases blood glucose level by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen into glucose in liver.
Both of these hormones control blood glucose level
Kelenjar adrenal
Adrenal glandAdrenalina
AdrenalineMenyediakan badan untuk menghadapi situasi cemas; meningkatkan kadar degupan jantung dan pernafasan; menambah bekalan darah ke otot
Prepares the body for action.It speeds up heartbeat and breathing, raises blood pressure and allows for more glucose to go to the blood to give energy. This is a short term effect
Testis
TestisTestosteron
TestoteroneMerangsang spermatogenesis; mengawal perkembangan kematangan organ seks lelaki dan menonjolkan ciri-ciri seks sekunder lelaki.
Spermatogenesis: development and maintenance of male secondary such as deeper voice and more body hair.
Ovari
OvaryEstrogen
OestrogenMengawal cirri-ciri seks sekunder perempuan seperti perkembangan buah dada, kulit yang lembut dan suara yang halus
Stimules growth of uterus lining (endometrium): development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics such as breast, soft skin and a feminine voice.
Progesteron
ProgesteroneMerangsang penebalan dinding uterus (endometrium);
Mencegah pengecutan uterus bagi wanita hamil untuk elak keguguran
Promotes growth of endometrium. Inhibits ovulation
2.7 Koordinasi antara Sistem Saraf dengan Sistem Endokrin
Coordination between The Nervous System and The Endocrine System
Persamaan:
Similarities:
1. Mengawal dan menyelaraskan fungsi serta aktiviti-aktiviti badan
Controls and coordinates body functions and activities
2. Bergerakbalas terhadap rangsangan
Responds to a stimulus
3. Mempunyai organ sasaran
Possesses target organ
Perbezaan:
Differences:
Sistem saraf
Nervous systemDifferencesPerbezaanSistem endokrin
Endocrine system
Terdiri daripada saraf-saraf
Consists of nervesKoordinasi
CoordinationTerdiri daripada kelenjar-kelenjar tanpa duktus
Consists of ductless glands
Melalui saraf secara elektrokimia
Goes through the nerves electrochemicallyCara penghantaran impuls
Way of impulse transmissionMelalui aliran darah dalam bentuk bahan kimia
Goes through the bloodstream in the form of chemical substance
Sangat cepat
Very fastKelajuan penghantaran impuls
Speed of impulse transmissionPerlahan
Slow
Kesan jangka pendek
Short-term effectTempoh kesan
Duration of effectKesan jangka panjang
Long term effect
Terhad
LimitedKawasan tindakan
Target areasLuas
Wide
Cepat dan serta merta
Fast and immediateGerak balas
ResponseLambat dan berlaku secara berterusan
Slow and continuous
Menulis,menari
Writing , dancingContoh koordinasi badan
Examples of body coordinationPertumbuhan, metabolisme badan
Growth, body metabolisme
2.8 Kesan Penyalahgunaan Dadah terhadap Koordinasi Badan dan Kesihatan
The Effect of Drug Abuse on Body Coordination and HealthJenis dadah
Type of drugContoh
ExampleCiri-ciri
Characteristic
Depresen
Depressant Morfin
Morphine
Heroin
Heroin
Barbiturat
Barbiturate Mengurangkan tekanan
Relieve tension
Menenteramkan fikiran seseorang
Calm a persons mind
Melambatkan tindakbalas terhadap rangsangan
Slow down the response to a stimulus
Stimulan
Stimulants Amfetamin
Amphetamine
Nikotina
Nicotine Meningkatkan kadar metabolisme badan
Increase the body metabolic rate
Menjadikan seseorang lebih aktif
Make a person more active
Opiat
Opiates Morfin
Morphine
Heroin
Heroin
Kokain
Coccaine Melegakan kesakitan dan kegelisahan
Relieve the sensations of pain and anxiety
Halusinogen
Hallucinogens Ganja
Marijuana
LSD
LSD Menyebabkan khayalan
Cause hallucination
Menyebabkan kegilaan dan kematian
Cause madness and death
Jenis dadah
Type of drugSumber dadah
Source
Candu
Opium
Diperoleh daripada bunga pokok popi
Obtained from the flower of the poppy plant
Morfin
MorphineBahan berwarna perang yang diproses daripada candu
Brown substance processed from morphine
Heroin
HeroinSerbuk putih atau perang yang diproses daripada morfin
White or brown powder processed from morphine
Ganja
MarijuanaDaun dan bunga kering daripada tumbuhan Cannabis sativa
Leaves and dry flowers of the Cannabis sativa plant
2.9 Kesan Pengambilan Alkohol Berlebihan terhadap Koordinasi Badan dan Kesihatan
