konsep sistem informasi - mas-anto.com atau definisi dari item individual (defined of individual...
TRANSCRIPT
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Konsep Sistem Informasi
Agus Sumaryanto, [email protected]
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Konsep Sistem Informasi
• Prasyarat : Pengantar Teknologi Informasi
• Tujuan :
– memahami dan menguasai konsep sisteminformasi,
– dapat menjelaskan peranan informasi dalam suatuorganisasi,
– struktur dari suatu sistem informasi,
– dukungan komputer terhadap suatu sisteminformasi, dan
– nilai informasi bagi pengambilan keputusan
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Materi :
1. Pengertian data dan informasi
2. Konsep dasar sistem dan sistem informasi
3. Konsep organisasi dan manajemen dalamkaitannya dengan suatu sistem informasi
4. Struktur sistem informasi: komponen, aktivitas, peran, dan tujuan pembangunan sisteminformasi
5. Jenis-jenis sistem informasi berbasis komputer
6. Peran sistem informasi untuk pengambilankeputusan
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• Buku Referensi :
1. Couger, J.D. and Mc Fadden, F.R., "Introduction to Computer- Based Information Systems", John Willey & Sons, Inc., New York, 1976.
2. McLeod Jr., Raymond, “Management Information System A Study of Computer-Based Information System”, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, 1990.
3. Laudon, Kenneth C. dan Laudon, Jane P., “Management Information System A Contemporary Perpective”, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, 1990.
4. Laudon, Kenneth C. dan Laudon, Jane P., “Management Information System Management The Digital Firm, Seven Edt.”, Prentice-Hall,New Jersey, 2002.
5. Turban-McLean-Wetherbe, “Information Technology For Management,Second Edition”, John Wiley & Sons, USA, 1999.
6. Steven Alter, “Information Systems Foundation of E-Business, 4Ed”, Prentice Hall, New Jersey,2002.
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Pengertian Data dan Informasi
• Data :“Streams of raw facts representing events occurring in organizations or the physical environment before they have been organized and arranged into a form that people can understand and use”, 4.p8-9).
(adalah aliran dari fakta yang direpresentasikan melalui kejadian dalam organisasi atau lingkungan fisik sebelum diorganisasi dan di susun ke dalam bentuk yang dapat dimengerti dan digunakan oleh user).
• Data adalah fakta / sebagian fakta yang mengandung arti berupa angka, huruf, symbol khusus atau gabungan darinya.
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Informasi (1)
• “Data have been shaped into form that is meaningful and useful to human beings”.
(Informasi adalah data yang disusun kedalam bentuk yang dapat dimengerti dan bermanfaat bagi user) atau.
• Informasi adalah “hasil dari kegiatan pengolahan data yang memberikan bentuk yang lebih berarti berupa suatu informasi” atau
• Informasi adalah data yang mempunyai nilai (berarti) bagi penerimanya dan dapat digunakan untuk dasar pengambilan keputusan.
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Data vs Informasi
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Informasi(2)
• Untuk menjadi informasi,umumnya data perlu mengalami proses pengolahan.
• Sifat informasi dapat perfect (sempurna, tidak mengandung unsur ketidakpastian) dan dapat pula imperfect (tidak sempurna, mengandung unsur ketidakpastian).
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Data InformasiProcess
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Informasi(3)
• Sumber Informasi :–Pengamatan lapangan (observasi)–Kuesioner–Kejadian / event (pencatatan, perekaman
ataupun penangkapan sinyal digital secara langsung).
–Pemodelan (forecasting, econometric, operational research, simulation, heuristic, dsb).
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Informasi(4)
• Karakteristik (kualitas) Informasi yang baik :– Timeliness (informasi harus tepat waktu,
tersedia manakala dibutuhkan)– Accuracy (informasi harus akurat / teliti)– Reduced Uncertainty (informasi
ketidakpastiannya harus ditekan / diminimize/diperkecil)
– Element of Surprise (informasi tidakmengandung unsur / elemen kejutan)
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Informasi(5)
• Informasi disampaikan kepada pengguna (user) dapat direpresentasikan dalam media :– Kertas/hardcopy– Tampilan/display-monitor/video– Suara/audio
• Informasi yang dibutuhkan manajemen umumnya dalam bentuk laporan. Ada banyak variasi dan tipe laporan antara lain :– Loran Periodik– Laporan Indikator Kunci– Laporan berdasarkan permintaan (on-call report)– Laporan Khusus– Laporan Penyimpangan (exception report)
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Informasi(6)
• Laporan dapat di representasikan dengan berbagai bentuk, antara lain yang umum digunakan :– Narasi– Tabel– Grafik dan Gambar– Kombinasi– Kertas/hardcopy
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• System ?
