kong yee, corria

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Topic: The Identity of Cheung Chau Kai-fong: The

Cultural Disparity of The Northern and Southern Cheung

Chau

Kong Yee, Corria

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Table of Contents

Page

Table of Contents 2

I. Background 3

II. Introduction 7

III. Methodology 9

IV. Theoretical Argument 11

V. Analysis

1. EIXSTING HIREACHY OF THE POPULATION 15

2. COGNITIVE MAP: CHEUNG CHAU SOUTH AND NORTH 20

VI. Conclusion 30

VII. Reflection 31

References 34

Appendix I 36

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I. Background:

These years, Hong Kong government has strongly boosted her tourism by

implementing numerous urban renewal and preservation program. However, not only

urban areas look appealing to local tourists, but also rural areas can do. Outlying islands

are a hot-pick recently, especially, the island of Cheung Chau. According to Hong Kong

Geographic Data1 (See figure 1 in Appendix I), Cheung Chau is recorded with an area

of is 2.44 km and a population of 22,740 by Population Census in 20112 (See figure 2

in Appendix I). Among all the outlying islands in Hong Kong, Cheung Chau is

acknowledged as the top of the population density and there are over 10,000 to 20,0003

tourists having their day-trips to Cheung Chau.

In these 10 years, Cheung Chau is thought as a tourist paradise bluntly showing

its suburban mood through its declared monuments and histories. To Hong Kong

residents, it is welcomed by its famous sports Windsurfing and the Olympic gold medal

winner Lee Lai-Shan. However, both the foreign tourists and Hong Kong residents are

not familiar with the localness and the complicated culture and its cultural identities in

Cheung Chau. Cheung Chau shall not be simply regarded as a rural area or a tourist

paradise without its own politics.

1 "Hong Kong Geographic Data 2016 - Lands Department." Survey & Mapping Office, Lands Department, n.d. Web. 25 Nov.

2016.

2 "2011 Population Census - Fact Sheet for Islands District Council District." 2011 Population Census. 2011 Population Census

Office, Census and Statistics Department, n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2016.

3 "遊客多過居民長洲逼爆 - 香港文匯報." 遊客多過居民長洲逼爆 - 香港文匯報. Hong Kong Wenwei Po, n.d. Web. 25

Nov. 2016.

、

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In Cheung Chau, the overall population can be generally classified into five

ethnicities, where Chinese is dominating with 96.4% in 2011 4 (See figure 3 in

Appendix 2). While Indonesian and Japanese are revealed as 1.82% and 0.45%

respectively, Filipino and White share 0.33% and 0.32% respectively and Others are

shown as 0.71%. The diversity of Cheung Chau Kai-fong has constructed a complicated

and diversified cultural identity in such a small island. Social and ethnic hierarchies are

growing bluntly.

4 "2011 Population Census - Fact Sheet for Islands District Council South." 2011 Population Census. 2011 Population Census


"2011 Population Census - Fact Sheet for Islands District Council North." 2011 Population Census. 2011 Population Census


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Politically, Cheung Chau is divided into two parts: Cheung Chau South and Cheung

Chau North. In the view of Island District Council, there are two separate constituencies.

In the perspective of the Population Census, the collection of demographic data is also

split up into two areas where Cheung Chau South is with a population of 11,8085 and

Cheung Chau North is 10,9326. The ethnicity, occupation and type of housing and social

status can all be manifested by the location of household. However, culturally, Cheung

Chau shall be classified into three parts: Cheung Chau South, Cheung North and Centre

of Cheung Chau as the center of Cheung Chau is highly developed, where shops and

5 "2011 Population Census - Fact Sheet for Islands District Council South." 2011 Population Census. 2011 Population Census


6 "2011 Population Census - Fact Sheet for Islands District Council North." 2011 Population Census. 2011 Population Census


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stores are mainly located in the center and the north of Cheung Chau. Thus, the daily

routine would be likely established in the most flourishing and prosperous area.

Therefore, it is noticeable that Cheung Chau shall not be seen as a simple and a

complete island as a whole, while it is politically, culturally and ethnically inconsistent.

Under such politics, a social hierarchy and authority have been developed and

entrenched and a ‘culture’ and boundaries are thus constructed socially. It is noteworthy

for us to scrutinize and analyze the internal conflicts and its ideology in Cheung Chau.

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II. Introduction:

The island of Cheung Chau has been regarded as a less modernized rural area than

the urban areas in Hong Kong. Tourists and local Hong Kong residents spend their

vacation in Cheung Chau for its simplicity and frugality in order to escape from the

power struggle and hierarchical statuses in their daily lives but they enter into another

political system. In fact, Cheung Chau is not that simple and austere, it is full of political

and ethnical conflicts. Frankly, no matter where a place is, it is full of struggles,

hierarchy and its logistic. Cheung Chau is a miniature of the city’s daily facets. Cheung

Chau shall be considered and recognized as an ordinary place, where is full of its

struggles and logistics and deserves a thorough and detailed look at its internal politics.

The dichotomy of identifying a place as urban or rural shall be minimized as it restricts

the range of observation and research of rural areas. The public is always constructing

certain prejudice to understand these rural areas and outlying islands while such

manifestation showing the media representation of outlying islands becomes a

misinterpretation of what is understood as Cheung Chau and what is seen in the public

eye. The public imagination of Cheung Chau is biased and distorted with a lens of

purifying the politics of the island of Cheung Chau.

The identity of Cheung Chau Kai-fong is complicated as it is wrestled against the

identity of Hongkongers. 96.4% of the Cheung Chau Kia-fong is Chinese and most of

them are sharing the identity of Hongkongers. However, their identity of being as a

Cheung Chau Kai-fong is woven by layers of hierarchies and political struggles.

Internal hierarchies of Cheung Chau are prevailing: the location of household along

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peak road, the center of Cheung Chau and the Cheung Chau North. These different

regions form three boundaries with corresponding social statuses. Different locations

may give distinct indications to the occupation and industry of the household as well as

their ethnicity and their ancestry as the Cheung Chau Kai-fong are the mixtures of

indigenous inhabitants, migrants from the Second Sino-Japanese War, Chinese Civil

War and Cultural Revolution from 1927 to 1977, the post-war baby boom, foreign

migrants and urban migrants. More, the contest among islands is one of the combative

struggles for prestige, modernization and civilization. Therefore, boundaries are created

for identifying the differences between varies ethnic group, distinct occupation and the

location of household of Kai-fong by differentiating themselves with others. Eventually,

labeling is the tactics once referring to the differences, also it acts as a disparagement

on the others and lastly, it reinforces the disparity among classes and groups in and out

of the island.

Thus, the island of Cheung Chau is more complicated and complex than the

majority think of and it is worth unveiling the mask and illusion of the purifying

representation of austerity as the one and only mainstream representation of Cheung

Chau in order to provide a realistic rationale of the system of the habitat. Specifically,

the main objectives of this paper are the followings:

(1) Unveil the understanding of the identity of Hong Kong people from the

perspective of Cheung Chau Kai-fong

(2) Find out the internal hierarchy of Cheung Chau Kai-fong

(3) Discuss the cultural identity of Cheung Chau Kai-fong by a small-scale

ethnography and with personal experiences

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III. Methodology:

The research was designed as a three-level study. In order to have a in-depth and

thorough research of the internal political and ethnical hierarchy differentiating the

Cheung Chau Kai-fong into groups, the study had to be conducted in the following

three interactive layers: ethnography- cognitive map, textual analysis of their

conversation and self-ethnography.

Ethnography-Cognitive Map

8 Cheung Chau Kai-fong will be invited to conduct the cognitive map. They are

going to be asked firstly if they are the local residents. Secondly, their ethnicity, ages,

gender, occupation, location of their household and years of residency will be recorded.

Thirdly, they are invited to portray and describe Cheung Chau on a blank A-4 paper

with their understanding of the image of Cheung Chau.

Ethnography-Cognitive map

Self-ethnography

Textual Analysis of

their conversation

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Textual Analysis of Media Representation

In the process of conducting cognitive maps, their use of language and depiction

will be jotted down for further analysis. After conducting the cognitive map, they are

invited to share their daily routine or if it is possible, they are strongly encouraged to

display their routine in front of me such as having a tea in a restaurant they usually go

to or go shopping for the daily necessities in wet-market, etc. Thus, their routines are

marked down with words and my memories.

Self-ethnography

Self-ethnography is going to be adopted in the research, as it is a reflexive research

method reflecting my own personal experience and thoughts in my childhood and at

this moment. There are rare first hand resources of academic research in studying the

local politics of Cheung Chau. It is necessary for me to unveil my experiences and

articulate to the realistic logistics so as to relinquish my imaginary and constructed

thoughts towards Cheung Chau and raise my personal understanding via the process of

self-ethnography.

