konstantinović, b., meseldžija, m., samardžić, n. · konstantinović, b., meseldžija, m.,...
TRANSCRIPT
Konstantinović B Meseldžija M Samardžić N
University of Novi Sad Faculty of Agriculture Department for Environmental
and Plant Protection Trg Dositeja Obradovica 8 21000 Novi Sad
Since confirmation of the first resistant weed species
Senecio vulgaris L to triazine herbicides until
nowadays resistance has been found in 388 biotypes
of weed species to 18 herbicide groups of different
action mechanism in 209 weed species of which 123
were dicotyledonous and 86 grass species (Ryan
1970 Heap 2012)
HERBICIDES RESISTANCE
Since 1982 herbicide technology has been
significantly improved by introduction of the first
ALS inhibiting herbicide hlorsulfuron for control of
broad-leaved weeds in wheat (Saari et al 1994)
Hlorsulfuron as well as the other sulfonylurea
herbicides (SU) proved to be efficient in lower rates
which is related to their highly specific inhibition of
ALS enzyme
In susceptible plants these herbicides cause damages
such as necrosis of the apical meristems that cease
plant growth in cases of soil application while during
foliar use they lead to the occurrence of purple color
along the central leaf (Lovell et al 1996b)
Preko 50 herbicida iz grupe ALS inhibitora (HRAC- Grupa B)
IMIDAZOLINONI
SULFONILUREE
TRIAZOLOPIRIMIDINI
PIRIMIDINIL-TIOBENZOATI
SULFONILAMINOTRIAZOLINONI
IMAZAMOKS
IMAZETAPIR
AMIDOSULFURON
FORAMSULFURON JODOSULFURON-METILNA
METSULFURON-METIL
NIKOSULFURON
PRIMISULFURON-METIL
PROSULFURON
RIMSULFURON
TIFENSULFURON-METIL
TRIASULFURON
TRIBENURON-METIL
TRIFLUSULFURON-METIL
FLORASULAM
Currently 126 weed species are resistant to the
herbicides belonging to this group of action
mechanism (Heap 2012) Resistance to ALS
inhibitors in some weed species is not limited to only
several isolated population but it is more frequently
widely distributed and common so that it represents
threat to further use of ALS inhibiting herbicides
Possible metabolitic reactions of herbicides in plants
Weed seeds was collected in the period August-
October 2004-2011 from plots with the long history of
use of ALS inhibiting herbicides in control of weedy
vegetation and on which low efficiency to the
monitored weed species was observed
Seed were collected from different localities in the region of Vojvodina (North Serbia) Kikinda Becej Kačarevo Vrbas (Sava Kovačević and Carnex) For susceptible referent population were taken seeds from ruderal sites that had never been treated by herbicides In whole plant studies plants were grown in controlled conditions of climatic chamber
Lokalitet Godina Usev Preparat Količina
Krivaja 1998 soja Pivot 100E+Deltazon 48SL 04lha+15lha
1999 kukuruz Tarot 25WG 006 kgha
2000 Pšenica Monosan S 15 lha
2001 pšenica Grodyl+Granstar 75WG 20gha+20gha
2002 Šećerna repa Safari50WG+Goltix70 SC 2x30gha+ 15lha
2003 soja Pivot 100E 10 lha
2004 kukuruz Tarot 25WG 006 kgha
Kikinda 1999 kukuruz Ring 80WG 25 gha
2000 - - -
2001 soja Pivot100E+Deltazon48SL 04 lha +15 lha
Bečej 1998 Soja Pivot 100E 10 lha
1999 Kukuruz Tarot 25WG 40 gha
2000 Pšenica Granstar 75WG 16 gha
2001 Soja Pivot 100E+ Dynam75WG 06 lha+ 008kgha
2002 Kukuruz Motivell + Ring 80WG 05 lha + 25 gha
2003 Pšenica Granstar 75WG 16 gha
Kačarevo 1995 Soja Pivot 100E 10 lha
1996 Pšenica - -
1997 Kukuruz Motivell 10 lha
1998 Suncokret Prometrin 500 20 lha
1999 Pšenica - -
2000 Kukuruz Motivell 10 lha
2001 Soja Dynam 75 WG + Pivot100E 005kgha +10 lha
2002 Kukuruz Motivell 05 lha
2003 Kukuruz Motivell 10 lha
Carnex (Vrbas)
Carnex (Vrbas)
2001 Kukuruz Tarot25WG+Banvel480S 60 gha+08 lha
2002 Soja Pivot 100E+Deltazon 48SL 04 lha+ 2 lha
2003 Kukuruz Tarot25WG + Maton 50 gha + 1 lha
2004 Soja Dynam 75WG+ Pivot 100E 50 gha + 04 lha
2005 Kukuruz Tarot 25WG 50 gha
Sava Kovačević
(Vrbas)
2001 Šećerna repa Safari50WG+Betanal Progres-AM 2x30gha + 15 lha
2002 Kukuruz Tarot25WG + Maton+ AtrazinSC50 50gha+ 1 lha + 1 lha
2003 Ječam - -
Imazethapyr was applied before sowing of seeds with
a range of rates 004 008 01 015 and 02 kg
aiha while nicosulfuron was applied with a range
of rates 40 50 80 120 160 and 240 kg aiha
Thirty days after onset of the experiment (and pre-
emergence treatment) percentage of survived plants
and foliage fresh weight were calculated in relation to
the control for all of the studied weed species
Based upon coefficients of ED50 concerning those
susceptible populations resistance index (RI) that
enables relatively simple description of resistance
level was calculated (Moss 1995)
Herbicide rates for biochemical studies were chosen
in a manner convenient for getting plant reactions
from lsquorsquo without damagersquorsquo to lsquorsquo the complete
destructionrsquorsquo Sulfometuron-methyl was applied with
a range of rates 0 1 5 10 25 50 100 and 500 gha
and imazethapyr with a range of rates of 0 8 40 100
200 400 800 and 2000 gha Extraction and
biochemical studies of ALS enzyme activity in vivo
were performed according to the method of Lovell et
al (1996a)
Whole plant bioassays were performed with a range
of nicosulfuron and imazethapyr rates
The measured parameters were fresh foliage weight
and number of survived plants treated with a range of
herbicide rates (Tables 1 and 2)
Values of ED50 and RI presented in tables 1 and 2
were calculated upon dose-response curve that
represents plant reaction to the applied range of
herbicide rates
Resistance indecies (IR)
Locality Measured parameters
Epicotyl Hypocotyl Stem height Foliage fresh
weight
Krivaja 292 190 153 129
Kikinda 121 124 295 059
Bečej 089 077 1805 143
Kačarevo 075 099 010 153
Carnex 049 069 018 045
Sava
Kovačević
033 055 013 052
Resistance indecies (IR)
Locality Measured parameters
Epicotyl Hypocotyl Stem height Foliage fresh
weight
Krivaja 180 161 200 227
Kikinda 100 080 090 053
Bečej 100 100 100 099
Kačarevo 160 100 163 100
Carnex 150 100 125 100
Sava Kovačević 070 100 150 100
Biotype RI values
Sulfometuron-
methyl
(relative mass)
Sulfometuron-
methyl
(survived
plants)
imazethapyr
(relative
mass)
imazethapyr
(survived
plants)
1 Kikinda 895 278 746 2138
2 Carnex 636 278 8768 169
3 Krivaja 2528 261 3866 735
4 Kačarevo 1780 081 2035 1958
Susceptible
standard
- - - -
nicosulfuron rates (g aiha)
001 01 1rela
tive a
ctiv
ity o
f AL e
nzym
e (
in regard
to c
ont
rol)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Kikinda
Carnex
Krivaja
Kacarevo
Susceptible standard
Col 10 vs Col 11
Col 15 vs Col 16
Col 20 vs Col 21
Col 25 vs Col 26
Col 30 vs Col 31
Obtained results during studies on resistance occurrence in
weed species Amaranthus retroflexus L in field and laboratory
conditions show that there occurred changes in susceptibility
of biotypes from localities Bečej Krivaja Kikinda Kačarevo
Sava Kovačević and Carnex to ALS enzyme inhibiting
herbicides that survived treatments by herbicides belonging to
the group of sufonilureas and imidazolinones in field
conditions
Based upon biological assays differences in IR values
obtained by measurements of different morphometric
parameters were established
Results of the study of ALS enzyme activity suggest that
biotypes from localities Krivaja and Kačarevo became resistant
to herbicide nicosulfuron
Since confirmation of the first resistant weed species
Senecio vulgaris L to triazine herbicides until
nowadays resistance has been found in 388 biotypes
of weed species to 18 herbicide groups of different
action mechanism in 209 weed species of which 123
were dicotyledonous and 86 grass species (Ryan
1970 Heap 2012)
HERBICIDES RESISTANCE
Since 1982 herbicide technology has been
significantly improved by introduction of the first
ALS inhibiting herbicide hlorsulfuron for control of
broad-leaved weeds in wheat (Saari et al 1994)
Hlorsulfuron as well as the other sulfonylurea
herbicides (SU) proved to be efficient in lower rates
which is related to their highly specific inhibition of
ALS enzyme
In susceptible plants these herbicides cause damages
such as necrosis of the apical meristems that cease
plant growth in cases of soil application while during
foliar use they lead to the occurrence of purple color
along the central leaf (Lovell et al 1996b)
Preko 50 herbicida iz grupe ALS inhibitora (HRAC- Grupa B)
IMIDAZOLINONI
SULFONILUREE
TRIAZOLOPIRIMIDINI
PIRIMIDINIL-TIOBENZOATI
SULFONILAMINOTRIAZOLINONI
IMAZAMOKS
IMAZETAPIR
AMIDOSULFURON
FORAMSULFURON JODOSULFURON-METILNA
METSULFURON-METIL
NIKOSULFURON
PRIMISULFURON-METIL
PROSULFURON
RIMSULFURON
TIFENSULFURON-METIL
TRIASULFURON
TRIBENURON-METIL
TRIFLUSULFURON-METIL
FLORASULAM
Currently 126 weed species are resistant to the
herbicides belonging to this group of action
mechanism (Heap 2012) Resistance to ALS
inhibitors in some weed species is not limited to only
several isolated population but it is more frequently
widely distributed and common so that it represents
threat to further use of ALS inhibiting herbicides
Possible metabolitic reactions of herbicides in plants
Weed seeds was collected in the period August-
October 2004-2011 from plots with the long history of
use of ALS inhibiting herbicides in control of weedy