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Input Output
Feedback
System
“A group of elements or parts that are integrated and coordinated for the purpose of achieving a goal”(Sekumpulan komponen atau bagian yang terintegrasi dan dikoordinir untuk maksud mencapai suatu tujuan / gol)
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information system
An information system (IS) is an arrangement of people, data, processes, and information technology that interact to collect, process, store, and provide as output the information needed to support an organization
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What is a System?
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ManufacturingProcess
Input ofRaw Materials
Output ofFinished Products
Environment
Other Systems
Control byManagement
ControlSignals
ControlSignals
FeedbackSignals
FeedbackSignals
System Boundary
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The Internetworked -Business
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Manufacturingand
Production
Engineering &Research
Accounting,Finance, andManagement
Suppliers and Other Business Partners
Procurement, Distribution, and Logistics
Advertising Sales Customer Service
Consumer and Business Customers
Company
Boundary
Intranets
The Internet
Extranets
Extr
ane
ts
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A Federation of Information Systems
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Information System Applications
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Focuses for Information Systems
• Knowledge — the raw material used to
create useful information.
• Process — the activities (including
management) that carry out the mission of
the business.
• Communication — how the system
interfaces with its users and other
information systems.
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The CMM Process Management Model
Capability Maturity Model (CMM) – a standardized framework for assessing the maturity level of an organization’s information system development and management processes and products. It consists of five levels of maturity:
– Level 1—Initial: System development projects follow no prescribed process.
– Level 2—Repeatable: Project management processes and practices are established to track project costs, schedules, and functionality.
– Level 3—Defined: A standard system development process (sometimes called a “methodology”) is purchased or developed. All projects use a version of this process to develop and maintain information systems and software.
– Level 4—Managed: Measurable goals for quality and productivity are established.
– Level 5—Optimizing: The standardized system development process is continuously monitored and improved based on measures and data analysis established in Level 4.
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Capability Maturity Model (CMM)
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Types of Information Systems
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Transaction
Processing
Systems
Process
Control
Systems
Enterprise
Collaboration
Systems
Operations
Support
Systems
Management
Information
Systems
Decision
Support
Systems
Executive
Information
Systems
Management
Support
Systems
Information Systems
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A transaction processing system (TPS) is an information system that captures and processes data about business transactions.
A management information system (MIS) is an information system that provides for management-oriented reporting based on transaction processing and operations of the organization.
A decision support system (DSS) is an information system that either helps to identify decision making opportunities or provides information to help make decisions.
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An expert system is an information system that captures the expertise of workers and then simulates that expertise to the benefit of nonexperts.
A communications and collaboration system is an information system that enables more effective communications between workers, partners, customers, and suppliers to enhance their ability to collaborate.
An office automation system is an information system that supports the wide range of business office activities that provide for improved work flow between workers.
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Other Categories of Information Systems
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Expert Systems
Knowledge Management Systems
Functional Business Systems
Strategic Information Systems
Cross-Functional Information Systems
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The Information Systems Development Process
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Management Challenges of the E-Business Enterprise
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•Business Strategies•Business Processes•Business Needs
•Customer Relationships•Business Partners•Suppliers•Business Customers
Ethical ConsiderationsPotential Risks?Potential Laws? Possible Responses?
•IS Human Resources•IS Development
•IT Infrastructure•IS Performance
•Organization Structure•and Culture•User Acceptance
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Chapter Summary
• Information Systems play a vital role in the efficient and effective operations of E-Business, E-Commerce and enterprise collaboration.
• The business professional must know:
– Foundations (fundamentals) of IS
– Information Technologies
– Business Applications
– Development Processes; and
– Managerial Challenges
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Chapter Summary (cont)
• A system is a group of interrelated components working toward the attainment of a common goal by accepting inputs and producing outputs in an organized transformation process.
• An information system uses the resources of people, hardware, software, data, and networks to perform input, processing, output, storage and control activities.