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IV. Theoretical Argument:

The objective of this research is to uncover the present phenomenon and the hidden

logistics of the internal hierarchies in Cheung Chau. The hierarchies are shown in their

daily livings, routines and culture. The struggles can be observed and represented

through their conversation: thoughts and language. Hall (1997) mentioned that

representation articulates meaning and language to culture and it is a basic and

prominent part in operating a culture7:

‘Representation is an essential part of the process by which meaning is

produced and exchanged between members of a culture. It does

involve the use of language, of signs and images which stand for or

represent things.’

The language used in the meaning production of an individual is deliberately

chosen and it encompasses the decision of choice and a manifestation of his or her

thoughts. Therefore, Hall (1997) continually stated that representation is in fact the

production of the meaning of concepts in our minds through language, which enables

us to refer to the ‘real’ world and to imaginary worlds of people, objects and events8:

‘Human shared conceptual map must be translated into a common

language, so that they can correlate their concepts and ideas with

certain written words, spoken sounds and visual images. The general

7 Hall, Stuart. "The Work of Representation." Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices. London: Sage

in Association with the Open U, 1997. N. page. Print.



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term they use for words, sounds and images, which carry meaning, is

signs. ’

In a community, similarity and differences seem to be naturally occurred however,

they are all constructed deliberately by us in order to differentiating person into

normality and abnormality. In the case of Cheung Chau, its internal political and

ethnical hierarchy is derived from the construction of differences among the inhabitants.

Low (2000) stated that differentiation enables labeling9:

‘Difference, in fact, give shape and form to the world by providing the

differentiation and features that permit labeling and classification…

such as the workplace of the shoeshine men in Parque Central or the

sitting areas of the teenagers in the Plaze de la Cultura, are perceived

to be bounded or distinct because the activities and people within the

territory are distinct from the people and activities outside of it.’

From the above, it can be adopted in the study of hierarchies created in Cheung

Chau as they are all derived from differentiation and the creation of boundaries.

Therefore, boundaries are also created after differentiating people into groups and they

tend not to go beyond the boundaries and so people live and work in the particular

boundaries and exclusion is performed with power10:

9 Setha M. Low (2000) “Constructing Difference: The social and spatial boundaries of everyday life”. On the Plaza: The

Politics of Public Space and Culture Chapter 7. Page 154. Print.



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‘Boundaries and boundary-maintaining systems constitute the most

basic forms of social organization and social structure. Boundaries,

however, are also political devices for social control and discipline…

In situations of social or political inequality, boundaries may provide

the logic for inclusion or exclusion, with tragic consequence for those

without power.’

Labeling is the tactic and means to facilitate the process of exercising power in the

constructed configuration of the society, simultaneously, labeling leads to the

production of identity. During (2005) mentioned that identity offers definition to a

person with his trait, which are placed into the same group:11

‘It means that identity is won at the price of reducing individuality. The

traits chosen to ascribe identity to an individual are always contingent,

since whatever trait is chosen to fix identity, another one could have

been chosen, even if it seems ‘natural’ to identify people by, for

instance, their gender (and it seems as if all known societies do in fact

identify people by gender).’

Superficially, a person seems to have little power to choose his identity, as

identities are socially determined. However, it is not. He is also an accomplice in

reinforcing the politics of identification and the differentiation with the means of

labeling.

11 During, Simon. "Debating Identity." Cultural Studies: A Critical Introduction. London: Routledge, 2005. 145-52. Print.

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To conduct a thorough investigation of differentiation, the making of boundaries,

and labeling process in Cheung Chau by analyzing the use of language in their daily

conversation, critical ethnography is one of the most appropriate ways to step into the

field of local lives of Cheung Chau Kai-fong. Madison (2005) draws my focal point of

the underlying power struggle of Cheung Chau with my specific obligation as I lived

in Cheung Chau for over 15 years and I shall voice for it12:

‘Critical ethnography begins with an ethnical responsibility to address

processes of unfairness or injustice within a particular lived

domain…the researcher feels a moral obligation to make a contribution

toward changing those conditions toward greater freedom and

equity…by bringing up light underlying and obscure operations of

power and control. Therefore, the critical ethnographer resists

domestication and moves from “what is” to “what could be”’

Personally, I am touched by reading the importance of conducting critical

ethnography in a society as normally, our lens are given and restricted in the direction

of the urban are, the modernized and the bright side of the city. However, we pay less

or even not interested to pay attention to the rural areas and the dark side of the city.

Our understanding of rural areas is narrow and even deceptive but we choose to live in

such illusion. A closer look at the rural area such as Cheung Chua is definitely needed

12D. Soyini Madison (2005) “Introduction to Critical Ethnography” in D. Soyini Madison Critical Ethnography: Method, Ethics

and performance. Page 1-16.

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for us in order to destruct the deceptive illusion we are living in.

V. Analysis

1. EIXSTING HIREACHY OF THE POPULATION

To Hongkongers, those people living in Cheung Chau are all called Cheung Chau

Kai-fong, however, the fabrication of identity is more complicated and diversified than

their understanding. In the island of Cheung Chau, Kai-fong is generally classified into

five types of their ancestry, which has been briefly mentioned in the introduction.

The ancestry of Cheung Chau Kai-fong are the mixtures of indigenous inhabitants,

migrants from the Second Sino-Japanese War, Chinese Civil War and Cultural

Revolution from 1927 to 1977, the post-war baby boom, foreign migrants and urban

migrants. Under such population distribution, the indigenous inhabitants are mainly

fishermen and farmers, whose ancestry can be traced back to the Soong Dynasty and

there is a piece of official record 〈光緒廿九年北帝廟重修記〉13 of the movement

of Chaozhou fishermen migrated to Cheung Chau since Qing Dynasty:

「一，志明，乾隆四十二年，我惠府眾弟子在長洲貿易，共往玄

武山，請玄天上帝香火到長洲奉祀，藉保平安。因神靈顯赫，求

之有應。故于乾隆四十八年，惠潮二郡公舉林郁為正總理，倡建

廟宇。」

The indigenous inhabitants are in fact the offspring of the migrants since Soong

Dynasty to Qing Dynasty and they are empowered to discuss the social affairs in the

neighborhood, as they are the existing landlords of the island.

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16

Fish Drying in Cheung Chau since 1920s

In the photograph14, the indigenous inhabitants were trying to evenly distribute the

fish caught in the sea fishing journey on the towel in order to dry them into salted fish.

The making of salted fish has been a major source of income in the lives of indigenous

inhabitants and the fishermen in Cheung Chau.

To the migrants migrated from the Second Sino-Japanese War, Chinese Civil War

and Cultural Revolution from 1927 to 1977, they are usually divided into northern

mainlanders, who are the mainlanders (外省人) coming from the big cities such as

Beijing, Shanghai, Ningbo, Zhejiang apart from Guangdong and the southern districts

and the Guangdong mainlanders (廣東人) coming from the southern parts of China like

Fujian, Guangxi and Guizhou and they classify each other in the same dichotomy: the

14 "Cheung Chau Island Industry." The Industrial History of Hong Kong Group. N.p., 10 Jan. 2015. Web. 13 Dec. 2016.

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northern mainlanders are conceived as the richer groups, who are more civilized,

international and educational. While the southern mainlanders are thought to be less

civilized, meager and ignorant. The migrants mostly start their businesses such as store,

small restaurant, flower shop and tailor, etc. There are also some southern migrants

work as fishermen but due to the rigid dominance of fishing industry in Cheung Chau

and it is complicated to enter into the existing system of power.

Subsequently, the growth of post-war baby boom rises dramatically and it

dominates the population in the 1950s to 1970s. They adopt the same dichotomy of

classifying their parents into either northern or southern mainlanders however, this

dichotomy only represents their family history and ancestry. They consider themselves

as Hong Kong residents, who were not only born in Hong Kong but also live in Hong

Kong since their childhood. Interestingly, as they have commonly received primary and

secondary education, the academic background becomes a newly standard of

classification. The colonial government implemented a new educational policy and it

was shown on the 1965 White Paper15:

‘The final aim of any educational policy must be to provide every child

with the best education which he or she is capable of absorbing, at a

cost which the parents and the community can afford". With the

achievement of the primary education target in sight, it was possible

15 "Overall Review of The Hong Kong Education System June 1981." Education Bureau. GOVERNMENT SECRETARIAT

HONG KONG GOVERNMENT, n.d. Web. 6 Dec. 2016.

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to improve on the recommendation that between 15 and 20 per cent of

those completing the primary course should receive subsidized

secondary education. In 1970 it was decided that a further major

expansion of secondary education was necessary, and steps were taken

to increase the provision of subsidized secondary education.’

Occupation also offers them another standard for differentiating the post-war baby

boom into numerous groups of Cheung Chau Kai-fong in a hierarchy. In the 1960s to

1970s, Hong Kong was undergone a significant industrialization and it had long been

export-oriented, so most of the post-war generations work in factories such as textile

and PVC factories. Part of them are remained as fishermen with their families and there

is only some of them working as professionals.

Woo Kee- a Leather Factory in Cheung Chau Hoe Hin Pak Yeow Manufactory Limited

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From the photographs16, they are some of the factories set up in Cheung Chau,

where many Cheung Chau Kai-fong work in there. For Woo Kee, it was established

since 1914 till the end of 20th century.

