k.m. corker, ph.d.industrial & systems engineering lecture 4 conceptual system design &...
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K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
Lecture 4 Conceptual System Design & Introduction to
Functional Allocation ISE 222 Spring 2005
Notes & Course Materials www.engr.sjsu.edu/kcorker
[email protected] Corker
San Jose State University
2/10/05
K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
Agenda
• Review System ID Scope and Bound Process
• Complete the IDEF and action based costing
• Preliminary Design Review Process• Introduction to Human Factors • Review Homework (with individuals and
teams)
K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
Identification of Need
• Gap • New Techniques• New System Requirements added • System Requirements Change Priority • Political Views Shift • …
• Involve the customer– unless the customer has changed as well
K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
System Definition Matrix:National Identity Confirmation Process
Needs Objt Criteria Params Var Constrnt
Scope Bound
K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
National Identity Confirmation ProcessNeeds
• Ability to determine the identity of individuals in this country– quickly – at any place or time – to assure accuracy of identity information – to assure privacy and security of individual’s
identity
K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
National Identity Confirmation ProcessObjectives
• To institute a national identification process– Portable and reliable
• To provide appropriate authorities with information:
• Name• Address• Visa/citizenship status• Criminal Information • Health Information • Contact and NOK (next of
kin) Information • Tracking??? • …
• Able to be carried on or in person– whgt,< 4 oz– Volume < 2 cubic centimeters
• Able to be accessed by pedestrian, automotive, or desk based systems
• Able to link to national information sources– Wireless access range– Access queue management– Bandwidth
Criteria
Paramete
rs
K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
To provide appropriate authorities with information:
Objectives• Easy access
– Time to access– Encumbrance fro access– Voluntary or not access process– Validation of data…
K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
National Identity Confirmation ProcessObjectives
• To secure ID from tampering or duplication
• To secure ID from un authorized access
• To keep all information current
• Sealed no remote access
• Access limited • Update Rate
compatible with National Standards– Update per week??
Criteria
K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
Alternatives
• A1: Hand carried ID with federal specification and on board storage
• A2: Bio-referenced ID for identity with link to data store for other information
• A3: Implanted RF-ID with data on board and with link to data store for other information
K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
DIRECTIO N O F IM PRO VEM ENT
PLAN NIN G M ATRIXTEC HNICALREQ U IREM EN TS
CU STO M ERREQ U IREM EN TS
TEC HNICAL PR IO RITIES
PER C ENTAG E O F TO TAL
DESIG N TARG ETS
O ur P roduct
Com petitor A 's P roduct
Com petitor B 's P roduct
Key to roof / corre lationm atrix sym bols+ Positive / Supporting- Negative / Tradeoff
S trong in terre lationship
M edium interre ltionship
W eak interre lationship
Key to in terre lationship m atrix sym bols
Tota l (100% )
Lightweight
Sec
ure
Accessible for mods
All
Env
iron
acc
ess
K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
Authorities
Public
Privacy
Security
Accuracy
Convenience
Access Ease
Info Density
Info currency
Wir
eles
s D
ata
Bas
e
Ful
l Cro
ss I
ndex
Asy
nchr
onou
s &
C
onst
ant U
pdat
e
Impl
ante
d
Han
d H
eld
Bio
-ID
Priority
1
1
2
3
112
1
3
K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
Functional Analysis and Allocation
K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
Action Reference Framework
• To (do something) to (something) somehow
• Action , object, modifier – Used to describe a process
Functional Decomposition is to develop a description of what the system must do – not necessarily tied to how the system must do it.