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Chapter Summary (cont)
• IS Resources:
– Hardware Resources
– Software Resources
– People Resources
– Data Resources
– Network Resources
• Products:
– Paper Reports
– Visual Displays
– Multimedia Documents
– Electronic Messages
– Graphics images
– Audio Responses
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Chapter Summary (cont)
• Information systems perform three vital roles in business firms. They support:
– Business processes and operations,
– Business decision making; and
– Strategic competitive advantage
• Major application categories of information systems include:
– Operations Support Systems; and
– Management Support Systems
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Data : Tipe Data
Lima tipe utama data pada sistem informasi yang sekarang yaitu : 6.p132-177)
1. predefined data item,
2. images,
3. text,
4. audio, dan
5. video
Pada sistem informasi tradisional hanya berisi predefined data item dan text. Pada saat ini, akibat pesatnya kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi IT data dapat dibuat dalam bentuk gambar, suara dengan menggunakan teknik seperti digitization, voice messaging dan video conference
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Predefined data item
• Predefined data item tediri dari numeric atau alphabetical item, yang mempunyai arti dan format khusus yang jelas dan selanjutnya digunakan untuk mengendalikan kalkulasi dan transaksi yang menggunakan data. Sebagai contoh credit card number, transaction date, purchase account, dan merchant ID.
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Text
• Text terdiri dari letters, numbers, dan karakter lainnya yang pengertiannya dikombinasikan tidak hanya bergantung pada bentuk yang ditentukan (prespecified format) atau definisi dari item individual (defined of individual items).
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Images
• Images adalah data dalam bentuk gambar, baik dalam bentuk photographs, gambar yang dibuat tangan (hand-drawn pictures), atau grafik yang dihasilkan dari data numerik. Images dapat disimpan, dimodifikasi, dan di kirim (transmitted) dalam banyak cara yang sama seperti text.
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• Audio
– Audio adalah data dalam bentuk suara.
• Video
– Video adalah kombinasi gambar dan suara yang ditampilkan secara bersamaan. Penggunaannya misalnya melalui video conference.
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Satuan Data
• Bit satuan terkecil data
• Byte satu karakter=8 bit
• Word satu kata=2 byte=16 bit
• Double Word satu kata=4 byte=32 bit
• Data satu data=beberapa byte yang punya arti
• Record satu baris data
• Field satu lajur/kolom data
• Table satu table data (baris dan kolom)
• Library satu kumpulan file data
• Database satu bank data (kumpulan semua data)
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Evolution of DB Systems
• Flat files - 1960s - 1980s
• Hierarchical – 1970s - 1990s
• Network – 1970s - 1990s
• Relational – 1980s - present
• Object-oriented – 1990s - present
• Object-relational – 1990s - present
• Data warehousing – 1980s - present
• Web-enabled – 1990s - present
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Basis Data (Database)
• Elemen Basis Data – Terdapat 3 elemen basis data yaitu : User, Isi Data
dan Tempat Penyimpan (memori) data.
– Dalam elemen user terdapat 3 golongan yaitu :
– Operator yang memerlukan fasilitas ‘Query’ atau paket program yang sudah jadi
– Programmer yang memerlukan bahasa pemrograman DBMS
– DBA (database administrator) yang memerlukan data dictionary system (DDS)
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Pengertian Basis Data
• Basis Data adalah kumpulan dari data yang saling berhubungan (berinteraksi) satu dengan yang lainnya, tersimpan di perangkat keras computer dan digunakan perangkat lunak untuk memanipulasinya.
• Penerapan database dalam sistem informasi di sebut database sistem.
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Pengertian Sistem Basis Data
• Sistem Basis Data adalah suatu sistem informasi yang mengintegrasikan kumpulan dari data yang saling berhubungan satu dengan yang lainnya dan membuatnya tersedia untuk beberapa aplikasi yang bermacam-macam di dalam suatu organisasi.
• Software yang digunakan untuk mengatur (manage) data adalah DBMS (Data Base Management System). Contoh DBMS : Excell, Access, FoxBase, FoxPro, Oracle, Informix, Sybase, dll
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Kenapa perlu konsep Basis Data
• Dalam pendekatan pengolahan data tradisional sumber data ditangani sendiri-sendiri oleh masing-masing bagian untuk tiap aplikasi.
• Sedangkan dalam konsep database, pengolahan data dilakukan secara terintegrasidalam sebuah database, dimana tiap-tiap orang atau bagian dapat memandang database dari sudut pandangan yang berbeda.
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Organisasi File Basis Data
• Organisasi data secara konvensional dirasakan kurang, karena berorientasi pada file, artinya data cenderung hanya berhubungan dengan data yang lainnya dalam satu file saja, kurang ada hubungan dengan data lain yang berada di file lain.