For the urban migrants, they originally lived in some other urban areas but they

moved their homes to Cheung Chau due to the relatively lower rent and letting than that

of urban areas. More importantly, most of them work in the central business district

such as Central and Admiralty so they can directly ferry across to Central. Occupation

becomes the one and only benchmark for them to classify these urban migrants into

groups and it is unlikely to ender into the regime of the existing power system in

Cheung Chau.

Lastly, the foreign migrants can hardly enter into the community of the indigenous

inhabitants and the existing power system in Cheung Chau. Although the foreign

migrants cannot enter into the local community easily, the white still shares the most

superior status among other ethnic groups such as Indonesian, Japanese, Filipino, etc.

Interestingly, whether the white overrides the existing power of indigenous inhabitants

will be worth our study in the future but currently, the white is regarded as the most

superior than other ethnic groups only.

16 "Cheung Chau Island Industry." The Industrial History of Hong Kong Group. N.p., 10 Jan. 2015. Web. 13 Dec. 2016.

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2. COGNITIVE MAP: CHEUNG CHAU SOUTH AND NORTH

The aim of this study is to disclose the current situation and the internal hierarchies

in Cheung Chau, where the hierarchies are present in their daily lives and their thinking.

In the ethnographical part, 8 Cheung Chau Kai-fong are asked to draw their image of

Cheung Chau and indicate the corresponding landmarks or places they are familiar with.

Before conducting the cognitive map, they are confirmed firstly if they are the local

residents. Then, their profile including ages, gender, occupation, location of household,

years of residency and ethnicity are recorded. Finally, they are given a blank A-4 paper

and a pen or a marker and so the cognitive map is started.

First of all, a retired fisherman aged 76 is invited to conduct this cognitive map. In

his portrait of Cheung Chau (on the left), there is not any depiction of the shape of

Cheung Chau or the boundary of Cheung Chau. He lives in Cheung Chau for 76 years

and he offers relatively more depiction of how the small boats and vessels anchored in

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the harbor after having a fruitful fishing journey. More, they kept an adequate amount

of harvest and sold them in two ways: either sold the harvest right after going on the

shore from the boat or made the harvest into salted fish. They mainly made their salted

fish on the street when they were living in the boats. However, they started their

production of salted fish on their rooftop after moving to the onshore house. Lastly,

they stopped making salted fish when they moved to the public housing estate in

Cheung Chau. In his portrayal, there are not much details of the southern part of Cheung

Chau, he only writes down farmland, a well and ‘Bak Cho Wan’. However, his

depiction remains in his old days, as there is not any farmland and well in the southern

part of the island. Also, the factories depicted in the northern part were demolished for

at least thirty years. However, one thing is important that he is relatively familiar with

the northern part of Cheung Chau Island.

On the right, the cognitive map is conducted by his younger daughter aged 29 and

she lives in Cheung Chau for 29 years. In her portrait, she gives lots of information

about the community: seven blocks of the public housing estate, the pavilion, park,

sewage treatment plant, temples, primary and secondary schools, bakery, restaurant are

all detailedly enclosed. All her descriptions are in fact the traces of her lives as she was

born, her family moved to the public housing estate and when she was aged 25, she

moved out. Both her new and old homes are also located in the northern part of Cheung

Chau. In her depiction, numerous bays and Shunde Association are named, as she was

taken to the fish journey and meeting in the association when she was small. However,

for the central and the southern part of Cheung Chau, there are little descriptions.

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Besides, a pair of local couple is invited to conduct the cognitive map. On the left,

it is drawn by the male participant aged 58, who originally was the inhabitant of

Kowloon City and he moved to and has lived in Cheung Chau after marriage for 23

years. In his depiction, he only names four landmarks such as the Cheung Po Tsai Cave,

temple and the pier. At the same time, he names three different bays as he mentions, he

needs to work on weekdays so the route from pier to home is the most familiar and

frequent way he daily walks along and he goes fishing on weekends. However, in his

drawing, it is lack of detailed description for the northern, central and the southern part

of Cheung Chau.

On the right, it is conducted by the female participant aged 60, whose parents were

the post-war migrants and she was born in Cheung Chau. She has lived in the island for

60 years and she has to take ferry daily in order to work in Tsim Sha Tsui. In her portrait,

descriptions are all about her childhood, teenage, adulthood and her next generation.

She emphasizes on the 「西園農場」,which is the secret garden in Cheung Chau, where

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not much people notice. More, there is not much details about the northern side of

Cheung Chau and she writes on it:

「這北面，很少過來玩，因住這邊的居民較為喜歡打牌，而我不

大喜歡這裡的環境、氣氛。」

Furthermore, a British teacher aged 36 (on the left) is also asked to conduct this

cognitive map. She lives in Cheung Chau for 10 years and her home is located in the

southern part of Cheung Chau. In her daily routine, she needs to take 6:20am ferry to

central in order to give her lecture at 8am in Causeway bay. In her drawing, bank,

primary and secondary schools, post office, wet market, library and a restaurant are

enclosed. They are all the locations where she usually passes through and explores.

However, there is only a church, a hotel and a temple is mentioned.

On the right, the cognitive map is conducted by an Indonesian maid aged 53 and

she lives in Cheung Chau for 2 years only. In her drawing, the contour of the Cheung

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Chau is drawn as an oval-shaped island. There are only ten locations named: her

boarding house, the pier, Wellcome, bank, Park n shop, Wet market, bakery, laundry,

mom’s home and school. As she mentions, she has to buy and prepare the ingredients

for breakfast and dinner from wet market, supermarkets and bakery every day.

Interestingly, there is not any description of the direction and the named locations are

centralized in the central of the island. Details about the island are absent from her

drawing.

On the left, the cognitive map is conducted by a banker aged 27 and he has only

lived in Cheung Chau for 3 months only. In his depiction, the wet market, Cheung Po

Tsai Cave, Cheung Chau Sports Ground, camp, Alliance Bible Seminary are included

but these are all located in the southern part of the island. He originally lives in Fanling,

but the land price rise drastically so he cannot afford it anymore, at the same time, he

works in Wan Chai, so it is more convenient for him to live in Cheung Chau. He chooses

to live in the southern part of the island especially along Peak Road, as it is more

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undisturbed and elegant than the northern part of Cheung Chau. Therefore, the estate

agent and his own experience convince him.

Lastly, on the right it is my cognitive map. I lived in Cheung Chau for 15 years

since I was 3 years old. In these 15 years, my home moved for five times but none of

them was located in the north but two of them were in the central part and two three of

them were in the southern part especially along the Peak Road. In the northern part of

Cheung Chau, many landmarks are depicted but most of them are governmental

department such as hospital, fire station, police office, slaughterhouse, ice plant, sports

center, etc. In the southern part, supermarkets, wet market, primary and secondary

school, temples, public housing estate, grave and wind station of Hong Kong

Observatory are jot down. Especially, my home, my auntie’s boutique and granny’s

home are also drawn on the map.

Among these 8 Cheung Chau Kai-fong, it is clearly showing that there are two

distinct parts of Cheung Chau: the northern and the southern. Cheung Chau though is

politically divided into two parts but it is further culturally classified by the inhabitants.

Their struggles can be observed and manifested through their conversation. Hall (1997)

stated that representation connects meaning and language with culture and it is an

essential part in the operation of a culture. The language used in the meaning production

of an individual is deliberately chosen and it encompasses the decision of choice and a

manifestation of a person’s thoughts17:



26

‘Human shared conceptual map must be translated into a common

language, so that they can correlate their concepts and ideas with

certain written words, spoken sounds and visual images. The general

term they use for words, sounds and images, which carry meaning, is

signs. ’

After conducting the cognitive map, I have asked for their permission to walk

together along their way home and their stories and experiences of Cheung Chau are

thus collected. A female inhabitant aged 60 expresses her thought of Cheung Chau:

「唔係我一個咁講架，長洲北社街嗰邊係水上人住多，現在多咗啲南亞

裔住，租金低好多，但好『雜』又無文化，以前佢地去餐廳食飯都係豎

起隻腳，鬼死咁大聲講野；反而，山頂道嗰邊都係外國人、日本人、以

前外省人後代、專業人士居多，我地去餐廳食飯都唔會咁啦，雖然長洲

我住咗咁多年，但你問我北社街，我真係唔熟。」

From her saying, Cheung Chou North represents as a more rural, backward and

under civilized region, where most of the residents are fishermen and ethnic minorities,

who are not well educated. However, a retired fisherman aged 76 rejected her

description:

「聽佢地講啦，佢地持著自己外省人，錢多咁係咁講。北社街『雜』咩

啊？我地啲漁民，以前住係船上，都係停係附近，到廿幾年前，有公屋，

咪搬去公屋囉，一直都係依邊生活，完全無問題。『雜』鬼！你問我最

清楚！唓！佢地山頂咪又係有公屋，佢地話『雜』都係啲南亞裔搞出來。」

From his saying, although he dismisses her idea about the ‘under-civilized’

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northern part of Cheung Chau, it is apparently showing the disparity and conflict

between the north and the south. A dichotomy is thus appeared: Cheung Chow North:

Fishermen and ethnic minorities; Cheung Chau South: migrants and professionals.

