1

KLAIPĖDA UNIVERSITY

Gvidas Slah

IDENTIFICATION OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

OF ECONOMY IN THE EARLY HOLOCENE PERIOD

GROUNDING ON THE EXPERIMENTAL-TRASOLOGICAL

INVESTIGATION OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIALS

OF THE EAST BALTIC REGION

Doctoral Dissertation

Humanities, History (05 H)

Klaipėda, 2018

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This doctoral dissertation was prepared during the period 2013-2017 at Klaipėda

University, under the doctoral program right conferred to Vytautas Magnus University,

Klaipėda University on 2011-06-21 by the Order No.V-1124 and 2017-07-17 Order

No. V-1124 of the Minister of Education and Science of the Republic of Lithuania.

Scientific Supervisor:

prof. habil. dr. Algirdas Girininkas (Klaipėda University, Humanities,

History – 05 H)

Dissertation will be defended at the Committee of History of Vytautas Magnus

University and Klaipėda University.

Chairman

prof. dr. Adomas Butrimas (Vilnius Academy of Arts, Humanities,

History – 05 H)

Members:

dr. Natalia Nikolaevna Skakun (Institute of History of Material Culture

Russian Academy of Sciences, Humanities, History – 05 H)

assoc. prof. dr. Aleksiejus Luchtanas (Vilnius University, Humanities,

History – 05 H)

dr. Małgorzata Winiarska-Kabacińska (Department of Non-European

Archaeology in Poznań Archaeological Museum, Humanities, History – 05 H)

prof. dr. Albertas Bitinas (Klaipėda University, Physical Sciences,

Geology – 05 P)

The doctoral thesis will be defended in public meeting at the Committee of

History Sciences at 13 p.m. March 16, 2018 in the Klaipėda University Aula

Magna (Conference Hall).

Address: Herkaus Manto str. 84, LT-92294 Klaipėda, Lithuania.

The summary of doctoral dissertation was sent out on February 15, 2018.

The dissertation is available for review in the libraries of the Klaipėda

University and the Vytautas Magnus University.

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KLAIPĖDOS UNIVERSITETAS

Gvidas Slah

ANKSTYVOJO HOLOCENO TECHNOLOGINĖS ŪKIO

RAIDOS PAGAL RYTŲ PABALTIJO ARCHEOLOGINĖS

MEDŽIAGOS EKSPERIMENTINIUS-TRASOLOGINIUS

TYRIMUS NUSTATYMAS

Mokslų daktaro disertacijos santrauka

Humanitarinių mokslų sritis, istorijos mokslo kryptis (05 H)

Klaipėda, 2018

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Mokslo daktaro disertacija rengta 2013-2017 metais Klaipėdos universitete pagal

suteiktą Vytauto Didžiojo universitetui su Klaipėdos universitetu LR Švietimo ir mokslo

ministro 2011 m. birželio 21 d. įsakymu Nr. V-1124 ir 2017 m. liepos 17 d. įsakymu

Nr. V-574 doktorantūros teisę.

Mokslinis vadovas:

prof. habil. dr. Algirdas Girininkas (Klaipėdos universitetas, humanitariniai

mokslai, istorija, 05 H)

Mokslo daktaro disertacija ginama Vytauto Didžiojo universiteto su Klaipėdos

universitetu, Istorijos mokslo krypties taryboje:

Pirmininkas:

prof. dr. Adomas Butrimas (Vilniaus dailės akademija, humanitariniai mokslai,

istorija, 05 H)

Nariai:

dr. Natalija Skakun (Rusijos mokslų akademijos Materialinės kultūros istorijos

institutas, humanitariniai mokslai, istorija, 05 H)

doc. dr. Aleksiejus Luchtanas (Vilniaus universitetas, humanitariniai mokslai,

istorija, 05 H)

dr. Małgorzata Winiarska-Kabacińska (Poznanės archeologijos muziejus,

humanitariniai mokslai, istorija, 05 H)

prof. dr. Albertas Bitinas (Klaipėdos universitetas, fiziniai mokslai, geologija, 05 P)

Daktaro disertacija bus ginama viešame Istorijos mokslo krypties tarybos posėdyje

2018 m. kovo 16 d. 13 val., Klaipėdos universiteto Aula Magna konferencijų salėje.