• Oleh karena itu dikembangkan jenis organisasi data yaitu :
– Hirarki (berjenjang),
– Network (jaringan) dan
– Relasional (hubungan).
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Organisasi Hirarki (1)
• Organisasi Hirarki / berjenjang atau disebut juga struktur data poon (tree). Suatu pohon dibentuk dari beberapa elemen grup data yang berjenjang, disebut dengan node. Node yang paling atas disebut root (level-1), tiap node dapat bercabang ke node-node yang lain. Dengan ketentuan setiap pohon hanya mempunyai satu root saja dan tiap-tiap node kecuali root hanya dapat mempunyai sebuah orang tua (parent) saja tetapi tiap-tiap node dapat mempunyai beberapa anak (child).
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Organisasi Hirarki (2)
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Organisasi Network(1)
• Pada Organisasi pohon tiap node tidak dapat mempunyai leih dari satu orang tua, maka pada strukur data jaringan tiap-tiap node dapat mempunyai lebih dari satu orang tua.
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Organisasi Network(2)
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Organisasi Relasional (1)
• Hubungan di dasarkan pada field kunci (yaitu field yang unik / tidak ada duanya), contoh file MHS dan file NILAI dihungkan melalui field kunci NPM.
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Organisasi Relasional (2)
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Relasi Data
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Data, Informasi dan Sistem Informasi(..catatan tambahan)
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SI sudah merupakan bagian dari perusahaan untuk mendukung usaha dengan CBIS (Computer Base Information System)
Resources : 5M + I
Man
Machine
Money
Material
Method and
Information
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Kenapa SI perlu dimenej?, karena resources terbatas, karena terbatas maka perlu di optimalkan pemanfaatannya
Sistem pasti mempunyai tujuan, komponen sistem apa saja, tergantung sistem apa, bisa metode, barang, dll
Karakteristik sistem :1. Transformasi input ke output (retrieve, update, representation)
Representasi : Text,suara,gambar, dll
2. Interdisiplinair yang tergabung dalam satu kesatuan
3. Holistik (menyeluruh)
4. Dapat dibedakan dengan yang lainnya (lingkungannya)
5. Sinergi
6. Hierarki
7. Ada aturan (regulasi)
8. Harus punya tujuan (objective)
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Information Systems Architecture(ISA)
• Overall blueprint for organization’s information systems
• Consists of:
– Data (Enterprise Data Model – simplified ER Diagram)
– Processes – data flow diagrams, process decomposition, etc.
– Data Network – topology diagram (like fig 1.8)
– People – people management using project management tools (Gantt charts, etc.)
– Events and Points in Time (when processes are performed)
– Reasons for events and rules (e.g. decision tables)
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Information Engineering• A data-oriented methodology to create and maintain
information systems
• Top-down planning approach.
• Four steps:– Planning
• Results in an Information Systems Architecture– Analysis
• Results in functional specifications…i.e. what we want– Design
• Results in design specifications…i.e. how we’ll do it– Implementation
• Results in final operational system
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Information Systems Planning
• Strategy development
– IT Planning to meet Corporate strategy
• Three steps:1. Identify strategic planning factors
2. Identify corporate planning objects
3. Develop enterprise model
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Identify Strategic Planning Factors (table 2.1)
• Organization goals – what we hope to accomplish
• Critical success factors – what MUST work in order for us to survive
• Problem areas – weaknesses we now have
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Identify Corporate Planning Objects (table 2.3)
• Organizational units
• Organizational locations
• Business functions – these might become the users
• Entity types – the things we are trying to model
• Information (application) systems
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Develop Enterprise Model
• Decomposition of business functions
– See figure 2.2
• Enterprise data model
– See figure 2.1
• Planning matrixes
– See figure 2.3
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Enterprise Data Model
• First step in database development
• Specifies scope and general content
• Overall picture of organizational data, not specific design
• Entity-relationship diagram
• Descriptions of entity types
• Relationships between entities
• Business rules
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Informasi
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Data yang mempunyai nilai (berarti) bagi penerimanya dan dapat digunakan untuk dasar pengambilan keputusan
Untuk menjadi informasi umumnya data perlu mengalami proses pengolahan
Sifat informasi :1. Perfect (tidak mengandung unsur ketidakpastian)
2. Imperfect (mengandung unsur ketidakpastian)
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INPUT PROSES OUTPUT
Data Proses Informasi - Bisa sangat simple
- Bisa dapat complicated
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• Suatu data jika akan menghasilkan informasi yang baik, maka datanya harus bersih.