For a community, the presence of differences can be seen as natural and acceptable

but they are all constructed purposely so as to differentiate individual into classes. In

Cheung Chau, its internal hierarchy is come from the construction of differences among

the residents. Low (2000) stated that differentiation enables labeling18:

‘Difference, in fact, give shape and form to the world by providing the

differentiation and features that permit labeling and classification…

such as the workplace of the shoeshine men in Parque Central or the

sitting areas of the teenagers in the Plaze de la Cultura, are perceived

to be bounded or distinct because the activities and people within the

territory are distinct from the people and activities outside of it.’

Cheung Chau North and South are not classified into two distinct parts due to the

type of population distribution and residency. Its division was due to the ease of

gathering government statistics. However, since the fishermen started to anchor their

boats in the harbor near the southern part of the island, the concentration of the

fishermen has been located mainly in the north. More importantly, the haven is also

located in the northern part of Cheung Chau, for the fishing industry, it is necessary to



28

depend on the haven. For the Cheung Chau South, migrants and professionals are

mainly centralized in it, as the southern part of the island is a mountainous area so it

was rarely developed before the migration of the post-war migrants and baby boom.

Gradually, the contrast of the northern and southern part of the island becomes obvious.

Hence, boundaries are also depicted after differentiating people into groups and the

inhabitants incline not to go beyond the boundaries and exclusion is actualized with

power19:

‘Boundaries and boundary-maintaining systems constitute the most

basic forms of social organization and social structure. Boundaries,

however, are also political devices for social control and discipline…

In situations of social or political inequality, boundaries may provide

the logic for inclusion or exclusion, with tragic consequence for those

without power.’

From the inhabitant’s words, 「長洲北社街嗰邊係水上人住多…雖然長洲我住

咗咁多年，但你問我北社街，我真係唔熟」, it is very evident in showing the exclusion

and inclusion performed in the boundaries artificially made by them. The inclusion and

exclusion do not simply function in their mind, but also in their action. She

acknowledges her unfamiliarity of the northern part not only because of her center of

living is located in the south but also she is not willing to make her attempt in the

northern part for leisure and exploration.



29

The gathering of the fishermen in the north as well as the gathering of migrants

and professionals at the beginning is in fact occasionally presented due to the

possibilities of the residential development. However, the solidarity and the exclusion

of others are held through the creation of boundaries and by the tactic of labeling, which

is the means to facilitate the experience of exercising power in the society, at the same

time, it fabricates the construction of one’s identity.

30

VI. Conclusion

Cheung Chau is always eulogized as its peacefulness and becomes the paradise of

vacation. However, every place has its logistics and politics. The study of internal

hierarchies constructed in Cheung Chau, which are all derived from differentiation and

the creation of boundaries. Simultaneously, territories are also produced after

differentiating people into classes and groups and they tend not to go beyond the

territories, where others are living and working in. From the result of the cognitive map,

it is obviously displaying the two distinct parts of Cheung Chau island: the northern

and the southern parts. Although Cheung Chau is politically classified into two parts,

the island is further culturally differentiated by Cheung Chau Kai-fong. The internal

struggles can be shown in their conversation, which the biased representation of

Cheung Chau North and South is manifested. From the inhabitant’s attitude, it is

apparently exhibiting the inclusion and exclusion executed in the territories. The

inclusion and exclusion are not only held in their mind, but also shown in their action.

The hierarchy of territories is emerged from the type of Kai-fong gathered in a region

and the occupation of Kai-fong also contributes to the differentiation. However, such

differentiation would lead to a further solidarity of a group and dissension among

different groups by the tactic of labeling, which fabricates the production of an

individual’s identity.

31

VII. Reflection

In this study, the most complicated is the degree of being objective enough in order

not to flood the research with too much personal emotions. At the beginning, the

direction of the study was drifted because of my own experience. My grand parents

were business tycoon, who also had great influence in Guomingdang. However, they

left Shanghai and fled for safety during the Second Sino-Japanese War and all the

bullion hidden in their clothes were thrown into the sea under the military check-up.

They finally settled in Hong Kong but there were too many intelligence agents carrying

out their missions in Hong Kong and so they had to avoid being discovered. However,

their valuable things were all gone and they could not travel too far away so they went

to Cheung Chau. Day by day, they set up vendor’s stall to sell some local snacks to Kai-

fong. Gradually, they opened a store and built a house though they had never have

thought to settle in this small island but when they were expecting their babies to come,

they could not easily flee to other countries anymore. Hence, Cheung Chau becomes

their homeland, where all my uncles and aunties, including my mother were born. My

mother studied in Cheung Chau and her first job was working as a sale in Central so

she took ferry to central for work day by day. Later on, she moved to To Kwa Wan with

my auntie, as she was a flight attendant working in the old airport. Years later, my

mother met my father, who grew up in Kwun Tong and they finally settled their home

in Kwun Tong as well. When I was three, my father had to sell his apartment for paying

up his business debt, so we bought a cheap house in Cheung Chau after the debt.

Cheung Chau becomes the origin of my memories and stories, all my experiences

32

started in there. I studied in Cheung Chau for the whole primary stage and then I applied

for studying at a girls’ school at Mount Davis. I finally moved to Yuen Long alone after

suffering from depression when I was aged 18. My stories of Cheung Chau ended.

However, my grandmother and auntie are still living in Cheung Chau so I always drop

by at their house once I have time. In my teenage, I tended not to tell others where I

lived, as it sounded weird to let others know where I came from, especially from

Cheung Chau. If others asked if I was an indigenous Kai-fong, I instantly clarified.

Interestingly, my experiences inspire me to start this research study and I invited

8 Cheung Chau Kai-fong to conduct the cognitive map. Some elder Kai-fong are friends

of my grandparents, and some local migrants felt surprised as they have never seen me

in Cheung Chau. This is a characteristic of Cheung Chau, though the population of

Cheung Chau is over twenty thousands, but Kai-fong recognizes each other according

where they live in. The cognitive process of Cheung Chau Kai-fong is quite different

from others, Kai-fong associates the region of household with the type of occupation

and even family history. This cognitive process is commonly adopted by Kai-fong,

including me. However, it was started naturally after the gathering of fishermen and

post-war migrants in different parts of Cheung Chau. Gradually, there are culturally

differentiation and Cheung Chau North and South are separated and they are

correspondingly represented distinctly: Cheung Chau North represented less civilized

and lower-income; Cheung Chau South represented more educated and professional. In

fact, there are also numerous blocks of public housing estates located in Cheung Chau

South but Kai-fong is still associating Cheung Chau North with public housing together.

33

To them, those numerous blocks of public housing estates located in Cheung Chau

South are an exceptional case, which will not influence on the existing differentiation

and their tactics of labeling.

I am greatly inspired by the importance of conducting critical ethnography in a

society because we used to put our lens in the urban are, the modernized and the bright

side of the city. Madison (2005) invokes me to take a closer look at my homeland in

order to understand the existing inclusion and exclusion made by Cheung Chau Kai-

fong and even more importantly, I was also using this kind of biased benchmark to

differentiate boundaries. I think I have a specific obligation as I lived in Cheung Chau

for over 15 years and I shall voice for it20:

‘Critical ethnography begins with an ethnical responsibility to address

processes of unfairness or injustice within a particular lived

domain…the researcher feels a moral obligation to make a contribution

toward changing those conditions toward greater freedom and

equity…by bringing up light underlying and obscure operations of

power and control. Therefore, the critical ethnographer resists

domestication and moves from “what is” to “what could be”’

I hope I can display my homeland -Cheung Chau not only “what is”, but also I can

lighten up the possibility of eliminating the distorted benchmark and representation in

20D. Soyini Madison (2005) “Introduction to Critical Ethnography” in D. Soyini Madison Critical Ethnography: Method, Ethics

and performance. Page 1-16.

34

order to construct a diversified and a respectful identity for Cheung Chau Kai-fong.

35

References

Seminal Reading

D. Soyini Madison (2005) “Introduction to Critical Ethnography” in D. Soyini

Madison Critical Ethnography: Method, Ethics and performance. Page 1-16.

During, Simon. "Debating Identity." Cultural Studies: A Critical Introduction. London:

Routledge, 2005. 145-52. Print.

Hall, Stuart. "The Work of Representation." Representation: Cultural Representations

and Signifying Practices. London: Sage in Association with the Open U, 1997. N.

page. Print.

Setha M. Low (2000) “Constructing Difference: The social and spatial boundaries of

everyday life”. On the Plaza: The Politics of Public Space and Culture Chapter 7.

Page 154. Print.

Fact Sheet

"Hong Kong Geographic Data 2016 - Lands Department." Survey & Mapping Office,

Lands Department, n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2016.

"2011 Population Census - Fact Sheet for Islands District Council District." 2011

Population Census. 2011 Population Census Office, Census and Statistics

Department, n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2016.