vegetation and on which low efficiency to the
monitored weed species was observed
Seed were collected from different localities in the region of Vojvodina (North Serbia) Kikinda Becej Kačarevo Vrbas (Sava Kovačević and Carnex) For susceptible referent population were taken seeds from ruderal sites that had never been treated by herbicides In whole plant studies plants were grown in controlled conditions of climatic chamber
Lokalitet Godina Usev Preparat Količina
Krivaja 1998 soja Pivot 100E+Deltazon 48SL 04lha+15lha
1999 kukuruz Tarot 25WG 006 kgha
2000 Pšenica Monosan S 15 lha
2001 pšenica Grodyl+Granstar 75WG 20gha+20gha
2002 Šećerna repa Safari50WG+Goltix70 SC 2x30gha+ 15lha
2003 soja Pivot 100E 10 lha
2004 kukuruz Tarot 25WG 006 kgha
Kikinda 1999 kukuruz Ring 80WG 25 gha
2000 - - -
2001 soja Pivot100E+Deltazon48SL 04 lha +15 lha
Bečej 1998 Soja Pivot 100E 10 lha
1999 Kukuruz Tarot 25WG 40 gha
2000 Pšenica Granstar 75WG 16 gha
2001 Soja Pivot 100E+ Dynam75WG 06 lha+ 008kgha
2002 Kukuruz Motivell + Ring 80WG 05 lha + 25 gha
2003 Pšenica Granstar 75WG 16 gha
Kačarevo 1995 Soja Pivot 100E 10 lha
1996 Pšenica - -
1997 Kukuruz Motivell 10 lha
1998 Suncokret Prometrin 500 20 lha
1999 Pšenica - -
2000 Kukuruz Motivell 10 lha
2001 Soja Dynam 75 WG + Pivot100E 005kgha +10 lha
2002 Kukuruz Motivell 05 lha
2003 Kukuruz Motivell 10 lha
Carnex (Vrbas)
Carnex (Vrbas)
2001 Kukuruz Tarot25WG+Banvel480S 60 gha+08 lha
2002 Soja Pivot 100E+Deltazon 48SL 04 lha+ 2 lha
2003 Kukuruz Tarot25WG + Maton 50 gha + 1 lha
2004 Soja Dynam 75WG+ Pivot 100E 50 gha + 04 lha
2005 Kukuruz Tarot 25WG 50 gha
Sava Kovačević
(Vrbas)
2001 Šećerna repa Safari50WG+Betanal Progres-AM 2x30gha + 15 lha
2002 Kukuruz Tarot25WG + Maton+ AtrazinSC50 50gha+ 1 lha + 1 lha
2003 Ječam - -
Imazethapyr was applied before sowing of seeds with
a range of rates 004 008 01 015 and 02 kg
aiha while nicosulfuron was applied with a range
of rates 40 50 80 120 160 and 240 kg aiha
Thirty days after onset of the experiment (and pre-
emergence treatment) percentage of survived plants
and foliage fresh weight were calculated in relation to
the control for all of the studied weed species
Based upon coefficients of ED50 concerning those
susceptible populations resistance index (RI) that
enables relatively simple description of resistance
level was calculated (Moss 1995)
Herbicide rates for biochemical studies were chosen
in a manner convenient for getting plant reactions
from lsquorsquo without damagersquorsquo to lsquorsquo the complete
destructionrsquorsquo Sulfometuron-methyl was applied with
a range of rates 0 1 5 10 25 50 100 and 500 gha
and imazethapyr with a range of rates of 0 8 40 100
200 400 800 and 2000 gha Extraction and
biochemical studies of ALS enzyme activity in vivo
were performed according to the method of Lovell et
al (1996a)
Whole plant bioassays were performed with a range
of nicosulfuron and imazethapyr rates
The measured parameters were fresh foliage weight
and number of survived plants treated with a range of
herbicide rates (Tables 1 and 2)
Values of ED50 and RI presented in tables 1 and 2
were calculated upon dose-response curve that
represents plant reaction to the applied range of
herbicide rates
Resistance indecies (IR)
Locality Measured parameters
Epicotyl Hypocotyl Stem height Foliage fresh
weight
Krivaja 292 190 153 129
Kikinda 121 124 295 059
Bečej 089 077 1805 143
Kačarevo 075 099 010 153
Carnex 049 069 018 045
Sava
Kovačević
033 055 013 052
Resistance indecies (IR)
Locality Measured parameters
Epicotyl Hypocotyl Stem height Foliage fresh
weight
Krivaja 180 161 200 227
Kikinda 100 080 090 053
Bečej 100 100 100 099
Kačarevo 160 100 163 100
Carnex 150 100 125 100
Sava Kovačević 070 100 150 100
Biotype RI values
Sulfometuron-
methyl
(relative mass)
Sulfometuron-
methyl
(survived
plants)
imazethapyr
(relative
mass)
imazethapyr
(survived
plants)
1 Kikinda 895 278 746 2138
2 Carnex 636 278 8768 169
3 Krivaja 2528 261 3866 735
4 Kačarevo 1780 081 2035 1958
Susceptible
standard
- - - -
nicosulfuron rates (g aiha)
001 01 1rela
tive a
ctiv
ity o
f AL e
nzym
e (
in regard
to c
ont
rol)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Kikinda
Carnex
Krivaja
Kacarevo
Susceptible standard
Col 10 vs Col 11
Col 15 vs Col 16
Col 20 vs Col 21
Col 25 vs Col 26
Col 30 vs Col 31
Obtained results during studies on resistance occurrence in
weed species Amaranthus retroflexus L in field and laboratory
conditions show that there occurred changes in susceptibility
of biotypes from localities Bečej Krivaja Kikinda Kačarevo
Sava Kovačević and Carnex to ALS enzyme inhibiting
herbicides that survived treatments by herbicides belonging to
the group of sufonilureas and imidazolinones in field
conditions
Based upon biological assays differences in IR values
obtained by measurements of different morphometric
parameters were established
Results of the study of ALS enzyme activity suggest that
biotypes from localities Krivaja and Kačarevo became resistant
to herbicide nicosulfuron
Since 1982 herbicide technology has been
significantly improved by introduction of the first
ALS inhibiting herbicide hlorsulfuron for control of
broad-leaved weeds in wheat (Saari et al 1994)
Hlorsulfuron as well as the other sulfonylurea
herbicides (SU) proved to be efficient in lower rates
which is related to their highly specific inhibition of
ALS enzyme
In susceptible plants these herbicides cause damages
such as necrosis of the apical meristems that cease
plant growth in cases of soil application while during
foliar use they lead to the occurrence of purple color
along the central leaf (Lovell et al 1996b)
Preko 50 herbicida iz grupe ALS inhibitora (HRAC- Grupa B)
IMIDAZOLINONI
SULFONILUREE
TRIAZOLOPIRIMIDINI
PIRIMIDINIL-TIOBENZOATI
SULFONILAMINOTRIAZOLINONI
IMAZAMOKS
IMAZETAPIR
AMIDOSULFURON
FORAMSULFURON JODOSULFURON-METILNA
METSULFURON-METIL
NIKOSULFURON
PRIMISULFURON-METIL
PROSULFURON
RIMSULFURON
TIFENSULFURON-METIL
TRIASULFURON
TRIBENURON-METIL
TRIFLUSULFURON-METIL
FLORASULAM
Currently 126 weed species are resistant to the
herbicides belonging to this group of action
mechanism (Heap 2012) Resistance to ALS
inhibitors in some weed species is not limited to only
several isolated population but it is more frequently
widely distributed and common so that it represents
threat to further use of ALS inhibiting herbicides
Possible metabolitic reactions of herbicides in plants
Weed seeds was collected in the period August-
October 2004-2011 from plots with the long history of
use of ALS inhibiting herbicides in control of weedy
vegetation and on which low efficiency to the
monitored weed species was observed
Seed were collected from different localities in the region of Vojvodina (North Serbia) Kikinda Becej Kačarevo Vrbas (Sava Kovačević and Carnex) For susceptible referent population were taken seeds from ruderal sites that had never been treated by herbicides In whole plant studies plants were grown in controlled conditions of climatic chamber
Lokalitet Godina Usev Preparat Količina
Krivaja 1998 soja Pivot 100E+Deltazon 48SL 04lha+15lha
1999 kukuruz Tarot 25WG 006 kgha
2000 Pšenica Monosan S 15 lha
2001 pšenica Grodyl+Granstar 75WG 20gha+20gha
2002 Šećerna repa Safari50WG+Goltix70 SC 2x30gha+ 15lha
2003 soja Pivot 100E 10 lha
2004 kukuruz Tarot 25WG 006 kgha
Kikinda 1999 kukuruz Ring 80WG 25 gha
2000 - - -
2001 soja Pivot100E+Deltazon48SL 04 lha +15 lha
Bečej 1998 Soja Pivot 100E 10 lha
1999 Kukuruz Tarot 25WG 40 gha
2000 Pšenica Granstar 75WG 16 gha
2001 Soja Pivot 100E+ Dynam75WG 06 lha+ 008kgha
2002 Kukuruz Motivell + Ring 80WG 05 lha + 25 gha
2003 Pšenica Granstar 75WG 16 gha
Kačarevo 1995 Soja Pivot 100E 10 lha
1996 Pšenica - -
1997 Kukuruz Motivell 10 lha
1998 Suncokret Prometrin 500 20 lha
1999 Pšenica - -
2000 Kukuruz Motivell 10 lha
2001 Soja Dynam 75 WG + Pivot100E 005kgha +10 lha
2002 Kukuruz Motivell 05 lha
2003 Kukuruz Motivell 10 lha
Carnex (Vrbas)
Carnex (Vrbas)
2001 Kukuruz Tarot25WG+Banvel480S 60 gha+08 lha
2002 Soja Pivot 100E+Deltazon 48SL 04 lha+ 2 lha
2003 Kukuruz Tarot25WG + Maton 50 gha + 1 lha
2004 Soja Dynam 75WG+ Pivot 100E 50 gha + 04 lha
2005 Kukuruz Tarot 25WG 50 gha
Sava Kovačević
(Vrbas)
2001 Šećerna repa Safari50WG+Betanal Progres-AM 2x30gha + 15 lha
2002 Kukuruz Tarot25WG + Maton+ AtrazinSC50 50gha+ 1 lha + 1 lha
2003 Ječam - -
Imazethapyr was applied before sowing of seeds with
a range of rates 004 008 01 015 and 02 kg
aiha while nicosulfuron was applied with a range
of rates 40 50 80 120 160 and 240 kg aiha
Thirty days after onset of the experiment (and pre-
emergence treatment) percentage of survived plants
and foliage fresh weight were calculated in relation to
the control for all of the studied weed species
Based upon coefficients of ED50 concerning those
susceptible populations resistance index (RI) that
enables relatively simple description of resistance
level was calculated (Moss 1995)
Herbicide rates for biochemical studies were chosen
in a manner convenient for getting plant reactions
from lsquorsquo without damagersquorsquo to lsquorsquo the complete