• prosesnya meliputi :1. Verifikasi2. Validasi3. Duplication data
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Macam-macam atribut suatu data :1. Identifier (sebagai identifikasi)
2. Locater (sebagai penunjuk lokasi)
3. Temporal
4. Classifier
5. Relational
Faktor yang mempengaruhi ‘nilai suatu informasi’ :1. Tepat ISI dan TELITI (accuracy)
2. Tepat WAKTU (timeliness)
3. Tepat GUNA (relevancy)
4. Tepat SAJI (presentation)
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Manfaat Informasi Terhadap Proses :
1. Menghemat Tenaga
2. Meningkatkan Efisiensi
3. Mempercepat Proses
4. Perbaikan Dokumentasi
5. Pencapaian Standar
6. Perbaikan Keputusan
Terhadap Produk :
1. Peningkatan “feature”
2. Perubahan Karakteristik
3. Peningkatan Fasilitas Penyampaian Produk
4. Inovasi Produk barang atau jasa
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Terhadap Kualitas :
1. Peningkatan kualitas proses (JIT,Feedback, dsb)
2. Peningkatan kualitas produk (standarisasi produk, peningkatan pelayanan, dsb)
Komponen SI :
1. Technoware (S/W,H/W, Jaringan)
2. Infoware (Database)
3. Organware (Organisasi dan Prosedur)
4. Brainware (humanware)
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Technoware (S/W,H/W, Jaringan)
Merupakan sistem komputer dan jaringan
Infoware (Database)
DBMS (Data Base Management System)
DBA (Database Administrator)
Kegagalan DBMS pada umumnya pada updating karna faktor SDM
Jika data tidak diupdate, maka cutomer kecewa, ini akan sangat berbahaya. Oleh karena itu perlu dijaga kedisiplinan agar data tetap up-to-date.
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Organware (Organisasi dan Prosedur)
Mencakup Organisasi dan Prosedur
Prosedur :
1. Prosedur Penyiapan Data
2. Prosedur Perekaman Data
3. Prosedur Pemrosesan Data
4. Prosedur Pengamanan Data
5. Dsb
Jika sistem sudah “menyimpang terlalu jauh”, maka perlu di “Re-Design”
Dengan adanya prosedur baru, terdapat cara kerja baru dan ini harus disosialisasikan
Kalau mau mengembangkan SI harus mengacu kepada rencana induk perusahaan
Dulu EDP sekarang IT Division atau IS Division
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Brainware
Mengatur Brainware paling sulit dibandingkan dengan 3 komponen yang lainnya
Contoh job dalam bidang IT:
1. Operator Perekam Data
2. Teknisi Perangkat Kerja dan Jaringan
3. Pemrogram APlikasi Sistem (Programmer)
4. Analis Sistem (Analyst)
5. Administrator Database (Database Administrator)
6. Perancang Sistem (System Designer)
7. Perekayasa Perangkat Lunak (S/W Engineering)
8. Perekayasa Jaringan (Network Engineering)
9. Pengelola Proyek SI (IS Project Manager)
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Karakteristik Sistem
Sub Sistem
Sub SistemSub Sistem
Sub Sistem
Input Output
Interface
(penghubung)
Input OutputProcess
Environment
Goals
Boundary
(batas sistem)
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Siklus Pengolahan Data
PROSES
(Model)
ENTRI DATAOUTPUT
(Informasi)BASIS DATA
USER
(Penerima)
KEPUTUSAN
TINDAKAN
HASIL
TINDAKAN
CAPTURING
DATA
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Understanding Systems from Business Viewpoint
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Amazon.com : An Evolving Business Models
The Need for Frameworks and Models
The Work System Framework
Work System Principles
Relationships Beetwen Work Systems and IS
The Principle Based Systems Analysis Method
Measurement Work System Performance
Clasification Related to
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Amazon.com : An Evolving Business Models
(Work System Snapshot, Amazon.com provides a different
way to shop for books)
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The Work System Framework
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The Customer
The Product and Services
The Business Process
The Participant
The Information
The Technology
Context
Infrastructure
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The Customer
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People who use and receive direct benefit from the products and services
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The Product and Services
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The combination of physical things information and services that the work system produces for to customer
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The Business Process
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The sets of the steps or activities that are performed within the work system
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The Participant
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People who perform the work step in the business process
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The Information
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The information used by the participants to perform their work
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The Technology
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The hardware, software and the other tools and equipment used by the participants
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Context
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The organizational, competitive, technical and regulatory realm within which the work system operates
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Infrastructure
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Is share human and technical resources that the work system rellies on even through these resources exist and are managed outside of it.