"2011 Population Census - Fact Sheet for Islands District Council South." 2011



"2011 Population Census - Fact Sheet for Islands District Council North." 2011



amberchau

Typewritten Text

Appendix 1 figure 1

Population Population

Male Female Both Sexes Male Female Both Sexes

8 580 9 190 17 770 0 - 4 3 155 2 966 6 121

5 - 9 3 421 3 142 6 563

10 124 10 822 20 946 10 - 14 4 345 4 011 8 356

15 - 19 4 643 4 470 9 113

8 964 9 402 18 366 20 - 24 4 437 4 444 8 881

25 - 29 4 067 5 532 9 599

8 542 10 586 19 128 30 - 34 4 574 6 659 11 233

35 - 39 5 373 7 585 12 958

7 957 8 997 16 954 40 - 44 5 722 7 793 13 515

45 - 49 6 147 7 411 13 558

5 355 7 007 12 362 50 - 54 5 679 5 907 11 586

55 - 59 4 680 4 449 9 129

3 607 3 441 7 048 60 - 64 3 569 3 390 6 959

65 - 69 1 789 1 477 3 266

2 689 3 324 6 013 70 - 74 1 700 1 699 3 399

75 - 79 1 424 1 530 2 954

5 433 6 375 11 808 80 - 84 870 1 160 2 030

85 + 719 1 388 2 107

5 063 5 869 10 932 Total 66 314 75 013 141 327

66 314 75 013 141 327

Male Female Both Sexes

16.5 13.5 14.9

13.7 11.9 12.7

29.8 36.8 33.5

30.3 28.2 29.2

9.8 9.7 9.7

100.0 100.0 100.0

39.2 39.1 39.1

Population

Male Female Both Sexes

17 855 19 365 37 220

34 909 36 600 71 509

898 4 859 5 757

1 432 3 708 5 140

299 362 661

10 921 10 119 21 040

66 314 75 013 141 327

Population

Male Female Both Sexes 32.2 29.8 30.9

58 018 61 391 119 409

4 004 2 686 6 690

1 038 4 437 5 475 Population

76 2 298 2 374 Male Female Both Sexes

1 120 1 086 2 206 52 827 56 577 109 404

314 503 817 913 1 472 2 385

1 744 2 612 4 356 1 607 2 014 3 621

66 314 75 013 141 327 5 517 8 611 14 128

2 200 3 196 5 396

Proportion of population of 87.5 81.8 84.5 3 250 3 143 6 393

Chinese ethnicity (%) 66 314 75 013 141 327

Population Place of Study Persons Attending Full-time Courses in Educational Institutions in Hong Kong

Aged Aged 15 16 857

Under 15 and Over Total

3 673

8 088 8 306 16 394 2 261

8 618 16 064 24 682 2 983

756

4 276 21 969 26 245 Total 26 530

58 38 884 38 942 Proportion of persons attending full-time courses in educational institutions 63.5

in Hong Kong with place of study in same district (%)

- 6 905 6 905

- 4 717 4 717

- 23 442 23 442

21 040 120 287 141 327

29.0

Population Working Population


5 010 6 919 11 929

29 769 32 564 62 333

2 635 715 3 350 9 490 8 510 18 000

3 027 1 305 4 332 5 827 4 812 10 639

124 509 633 4 064 2 694 6 758

4 443 4 626 9 069

675 10 298 10 973 4 082 1 319 5 401

13 846 13 048 26 894 844 5 421 6 265

7 504 8 724 16 228 1 795 792 2 587

8 734 7 850 16 584 Total 35 555 35 093 70 648

66 314 75 013 141 327 Proportion of working population 14.1 19.7 16.9

with place of work in same district (%)

37 445 36 539 73 984

67.6 56.3 61.5

Labour force

Labour force participation rate (%) Note: # It refers to persons whose place of work and place of residence are both in the same new town or both in areas other than new town

areas of this District Council District. Persons who work at home are excluded.

Students Work at home

Retired persons Places outside Hong Kong

Others

Total

Unpaid family workers New towns

Persons not in working population Other areas in the New Territories

Home-makers No fixed places/Marine

Employees In another district

Employers Hong Kong Island

Self-employed Kowloon

over having attained post-secondary education (%)

3. Economic Characteristics

Economic Activity Status Place of Work

Working population In same district #

Sub-degree course Note: # It refers to persons whose place of study and place of residence are both in the same new town or both in areas other than new town

areas of this District Council District.Degree course

Total

Proportion of non-student population aged 20 and

Secondary/Sixth Form Other areas in the New Territories

Lower Secondary

Upper Secondary/Sixth Form

Post-secondary

Diploma/Certificate

Primary and below Hong Kong Island

No schooling/Pre-primary Kowloon

Primary New towns

Total

2. Educational Characteristics

Educational Attainment In same district #

(Highest Level Attended) In another district

Others Other Chinese dialects

Total English

Others

Persons aged under 5 or mute

Filipino

Indonesian Usual Language

Indian Cantonese

Pakistani Putonghua

Ethnicity Proportion of population aged 15 and over

Chinese being never married (%)

White

Separated

Persons aged under 15

Total

Now married

Widowed

Divorced

Marital Status

Never married

65 +

All age groups

Median age

15 - 24

25 - 44

45 - 64

Total Proportion of Population (%)

Age Group

0 - 14

(T08) Lamma & Po Toi

(T09) Cheung Chau South

(T10) Cheung Chau North

(T05) Tung Chung South

(T06) Discovery Bay

(T07) Peng Chau & Hei Ling Chau

(T02) Yat Tung Estate North

(T03) Yat Tung Estate South

(T04) Tung Chung North

2011 Population Census - Fact Sheet for Islands District Council District

1. Demographic Characteristics

Constituency Area Age Group

(T01) Lantau

T00e / 6.7.2012 P. 1 / 3

amberchau

Typewritten Text

Appendix 1 figure 2


Monthly Income from Working Population #

Working Population


540 573 1 113 4 712 2 576 7 288

( 540) ( 537) ( 1 077) 3 179 1 789 4 968

938 5 493 6 431 7 073 5 705 12 778

( 893) ( 1 688) ( 2 581) 3 031 6 444 9 475

1 147 3 305 4 452 5 441 8 085 13 526

( 1 107) ( 2 155) ( 3 262) 5 239 202 5 441

2 977 4 561 7 538 2 441 171 2 612

( 2 962) ( 4 526) ( 7 488) 4 282 10 113 14 395

4 129 4 470 8 599 157 8 165

( 4 129) ( 4 455) ( 8 584)

9 075 5 680 14 755 35 555 35 093 70 648

( 9 075) ( 5 680) ( 14 755)

4 961 2 822 7 783 Working Population

( 4 961) ( 2 822) ( 7 783) Male Female Both Sexes

2 685 2 063 4 748 1 178 658 1 836

( 2 685) ( 2 063) ( 4 748) 5 125 577 5 702

1 064 1 346 2 410 6 302 7 179 13 481

( 1 064) ( 1 346) ( 2 410) 6 248 3 333 9 581

2 703 1 929 4 632

( 2 703) ( 1 929) ( 4 632) 3 366 3 856 7 222

2 294 1 399 3 693 1 731 623 2 354

( 2 294) ( 1 399) ( 3 693) 2 064 2 086 4 150

2 918 943 3 861 4 589 4 834 9 423

( 2 918) ( 943) ( 3 861)

124 509 633 3 138 5 083 8 221

( 124) ( 509) ( 633)

Total 35 555 35 093 70 648 1 307 6 775 8 082

( 35 455) ( 30 052) ( 65 507) 507 89 596

35 555 35 093 70 648

13,200 9,000 11,000

(13,500) (10,000) (12,000)

excluding unpaid family workers (HK$)

1 10 009

2 11 552 7 445

3 9 803 18 721

4 10 042 4 646

5 4 529

6 + 1 676 364

47 611 1 206

2.9 3 882

10 009

1 338

47 611

Monthly Domestic

1 329 - 192 1 676

( 244) (-) ( 44) ( 343)

1 184 6 120 2 140

( 216) (-) ( 1) ( 388)

994 - 97 1 816

( 257) (-) ( 1) ( 536)

875 - 30 2 050

( 484) (-) ( 30) ( 1 305)

938 18 85 2 627

( 740) ( 18) ( 85) ( 2 177)

2 737 89 97 6 073

( 2 207) ( 85) ( 56) ( 5 270)

2 873 9 24 5 988

( 2 641) (-) ( 24) ( 5 702)

2 480 20 - 4 916

( 2 159) ( 13) (-) ( 4 554)

1 899 - - 3 274

( 1 729) (-) (-) ( 3 087)

3 364 - - 4 720

( 3 242) (-) (-) ( 4 589)

4 963 - 30 5 858

( 4 567) (-) ( 30) ( 5 443)

2 362 4 - 2 496

( 2 144) ( 4) (-) ( 2 278)

1 380 - - 1 504

( 1 314) (-) (-) ( 1 438)

2 451 3 - 2 473

( 2 406) ( 3) (-) ( 2 428)

29 829 149 675 47 611

( 24 350) ( 123) ( 271) ( 39 538)

28,000 13,040 4,870 21,000

(33,800) (13,040) (9,000) (24,000)

Note: # Figures in brackets refer to economically active households. Economically active household refers to a household with at least one member (excluding foreign domestic helpers) being economically active.