Adresas: Herkaus Manto g. 84, LT-92294, Klaipėda, Lietuva.

Daktaro disertacijos santrauka išsiųsta 2018 m. vasario 15 d.

Disertaciją galima peržiūrėti Klaipėdos universiteto ir Vytauto Didžiojo universiteto

bibliotekose.

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Introduction

Investigation of archaeological materials is hardly imaginable without

employment of new technologies, application of various methods of

physical and natural sciences. In order to reveal the characteristics of

people’s lifestyles back in prehistoric and historic times as detailed as

possible, representatives of archaeology science collaborate with

geologists, geographers, biologists, chemists, mathematicians, physicists

etc. The trasology method, a method for investigation of the functional

purpose of prehistoric artefacts, has been started to be used in examination

of archaeological materials in greater detail in Lithuania and the East

Baltic region only in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries.

Trasology (also, use-wear) is a method that allows detailed examination

of the function of an archaeological tool intended for work in great detail.

For this purpose, microscopes of various capacities are used; they can

magnify the image of an object under examination and enable more

detailed observation of the traces remaining on the surface of an artefact

left by work activities. Even more detailed functional analysis of an

artefact can be carried out by using the experimental-trasological method.

The essence of this principle is based on production of experimental

artefacts and their practical application; later, being facilitated by a

microscope, comparison of utilisation (work) traces of both experimental

and authentic archaeological tools is carried out.

The trasological method is usually opposed by the typological

method which is the basis for attributing artefacts to one group

according to certain external features1. On the ground of the typological

method, there are frequent attempts to estimate the function of an

artefact, too. However, it is often wrong because the artefact was being

used to perform various works, sometimes unrelated to the ascribed

typology. Without examination of the purpose of an artefact by the

trasological method, the typology presented by archaeologists is usually

inaccurate. Therefore, only employment of the trasology method enables

accurate evaluation or substantial rejection of the already formed

typological scheme of artefacts and still being used by archaeologists

until now. The typological scheme still being currently used does not

1 Bokelmann, K. 1999. Zum beginn des Spätmesolithikums in Südskandinavien

geweihaxt, dreieck und trapez, 6100 cal BC. Offa, 56, S. 183–197.

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reflect the purpose, or function, of use of an actual artefact. Therefore,

the function of artefacts is often wrongly identified, and this leads to

misrepresentation of the features of development of the economy.

Microblades set in a sickle can be an example of this: whether they

facilitated mowing of grass, cat’s tails or cultured crops? The

typological method used in archaeology until now cannot answer the

question. Usually, archaeologists attribute such microliths to the

appropriated or production economy, grounding on the overall complex

of artefacts. If it is among Mesolithic artefacts, it is attributed to the

appropriated economy, and if it is among Neolithic artefacts, then it is

of the production economy. However, having assessed the artefacts from

the trasological point of view, this division is usually inaccurate and,

thus, distorts the features of the economy. Nevertheless, it is highly

important to estimate whether such tools were used for mowing grass or

cultured crops. Such typological characteristics of artefacts are faced

also when investigating development of the economy in the early

Holocene not only on the territory of Lithuania2.

The latter method is especially useful for investigation of

archaeological inventory taken from the objects where no materials of

organic origin have been found. Perhaps, Stone Age sandy type

settlements in Southern Lithuania could be treated as best example in

Lithuanian archaeology; in these settlements, archaeological materials

are mechanically mixed, and only flint and ceramics artefacts are mostly

found. Without finding artefacts made of bone, antler or wood, it is quite

difficult to dispose the data on the model of economy that was being

promoted in single settlements. Trasological investigation of flint

artefacts provides an opportunity to examine the development of the

economy, use of artefacts, dominating production technologies

thousands of years ago in greater detail.