destructionrsquorsquo Sulfometuron-methyl was applied with
a range of rates 0 1 5 10 25 50 100 and 500 gha
and imazethapyr with a range of rates of 0 8 40 100
200 400 800 and 2000 gha Extraction and
biochemical studies of ALS enzyme activity in vivo
were performed according to the method of Lovell et
al (1996a)
Whole plant bioassays were performed with a range
of nicosulfuron and imazethapyr rates
The measured parameters were fresh foliage weight
and number of survived plants treated with a range of
herbicide rates (Tables 1 and 2)
Values of ED50 and RI presented in tables 1 and 2
were calculated upon dose-response curve that
represents plant reaction to the applied range of
herbicide rates
Resistance indecies (IR)
Locality Measured parameters
Epicotyl Hypocotyl Stem height Foliage fresh
weight
Krivaja 292 190 153 129
Kikinda 121 124 295 059
Bečej 089 077 1805 143
Kačarevo 075 099 010 153
Carnex 049 069 018 045
Sava
Kovačević
033 055 013 052
Resistance indecies (IR)
Locality Measured parameters
Epicotyl Hypocotyl Stem height Foliage fresh
weight
Krivaja 180 161 200 227
Kikinda 100 080 090 053
Bečej 100 100 100 099
Kačarevo 160 100 163 100
Carnex 150 100 125 100
Sava Kovačević 070 100 150 100
Biotype RI values
Sulfometuron-
methyl
(relative mass)
Sulfometuron-
methyl
(survived
plants)
imazethapyr
(relative
mass)
imazethapyr
(survived
plants)
1 Kikinda 895 278 746 2138
2 Carnex 636 278 8768 169
3 Krivaja 2528 261 3866 735
4 Kačarevo 1780 081 2035 1958
Susceptible
standard
- - - -
nicosulfuron rates (g aiha)
001 01 1rela
tive a
ctiv
ity o
f AL e
nzym
e (
in regard
to c
ont
rol)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Kikinda
Carnex
Krivaja
Kacarevo
Susceptible standard
Col 10 vs Col 11
Col 15 vs Col 16
Col 20 vs Col 21
Col 25 vs Col 26
Col 30 vs Col 31
Obtained results during studies on resistance occurrence in
weed species Amaranthus retroflexus L in field and laboratory
conditions show that there occurred changes in susceptibility
of biotypes from localities Bečej Krivaja Kikinda Kačarevo
Sava Kovačević and Carnex to ALS enzyme inhibiting
herbicides that survived treatments by herbicides belonging to
the group of sufonilureas and imidazolinones in field
conditions
Based upon biological assays differences in IR values
obtained by measurements of different morphometric
parameters were established
Results of the study of ALS enzyme activity suggest that
biotypes from localities Krivaja and Kačarevo became resistant
to herbicide nicosulfuron
In susceptible plants these herbicides cause damages
such as necrosis of the apical meristems that cease
plant growth in cases of soil application while during
foliar use they lead to the occurrence of purple color
along the central leaf (Lovell et al 1996b)
Preko 50 herbicida iz grupe ALS inhibitora (HRAC- Grupa B)
IMIDAZOLINONI
SULFONILUREE
TRIAZOLOPIRIMIDINI
PIRIMIDINIL-TIOBENZOATI
SULFONILAMINOTRIAZOLINONI
IMAZAMOKS
IMAZETAPIR
AMIDOSULFURON
FORAMSULFURON JODOSULFURON-METILNA
METSULFURON-METIL
NIKOSULFURON
PRIMISULFURON-METIL
PROSULFURON
RIMSULFURON
TIFENSULFURON-METIL
TRIASULFURON
TRIBENURON-METIL
TRIFLUSULFURON-METIL
FLORASULAM
Currently 126 weed species are resistant to the
herbicides belonging to this group of action
mechanism (Heap 2012) Resistance to ALS
inhibitors in some weed species is not limited to only
several isolated population but it is more frequently
widely distributed and common so that it represents
threat to further use of ALS inhibiting herbicides
Possible metabolitic reactions of herbicides in plants
Weed seeds was collected in the period August-
October 2004-2011 from plots with the long history of
use of ALS inhibiting herbicides in control of weedy
vegetation and on which low efficiency to the
monitored weed species was observed
Seed were collected from different localities in the region of Vojvodina (North Serbia) Kikinda Becej Kačarevo Vrbas (Sava Kovačević and Carnex) For susceptible referent population were taken seeds from ruderal sites that had never been treated by herbicides In whole plant studies plants were grown in controlled conditions of climatic chamber
Lokalitet Godina Usev Preparat Količina
Krivaja 1998 soja Pivot 100E+Deltazon 48SL 04lha+15lha
1999 kukuruz Tarot 25WG 006 kgha
2000 Pšenica Monosan S 15 lha
2001 pšenica Grodyl+Granstar 75WG 20gha+20gha
2002 Šećerna repa Safari50WG+Goltix70 SC 2x30gha+ 15lha
2003 soja Pivot 100E 10 lha
2004 kukuruz Tarot 25WG 006 kgha
Kikinda 1999 kukuruz Ring 80WG 25 gha
2000 - - -
2001 soja Pivot100E+Deltazon48SL 04 lha +15 lha
Bečej 1998 Soja Pivot 100E 10 lha
1999 Kukuruz Tarot 25WG 40 gha
2000 Pšenica Granstar 75WG 16 gha
2001 Soja Pivot 100E+ Dynam75WG 06 lha+ 008kgha
2002 Kukuruz Motivell + Ring 80WG 05 lha + 25 gha
2003 Pšenica Granstar 75WG 16 gha
Kačarevo 1995 Soja Pivot 100E 10 lha
1996 Pšenica - -
1997 Kukuruz Motivell 10 lha
1998 Suncokret Prometrin 500 20 lha
1999 Pšenica - -
2000 Kukuruz Motivell 10 lha
2001 Soja Dynam 75 WG + Pivot100E 005kgha +10 lha
2002 Kukuruz Motivell 05 lha
2003 Kukuruz Motivell 10 lha
Carnex (Vrbas)
Carnex (Vrbas)
2001 Kukuruz Tarot25WG+Banvel480S 60 gha+08 lha
2002 Soja Pivot 100E+Deltazon 48SL 04 lha+ 2 lha
2003 Kukuruz Tarot25WG + Maton 50 gha + 1 lha
2004 Soja Dynam 75WG+ Pivot 100E 50 gha + 04 lha
2005 Kukuruz Tarot 25WG 50 gha
Sava Kovačević
(Vrbas)
2001 Šećerna repa Safari50WG+Betanal Progres-AM 2x30gha + 15 lha
2002 Kukuruz Tarot25WG + Maton+ AtrazinSC50 50gha+ 1 lha + 1 lha
2003 Ječam - -
Imazethapyr was applied before sowing of seeds with
a range of rates 004 008 01 015 and 02 kg
aiha while nicosulfuron was applied with a range
of rates 40 50 80 120 160 and 240 kg aiha
Thirty days after onset of the experiment (and pre-
emergence treatment) percentage of survived plants
and foliage fresh weight were calculated in relation to
the control for all of the studied weed species
Based upon coefficients of ED50 concerning those
susceptible populations resistance index (RI) that
enables relatively simple description of resistance
level was calculated (Moss 1995)
Herbicide rates for biochemical studies were chosen
in a manner convenient for getting plant reactions
from lsquorsquo without damagersquorsquo to lsquorsquo the complete
destructionrsquorsquo Sulfometuron-methyl was applied with
a range of rates 0 1 5 10 25 50 100 and 500 gha
and imazethapyr with a range of rates of 0 8 40 100
200 400 800 and 2000 gha Extraction and
biochemical studies of ALS enzyme activity in vivo
were performed according to the method of Lovell et
al (1996a)
Whole plant bioassays were performed with a range
of nicosulfuron and imazethapyr rates
The measured parameters were fresh foliage weight
and number of survived plants treated with a range of
herbicide rates (Tables 1 and 2)
Values of ED50 and RI presented in tables 1 and 2
were calculated upon dose-response curve that
represents plant reaction to the applied range of
herbicide rates
Resistance indecies (IR)
Locality Measured parameters
Epicotyl Hypocotyl Stem height Foliage fresh
weight
Krivaja 292 190 153 129
Kikinda 121 124 295 059
Bečej 089 077 1805 143
Kačarevo 075 099 010 153
Carnex 049 069 018 045
Sava
Kovačević
033 055 013 052
Resistance indecies (IR)
Locality Measured parameters
Epicotyl Hypocotyl Stem height Foliage fresh
weight
Krivaja 180 161 200 227
Kikinda 100 080 090 053
Bečej 100 100 100 099
Kačarevo 160 100 163 100
Carnex 150 100 125 100
Sava Kovačević 070 100 150 100
Biotype RI values
Sulfometuron-
methyl
(relative mass)
Sulfometuron-
methyl
(survived
plants)
imazethapyr
(relative
mass)
imazethapyr
(survived
plants)
1 Kikinda 895 278 746 2138
2 Carnex 636 278 8768 169
3 Krivaja 2528 261 3866 735
4 Kačarevo 1780 081 2035 1958
Susceptible
standard
- - - -
nicosulfuron rates (g aiha)
001 01 1rela
tive a
ctiv
ity o
f AL e
nzym
e (
in regard
to c
ont
rol)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Kikinda
Carnex
Krivaja
Kacarevo
Susceptible standard
Col 10 vs Col 11
Col 15 vs Col 16
Col 20 vs Col 21
Col 25 vs Col 26
Col 30 vs Col 31
Obtained results during studies on resistance occurrence in
weed species Amaranthus retroflexus L in field and laboratory
conditions show that there occurred changes in susceptibility
of biotypes from localities Bečej Krivaja Kikinda Kačarevo
Sava Kovačević and Carnex to ALS enzyme inhibiting
herbicides that survived treatments by herbicides belonging to
the group of sufonilureas and imidazolinones in field
conditions
Based upon biological assays differences in IR values
obtained by measurements of different morphometric
parameters were established
Results of the study of ALS enzyme activity suggest that
biotypes from localities Krivaja and Kačarevo became resistant
to herbicide nicosulfuron
Preko 50 herbicida iz grupe ALS inhibitora (HRAC- Grupa B)
IMIDAZOLINONI
SULFONILUREE
TRIAZOLOPIRIMIDINI
PIRIMIDINIL-TIOBENZOATI
SULFONILAMINOTRIAZOLINONI
IMAZAMOKS
IMAZETAPIR
AMIDOSULFURON
FORAMSULFURON JODOSULFURON-METILNA
METSULFURON-METIL
NIKOSULFURON
PRIMISULFURON-METIL
PROSULFURON
RIMSULFURON
TIFENSULFURON-METIL
TRIASULFURON
TRIBENURON-METIL
TRIFLUSULFURON-METIL
FLORASULAM