The Effect of Excessive Consumption of Alcohol on Body Coordination and Health 2.10 Kepentingan Minda Yang Waras dan Waras
Importance of Sound And Healthy Mind
Kepentingan Koordinasi Badan
Importance of Body Coordination
Membolehkan semua organ badan berfungsi sebagai satu unit _____________________dan bergerak balas terhadapnya
Enables all body organs to function as a unit to __________________________ and respond towards them
Mengawal koordinasi antara rangsangan dengan gerak balas
Controls coordination between stimuli and body responses
Mengelakkan kita daripada kecederaan atau bahaya
Helping us to avoid injuries or dangers
Membolehkan kita menyesuaikan diri terhadap perubahan di sekeliling kita
Enables us to adapt to the changes around us
Pertumbuhan badan, pembiakan, pengawalan kepekatan darah, dan pencernaan makanan
Body growth, reproduction, controlling blood concentration and food digestion
Berjalan, melihat, menulis, bercakap, mendengar dan membaca
Walking, looking, writing, talking, listening and reading
Koordinasi hormon
Hormonal coordination
Pertumbuhan badan, pembiakan pengawalan kepekatan darah, dan pencernaan makanan
Body growth, reproduction, controlling blood concentration and food digestion
Koordinasi saraf
Nervous coordination
Dikawal dan diselaraskan oleh ____________
Controlled and coordinated by the _______________
2.1 Koordinasi Badan
2.1 Body Coordination
Saraf spina
Spinal nerves
Sistem saraf soma (mengawal tindakan terkawal)
Somatic nervous system (controls voluntary actions)
Sistem saraf autonomi (mengawal tindakan luar kawal)
Autonomic nervous system (controls involuntary actions)
Saraf tunjang
Spinal cord
Sistem saraf pusat
Central nervous system
Sistem saraf periferi
Peripheral nervous system
Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi minda
Factors that affect the mind
2.2 Sistem Saraf Manusia
Human Nervous System
Reseptor dan efektor
Receptors and effectors
-Efektor ialah organ yang bergerak balas terhadap rangsangan. Contoh: otot dan kelenjar
An effector is an organ which responds to the stimuli.Examples: muscles and glands
- Semua reseptor dan efektor disambungkan kepada sistem saraf dan neuron
All receptors and effectors are connected to the nervous system by neurons
Reseptor
Receptor
-Reseptor ialah sel di dalam organ deria yang mengesan rangsangan akibat perubahan di persekitaran
A resptor is a cell in the sensory organ which detects stimuli resulting from the changes in the surroundings
-Terdapat lima jenis organ deria utama iaitu mata, lidah, telinga, hidung dan kulit
There are five main types of sensory organs i.e. the eyes, ears,tongue, nose and skin.
Efektor
Effector
Neuron motor
Motor neurone
Jawapan:
Answers:
reseptor
receptor
efektor
effector
Neuron perantaraan
Relay neurone
Synapse
Sinaps
Reseptor
Receptor
Neuron deria
Sensory neurone
Serebrum
Cerebrum
Fungsi: Mengawal tindakan terkawal
Function:Control voluntary action
Serebelum
Cerebellum
Fungsi:
Function:
mengawal keseimbangan badan
control body balance
memelihara postur badan
maintain body posture
Medula Oblongata
Medula Oblongata
Fungsi: Mengawal tindakan luar kawal
Function:Control involuntary action
Kesan-kesan pengambilan minuman beralkohol secara berlebihan
Effect of execessive consumption of alcoholic drinks
Alkohol melambatkan kadar penghantaran impuls saraf dan mempengaruhi sistem saraf pusat
Alcohol slows down the rate of nerve impulse transmission and effects the central nervous system
Alkohol dapat merosakkan sel-sel hati, mengurangkan penghasilan hempedu, dan menyebabkan sirosis hati (tisu berparut) serta hepatitis
Alkohol can damage liver cells, reduce the production of bile, cause cirrhos of the liver (scar tissue) and hepatitis
Dalam kes yang teruk, pengambilan alcohol secara berterusan akan membawa maut
In severe cases, continuous consumption of alcohol can cause death
Gerak balas seorang peminum terhadap keadaan kecemasan adalah perlahan
Response of a drinker in an emergency is slow
Peminum tidak dapat memandu dengan selamat kerana penglihatannya kabur, pendengarannya kurang baik, dan reaksinya perlahan.