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CUSTOMER
People who purchases books
Whosellers that supply the books
Amazon.com Shipping departement
PRODUCTS AND SERVICES
Information about books that might be purchased
information describing cash book order
books that are eventually delivered
BUSINESS PROCESS
Purchaser log on www.amazon.com
Purchaser identifies desired books or gives search criteria
Purchaser looks at book related information and desides what
to order
Purchaser enter order
Amazon.com finds the books in it inventory and packs thm fpr
dhipping, if the book are no in its inventory, Amazon order
them from a wholeseller and ships them to the customer after
they arrive at the Amazon werehouse
Shipping departement packages order and sends it to the
purchaser
PARTICIPANTS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
People interested in
purchasing books
order fullfillment
department of
wholeseller
Shipping department
Amazon.com
Order for books
price and other
information about each
book
purchase hidtory and
related information for
each customer
Personel computers
used by purchaser
computers and
networks use by
Amazon.com for order
processing
the internet
(infrastructure)
Work System Snapshot
Amazon.com provides a different way to shop for
books
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Data and Knowledge Management (KM)
I. Data Management :
1. A Critical Success Faktor (CSF)
2. Data Life Cyle Process and Knowledge Discovery
3. Data Source and Collection
4. Data Quality (DQ)
5. Multimedia and OO Databases
6. Document Management
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II. Data Warehousing, Mining and Analysis :
1. Transaction Vs Analytical Processing
2. Data Warehousing and Marts
3. Knowledge Discovery, Analysis and Mining
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III. Data Visualization and Technology
1. Data Visualization
2. Multidimensionality
3. GIS
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IV. Marketing Databases in Action
1. The Marketing Transaction Database
2. Implementation in Example
V. KM
1. Knowledge Base and Organizational Learning
2. Implementing KM Systems
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I. Data Management
I. A Critical Success Faktor (CSF)
– The Difficulties• The Amount of data increases exponentially
• Collected by many individuals, using several methods and devices
• Organization’s data are relevant for specific decision
• Raw Data my be stored in different computing systems, databases, formats, and human and computer languages
• Data Security, Quality, and integrity
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– These difficulties and the critical need for
• Timely and Accurated information
• Search effective and efficient
– Data management • Support TPS
• Relational Databases
• Client/Server Environment
• Finding Data Quiqly and Easly
– Creation of Data Warehouse
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2. Data Life Cyle Process and Knowledge Discovery
• Trace how and where data flows in organization
• Business do not run on data, They run on information and their knowledge of how to put that information to uses successfully.
• The transformation of data into knowledge mybe accomplished in several ways
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Converting Data to Knowledge
Data
Source
Collection
Data Sorage
Selection
Target Data Preproce-
ssing Data
Prepro-
cessingTrans-
formation
Data
mining
Interpretation /
Evaluation
iMac Use
Transfor-
med DataPatterns
Storage,
Knowledge
Base
Knowledge
Data Warehousing Data Analysis
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3. Data Source and Collection
• The Data life cycle begins with the acquisition of data from data sources.
• Data can include :
– Documents
– Pictures
– Maps
– Sound and
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– Animation
– Concepts
– Opinions
– Raw or
– Summarized or extrated data
– Data Source :
– Internal Data
– Personal Data
– External Data
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– Internal Data :– are organizational internal data are
stored in one or more places
– About : people, product, services, and processes
– Personal Data– IS user or other coorporate employees
by creating personal data
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– External Data :– Data are available on :
» CD-ROM
» Internet Server (film, music or voice)
» Pictures (diagram, atlases)
» Television
– Large amounts of external data are available on the internet.