Chronological frame of the research. The current study uses the

data of experimental-trasological investigations taken from the Early

Holocene: Upper (Final) Paleolithic – Late Mesolithic and Early

Neolithic period monuments examined on the territories of Lithuania,

2Anderson-Gerfaud, P. C. 1988. Using Prehistoric Stone Tools to Harvest

Cultivated Wild Cereals: Preliminary Observations of Traces and Impact.

Industries lithiques traceologie et technologie. BAR, 411, vol.1, p. 175- 196.

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Latvia, Belarus, Russia (Annex, Fig. 1). This is a period encompassing

the periods of the Holocene epoch: Preboreal, Boreal and Atlantic

(9600–4400/4200 BC).

Partly, the discussed period of technological development of

economy stands between two climatic periods: Dryas III and Sub-

Atlantic I. In the material culture development approach, this period is

between the micro-lithic technology and occurrence of ceramic

artefacts; in the economic approach, it is between the most developed

appropriated economy of the forest zone and the beginning of

production farming; in the social development approach, it is between

nomad communities of hunters, fishermen and food gatherers and the

beginning of formation of communities of settled stockbreeders and

agriculturalists. In this period, a man as a biological creature adjusted to

living in a changed natural environment: from declining tundra and

forest-tundra vegetation to prevailing broad-leaved forests3.

Over the period under discussion, communities had quite hard times

to survive on the appropriated farming economy. This forced the

communities residing in the East Baltic region to be creative, produce

rational and efficient work tools and armaments. Technological skills of

production of work tools that have been formed back in the Preboreal

period, when the territory of the East Baltic region was covered with

3 Stančikaitė, M. 2000. Gamtiniai ir žmogaus veiklos sąlygoti aplinkos pokyčiai

Lietuvos teritorijoje vėlyvajame ledynmetyje ir holocene : daktaro disertacijos

santrauka : fiziniai mokslai, geologija (05 P), Vilnius: Vilniaus universitetas;

Stančikaitė, M., 2004. Gamtinės aplinkos kaitos ypatumai vėlyvojo

ledynmečio ir holoceno laikotarpiu. LA, t. 26, Vilnius, 135–148. Stančikaitė,

M., 2006. Late Glacial Environmental History in Lithuania. AB, Klaipėda, t. 7.

p. 199–20; Stančikaitė, M., Kabailienė, M., Ostrauskas, T., Guobytė, R. 2002.

Environment and Man around Lakes Duba and Pelesa, SE Lithuania, during the

Late Glacial and Holocene. Geological Quarterly, t. 46/4, p. 391–409;

Stančikaitė, M., Baltrūnas, V., Šinkūnas, P., Kisielienė, D., Ostrauskas, T.

2006. Human response to the Holocene environmental changes in the Biržulis

Lake region, NW Lithuania, Quaternary International, vol. 150, p. 113–129;

Stančikaitė, M., Šeirienė, V., Kisielienė, D., Martma, T., Gryguc, G., Zinkutė,

R., Mažeika, J., Šinkūnas, P. 2015 Late Glacial and Early Holocene

Environmental Dynamics in Northern Lithuania: A Multi-Proxy Record from

Ginkūnai Lake. Quaternary International. 357: 44–57 etc.

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forests, remained until the late Atlantic4. Later, in the Middle Neolithic

period, when the production farming mode started forming, areas of

fields allocated for stockbreeding and agriculture increased, the

technology of production of flint tools and armament as well as their

form were changing5. The study will be limited within investigation of

the changes in the economy technology related to development of the

appropriated economy throughout the Early Holocene period because

the material of this particular period has not been examined in detail so

far. However, in order to compare the technologies of production of flint

artefacts and the characteristics of the use of these artefacts in the Early

Holocene period with the later, Neolithic period, technologies of

production of artefacts and their use, the research will employ the

material from Šarnelė, Daktariškė 5th settlements (Telšiai District) of the

later period and the flint material of settlements (Latvia, Belarus and

Russia) in the earlier period – the Late Pleistocene.