Currently 126 weed species are resistant to the
herbicides belonging to this group of action
mechanism (Heap 2012) Resistance to ALS
inhibitors in some weed species is not limited to only
several isolated population but it is more frequently
widely distributed and common so that it represents
threat to further use of ALS inhibiting herbicides
Possible metabolitic reactions of herbicides in plants
Weed seeds was collected in the period August-
October 2004-2011 from plots with the long history of
use of ALS inhibiting herbicides in control of weedy
vegetation and on which low efficiency to the
monitored weed species was observed
Seed were collected from different localities in the region of Vojvodina (North Serbia) Kikinda Becej Kačarevo Vrbas (Sava Kovačević and Carnex) For susceptible referent population were taken seeds from ruderal sites that had never been treated by herbicides In whole plant studies plants were grown in controlled conditions of climatic chamber
Lokalitet Godina Usev Preparat Količina
Krivaja 1998 soja Pivot 100E+Deltazon 48SL 04lha+15lha
1999 kukuruz Tarot 25WG 006 kgha
2000 Pšenica Monosan S 15 lha
2001 pšenica Grodyl+Granstar 75WG 20gha+20gha
2002 Šećerna repa Safari50WG+Goltix70 SC 2x30gha+ 15lha
2003 soja Pivot 100E 10 lha
2004 kukuruz Tarot 25WG 006 kgha
Kikinda 1999 kukuruz Ring 80WG 25 gha
2000 - - -
2001 soja Pivot100E+Deltazon48SL 04 lha +15 lha
Bečej 1998 Soja Pivot 100E 10 lha
1999 Kukuruz Tarot 25WG 40 gha
2000 Pšenica Granstar 75WG 16 gha
2001 Soja Pivot 100E+ Dynam75WG 06 lha+ 008kgha
2002 Kukuruz Motivell + Ring 80WG 05 lha + 25 gha
2003 Pšenica Granstar 75WG 16 gha
Kačarevo 1995 Soja Pivot 100E 10 lha
1996 Pšenica - -
1997 Kukuruz Motivell 10 lha
1998 Suncokret Prometrin 500 20 lha
1999 Pšenica - -
2000 Kukuruz Motivell 10 lha
2001 Soja Dynam 75 WG + Pivot100E 005kgha +10 lha
2002 Kukuruz Motivell 05 lha
2003 Kukuruz Motivell 10 lha
Carnex (Vrbas)
Carnex (Vrbas)
2001 Kukuruz Tarot25WG+Banvel480S 60 gha+08 lha
2002 Soja Pivot 100E+Deltazon 48SL 04 lha+ 2 lha
2003 Kukuruz Tarot25WG + Maton 50 gha + 1 lha
2004 Soja Dynam 75WG+ Pivot 100E 50 gha + 04 lha
2005 Kukuruz Tarot 25WG 50 gha
Sava Kovačević
(Vrbas)
2001 Šećerna repa Safari50WG+Betanal Progres-AM 2x30gha + 15 lha
2002 Kukuruz Tarot25WG + Maton+ AtrazinSC50 50gha+ 1 lha + 1 lha
2003 Ječam - -
Imazethapyr was applied before sowing of seeds with
a range of rates 004 008 01 015 and 02 kg
aiha while nicosulfuron was applied with a range
of rates 40 50 80 120 160 and 240 kg aiha
Thirty days after onset of the experiment (and pre-
emergence treatment) percentage of survived plants
and foliage fresh weight were calculated in relation to
the control for all of the studied weed species
Based upon coefficients of ED50 concerning those
susceptible populations resistance index (RI) that
enables relatively simple description of resistance
level was calculated (Moss 1995)
Herbicide rates for biochemical studies were chosen
in a manner convenient for getting plant reactions
from lsquorsquo without damagersquorsquo to lsquorsquo the complete
destructionrsquorsquo Sulfometuron-methyl was applied with
a range of rates 0 1 5 10 25 50 100 and 500 gha
and imazethapyr with a range of rates of 0 8 40 100
200 400 800 and 2000 gha Extraction and
biochemical studies of ALS enzyme activity in vivo
were performed according to the method of Lovell et
al (1996a)
Whole plant bioassays were performed with a range
of nicosulfuron and imazethapyr rates
The measured parameters were fresh foliage weight
and number of survived plants treated with a range of
herbicide rates (Tables 1 and 2)
Values of ED50 and RI presented in tables 1 and 2
were calculated upon dose-response curve that
represents plant reaction to the applied range of
herbicide rates
Resistance indecies (IR)
Locality Measured parameters
Epicotyl Hypocotyl Stem height Foliage fresh
weight
Krivaja 292 190 153 129
Kikinda 121 124 295 059
Bečej 089 077 1805 143
Kačarevo 075 099 010 153
Carnex 049 069 018 045
Sava
Kovačević
033 055 013 052
Resistance indecies (IR)
Locality Measured parameters
Epicotyl Hypocotyl Stem height Foliage fresh
weight
Krivaja 180 161 200 227
Kikinda 100 080 090 053
Bečej 100 100 100 099
Kačarevo 160 100 163 100
Carnex 150 100 125 100
Sava Kovačević 070 100 150 100
Biotype RI values
Sulfometuron-
methyl
(relative mass)
Sulfometuron-
methyl
(survived
plants)
imazethapyr
(relative
mass)
imazethapyr
(survived
plants)
1 Kikinda 895 278 746 2138
2 Carnex 636 278 8768 169
3 Krivaja 2528 261 3866 735
4 Kačarevo 1780 081 2035 1958
Susceptible
standard
- - - -
nicosulfuron rates (g aiha)
001 01 1rela
tive a
ctiv
ity o
f AL e
nzym
e (
in regard
to c
ont
rol)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Kikinda
Carnex
Krivaja
Kacarevo
Susceptible standard
Col 10 vs Col 11
Col 15 vs Col 16
Col 20 vs Col 21
Col 25 vs Col 26
Col 30 vs Col 31
Obtained results during studies on resistance occurrence in
weed species Amaranthus retroflexus L in field and laboratory
conditions show that there occurred changes in susceptibility
of biotypes from localities Bečej Krivaja Kikinda Kačarevo
Sava Kovačević and Carnex to ALS enzyme inhibiting
herbicides that survived treatments by herbicides belonging to
the group of sufonilureas and imidazolinones in field
conditions
Based upon biological assays differences in IR values
obtained by measurements of different morphometric
parameters were established
Results of the study of ALS enzyme activity suggest that
biotypes from localities Krivaja and Kačarevo became resistant
to herbicide nicosulfuron
Currently 126 weed species are resistant to the
herbicides belonging to this group of action
mechanism (Heap 2012) Resistance to ALS
inhibitors in some weed species is not limited to only
several isolated population but it is more frequently
widely distributed and common so that it represents
threat to further use of ALS inhibiting herbicides
Possible metabolitic reactions of herbicides in plants
Weed seeds was collected in the period August-
October 2004-2011 from plots with the long history of
use of ALS inhibiting herbicides in control of weedy
vegetation and on which low efficiency to the
monitored weed species was observed
Seed were collected from different localities in the region of Vojvodina (North Serbia) Kikinda Becej Kačarevo Vrbas (Sava Kovačević and Carnex) For susceptible referent population were taken seeds from ruderal sites that had never been treated by herbicides In whole plant studies plants were grown in controlled conditions of climatic chamber
Lokalitet Godina Usev Preparat Količina
Krivaja 1998 soja Pivot 100E+Deltazon 48SL 04lha+15lha
1999 kukuruz Tarot 25WG 006 kgha
2000 Pšenica Monosan S 15 lha
2001 pšenica Grodyl+Granstar 75WG 20gha+20gha
2002 Šećerna repa Safari50WG+Goltix70 SC 2x30gha+ 15lha
2003 soja Pivot 100E 10 lha
2004 kukuruz Tarot 25WG 006 kgha
Kikinda 1999 kukuruz Ring 80WG 25 gha
2000 - - -
2001 soja Pivot100E+Deltazon48SL 04 lha +15 lha
Bečej 1998 Soja Pivot 100E 10 lha
1999 Kukuruz Tarot 25WG 40 gha
2000 Pšenica Granstar 75WG 16 gha
2001 Soja Pivot 100E+ Dynam75WG 06 lha+ 008kgha
2002 Kukuruz Motivell + Ring 80WG 05 lha + 25 gha
2003 Pšenica Granstar 75WG 16 gha
Kačarevo 1995 Soja Pivot 100E 10 lha
1996 Pšenica - -
1997 Kukuruz Motivell 10 lha
1998 Suncokret Prometrin 500 20 lha
1999 Pšenica - -
2000 Kukuruz Motivell 10 lha
2001 Soja Dynam 75 WG + Pivot100E 005kgha +10 lha
2002 Kukuruz Motivell 05 lha
2003 Kukuruz Motivell 10 lha
Carnex (Vrbas)
Carnex (Vrbas)
2001 Kukuruz Tarot25WG+Banvel480S 60 gha+08 lha
2002 Soja Pivot 100E+Deltazon 48SL 04 lha+ 2 lha
2003 Kukuruz Tarot25WG + Maton 50 gha + 1 lha
2004 Soja Dynam 75WG+ Pivot 100E 50 gha + 04 lha
2005 Kukuruz Tarot 25WG 50 gha
Sava Kovačević
(Vrbas)
2001 Šećerna repa Safari50WG+Betanal Progres-AM 2x30gha + 15 lha
2002 Kukuruz Tarot25WG + Maton+ AtrazinSC50 50gha+ 1 lha + 1 lha
2003 Ječam - -
Imazethapyr was applied before sowing of seeds with
a range of rates 004 008 01 015 and 02 kg
aiha while nicosulfuron was applied with a range
of rates 40 50 80 120 160 and 240 kg aiha
Thirty days after onset of the experiment (and pre-
emergence treatment) percentage of survived plants
and foliage fresh weight were calculated in relation to
the control for all of the studied weed species
Based upon coefficients of ED50 concerning those
susceptible populations resistance index (RI) that
enables relatively simple description of resistance
level was calculated (Moss 1995)
Herbicide rates for biochemical studies were chosen
in a manner convenient for getting plant reactions
from lsquorsquo without damagersquorsquo to lsquorsquo the complete
destructionrsquorsquo Sulfometuron-methyl was applied with
a range of rates 0 1 5 10 25 50 100 and 500 gha
and imazethapyr with a range of rates of 0 8 40 100
200 400 800 and 2000 gha Extraction and
biochemical studies of ALS enzyme activity in vivo
were performed according to the method of Lovell et
al (1996a)
Whole plant bioassays were performed with a range
of nicosulfuron and imazethapyr rates
The measured parameters were fresh foliage weight