( 12 785) ( 2 009)

Median monthly domestic household income (HK$) 15,000 25,000

(16,900) (28,070)

≧ 100,000 10 9

( 10) ( 9)

Total 14 687 2 271

( 81) ( 49)

80,000 - 99,999 81 43

( 81) ( 43)

40,000 - 59,999 434 431

( 415) ( 431)

60,000 - 79,999 81 49

( 1 142) ( 216)

30,000 - 39,999 975 381

( 966) ( 381)

20,000 - 24,999 2 173 243

( 2 139) ( 243)

25,000 - 29,999 1 142 233

( 2 745) ( 177)

15,000 - 19,999 2 711 371

( 2 666) ( 371)

8,000 - 9,999 1 516 70

( 1 289) ( 45)

10,000 - 14,999 2 946 204

( 274) ( 4)

6,000 - 7,999 1 063 82

( 763) ( 28)

2,000 - 3,999 781 49

( 168) ( 3)

4,000 - 5,999 680 45

Household Income (HK$)

< 2,000 94 61

( 46) ( 9)

One-person households

Non-relative households

Total

Domestic Households #

Public

Rental Housing

Subsidized Home

Ownership Housing

Private Permanent

Housing

Non-domestic

Housing

Temporary

Housing Total

Total Composed of couple, at least one of their parents and

their unmarried children

Average domestic household size Composed of other relationship combinations

Other households

Nuclear family households

Composed of couple

Composed of couple and unmarried children

Composed of lone parent and unmarried children

Relative households

Composed of couple and at least one of their parents

employment of working population

Note: # Figures in brackets exclude foreign domestic helpers.

4. Household Characteristics

Household Size Domestic Households Household Composition Domestic Households

health and social work activities

Miscellaneous social and personal services

Others

Total

Median monthly income from main

≧ 60,000 Real estate, professional and

business services

Unpaid family workers Public administration, education, human

Accommodation and food services

40,000 - 59,999 Information and communications

Financing and insurance

25,000 - 29,999 Import/export, wholesale and retail trades

Transportation, storage, postal and

30,000 - 39,999 courier services

Industry

20,000 - 24,999 Manufacturing

Construction

occupations not classifiable

10,000 - 14,999 Total

15,000 - 19,999

6,000 - 7,999 Plant and machine operators and assemblers

Elementary occupations

8,000 - 9,999 Skilled agricultural and fishery workers; and

Clerical support workers

4,000 - 5,999 Service and sales workers

Craft and related workers

< 2,000 Managers and administrators

Professionals

2,000 - 3,999 Associate professionals

3. Economic Characteristics (Cont'd.)

Main Employment (HK$) Occupation

T00e / 6.7.2012 P. 2 / 3


Average

Number of Subsidized Home Private Permanent All Housing

Quarters Domestic Ownership Housing Housing Types +

Occupied Households 21 183 204

by Domestic Domestic per 1000 Units 268 491 759

Households Households of Quarters 304 899 1 203

14 687 14 687 1 000 153 1 186 1 339

2 271 2 271 1 000 40 995 1 035

29 783 29 829 1 002 - 1 587 1 587

149 149 1 000 - 711 711

675 675 1 000 - 296 296

47 565 47 611 1 001 - 217 217

- 207 207

Domestic Households - 224 224

172 929 1 101

8 883 958 7 925 8 883

12 537

24 090 4,440 9,300 8,500

27

16.7 21.1 20.2

1 552

522

47 611

45.0 Public Private Permanent All Housing

Rental Housing Housing Types +

143 83 226

Population 2 931 33 2 973

Male Female Both Sexes 4 215 191 4 412

3 571 181 3 995

24 323 26 002 50 325 3 799 2 243 6 063

3 124 3 457 6 581 20 1 289 1 337

34 794 42 823 77 617 8 842 864

127 44 171 - 1 036 1 036

550 740 1 290 - 1 892 1 901

3 396 1 947 5 343 - 722 729

Total 66 314 75 013 141 327 - 201 201

- 152 152

- 255 255

- 237 237

- 159 258

14 687 9 516 24 639

1 500 7 500 2 080

9.7 21.4 13.4

Population Aged 5 and Over

7 249

5 522

8 430

2 247

12 526

88 292

10 940

Total 135 206

Proportion of population aged 5 and over 17.3

having internally migrated (%)

Email: [email protected]

Enquiries about this fact sheet can be directed to:

2011 Population Census Office, Census and Statistics Department

Hong Kong Special Administrative Region

Tel: (852) 2716 8025

Fax: (852) 2716 0231

Not internally migrated

Moved home within same area of residence

Remained in same address

Place of residence outside Hong Kong 5 years ago

Note: # It refers to persons whose area of current residence is different from the area of residence five years ago. In defining

internal migration, a change in the area of residence refers to a move (a) from a District Council District to another

District Council District; or (b) within a District Council District in the New Territories, from a new town to another new

town, or from a new town to other areas in the district or vice versa.

Area of Residence 5 Years Ago

Internally migrated #

Hong Kong Island

Kowloon

New towns

Other areas in the New Territories/Marine

Total

Median monthly domestic household rent (HK$)

Median rent to income ratio (%)

Note: + All housing types include public rental housing, subsidized home ownership housing, private permanent housing, non-domestic

housing and temporary housing.

6. Internal Migration Characteristics

20,000 - 24,999

25,000 - 29,999

30,000 - 39,999

≧ 40,000

None

Non-domestic housing 8,000 - 9,999

Temporary housing 10,000 - 14,999

Population in non-domestic households 15,000 - 19,999

Public rental housing 2,000 - 3,999

Subsidized home ownership housing 4,000 - 5,999

Private permanent housing 6,000 - 7,999

1 - 499

500 - 999

Type of Housing 1,000 - 1,499

Population in domestic households 1,500 - 1,999

Provided by employer

Total Domestic Households

Renting the Accommodation They Occupy

Proportion of domestic households

owning the quarters they occupy (%) Monthly Domestic Household Rent (HK$)

Co-tenant/Main tenant/Sub-tenant payment and loan repayment (HK$)

Others Median mortgage payment and loan

Rent free repayment to income ratio (%)

Owner-occupier By non-household members only

With mortgage or loan Total

Without mortgage and loan

Sole tenant Median monthly domestic household mortgage

Temporary housing 20,000 - 24,999

Total 25,000 - 29,999

30,000 - 39,999

Tenure of Accommodation ≧ 40,000

Subsidized home ownership housing 8,000 - 9,999

Private permanent housing 10,000 - 14,999

Non-domestic housing 15,000 - 19,999

1 - 1,999

2,000 - 3,999


Public rental housing 6,000 - 7,999

5. Housing Characteristics

Domestic Households with Mortgage or Loan

Monthly Domestic Household Mortgage

Payment and Loan Repayment (HK$)

T00e / 6.7.2012 P. 3 / 3



Chinese 4 979 5 604 10 583 0 - 4 207 188 395

Indonesian - 196 196 5 - 9 203 178 381

Others 84 69 153 10 - 14 257 242 499

Total 5 063 5 869 10 932 15 - 19 300 284 584

Proportion of population of Chinese ethnicity (%) 98.3 95.5 96.8 20 - 24 346 391 737

25 - 29 439 452 891

30 - 34 327 465 792

35 - 39 430 475 905

40 - 44 390 529 919

45 - 49 396 454 850

Population 50 - 54 384 426 810

Usual Language Male Female Both Sexes 55 - 59 317 368 685

Cantonese 4 701 5 392 10 093 60 - 64 248 310 558

Putonghua 1 35 36 65 - 69 216 101 317

Other Chinese dialects 73 60 133 70 - 74 118 185 303

English 41 109 150 75 - 79 201 281 482

Others - 4 4 80 - 84 127 213 340

Persons aged under 5 or mute 247 269 516 85 + 157 327 484

Total 5 063 5 869 10 932 Total 5 063 5 869 10 932

Population

Marital Status Male Female Both Sexes Age Group Male Female Both Sexes

Never married 1 535 1 417 2 952 0 - 14 13.2 10.4 11.7

Now married 2 623 2 926 5 549 15 - 24 12.8 11.5 12.1

Widowed 102 738 840 25 - 44 31.3 32.7 32.1

Divorced 86 180 266 45 - 64 26.6 26.5 26.6

Separated 50 - 50 65 + 16.2 18.9 17.6

Persons aged under 15 667 608 1 275 All age groups 100.0 100.0 100.0

Total 5 063 5 869 10 932 Median age 40.4 43.1 42.1

Proportion of population aged 15 and over 34.9 26.9 30.6

being never married (%)