K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
Functional Flow Block Diagram
Action/Task
Action/Task
Action/Task
Action/Task
Action/Task
Boolean Operator
Action/Task
K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
Hierarchic Structure for Decomposition
• Sub Functions operate on input/output consistent with the higher levels of the hierarchy
• Models the flow of data or objects in a system
K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
ICOM
Activity
Mechanism
Inputs
Control
Outputs
K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
Method of Analysis
• Shows roles of information and materials with respect to activity
• Each ICOM represents an activity or business step that can be broken down
• Inputs: information/material used to produce activity output
• Controls: Constraints on an activity• Mechanisms: That perform processing or provide
energy to the activity (people or machines as mechanisms)
• Output: The product of the activity
K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
Context Diagram
Activity
Mechanism
Inputs
Control
Outputs
A0 : Purpose : Viewpoint
K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
Sight & Designate
Target
Select & Prepare
Ordinance
Deliver
Ordinance
Access
Damage
Expected Result
Target OOB Procedures Procedures
Captain Gunner Gunner Captain Automation Automation
orders
Ordinance Inventory
Guidance Equip
K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
Steps in Functional Decomposition
1. Develop Context Diagram of Full System2. Decompose System to Sub-elements (ICOMS for all) 3. Define Business Rule/Model
• AS-Is the descriptive scenario• To-Be the future business or process model
4. Cost Analysis1. Analysis of activities, 2. Gather costs, 3. Trace costs to activities, 4. Establish output measures, 5. Analyze costs
K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
Provision Aircraft Primary Secondary Input costs Output Measures
Propulsion Jet Fuel ® Fueltrck ops ® (150,000) (10,000)
Passenger-revenue miles (80*800)/1000
Fire control (1,000)
Life support Oxy, meds, safety equip ®
Flight attend training ® (10,000)(2,000)
Certification freq
Inspection ® (1,000) Certification freq
Safety Instructions ® Production/distribution ® (500) Certification freq
Lights, belts , etc (®
Installation/maintenance ® (500) Certification freq
Quality of trip Food (d) Preparation ® (5,000) Meals produced/ meals consumed
Storage ® (5,000)
Heating/Cooling Galley® (5,000)
Distribution ® (2,000)
Blankets/pillows (d)
(100) Passenger requests
In-flight entertainment (d)
(250) Hours of use
K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
Cost %
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Prop Life Support Safety Quality
Cost %
K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
cumm percentage
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
Prop Life Support Safety Quality
Series1
K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
Steps/Perspectives for System EngineeringAnalysis
• System Analysis – Identification of the impacts and consequences
of alternative approaches to system solution– Identification of the quality, market, reliability,
cost, effectiveness, benefits, longevity, aesthetics… of alternative system solutions
• Iterative Refinement of Alternatives– Sensitivity Analysis and Parameter
Identification
K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
Supportability
• Inherent Characteristics of system design & installation that enable efficient maintenance and support of the system
• Prime Elements:– Design Reliability Quality and Maintenance
• Maintenance Infrastructure– Maintenance – Training– Supply chain support – Equipment – Packaging – Faculties– Technical Data
K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
Preliminary Design Review (due 2/17)
• Identify design & alternatives (at least 2) – for functional capability – support reliability – allow for maintainability– Usability & safety – Support for service
K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
Human Factors Introduction
K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
Systems Engineering Approach to HCI
FeaturesAutomation
Organization Roles & ResponsibilitiesTrainingCommunication Capabilities
Tasks Allocation Feedback
Temp NoiseIllumination
Modulating Variables
Perception Cognition Response
TimeInfo
Controls
Effectors
Displays
Performance Requirements Performance Limitations
Performance Capabilities
Performance Affordances
Environment Operator Machine/System
K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
Motor Behavior Theory for Guidance in Design and Selection of Input Devices
• Purpose to match a physical output on the part of a user to a signal that is recognizable by a system.
• Bandwidth: range of expression • Dynamics: speed of response• Dimensionality: physical and temporal relations that the input
device can support • Affordance: appropriate and expected response: in use and in
feedback – E.g. button click or highlight changes in isotonic devices
• Discrete entry devices and Continuous entry devices• Physical limits:
• Ergonomic consideration • Environmental impacts: vibration, clothing restrictions, noise and
etc. • Physical Measurement, information theory and neuromotor accuracy
K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
Human Performance Models
• What are they? • Expressions of relationships that either describe
(descriptive) or predict (normative) human behavior across a range of environments or contexts
• Specifics: • Perceptual Models, Information Processing
Models, Motor Behavior Models, Decision Models, Framework Models, Unified Models….
K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
Percept: 100 msec
Working Memory
200 ms 1500
7-17 letters 5 letters
LTM
70 ms
Motor Response
70 msec
Cognate
70 msec /cycle
K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
INFORMATION MEASUREMENT
• Information : property of messages and data or other evidence that reduces one’s uncertainty about the true state of the world.
• Let x represent a hypothesis about the state of the world
• Let y represent the observation that has a relation to x• I(x:y) is the relation of the observation to the state of the world
• I(x:y) should be a function of the prior probability of x before y is observed and the posterior probability of x after y was observed: F[ p(x), p(x|y)]
= log2 P(x|y)/p(x)
K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
Information Qualification
Input
Loss
Noise
Output
K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
Information Qualification
Input
Loss
Noise
Output
H(x)
H
T(x,y) H(y)
What Effect does redundancy have on total information transmission?
C (bits/sec) = bandwidth log2 (signal/noise+1)
K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
H(x) H(x|y)
H(y|x)
H(y)
H(x) = pi log2 pi
For equi-probable events
H(x) = p(xi)[ log2(1/p(xi))]
For differently probable events
K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Bits 1 2 2.58 3
Reaction Time
RT = a + b H(x)
where H(x) = log2(n)
.2 sec
.4 sec
.6 sec
.8 sec
Hick’s Law
K.M. Corker, Ph.D. Industrial & Systems Engineering
Fitts LawMovement Time = a+b(Id)
Id = log2 [2*amplitude/(tolerance)]
Id 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Movement
time
.2
.4
.6
.8