– The internet and commercial databases services -> Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)
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– Methods For Collection Raw Data– Can be collected :
» Manually or» Instruments or sensors » Scanned or » Transferred Electronically
– Manual Data Collected :» Time studies» Surveys» Observations and» Constributions from experts
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4. Data Quality (DQ)• Data are frequently found to be :
» Inaccurate
» Incomplete
» Ambiguous
– The economical and social damage from poor quality data costs billions of dollars
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• Problem Data :– DQ Problem divide into four catagories
and dimension :1. Instrinsic DQ :
» Accuracy, objectivity, believability, reputation2. Accessability DQ :
» Accessability and security3. Contextual DQ :
» Relevance, Value Added, timeliness, completeness, amount data
4. Representasion DQ:» Interpretability, ease of understanding, concise
representation, consistent representation
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• Problem Data (cont..):– Data are not correct
– Data are not timely
– Data are not measured or index properly
– Needed data simply do not exist
• One of the major issues of DQ is DATA INTEGRITY
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• OOD are sometimes referred to as multimedia databases and are manage special Multimedia Databases Management Systems (MDMS)
• These manage data in variety of formats in additional to standard text or numeric fields.
• The formats include Images such as digitized photographs or forms of bit-mapped graphics
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6. Document Management (DM)• Document Management Systems (DMS)
provide information to decision makers in an electronic format
• DM is the automated control of electronic document, page images, spreadsheet, word processing document, and complex, compound documents through their entire life cycle within an organization, from initial creation to final archiving.
• DMS usually include computerized imaging systems
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II. Data Warehousing, Mining and Analysis :
I. Transaction Vs Analytical Processing– Data processing in organizations can be
viewed either as transactional or analytical
– Transactional Processing, in the routine daily processing of the transactional of the organizations such as ordering or billing
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• A good data delivery system therefore should be able to support :
» Easy data access by the end users themselve
» Quicker decision making
» More accurate and effective decision making
» Flexible decision making
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• This improved option of analytical processing involves three concepts :1. A business representation of data for end
users
2. A client/server enviroment that gives the user query and reporting capabilities
3. A server-base repository, the data warehouse, that allows centralized security and control over the data
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2. Data Warehousing and Marts• Data Warehouse, benefits :
1. To reach data quickly
2. To do it easly
• The purpose of data warehouse is to establish a data repository that makes operational data accessable in a form rapidly acceptable for analytical processing activities such as decision support, EIS, and other user application.
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• Data Warehouses allow for the storage of metadata, which include data summaries that are easier to index and search, especially with web tools
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Legacy
OLTP
External
Select
Extract
Transform
Integrate
Maintain
Preparation
Opeparational
System / Data
A
P
I
S
M
I
d
l
e
w
a
r
e
Flat screen
Flat screen
Flat screen
Flat screen
Flat screen
Flat screen
Metadata
Reposition
Enterprise
Data
Warehouse
Data Mart
Data Mart
Data Mart
Target
Database(s)
(RDB, MDDB)
Replication
Marketing
Risk
Management
EngineeringData Mining
AccessApplication
EIS / DSS
Custom-Built
Application
(4GL Tools)
Production
Reporting
Tools
Relation
Query Tools
Web Browses
OLAP /
ROLAP
Data Warehouse Framework and Views
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– Characteristic of Data Warehousing
1. Organization :
» data are organized by detailed subject, containingly information relevant for decision support
2. Consistency
» Data in different operational databases my be encoded differently, e.g gender data ‘0’, ‘1’ or ‘m’, ‘f’ and consistent manner
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3. Time variant
» The data are kept for 5 to 10 years so they can be used for trends, forecasting and comparisons over time
4. Nonvolatile
» Once entered into the warehouse, data are not update (Tdk dpt diubah)
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5. Relational
» Typically the data warehouse uses a relational structure
6. Clent/Server
» The data warehouse uses the client/server architecture mainly to provide the end user an easy access to its data
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• Data Marts is a replicated subset of the data warehouse and is dedicated to a functional or regional area.
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• Summary of strategic Uses
of Data Warehousing
Industry Functional Area of Use Strategic UseAirline Operations and Marketing analysis of route
profitability
Banking Product Development, Customer service,
operation and marketing trend analysis, product
and service promotion.
Reduction of IS
expenses
Healt Care Operation reduction of operational
expenses
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3. Knowledge Discovery, Analysis and Mining • The program of extracting useful
knowledge from volumes of data is known as knowledge discovery in databases (KDD) or just knowledge discovery.
• KDD’s objective is to identify valid, novel, potensially usefull, and ultimatellyunderstandable patterns in data
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• KDD support by three technologies :1. Massive data collection
2. Powerfull multiprocessor computers
3. Data Mining Algorithms
• Tools and Techniques of KDD
• KDD tools over time can be divided into four major stage :
1. Data Collection (1960s)
2. Data Acess (1980s)
3. Data Warehousing and Decion Support (1990s)
4. Intelligence Data Mining (l-1990)
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– The problem with the data collection and access techniques is that they are not suitable for a large volume of data, nor can they be used effectively by end user.