Research methods. The research employed the following major

methods: technological, experimental, trasological, comparison,

analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction. The study describes

experimental and trasological investigations involving the mentioned

methods carried out in the laboratory for examination of archaeological

materials in the Institute of Baltic Region History and Archaeology at

Klaipėda University. The Annexes present the drawings and

photographs of flint artefacts; the photographs have been taken using a

microscope OLYMPUS SZX16. This device facilitated the estimation

of the trasological examination of the artefacts and their functional

characteristics. Trasological examination of the artefacts and their

functional characteristics were carried out and estimated by using the

comparable collection of flint artefacts mostly made by the author of the

current study himself in an experimental way in the laboratory of

examination of archaeological materials at the Institute of Baltic Region

History and Archaeology. The current research employed single

4 Римантене, Р. К. 1971. Палеолит и мезолит Литвы, Вильнюс: Mинтиc. 5 Rimantienė, R. 1996. Akmens amžius Lietuvoje (antrasis papildytas leidimas),

Vilnius: Žiburio leidykla, p. 116-208; Girininkas, A. 2009. Lietuvos

archeologija, t.1. Akmens amžius. Vilnius: Versus Aureus, p. 73-164;

Girininkas, A., Daugnora, L. Ūkis ir visuomenė Lietuvos priešistorėje, t. 1,

Klaipėda: Klaipėdos universiteto leidykla, p. 56-113.

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elements of experimental and trasological methodology taken from the

experience of work with flint artefacts accumulated in S. A. Semenov’s

works and present-day St Petersburg Institute for the History of Material

Culture, laboratories of Poznan Archaeological Museum, by other West

European scientists6. Moreover, the experiments were carried out with

fish, naturally dead and hunted animals by disembowelling, gutting

them, extracting tendons etc., also when expanding practical knowledge

on the technologies of slaughtering, use of flint tools to form carcasses

after hunting in the Early Holocene period.

Research object. Legacy of Lithuanian archaeology comprises

archaeological monuments, collections of archaeological finds stocked

in museums, museum expositions and archive materials of

archaeological scientific research. The research focuses on the research

object comprising the finds of all types of flint artefacts of the Early

Holocene – Mesolithic and Early Neolithic – period found in

archaeological monuments of Lithuania, North-West Poland, Latvia.

These are raw materials, artefacts of flint, residues of production which

are highly important in reconstructing the technology of production of

the artefacts. Entire materials stocked in museum funds have been

6 Семенов, С. А. 1957. Первобытная техника (опыт изучения древнейших

орудий и изделий по следам работы). Материалы и исследования по

археологии СССР, №. 54. Москва, Ленинград: Академия наук СССР;

Winiarska-Kabacińska M., 2010 Analiza funkcjonalna materiałów

krzemiennych ze stanowiska 2 w Cichmianie (AUT 441), in: KABACIŃSKI,

J., SOBKOWIAK-TABAKA I. (eds.), Późny paleolit i mezolit basenu

środkowej Warty, Poznań ,2009, s. 379-453; Winiarska-Kabacińska M., 2005.

Analiza funkcjonalna wytworów wybranych do studiów nad dystrybucją

surowców krzemiennych u schyłku paleolitu i w mezolicie.

In: Z. Sulgostowska, Kontakty społeczności późnopaleolitycznych i

mezolitycznych między Odrą, Dżwiną i Górnym Dniestrem, Warszawa, s. 271-

292. Скакун Н. Н., 2006. Oрудия труда и хозяйство

древнеземледельческих племен юго-восточной Eвропы в эпоху энеолита

(по материалам культуры Bарна), Санкт-Петербург: Издательство

«Нестор-История»; Rots, V. 2010. Prehension and Hafting Traces on Flint

Tools. A Methodology. Leuven: Leuven University press; Wadley, L.,

Lombard, M. 2007. Small Things in Perspective: The Contribution of Our

Blind Tests to Micro-Residue Studies on Archaeological Stone

Tools. Journal of Archaeological Science, 34, p. 1001–1010.