A drinker cannot drive safely because his sight is blurred, his hearing is poor and his reaction becomes slower
Masa yang diambil oleh seseorang peminum untuk menghentikan kenderaannya adalah lebih lama
A drinker uses a longer time to stop his vehicle
Kesan buruk penyalahgunaan dadah terhadap koordinasi badan dan kesihatan
Adverse effect of drug abuse on body coordination and health
Merangsang gerakbalas badan
Stimulating body response
Dadah seperti amfetamin mengaktifkan sel-sel otak dan meningkatkan kadar metabolisme. Pengguna menjadi lebih aktif,tidak dapat tidur,dan agresif
Drugs like amphetamine activate the brain cells and increase the metabolic rate. User becomes more active, cannot sleep and behaves aggressively.
Melambatkan gerak balas badan
Slowing body response
Heroin,Morfin dan barbiturat melambatkan gerak balas system saraf terhadap rangsangan.Pengguna berasa mengantuk dan kurang sedar
Heroin, morphine and barbiturate slow down the response of the nervous system to stimuli.Users feel sleepy and less aware
Halusinasi
Hallucination
Ganja mengganggu fungsi otak terutamanya dari segi persepsi jarak, ruang,dan masa.
Marijuana affect the function of the brain, especially its perception of distance, space and time.
Jangkitan penyakit
Infection of diseases
Perkongsian jarum suntikan antara penagih dadah menyebabkan jangkitan penyakit seperti AIDS dan Hepatitis B
The sharing of injection needles among drug addicts causes the spread of diseases like AIDS and hepatitis B.
Faktor dalaman
Internal factors
Faktor luaran
External factors
Jawapan:
Answers:
reseptor regang
proprioceptor
tendon
tendon
ligamen
ligament
Jawapan:
Answers:
Otak
Brain
Saraf kranium
Cranial nerves
Jawapan:
Answers:
sistem saraf
nervous system
mengesan rangsangan
detect stimuli
Kecederaan bahagian otak akibat penyakit atau kemalangan
Brain injury cause by disease or accident
Penyakit seperti gastritis atau sakit sendi boleh mengganggu kesihatan minda
Disease like gastritis or joint pain can interfere with mental health
Ketidakseimbangan hormon dalam badan seperti kekurangan hormon daripada kelenjar tiroid membantutkan perkembangan mental kanak-kanak
Hormone imbalances in the body like lack of hormones from the thyroid glands retard the mental development in children.
Penyalahgunaan dadah menyebabkan seseorang berkhayal dan otaknya tidak dapat berfungsi dengan baik
Drug abuse causes a person to hallucinate and his brain does not function
Pengambilan alcohol secara berlebihan menyebabkan seseorang berfikir secara tidak logik.
Excessive consumption of alcohol causes a person not to think logically.
Faktor luaran seperti keluarga dan rakan sebaya
Social factors like family and peers
Keadaan persekitaran seperti keadaan cuaca dan suhu
Environment conditions like weather and temperature
Tekanan mental akibat pengalaman yang mendukacitakan seperti kematian seseorang yang dikasihi
Mental stress caused by sad experiences like the death of someone close
BAB 2
KOORDINASI BADAN
BODY COORDINATION
2.1
KOORDINASI BADAN
BODY COORDINATION
2.2
SISTEM SARAF MANUSIA
HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM
2.3
KOORDINASI SARAF
NERVOUS COORDINATION
2.4
RESEPTOR REGANG
PROPRIOCEPTORS
2.5
OTAK MANUSIA
HUMAN BRAIN
2.6
KOORDINASI HORMON
HORMONE COORDINATION
2.7
SARAF & HORMON
NERVOUS & HORMONE
2.8
PENYALAHGUNAAN DADAH
DRUG ABUSE
2.9
ALKOHOL
ALCOHOL
2.10
MINDA YANG SIHAT
HEALTHY MIND
13