and number of survived plants treated with a range of
herbicide rates (Tables 1 and 2)
Values of ED50 and RI presented in tables 1 and 2
were calculated upon dose-response curve that
represents plant reaction to the applied range of
herbicide rates
Resistance indecies (IR)
Locality Measured parameters
Epicotyl Hypocotyl Stem height Foliage fresh
weight
Krivaja 292 190 153 129
Kikinda 121 124 295 059
Bečej 089 077 1805 143
Kačarevo 075 099 010 153
Carnex 049 069 018 045
Sava
Kovačević
033 055 013 052
Resistance indecies (IR)
Locality Measured parameters
Epicotyl Hypocotyl Stem height Foliage fresh
weight
Krivaja 180 161 200 227
Kikinda 100 080 090 053
Bečej 100 100 100 099
Kačarevo 160 100 163 100
Carnex 150 100 125 100
Sava Kovačević 070 100 150 100
Biotype RI values
Sulfometuron-
methyl
(relative mass)
Sulfometuron-
methyl
(survived
plants)
imazethapyr
(relative
mass)
imazethapyr
(survived
plants)
1 Kikinda 895 278 746 2138
2 Carnex 636 278 8768 169
3 Krivaja 2528 261 3866 735
4 Kačarevo 1780 081 2035 1958
Susceptible
standard
- - - -
nicosulfuron rates (g aiha)
001 01 1rela
tive a
ctiv
ity o
f AL e
nzym
e (
in regard
to c
ont
rol)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Kikinda
Carnex
Krivaja
Kacarevo
Susceptible standard
Col 10 vs Col 11
Col 15 vs Col 16
Col 20 vs Col 21
Col 25 vs Col 26
Col 30 vs Col 31
Obtained results during studies on resistance occurrence in
weed species Amaranthus retroflexus L in field and laboratory
conditions show that there occurred changes in susceptibility
of biotypes from localities Bečej Krivaja Kikinda Kačarevo
Sava Kovačević and Carnex to ALS enzyme inhibiting
herbicides that survived treatments by herbicides belonging to
the group of sufonilureas and imidazolinones in field
conditions
Based upon biological assays differences in IR values
obtained by measurements of different morphometric
parameters were established
Results of the study of ALS enzyme activity suggest that
biotypes from localities Krivaja and Kačarevo became resistant
to herbicide nicosulfuron
Possible metabolitic reactions of herbicides in plants
Weed seeds was collected in the period August-
October 2004-2011 from plots with the long history of
use of ALS inhibiting herbicides in control of weedy
vegetation and on which low efficiency to the
monitored weed species was observed
Seed were collected from different localities in the region of Vojvodina (North Serbia) Kikinda Becej Kačarevo Vrbas (Sava Kovačević and Carnex) For susceptible referent population were taken seeds from ruderal sites that had never been treated by herbicides In whole plant studies plants were grown in controlled conditions of climatic chamber
Lokalitet Godina Usev Preparat Količina
Krivaja 1998 soja Pivot 100E+Deltazon 48SL 04lha+15lha
1999 kukuruz Tarot 25WG 006 kgha
2000 Pšenica Monosan S 15 lha
2001 pšenica Grodyl+Granstar 75WG 20gha+20gha
2002 Šećerna repa Safari50WG+Goltix70 SC 2x30gha+ 15lha
2003 soja Pivot 100E 10 lha
2004 kukuruz Tarot 25WG 006 kgha
Kikinda 1999 kukuruz Ring 80WG 25 gha
2000 - - -
2001 soja Pivot100E+Deltazon48SL 04 lha +15 lha
Bečej 1998 Soja Pivot 100E 10 lha
1999 Kukuruz Tarot 25WG 40 gha
2000 Pšenica Granstar 75WG 16 gha
2001 Soja Pivot 100E+ Dynam75WG 06 lha+ 008kgha
2002 Kukuruz Motivell + Ring 80WG 05 lha + 25 gha
2003 Pšenica Granstar 75WG 16 gha
Kačarevo 1995 Soja Pivot 100E 10 lha
1996 Pšenica - -
1997 Kukuruz Motivell 10 lha
1998 Suncokret Prometrin 500 20 lha
1999 Pšenica - -
2000 Kukuruz Motivell 10 lha
2001 Soja Dynam 75 WG + Pivot100E 005kgha +10 lha
2002 Kukuruz Motivell 05 lha
2003 Kukuruz Motivell 10 lha
Carnex (Vrbas)
Carnex (Vrbas)
2001 Kukuruz Tarot25WG+Banvel480S 60 gha+08 lha
2002 Soja Pivot 100E+Deltazon 48SL 04 lha+ 2 lha
2003 Kukuruz Tarot25WG + Maton 50 gha + 1 lha
2004 Soja Dynam 75WG+ Pivot 100E 50 gha + 04 lha
2005 Kukuruz Tarot 25WG 50 gha
Sava Kovačević
(Vrbas)
2001 Šećerna repa Safari50WG+Betanal Progres-AM 2x30gha + 15 lha
2002 Kukuruz Tarot25WG + Maton+ AtrazinSC50 50gha+ 1 lha + 1 lha
2003 Ječam - -
Imazethapyr was applied before sowing of seeds with
a range of rates 004 008 01 015 and 02 kg
aiha while nicosulfuron was applied with a range
of rates 40 50 80 120 160 and 240 kg aiha
Thirty days after onset of the experiment (and pre-
emergence treatment) percentage of survived plants
and foliage fresh weight were calculated in relation to
the control for all of the studied weed species
Based upon coefficients of ED50 concerning those
susceptible populations resistance index (RI) that
enables relatively simple description of resistance
level was calculated (Moss 1995)
Herbicide rates for biochemical studies were chosen
in a manner convenient for getting plant reactions
from lsquorsquo without damagersquorsquo to lsquorsquo the complete
destructionrsquorsquo Sulfometuron-methyl was applied with
a range of rates 0 1 5 10 25 50 100 and 500 gha
and imazethapyr with a range of rates of 0 8 40 100
200 400 800 and 2000 gha Extraction and
biochemical studies of ALS enzyme activity in vivo
were performed according to the method of Lovell et
al (1996a)
Whole plant bioassays were performed with a range
of nicosulfuron and imazethapyr rates
The measured parameters were fresh foliage weight
and number of survived plants treated with a range of
herbicide rates (Tables 1 and 2)
Values of ED50 and RI presented in tables 1 and 2
were calculated upon dose-response curve that
represents plant reaction to the applied range of
herbicide rates
Resistance indecies (IR)
Locality Measured parameters
Epicotyl Hypocotyl Stem height Foliage fresh
weight
Krivaja 292 190 153 129
Kikinda 121 124 295 059
Bečej 089 077 1805 143
Kačarevo 075 099 010 153
Carnex 049 069 018 045
Sava
Kovačević
033 055 013 052
Resistance indecies (IR)
Locality Measured parameters
Epicotyl Hypocotyl Stem height Foliage fresh
weight
Krivaja 180 161 200 227
Kikinda 100 080 090 053
Bečej 100 100 100 099
Kačarevo 160 100 163 100
Carnex 150 100 125 100
Sava Kovačević 070 100 150 100
Biotype RI values
Sulfometuron-
methyl
(relative mass)
Sulfometuron-
methyl
(survived
plants)
imazethapyr
(relative
mass)
imazethapyr
(survived
plants)
1 Kikinda 895 278 746 2138
2 Carnex 636 278 8768 169
3 Krivaja 2528 261 3866 735
4 Kačarevo 1780 081 2035 1958
Susceptible
standard
- - - -
nicosulfuron rates (g aiha)
001 01 1rela
tive a
ctiv
ity o
f AL e
nzym
e (
in regard
to c
ont
rol)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Kikinda
Carnex
Krivaja
Kacarevo
Susceptible standard
Col 10 vs Col 11
Col 15 vs Col 16
Col 20 vs Col 21
Col 25 vs Col 26
Col 30 vs Col 31
Obtained results during studies on resistance occurrence in
weed species Amaranthus retroflexus L in field and laboratory
conditions show that there occurred changes in susceptibility
of biotypes from localities Bečej Krivaja Kikinda Kačarevo
Sava Kovačević and Carnex to ALS enzyme inhibiting
herbicides that survived treatments by herbicides belonging to
the group of sufonilureas and imidazolinones in field
conditions
Based upon biological assays differences in IR values
obtained by measurements of different morphometric
parameters were established
Results of the study of ALS enzyme activity suggest that
biotypes from localities Krivaja and Kačarevo became resistant
to herbicide nicosulfuron
Weed seeds was collected in the period August-
October 2004-2011 from plots with the long history of
use of ALS inhibiting herbicides in control of weedy
vegetation and on which low efficiency to the
monitored weed species was observed
Seed were collected from different localities in the region of Vojvodina (North Serbia) Kikinda Becej Kačarevo Vrbas (Sava Kovačević and Carnex) For susceptible referent population were taken seeds from ruderal sites that had never been treated by herbicides In whole plant studies plants were grown in controlled conditions of climatic chamber
Lokalitet Godina Usev Preparat Količina
Krivaja 1998 soja Pivot 100E+Deltazon 48SL 04lha+15lha
1999 kukuruz Tarot 25WG 006 kgha
2000 Pšenica Monosan S 15 lha
2001 pšenica Grodyl+Granstar 75WG 20gha+20gha
2002 Šećerna repa Safari50WG+Goltix70 SC 2x30gha+ 15lha
2003 soja Pivot 100E 10 lha
2004 kukuruz Tarot 25WG 006 kgha
Kikinda 1999 kukuruz Ring 80WG 25 gha
2000 - - -
2001 soja Pivot100E+Deltazon48SL 04 lha +15 lha
Bečej 1998 Soja Pivot 100E 10 lha
1999 Kukuruz Tarot 25WG 40 gha
2000 Pšenica Granstar 75WG 16 gha
2001 Soja Pivot 100E+ Dynam75WG 06 lha+ 008kgha
2002 Kukuruz Motivell + Ring 80WG 05 lha + 25 gha
2003 Pšenica Granstar 75WG 16 gha
Kačarevo 1995 Soja Pivot 100E 10 lha
1996 Pšenica - -
1997 Kukuruz Motivell 10 lha
1998 Suncokret Prometrin 500 20 lha
1999 Pšenica - -
2000 Kukuruz Motivell 10 lha
2001 Soja Dynam 75 WG + Pivot100E 005kgha +10 lha
2002 Kukuruz Motivell 05 lha
2003 Kukuruz Motivell 10 lha
Carnex (Vrbas)
Carnex (Vrbas)
2001 Kukuruz Tarot25WG+Banvel480S 60 gha+08 lha
2002 Soja Pivot 100E+Deltazon 48SL 04 lha+ 2 lha
2003 Kukuruz Tarot25WG + Maton 50 gha + 1 lha
2004 Soja Dynam 75WG+ Pivot 100E 50 gha + 04 lha
2005 Kukuruz Tarot 25WG 50 gha
Sava Kovačević
(Vrbas)
2001 Šećerna repa Safari50WG+Betanal Progres-AM 2x30gha + 15 lha