Educational Attainment Age Age 15 In same district #

1 011

(Highest Level Attended) Under 15 and Over Total In another district

Primary and below Hong Kong Island 460

No schooling/Pre-primary 458 1 410 1 868 Kowloon 87

Primary 562 2 023 2 585 New towns 103

Secondary/Sixth Form Other areas in the New Territories 8

Lower Secondary 255 1 420 1 675 1 669

Upper Secondary/Sixth Form - 3 083 3 083 60.6

Post-secondary

Diploma/Certificate - 662 662

Sub-degree course - 351 351

Degree course - 708 708

Total 1 275 9 657 10 932

16.1

Population

Economic Activity Status Male Female Both Sexes Place of Work Male Female Both Sexes

Working Population 678 807 1 485

Employees 2 371 2 282 4 653

Employers 262 117 379 972 1 023 1 995

Self-employed 275 149 424 356 314 670

Unpaid family workers 19 94 113 287 65 352

Persons not in working population 12 - 12

Home-makers 7 741 748 529 121 650

Students 867 779 1 646 20 234 254

Retired persons 789 936 1 725 73 78 151

Others 473 771 1 244 2 927 2 642 5 569

Total 5 063 5 869 10 932 23.2 30.5 26.7

Labour force 3 098 2 753 5 851

Labour force participation rate (%) 70.5 52.3 60.6

Monthly Income from

Main Employment (HK$) Male Female Both Sexes

39 34 73

( 39) ( 34) ( 73)

48 326 374

( 48) ( 103) ( 151) Occupation Male Female Both Sexes

190 328 518 96 110 206

( 190) ( 316) ( 506) 108 110 218

348 364 712 579 277 856

( 348) ( 364) ( 712) 220 815 1 035

385 502 887 546 679 1 225

( 385) ( 502) ( 887) 678 22 700

1 210 465 1 675 199 27 226

( 1 210) ( 465) ( 1 675) 447 594 1 041

445 264 709 54 8 62

( 445) ( 264) ( 709)

97 78 175 Total 2 927 2 642 5 569

( 97) ( 78) ( 175)

88 84 172

( 88) ( 84) ( 172) Industry Male Female Both Sexes

19 63 82 Manufacturing 144 21 165

( 19) ( 63) ( 82) Construction 642 27 669

- 10 10 Import/export, wholesale and retail trades 470 754 1 224

(-) ( 10) ( 10) Transportation, storage, postal and courier services 357 75 432

39 30 69 Accommodation and food services 326 364 690

( 39) ( 30) ( 69) Information and communications 85 22 107

19 94 113 Financing and insurance 125 192 317

( 19) ( 94) ( 113) Real estate, professional and business services 363 415 778

Total 2 927 2 642 5 569 Public administration, education, human 223 402 625

( 2 927) ( 2 407) ( 5 334) health and social work activities

Median monthly income from main 11,000 8,000 10,000 Miscellaneous social and personal services 106 348 454

employment of working population (11,000) (9,000) (10,000) Others 86 22 108

excluding unpaid family workers (HK$) Total 2 927 2 642 5 569


40,000 - 59,999

≧ 60,000

Unpaid family workers

20,000 - 24,999

25,000 - 29,999 Working Population

30,000 - 39,999







Professionals




4,000 - 5,999 Managers and administrators

Proportion of working population


Note: # It refers to persons whose place of work and place of residence are both in the same new town or both in areas other than

new town areas of the District Council District to which this Constituency Area belongs. Persons who work at home are

excluded.

Working Population #

< 2,000

New towns

Other areas in the New Territories

No fixed places/Marine

Work at home

Places outside Hong Kong

Total


Working Population

In same district #

In another district

Hong Kong Island

Kowloon


Total

Proportion of persons attending full-time courses in educational institutions


Note: # It refers to persons whose place of study and place of residence are both in the same new town or both in areas other than

new town areas of the District Council District to which this Constituency Area belongs.



2011 Population Census - Fact Sheet for Islands District Council Cheung Chau North (T10)


Ethnicity Age Group

Proportion of Population (%)

T10e / 11.9.2012 P. 1 / 2

amberchau

Typewritten Text

Appendix 2 figure 3 Cheung Chau North

2011 Population Census - Fact Sheet for Islands District Council Cheung Chau North (T10)

Household Composition Domestic Households


Composed of couple 495

Composed of couple and unmarried children 1 418 Monthly Domestic Economically All Domestic

Composed of lone parent and unmarried children 283 Household Income (HK$) Active Households #

Households

Relative households 19 226

Composed of couple and at least one of their parents 52 24 229

Composed of couple, at least one of their parents and 81 34 226

their unmarried children 96 142

Composed of other relationship combinations 489 271 312

Other households 523 583

One-person households 773 543 546

Non-relative households 53 265 286

Total 3 644 242 290

353 361

Household Size Domestic Households 332 332

1 773 57 57

2 918 30 30

3 703 24 24

4 736 Total 2 813 3 644

5 362 Median monthly domestic 18,560 15,900

6 + 152 household income (HK$)

Total 3 644

Average domestic household size 2.9

Average Monthly Domestic Household

Number of Domestic Households

Quarters Domestic with Mortgage or Loan

Occupied Households 15

by Domestic Domestic per 1000 Units 71

Households Households of Quarters 181

Public rental housing 456 456 1 000 59

Subsidized home ownership housing - - - 10

Private permanent housing 3 110 3 110 1 000 -

Non-domestic housing 31 31 1 000 -

Temporary housing 47 47 1 000 -

Total 3 644 3 644 1 000 12

-

Domestic Households -

38

386 Total 386

1 808 4,800

1 222 18.9

-

Domestic Households

207 Monthly Domestic Renting the Accommodation

21 They Occupy

3 644 17

60.2 398

58

54

Population 477

Type of Housing Male Female Both Sexes 173

Population in domestic households 6


Subsidized home ownership housing - - - -


Non-domestic housing 31 - 31 25

Temporary housing 47 46 93 -

Population in non-domestic households 111 360 471 -

Total 5 063 5 869 10 932 -

None 18

Total 1 243

2,400

12.6

Area of Residence 5 Years Ago Population Aged 5 and Over


Hong Kong Island 145

Kowloon 161

New towns 99

Other areas in the New Territories/Marine 16


Moved home within same area of residence 1 204

Remained in same address 8 710

Place of residence outside Hong Kong 5 years ago 202

Total 10 537



Fax: (852) 2716 0231


Note: # It refers to persons whose area of current residence is different from the area of residence five years ago. In

defining internal migration, a change in the area of residence refers to a move (a) from a District Council District

to another District Council District; or (b) within a District Council District in the New Territories, from a new

town to another new town, or from a new town to other areas in the district or vice versa.




Tel: (852) 2716 8025

≧ 40,000




8,000 - 9,999

10,000 - 14,999

15,000 - 19,999

20,000 - 24,999

25,000 - 29,999

30,000 - 39,999

owning the quarters they occupy (%) 1,000 - 1,499

1,500 - 1,999

2,000 - 3,999

4,000 - 5,999

6,000 - 7,999

Rent free

Provided by employer Household Rent (HK$)

Total 1 - 499

Proportion of domestic households 500 - 999

Without mortgage and loan Median monthly domestic household mortgage payment and loan repayment (HK$)

Sole tenant Median mortgage payment and loan repayment to income ratio (%)

Co-tenant/Main tenant/Sub-tenant

Others

30,000 - 39,999



With mortgage or loan

6,000 - 7,999

8,000 - 9,999

10,000 - 14,999

15,000 - 19,999

20,000 - 24,999

25,000 - 29,999


Mortgage Payment and

Loan Repayment (HK$)

1 - 1,999

2,000 - 3,999


40,000 - 59,999

60,000 - 79,999

80,000 - 99,999

≧ 100,000

Note: # Economically active household refers to a domestic household with at least one member (excluding foreign domestic

helpers) being economically active.