– Even though Structured Query Language (SQL) use is becaming more user friendly.
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• OLAP
(On Line Analytical Processing)
• OLAP refers to such end-user activities as DSS modeling using spreadsheets and grahics, which are done online.
• Unlike online transaction online processing (OLTP) application.
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• Data Mining
• Data mining derives is name from the similarities between searching for valuable business information in a large database and mining a mountain for a vein of valuable are.
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IMPACT OF IT ON ORGANIZATIONS,
INDIVIDUALS AND SOCIETY
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I. Impact on Organizations
II. Impact on Individuals at Work
III. Societal Impacts and The Internet Community
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I. IMPACTs ON ORGANIZATIONS
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1. Structure
2. Authority
3. Power and
4. Job Content
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II. IMPACTs ON INDIVIDUALS
AT WORK
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1. Job Satisfaction
2. Dehumanization and Psychological Impacts
3. Impacts On Health and Safety
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III. SOCIETAL IMPACTS AND THE
INTERNET COMMUNITY
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1. Opportunitis For People With Disabilities
2. Quality of Life Improvements
3. Other Impacts
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IMPACTs ON ORGANIZATIONS
1.1. Structure
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Structure,Authority,Power and Job Content
a. Flatter Organizational Hierarchies
b. Staff-To-Line Ratio
c. Special Units
d. Centralization of Authority
e. Power and Status
f. Job Contens
g. Role Ambiguity and Conflict
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A. Flatter Organizational Hierarchies (FOH)
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Increased Productivity and increased span of control
Decreased number of experts
FOH result from :
reduction in the total number of employees,
reengineering of business process, and
ability of lower-level employee to perform higher –level job
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B. Staff-To-Line Ratio
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The number of professional and specialists could decline in relation to the total number of employees in the organizations.
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C. Special Units
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Creating a technology centre
Internet/electronic commerce unit
Decision support system departement
Intelligent system departement
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D. Centralization of Authority
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Because of the trend toward smaller and flatters organizations, centralization become more popular.
Example : introduction of expert systems in general electric’s maintenance area increased the power of the desentarlization units because they become less dependent on the companys headquarters.
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E. Power and Status
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Knowledge is power
Changing the power structure within organization
Example : expert system may reduce the power of certain professional group, becaise their knowledge will be in the public domain.
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F. Job Contens
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Job Conten is important not only because it is related to organizational structure, but also becase it is interrelated with employee satisfaction, compensation, status, and productivity.
Changes in job content occuur when work is redesigned.
Example : when BPR (Business Process Reenginerring) is attempted or when electronic commerce changes the marketing system.
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IMPACTs ON ORGANIZATIONS
1.2. Personnel Issues
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Employee Career Ladders
Changes in Supervision
Other Considerations
The Manager’s Job
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IMPACTs ON ORGANIZATIONS
1.3. The Manager’s Job
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Automation of routin decision
Less expertise required for many decisions
Less reliance on experts to provide support to top executive
Power distribution among managers
Electronic support of complex decision (intelligent agents, DSS)
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Impacts On Health and Safety
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Job Stress
Repetitive Strain Injuries
Lessening The Negative Impact on Health and Safety
Other Impacts
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Dehumanization and Psychological Impacts
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Dehumanization :
Negative effect on people’s individuality, such : many people feel loss of identity.
Expert systems or artificial intelligence are increasingly replacing people in the creative arena.
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Dehumanization and Psychological Impacts(2)
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Psychological Impacts :
Isolating influence : depression and loneliness
Distance learning : lack of social impact.
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IS and Individual
The Individual
The
Individual
Entertainment
business and
education
Environment
and
application
Security
Home
Informatio
n System Insurance
and
Brokerage
Accounting
and Legal
Police
and Fire
Library
Public and
Private Service
System
Education and
Medical System
Centre
Medical
Database
Hospital
Adm and
treatment
Laisure Time
System
Consumer
System
Financial
System
Travel
Reservation
Theater and
Entertainment
Hotel
Reservation
Drug StoreDepartment
Store
Supermarket
Money Card
Real Estate
Stocks
Integrated
Financial
Database
Educational
and Adm
Record
Computer
Assisted
Education
e-Commerce
E-funds transfer
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