2002 Kukuruz Tarot25WG + Maton+ AtrazinSC50 50gha+ 1 lha + 1 lha
2003 Ječam - -
Imazethapyr was applied before sowing of seeds with
a range of rates 004 008 01 015 and 02 kg
aiha while nicosulfuron was applied with a range
of rates 40 50 80 120 160 and 240 kg aiha
Thirty days after onset of the experiment (and pre-
emergence treatment) percentage of survived plants
and foliage fresh weight were calculated in relation to
the control for all of the studied weed species
Based upon coefficients of ED50 concerning those
susceptible populations resistance index (RI) that
enables relatively simple description of resistance
level was calculated (Moss 1995)
Herbicide rates for biochemical studies were chosen
in a manner convenient for getting plant reactions
from lsquorsquo without damagersquorsquo to lsquorsquo the complete
destructionrsquorsquo Sulfometuron-methyl was applied with
a range of rates 0 1 5 10 25 50 100 and 500 gha
and imazethapyr with a range of rates of 0 8 40 100
200 400 800 and 2000 gha Extraction and
biochemical studies of ALS enzyme activity in vivo
were performed according to the method of Lovell et
al (1996a)
Whole plant bioassays were performed with a range
of nicosulfuron and imazethapyr rates
The measured parameters were fresh foliage weight
and number of survived plants treated with a range of
herbicide rates (Tables 1 and 2)
Values of ED50 and RI presented in tables 1 and 2
were calculated upon dose-response curve that
represents plant reaction to the applied range of
herbicide rates
Resistance indecies (IR)
Locality Measured parameters
Epicotyl Hypocotyl Stem height Foliage fresh
weight
Krivaja 292 190 153 129
Kikinda 121 124 295 059
Bečej 089 077 1805 143
Kačarevo 075 099 010 153
Carnex 049 069 018 045
Sava
Kovačević
033 055 013 052
Resistance indecies (IR)
Locality Measured parameters
Epicotyl Hypocotyl Stem height Foliage fresh
weight
Krivaja 180 161 200 227
Kikinda 100 080 090 053
Bečej 100 100 100 099
Kačarevo 160 100 163 100
Carnex 150 100 125 100
Sava Kovačević 070 100 150 100
Biotype RI values
Sulfometuron-
methyl
(relative mass)
Sulfometuron-
methyl
(survived
plants)
imazethapyr
(relative
mass)
imazethapyr
(survived
plants)
1 Kikinda 895 278 746 2138
2 Carnex 636 278 8768 169
3 Krivaja 2528 261 3866 735
4 Kačarevo 1780 081 2035 1958
Susceptible
standard
- - - -
nicosulfuron rates (g aiha)
001 01 1rela
tive a
ctiv
ity o
f AL e
nzym
e (
in regard
to c
ont
rol)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Kikinda
Carnex
Krivaja
Kacarevo
Susceptible standard
Col 10 vs Col 11
Col 15 vs Col 16
Col 20 vs Col 21
Col 25 vs Col 26
Col 30 vs Col 31
Obtained results during studies on resistance occurrence in
weed species Amaranthus retroflexus L in field and laboratory
conditions show that there occurred changes in susceptibility
of biotypes from localities Bečej Krivaja Kikinda Kačarevo
Sava Kovačević and Carnex to ALS enzyme inhibiting
herbicides that survived treatments by herbicides belonging to
the group of sufonilureas and imidazolinones in field
conditions
Based upon biological assays differences in IR values
obtained by measurements of different morphometric
parameters were established
Results of the study of ALS enzyme activity suggest that
biotypes from localities Krivaja and Kačarevo became resistant
to herbicide nicosulfuron
Seed were collected from different localities in the region of Vojvodina (North Serbia) Kikinda Becej Kačarevo Vrbas (Sava Kovačević and Carnex) For susceptible referent population were taken seeds from ruderal sites that had never been treated by herbicides In whole plant studies plants were grown in controlled conditions of climatic chamber
Lokalitet Godina Usev Preparat Količina
Krivaja 1998 soja Pivot 100E+Deltazon 48SL 04lha+15lha
1999 kukuruz Tarot 25WG 006 kgha
2000 Pšenica Monosan S 15 lha
2001 pšenica Grodyl+Granstar 75WG 20gha+20gha
2002 Šećerna repa Safari50WG+Goltix70 SC 2x30gha+ 15lha
2003 soja Pivot 100E 10 lha
2004 kukuruz Tarot 25WG 006 kgha
Kikinda 1999 kukuruz Ring 80WG 25 gha
2000 - - -
2001 soja Pivot100E+Deltazon48SL 04 lha +15 lha
Bečej 1998 Soja Pivot 100E 10 lha
1999 Kukuruz Tarot 25WG 40 gha
2000 Pšenica Granstar 75WG 16 gha
2001 Soja Pivot 100E+ Dynam75WG 06 lha+ 008kgha
2002 Kukuruz Motivell + Ring 80WG 05 lha + 25 gha
2003 Pšenica Granstar 75WG 16 gha
Kačarevo 1995 Soja Pivot 100E 10 lha
1996 Pšenica - -
1997 Kukuruz Motivell 10 lha
1998 Suncokret Prometrin 500 20 lha
1999 Pšenica - -
2000 Kukuruz Motivell 10 lha
2001 Soja Dynam 75 WG + Pivot100E 005kgha +10 lha
2002 Kukuruz Motivell 05 lha
2003 Kukuruz Motivell 10 lha
Carnex (Vrbas)
Carnex (Vrbas)
2001 Kukuruz Tarot25WG+Banvel480S 60 gha+08 lha
2002 Soja Pivot 100E+Deltazon 48SL 04 lha+ 2 lha
2003 Kukuruz Tarot25WG + Maton 50 gha + 1 lha
2004 Soja Dynam 75WG+ Pivot 100E 50 gha + 04 lha
2005 Kukuruz Tarot 25WG 50 gha
Sava Kovačević
(Vrbas)
2001 Šećerna repa Safari50WG+Betanal Progres-AM 2x30gha + 15 lha
2002 Kukuruz Tarot25WG + Maton+ AtrazinSC50 50gha+ 1 lha + 1 lha
2003 Ječam - -
Imazethapyr was applied before sowing of seeds with
a range of rates 004 008 01 015 and 02 kg
aiha while nicosulfuron was applied with a range
of rates 40 50 80 120 160 and 240 kg aiha
Thirty days after onset of the experiment (and pre-
emergence treatment) percentage of survived plants
and foliage fresh weight were calculated in relation to
the control for all of the studied weed species
Based upon coefficients of ED50 concerning those
susceptible populations resistance index (RI) that
enables relatively simple description of resistance
level was calculated (Moss 1995)
Herbicide rates for biochemical studies were chosen
in a manner convenient for getting plant reactions
from lsquorsquo without damagersquorsquo to lsquorsquo the complete
destructionrsquorsquo Sulfometuron-methyl was applied with
a range of rates 0 1 5 10 25 50 100 and 500 gha
and imazethapyr with a range of rates of 0 8 40 100
200 400 800 and 2000 gha Extraction and
biochemical studies of ALS enzyme activity in vivo
were performed according to the method of Lovell et
al (1996a)
Whole plant bioassays were performed with a range
of nicosulfuron and imazethapyr rates
The measured parameters were fresh foliage weight
and number of survived plants treated with a range of
herbicide rates (Tables 1 and 2)
Values of ED50 and RI presented in tables 1 and 2
were calculated upon dose-response curve that
represents plant reaction to the applied range of
herbicide rates
Resistance indecies (IR)
Locality Measured parameters
Epicotyl Hypocotyl Stem height Foliage fresh
weight
Krivaja 292 190 153 129
Kikinda 121 124 295 059
Bečej 089 077 1805 143
Kačarevo 075 099 010 153
Carnex 049 069 018 045
Sava
Kovačević
033 055 013 052
Resistance indecies (IR)
Locality Measured parameters
Epicotyl Hypocotyl Stem height Foliage fresh
weight
Krivaja 180 161 200 227
Kikinda 100 080 090 053
Bečej 100 100 100 099
Kačarevo 160 100 163 100
Carnex 150 100 125 100
Sava Kovačević 070 100 150 100
Biotype RI values
Sulfometuron-
methyl
(relative mass)
Sulfometuron-
methyl
(survived
plants)
imazethapyr
(relative
mass)
imazethapyr
(survived
plants)
1 Kikinda 895 278 746 2138
2 Carnex 636 278 8768 169
3 Krivaja 2528 261 3866 735
4 Kačarevo 1780 081 2035 1958
Susceptible
standard
- - - -
nicosulfuron rates (g aiha)
001 01 1rela
tive a
ctiv
ity o
f AL e
nzym
e (
in regard
to c
ont
rol)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Kikinda
Carnex
Krivaja
Kacarevo
Susceptible standard
Col 10 vs Col 11
Col 15 vs Col 16
Col 20 vs Col 21
Col 25 vs Col 26
Col 30 vs Col 31
Obtained results during studies on resistance occurrence in
weed species Amaranthus retroflexus L in field and laboratory
conditions show that there occurred changes in susceptibility
of biotypes from localities Bečej Krivaja Kikinda Kačarevo
Sava Kovačević and Carnex to ALS enzyme inhibiting
herbicides that survived treatments by herbicides belonging to
the group of sufonilureas and imidazolinones in field
conditions
Based upon biological assays differences in IR values
obtained by measurements of different morphometric
parameters were established
Results of the study of ALS enzyme activity suggest that
biotypes from localities Krivaja and Kačarevo became resistant
to herbicide nicosulfuron
Lokalitet Godina Usev Preparat Količina
Krivaja 1998 soja Pivot 100E+Deltazon 48SL 04lha+15lha
1999 kukuruz Tarot 25WG 006 kgha
2000 Pšenica Monosan S 15 lha
2001 pšenica Grodyl+Granstar 75WG 20gha+20gha
2002 Šećerna repa Safari50WG+Goltix70 SC 2x30gha+ 15lha
2003 soja Pivot 100E 10 lha
2004 kukuruz Tarot 25WG 006 kgha
Kikinda 1999 kukuruz Ring 80WG 25 gha
2000 - - -
2001 soja Pivot100E+Deltazon48SL 04 lha +15 lha
Bečej 1998 Soja Pivot 100E 10 lha
1999 Kukuruz Tarot 25WG 40 gha
2000 Pšenica Granstar 75WG 16 gha
2001 Soja Pivot 100E+ Dynam75WG 06 lha+ 008kgha
2002 Kukuruz Motivell + Ring 80WG 05 lha + 25 gha
2003 Pšenica Granstar 75WG 16 gha
Kačarevo 1995 Soja Pivot 100E 10 lha
1996 Pšenica - -
1997 Kukuruz Motivell 10 lha
1998 Suncokret Prometrin 500 20 lha
1999 Pšenica - -
2000 Kukuruz Motivell 10 lha