8,000 - 9,999

10,000 - 14,999

15,000 - 19,999

20,000 - 24,999

25,000 - 29,999

30,000 - 39,999


< 2,000

2,000 - 3,999

4,000 - 5,999

6,000 - 7,999

T10e / 11.9.2012 P. 2 / 2



Chinese 5 391 5 939 11 330 0 - 4 231 256 487

Indonesian - 219 219 5 - 9 251 218 469

Japanese 24 78 102 10 - 14 299 270 569

Filipino - 76 76 15 - 19 340 382 722

White 18 54 72 20 - 24 366 395 761

Others - 9 9 25 - 29 417 521 938

Total 5 433 6 375 11 808 30 - 34 379 543 922

Proportion of population of Chinese ethnicity (%) 99.2 93.2 96.0 35 - 39 472 565 1 037

40 - 44 403 572 975

45 - 49 480 611 1 091

Population 50 - 54 478 512 990

Usual Language Male Female Both Sexes 55 - 59 355 407 762

Cantonese 5 120 5 807 10 927 60 - 64 283 308 591

Putonghua - - - 65 - 69 125 137 262

Other Chinese dialects 39 116 155 70 - 74 173 171 344

English 18 165 183 75 - 79 192 193 385

Others 24 28 52 80 - 84 112 167 279

Persons aged under 5 or mute 232 259 491 85 + 77 147 224

Total 5 433 6 375 11 808 Total 5 433 6 375 11 808

Population

Marital Status Male Female Both Sexes Age Group Male Female Both Sexes

Never married 1 522 1 918 3 440 0 - 14 14.4 11.7 12.9

Now married 2 920 2 947 5 867 15 - 24 13.0 12.2 12.6

Widowed 109 528 637 25 - 44 30.8 34.5 32.8

Divorced 101 237 338 45 - 64 29.4 28.8 29.1

Separated - 1 1 65 + 12.5 12.8 12.7

Persons aged under 15 781 744 1 525 All age groups 100.0 100.0 100.0

Total 5 433 6 375 11 808 Median age 39.6 40.4 40.0

Proportion of population aged 15 and over 32.7 34.1 33.5

being never married (%)


Educational Attainment Age Age 15 In same district #

1 370

(Highest Level Attended) Under 15 and Over Total In another district

Primary and below Hong Kong Island 368

No schooling/Pre-primary 641 1 354 1 995 Kowloon 71

Primary 618 1 616 2 234 New towns 114

Secondary/Sixth Form Other areas in the New Territories -

Lower Secondary 253 2 247 2 500 1 923

Upper Secondary/Sixth Form 13 3 315 3 328 71.2

Post-secondary

Diploma/Certificate - 352 352

Sub-degree course - 326 326

Degree course - 1 073 1 073

Total 1 525 10 283 11 808

16.2

Population

Economic Activity Status Male Female Both Sexes Place of Work Male Female Both Sexes

Working Population 776 1 061 1 837

Employees 2 717 2 864 5 581

Employers 221 35 256 1 223 1 216 2 439

Self-employed 274 127 401 450 287 737

Unpaid family workers 16 132 148 172 150 322

Persons not in working population 11 37 48

Home-makers 7 1 014 1 021 559 112 671

Students 1 001 816 1 817 6 295 301

Retired persons 758 851 1 609 31 - 31

Others 439 536 975 3 228 3 158 6 386

Total 5 433 6 375 11 808 24.0 33.6 28.8

Labour force 3 350 3 242 6 592

Labour force participation rate (%) 72.0 57.6 64.1

Monthly Income from

Main Employment (HK$) Male Female Both Sexes

82 76 158

( 82) ( 76) ( 158)

113 428 541

( 113) ( 199) ( 312) Occupation Male Female Both Sexes

47 383 430 209 241 450

( 47) ( 317) ( 364) 135 84 219

365 478 843 525 260 785

( 365) ( 478) ( 843) 145 688 833

542 535 1 077 589 1 167 1 756

( 542) ( 535) ( 1 077) 789 - 789

1 079 513 1 592 230 19 249

( 1 079) ( 513) ( 1 592) 569 699 1 268

459 147 606 37 - 37

( 459) ( 147) ( 606)

185 197 382 Total 3 228 3 158 6 386

( 185) ( 197) ( 382)

49 87 136

( 49) ( 87) ( 136) Industry Male Female Both Sexes

136 99 235 Manufacturing 18 20 38

( 136) ( 99) ( 235) Construction 798 28 826

144 38 182 Import/export, wholesale and retail trades 469 806 1 275

( 144) ( 38) ( 182) Transportation, storage, postal and courier services 346 81 427

11 45 56 Accommodation and food services 389 438 827

( 11) ( 45) ( 56) Information and communications 223 28 251

16 132 148 Financing and insurance 121 213 334

( 16) ( 132) ( 148) Real estate, professional and business services 364 647 1 011

Total 3 228 3 158 6 386 Public administration, education, human 301 443 744

( 3 228) ( 2 863) ( 6 091) health and social work activities

Median monthly income from main 11,000 8,000 10,000 Miscellaneous social and personal services 125 454 579

employment of working population (11,000) (8,500) (10,000) Others 74 - 74

excluding unpaid family workers (HK$) Total 3 228 3 158 6 386


40,000 - 59,999

≧ 60,000

Unpaid family workers

20,000 - 24,999


30,000 - 39,999







Professionals




4,000 - 5,999 Managers and administrators

Proportion of working population


Note: # It refers to persons whose place of work and place of residence are both in the same new town or both in areas other than

new town areas of the District Council District to which this Constituency Area belongs. Persons who work at home are

excluded.

Working Population #

< 2,000

New towns

Other areas in the New Territories

No fixed places/Marine

Work at home

Places outside Hong Kong

Total


Working Population

In same district #

In another district

Hong Kong Island

Kowloon


Total

Proportion of persons attending full-time courses in educational institutions


Note: # It refers to persons whose place of study and place of residence are both in the same new town or both in areas other than

new town areas of the District Council District to which this Constituency Area belongs.



2011 Population Census - Fact Sheet for Islands District Council Cheung Chau South (T09)


Ethnicity Age Group

Proportion of Population (%)

T09e / 11.9.2012 P. 1 / 2

amberchau

Typewritten Text

Appendix 2 figure 3 Cheung Chau South

2011 Population Census - Fact Sheet for Islands District Council Cheung Chau South (T09)

Household Composition Domestic Households


Composed of couple 613

Composed of couple and unmarried children 1 526 Monthly Domestic Economically All Domestic

Composed of lone parent and unmarried children 469 Household Income (HK$) Active Households #

Households

Relative households 90 238

Composed of couple and at least one of their parents 53 32 259

Composed of couple, at least one of their parents and 64 62 169

their unmarried children 118 257

Composed of other relationship combinations 435 204 269

Other households 605 641

One-person households 946 722 732

Non-relative households 77 326 355

Total 4 183 316 316

298 298

Household Size Domestic Households 452 463

1 946 138 138

2 986 34 34

3 869 14 14

4 883 Total 3 411 4 183

5 364 Median monthly domestic 19,500 16,250

6 + 135 household income (HK$)

Total 4 183

Average domestic household size 2.8

Average Monthly Domestic Household

Number of Domestic Households

Quarters Domestic with Mortgage or Loan

Occupied Households -

by Domestic Domestic per 1000 Units 147

Households Households of Quarters 93


Subsidized home ownership housing - - - 37


Non-domestic housing - - - -

Temporary housing 42 42 1 000 -

Total 4 178 4 183 1 001 -

-

Domestic Households -

98

445 Total 445

2 371 4,770

1 010 16.6

2

Domestic Households

333 Monthly Domestic Renting the Accommodation

22 They Occupy

4 183 -

67.3 130

306

49

Population 441

Type of Housing Male Female Both Sexes 71

Population in domestic households 15

Public rental housing 780 700 1 480 -

Subsidized home ownership housing - - - -


Non-domestic housing - - - -

Temporary housing 49 36 85 -

Population in non-domestic households 24 52 76 -

Total 5 433 6 375 11 808 -

None 22

Total 1 034

2,000

10.8

Area of Residence 5 Years Ago Population Aged 5 and Over


Hong Kong Island 249

Kowloon 55

New towns 269

Other areas in the New Territories/Marine -


Moved home within same area of residence 1 116

Remained in same address 9 275

Place of residence outside Hong Kong 5 years ago 357

Total 11 321



Fax: (852) 2716 0231


Note: # It refers to persons whose area of current residence is different from the area of residence five years ago. In

defining internal migration, a change in the area of residence refers to a move (a) from a District Council District

to another District Council District; or (b) within a District Council District in the New Territories, from a new

town to another new town, or from a new town to other areas in the district or vice versa.




Tel: (852) 2716 8025

≧ 40,000




8,000 - 9,999

10,000 - 14,999

15,000 - 19,999

20,000 - 24,999

25,000 - 29,999

30,000 - 39,999

owning the quarters they occupy (%) 1,000 - 1,499

1,500 - 1,999

2,000 - 3,999

4,000 - 5,999

6,000 - 7,999

Rent free

Provided by employer Household Rent (HK$)

Total 1 - 499

Proportion of domestic households 500 - 999

Without mortgage and loan Median monthly domestic household mortgage payment and loan repayment (HK$)

Sole tenant Median mortgage payment and loan repayment to income ratio (%)

Co-tenant/Main tenant/Sub-tenant

Others

30,000 - 39,999



With mortgage or loan

6,000 - 7,999

8,000 - 9,999

10,000 - 14,999

15,000 - 19,999

20,000 - 24,999

25,000 - 29,999


Mortgage Payment and

Loan Repayment (HK$)

1 - 1,999

2,000 - 3,999


40,000 - 59,999

60,000 - 79,999

80,000 - 99,999

≧ 100,000

Note: # Economically active household refers to a domestic household with at least one member (excluding foreign domestic

helpers) being economically active.

8,000 - 9,999

10,000 - 14,999

15,000 - 19,999

20,000 - 24,999

25,000 - 29,999

30,000 - 39,999


< 2,000

2,000 - 3,999

4,000 - 5,999

6,000 - 7,999

T09e / 11.9.2012 P. 2 / 2

kong yee, corria

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