2001 Soja Dynam 75 WG + Pivot100E 005kgha +10 lha
2002 Kukuruz Motivell 05 lha
2003 Kukuruz Motivell 10 lha
Carnex (Vrbas)
Carnex (Vrbas)
2001 Kukuruz Tarot25WG+Banvel480S 60 gha+08 lha
2002 Soja Pivot 100E+Deltazon 48SL 04 lha+ 2 lha
2003 Kukuruz Tarot25WG + Maton 50 gha + 1 lha
2004 Soja Dynam 75WG+ Pivot 100E 50 gha + 04 lha
2005 Kukuruz Tarot 25WG 50 gha
Sava Kovačević
(Vrbas)
2001 Šećerna repa Safari50WG+Betanal Progres-AM 2x30gha + 15 lha
2002 Kukuruz Tarot25WG + Maton+ AtrazinSC50 50gha+ 1 lha + 1 lha
2003 Ječam - -
Imazethapyr was applied before sowing of seeds with
a range of rates 004 008 01 015 and 02 kg
aiha while nicosulfuron was applied with a range
of rates 40 50 80 120 160 and 240 kg aiha
Thirty days after onset of the experiment (and pre-
emergence treatment) percentage of survived plants
and foliage fresh weight were calculated in relation to
the control for all of the studied weed species
Based upon coefficients of ED50 concerning those
susceptible populations resistance index (RI) that
enables relatively simple description of resistance
level was calculated (Moss 1995)
Herbicide rates for biochemical studies were chosen
in a manner convenient for getting plant reactions
from lsquorsquo without damagersquorsquo to lsquorsquo the complete
destructionrsquorsquo Sulfometuron-methyl was applied with
a range of rates 0 1 5 10 25 50 100 and 500 gha
and imazethapyr with a range of rates of 0 8 40 100
200 400 800 and 2000 gha Extraction and
biochemical studies of ALS enzyme activity in vivo
were performed according to the method of Lovell et
al (1996a)
Whole plant bioassays were performed with a range
of nicosulfuron and imazethapyr rates
The measured parameters were fresh foliage weight
and number of survived plants treated with a range of
herbicide rates (Tables 1 and 2)
Values of ED50 and RI presented in tables 1 and 2
were calculated upon dose-response curve that
represents plant reaction to the applied range of
herbicide rates
Resistance indecies (IR)
Locality Measured parameters
Epicotyl Hypocotyl Stem height Foliage fresh
weight
Krivaja 292 190 153 129
Kikinda 121 124 295 059
Bečej 089 077 1805 143
Kačarevo 075 099 010 153
Carnex 049 069 018 045
Sava
Kovačević
033 055 013 052
Resistance indecies (IR)
Locality Measured parameters
Epicotyl Hypocotyl Stem height Foliage fresh
weight
Krivaja 180 161 200 227
Kikinda 100 080 090 053
Bečej 100 100 100 099
Kačarevo 160 100 163 100
Carnex 150 100 125 100
Sava Kovačević 070 100 150 100
Biotype RI values
Sulfometuron-
methyl
(relative mass)
Sulfometuron-
methyl
(survived
plants)
imazethapyr
(relative
mass)
imazethapyr
(survived
plants)
1 Kikinda 895 278 746 2138
2 Carnex 636 278 8768 169
3 Krivaja 2528 261 3866 735
4 Kačarevo 1780 081 2035 1958
Susceptible
standard
- - - -
nicosulfuron rates (g aiha)
001 01 1rela
tive a
ctiv
ity o
f AL e
nzym
e (
in regard
to c
ont
rol)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Kikinda
Carnex
Krivaja
Kacarevo
Susceptible standard
Col 10 vs Col 11
Col 15 vs Col 16
Col 20 vs Col 21
Col 25 vs Col 26
Col 30 vs Col 31
Obtained results during studies on resistance occurrence in
weed species Amaranthus retroflexus L in field and laboratory
conditions show that there occurred changes in susceptibility
of biotypes from localities Bečej Krivaja Kikinda Kačarevo
Sava Kovačević and Carnex to ALS enzyme inhibiting
herbicides that survived treatments by herbicides belonging to
the group of sufonilureas and imidazolinones in field
conditions
Based upon biological assays differences in IR values
obtained by measurements of different morphometric
parameters were established
Results of the study of ALS enzyme activity suggest that
biotypes from localities Krivaja and Kačarevo became resistant
to herbicide nicosulfuron
Imazethapyr was applied before sowing of seeds with
a range of rates 004 008 01 015 and 02 kg
aiha while nicosulfuron was applied with a range
of rates 40 50 80 120 160 and 240 kg aiha
Thirty days after onset of the experiment (and pre-
emergence treatment) percentage of survived plants
and foliage fresh weight were calculated in relation to
the control for all of the studied weed species
Based upon coefficients of ED50 concerning those
susceptible populations resistance index (RI) that
enables relatively simple description of resistance
level was calculated (Moss 1995)
Herbicide rates for biochemical studies were chosen
in a manner convenient for getting plant reactions
from lsquorsquo without damagersquorsquo to lsquorsquo the complete
destructionrsquorsquo Sulfometuron-methyl was applied with
a range of rates 0 1 5 10 25 50 100 and 500 gha
and imazethapyr with a range of rates of 0 8 40 100
200 400 800 and 2000 gha Extraction and
biochemical studies of ALS enzyme activity in vivo
were performed according to the method of Lovell et
al (1996a)
Whole plant bioassays were performed with a range
of nicosulfuron and imazethapyr rates
The measured parameters were fresh foliage weight
and number of survived plants treated with a range of
herbicide rates (Tables 1 and 2)
Values of ED50 and RI presented in tables 1 and 2
were calculated upon dose-response curve that
represents plant reaction to the applied range of
herbicide rates
Resistance indecies (IR)
Locality Measured parameters
Epicotyl Hypocotyl Stem height Foliage fresh
weight
Krivaja 292 190 153 129
Kikinda 121 124 295 059
Bečej 089 077 1805 143
Kačarevo 075 099 010 153
Carnex 049 069 018 045
Sava
Kovačević
033 055 013 052
Resistance indecies (IR)
Locality Measured parameters
Epicotyl Hypocotyl Stem height Foliage fresh
weight
Krivaja 180 161 200 227
Kikinda 100 080 090 053
Bečej 100 100 100 099
Kačarevo 160 100 163 100
Carnex 150 100 125 100
Sava Kovačević 070 100 150 100
Biotype RI values
Sulfometuron-
methyl
(relative mass)
Sulfometuron-
methyl
(survived
plants)
imazethapyr
(relative
mass)
imazethapyr
(survived
plants)
1 Kikinda 895 278 746 2138
2 Carnex 636 278 8768 169
3 Krivaja 2528 261 3866 735
4 Kačarevo 1780 081 2035 1958
Susceptible
standard
- - - -
nicosulfuron rates (g aiha)
001 01 1rela
tive a
ctiv
ity o
f AL e
nzym
e (
in regard
to c
ont
rol)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Kikinda
Carnex
Krivaja
Kacarevo
Susceptible standard
Col 10 vs Col 11
Col 15 vs Col 16
Col 20 vs Col 21
Col 25 vs Col 26
Col 30 vs Col 31
Obtained results during studies on resistance occurrence in
weed species Amaranthus retroflexus L in field and laboratory
conditions show that there occurred changes in susceptibility
of biotypes from localities Bečej Krivaja Kikinda Kačarevo
Sava Kovačević and Carnex to ALS enzyme inhibiting
herbicides that survived treatments by herbicides belonging to
the group of sufonilureas and imidazolinones in field
conditions
Based upon biological assays differences in IR values
obtained by measurements of different morphometric
parameters were established
Results of the study of ALS enzyme activity suggest that
biotypes from localities Krivaja and Kačarevo became resistant
to herbicide nicosulfuron
Herbicide rates for biochemical studies were chosen
in a manner convenient for getting plant reactions
from lsquorsquo without damagersquorsquo to lsquorsquo the complete
destructionrsquorsquo Sulfometuron-methyl was applied with
a range of rates 0 1 5 10 25 50 100 and 500 gha
and imazethapyr with a range of rates of 0 8 40 100
200 400 800 and 2000 gha Extraction and
biochemical studies of ALS enzyme activity in vivo
were performed according to the method of Lovell et
al (1996a)
Whole plant bioassays were performed with a range
of nicosulfuron and imazethapyr rates
The measured parameters were fresh foliage weight
and number of survived plants treated with a range of
herbicide rates (Tables 1 and 2)
Values of ED50 and RI presented in tables 1 and 2
were calculated upon dose-response curve that
represents plant reaction to the applied range of
herbicide rates
Resistance indecies (IR)
Locality Measured parameters
Epicotyl Hypocotyl Stem height Foliage fresh
weight
Krivaja 292 190 153 129
Kikinda 121 124 295 059
Bečej 089 077 1805 143
Kačarevo 075 099 010 153
Carnex 049 069 018 045
Sava
Kovačević
033 055 013 052
Resistance indecies (IR)
Locality Measured parameters
Epicotyl Hypocotyl Stem height Foliage fresh
weight
Krivaja 180 161 200 227
Kikinda 100 080 090 053
Bečej 100 100 100 099
Kačarevo 160 100 163 100
Carnex 150 100 125 100
Sava Kovačević 070 100 150 100
Biotype RI values
Sulfometuron-
methyl
(relative mass)
Sulfometuron-
methyl
(survived
plants)
imazethapyr
(relative
mass)
imazethapyr
(survived
plants)
1 Kikinda 895 278 746 2138
2 Carnex 636 278 8768 169
3 Krivaja 2528 261 3866 735
4 Kačarevo 1780 081 2035 1958
Susceptible
standard
- - - -
nicosulfuron rates (g aiha)
001 01 1rela
tive a
ctiv
ity o
f AL e
nzym
e (
in regard
to c
ont
rol)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Kikinda
Carnex
Krivaja
Kacarevo
Susceptible standard
Col 10 vs Col 11
Col 15 vs Col 16
Col 20 vs Col 21
Col 25 vs Col 26
Col 30 vs Col 31
Obtained results during studies on resistance occurrence in
weed species Amaranthus retroflexus L in field and laboratory
conditions show that there occurred changes in susceptibility
of biotypes from localities Bečej Krivaja Kikinda Kačarevo
Sava Kovačević and Carnex to ALS enzyme inhibiting
herbicides that survived treatments by herbicides belonging to
the group of sufonilureas and imidazolinones in field
conditions
Based upon biological assays differences in IR values
obtained by measurements of different morphometric
parameters were established
Results of the study of ALS enzyme activity suggest that
biotypes from localities Krivaja and Kačarevo became resistant
to herbicide nicosulfuron
Whole plant bioassays were performed with a range
of nicosulfuron and imazethapyr rates
The measured parameters were fresh foliage weight
and number of survived plants treated with a range of
herbicide rates (Tables 1 and 2)
Values of ED50 and RI presented in tables 1 and 2
were calculated upon dose-response curve that
represents plant reaction to the applied range of
herbicide rates
Resistance indecies (IR)
Locality Measured parameters
Epicotyl Hypocotyl Stem height Foliage fresh
weight
Krivaja 292 190 153 129
Kikinda 121 124 295 059
Bečej 089 077 1805 143
Kačarevo 075 099 010 153
Carnex 049 069 018 045
Sava
Kovačević
033 055 013 052
Resistance indecies (IR)
Locality Measured parameters
Epicotyl Hypocotyl Stem height Foliage fresh
weight
Krivaja 180 161 200 227
Kikinda 100 080 090 053
Bečej 100 100 100 099
Kačarevo 160 100 163 100
Carnex 150 100 125 100
Sava Kovačević 070 100 150 100
Biotype RI values
Sulfometuron-
methyl
(relative mass)
Sulfometuron-
methyl
(survived
plants)
imazethapyr
(relative
mass)
imazethapyr
(survived
plants)
1 Kikinda 895 278 746 2138
2 Carnex 636 278 8768 169
3 Krivaja 2528 261 3866 735
4 Kačarevo 1780 081 2035 1958
Susceptible
standard
- - - -
nicosulfuron rates (g aiha)
001 01 1rela
tive a
ctiv
ity o
f AL e
nzym
e (
in regard
to c
ont
rol)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Kikinda
Carnex
Krivaja
Kacarevo
Susceptible standard
Col 10 vs Col 11
Col 15 vs Col 16
Col 20 vs Col 21
Col 25 vs Col 26
Col 30 vs Col 31
Obtained results during studies on resistance occurrence in
weed species Amaranthus retroflexus L in field and laboratory
conditions show that there occurred changes in susceptibility
of biotypes from localities Bečej Krivaja Kikinda Kačarevo
Sava Kovačević and Carnex to ALS enzyme inhibiting
herbicides that survived treatments by herbicides belonging to
the group of sufonilureas and imidazolinones in field
conditions
Based upon biological assays differences in IR values
obtained by measurements of different morphometric
parameters were established
Results of the study of ALS enzyme activity suggest that
biotypes from localities Krivaja and Kačarevo became resistant
to herbicide nicosulfuron
Resistance indecies (IR)
Locality Measured parameters
Epicotyl Hypocotyl Stem height Foliage fresh
weight
Krivaja 292 190 153 129
Kikinda 121 124 295 059
Bečej 089 077 1805 143
Kačarevo 075 099 010 153
Carnex 049 069 018 045
Sava
Kovačević
033 055 013 052
Resistance indecies (IR)
Locality Measured parameters
Epicotyl Hypocotyl Stem height Foliage fresh
weight
Krivaja 180 161 200 227
Kikinda 100 080 090 053
Bečej 100 100 100 099
Kačarevo 160 100 163 100
Carnex 150 100 125 100
Sava Kovačević 070 100 150 100
Biotype RI values
Sulfometuron-
methyl
(relative mass)
Sulfometuron-
methyl
(survived
plants)
imazethapyr
(relative
mass)
imazethapyr
(survived
plants)
1 Kikinda 895 278 746 2138
2 Carnex 636 278 8768 169
3 Krivaja 2528 261 3866 735
4 Kačarevo 1780 081 2035 1958
Susceptible
standard
- - - -
nicosulfuron rates (g aiha)
001 01 1rela
tive a
ctiv
ity o
f AL e
nzym
e (
in regard
to c
ont
rol)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Kikinda
Carnex
Krivaja
Kacarevo
Susceptible standard
Col 10 vs Col 11
Col 15 vs Col 16
Col 20 vs Col 21
Col 25 vs Col 26
Col 30 vs Col 31
Obtained results during studies on resistance occurrence in
weed species Amaranthus retroflexus L in field and laboratory
conditions show that there occurred changes in susceptibility
of biotypes from localities Bečej Krivaja Kikinda Kačarevo
Sava Kovačević and Carnex to ALS enzyme inhibiting
herbicides that survived treatments by herbicides belonging to
the group of sufonilureas and imidazolinones in field
conditions
Based upon biological assays differences in IR values
obtained by measurements of different morphometric
parameters were established
Results of the study of ALS enzyme activity suggest that
biotypes from localities Krivaja and Kačarevo became resistant
to herbicide nicosulfuron
Resistance indecies (IR)
Locality Measured parameters
Epicotyl Hypocotyl Stem height Foliage fresh
weight
Krivaja 180 161 200 227
Kikinda 100 080 090 053
Bečej 100 100 100 099
Kačarevo 160 100 163 100
Carnex 150 100 125 100
Sava Kovačević 070 100 150 100
Biotype RI values
Sulfometuron-
methyl
(relative mass)
Sulfometuron-
methyl
(survived
plants)
imazethapyr
(relative
mass)
imazethapyr
(survived
plants)
1 Kikinda 895 278 746 2138
2 Carnex 636 278 8768 169
3 Krivaja 2528 261 3866 735
4 Kačarevo 1780 081 2035 1958
Susceptible
standard
- - - -
nicosulfuron rates (g aiha)
001 01 1rela
tive a
ctiv
ity o
f AL e
nzym
e (
in regard
to c
ont
rol)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Kikinda
Carnex
Krivaja
Kacarevo
Susceptible standard
Col 10 vs Col 11
Col 15 vs Col 16
Col 20 vs Col 21
Col 25 vs Col 26
Col 30 vs Col 31
Obtained results during studies on resistance occurrence in
weed species Amaranthus retroflexus L in field and laboratory
conditions show that there occurred changes in susceptibility
of biotypes from localities Bečej Krivaja Kikinda Kačarevo
Sava Kovačević and Carnex to ALS enzyme inhibiting
herbicides that survived treatments by herbicides belonging to
the group of sufonilureas and imidazolinones in field
conditions
Based upon biological assays differences in IR values
obtained by measurements of different morphometric
parameters were established
Results of the study of ALS enzyme activity suggest that
biotypes from localities Krivaja and Kačarevo became resistant
to herbicide nicosulfuron
Biotype RI values
Sulfometuron-
methyl
(relative mass)
Sulfometuron-
methyl
(survived
plants)
imazethapyr
(relative
mass)
imazethapyr
(survived
plants)
1 Kikinda 895 278 746 2138
2 Carnex 636 278 8768 169
3 Krivaja 2528 261 3866 735
4 Kačarevo 1780 081 2035 1958
Susceptible
standard
- - - -
nicosulfuron rates (g aiha)
001 01 1rela
tive a
ctiv
ity o
f AL e
nzym
e (
in regard
to c
ont
rol)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Kikinda
Carnex
Krivaja
Kacarevo
Susceptible standard
Col 10 vs Col 11
Col 15 vs Col 16
Col 20 vs Col 21
Col 25 vs Col 26
Col 30 vs Col 31
Obtained results during studies on resistance occurrence in
weed species Amaranthus retroflexus L in field and laboratory
conditions show that there occurred changes in susceptibility
of biotypes from localities Bečej Krivaja Kikinda Kačarevo
Sava Kovačević and Carnex to ALS enzyme inhibiting
herbicides that survived treatments by herbicides belonging to
the group of sufonilureas and imidazolinones in field
conditions
Based upon biological assays differences in IR values
obtained by measurements of different morphometric
parameters were established
Results of the study of ALS enzyme activity suggest that
biotypes from localities Krivaja and Kačarevo became resistant
to herbicide nicosulfuron
nicosulfuron rates (g aiha)
001 01 1rela
tive a
ctiv
ity o
f AL e
nzym
e (
in regard
to c
ont
rol)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Kikinda
Carnex
Krivaja
Kacarevo
Susceptible standard
Col 10 vs Col 11
Col 15 vs Col 16
Col 20 vs Col 21
Col 25 vs Col 26
Col 30 vs Col 31
Obtained results during studies on resistance occurrence in
weed species Amaranthus retroflexus L in field and laboratory
conditions show that there occurred changes in susceptibility
of biotypes from localities Bečej Krivaja Kikinda Kačarevo
Sava Kovačević and Carnex to ALS enzyme inhibiting
herbicides that survived treatments by herbicides belonging to
the group of sufonilureas and imidazolinones in field
conditions
Based upon biological assays differences in IR values
obtained by measurements of different morphometric
parameters were established
Results of the study of ALS enzyme activity suggest that
biotypes from localities Krivaja and Kačarevo became resistant
to herbicide nicosulfuron
Obtained results during studies on resistance occurrence in
weed species Amaranthus retroflexus L in field and laboratory
conditions show that there occurred changes in susceptibility
of biotypes from localities Bečej Krivaja Kikinda Kačarevo
Sava Kovačević and Carnex to ALS enzyme inhibiting
herbicides that survived treatments by herbicides belonging to
the group of sufonilureas and imidazolinones in field
conditions
Based upon biological assays differences in IR values
obtained by measurements of different morphometric
parameters were established
Results of the study of ALS enzyme activity suggest that
biotypes from localities Krivaja and Kačarevo became resistant
to herbicide nicosulfuron