10

examined in a complex way. Information recorded in archaeological

research reports and scientific publications should also be attributed to

the research object.

Research problem. The key problem in the current research study is

to find out the technological development of flint artefacts in the East

Baltic region in the Early Holocene period as well as their change in the

work process of the population over the discussed period. Solution the

problem and carrying out the investigation were facilitated by acquired

new technologies enabling effective and detailed examination of major

flint materials of the Early Holocene period collected by archaeologists

until now.

Novelty of the work comprises employment of the experimental-

trasological method in examination of flint artefacts of the Early

Holocene. By applying the above-mentioned method, the study aimed

at identification of the technology of production of flint artefacts and

their function in the Early Holocene period. Until now, not a single

research study on investigation of the Stone Age in Lithuanian

archaeology dealing with the technology and trasology of production of

artefacts dating back to separate archaeological periods or attributed to

one typological group of artefacts was presented. The current study will

present the data of the mentioned research on major flint artefacts dating

back to the Early Holocene period: knives, perforators, awls, scrapers,

axes and burins. By applying the experimental-trasological method, it is

possible to find out and reveal the lifestyle, economy of prehistoric

population, to assess technological innovations in greater detail.

Research aim. The aim of the current research is to identify the

technological development of the Early Holocene period by analysing

major artefacts of that period applying the experimental-trasological

method.

Research objectives. To achieve the aim, several objectives have

been raised; they define the following stages of work’s experimental-

trasological investigation:

1. To identify and reconstruct the technology of production of major

flint artefacts aiming to make experimental artefacts.

2. According to the work tools used back in the Early Holocene

period and estimated technology, to prepare the replicas of work tools

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intended for flint knapping and producing artefacts of that period by

using the technology which is characteristic to that period.

3. To use replicas of the major artefacts (perforators, burins, scrapers,

knives, awls, axes) for carrying out experimental investigation,

processing fur, skin, wood, bone-antler aiming to identify the

characteristics of the work technology in the Early Holocene period.

4. By using the trasology microscope, to examine the trasological

traces detected on artefacts of the Early Holocene period stocked in

museum collections and to compare them with the traces found on

produced replicas.

5. To find out and specify the typology of major artefacts of the Early

Holocene grounding on the data of experimental and trasological data.

6. To specify the technology used in economies of the Early

Holocene communities.

Major statements to be defended:

1. Typology of flint artefacts of the Early Holocene period does not

correspond to the purpose of the artefacts found by the experimental-

trasological method. The typology of the artefacts of that period was

formed according to the morphology of artefacts and not to trasological

features because the trasological research method is later.

2. Identified trasological features point out the specificity of the use

of a particular artefact. The artefacts can be identified according to the

lesions on the work surface because materials of various densities leave

different identifiable features.

3. By employing the experimental method, it is possible to prove the

origin of occurrence of the trasological traces observed on the surface of

the artefacts. In this particular case, the comparative method is applied

by interval recording of the change of the surface of the artefacts.

4. The experimental-trasological method details the function of an

artefact estimated by the classical typology method.

5. The experimental-trasological method facilitates a broader

approach to the technological and processual development of economy.

As the development of economy changed, technological adjustment to

the changing environment proceeded, too.

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1. Application of the Experimental-Trasological Method

in Lithuania and Abroad in Carrying Out Investigation of

Prehistorical Technological Development of Economy:

A Historiographical Review

Even though experimental investigations of prehistoric artefacts

started quite long before the formation of the trasological method, by

using microscopic equipment7, nevertheless, only the middle of the

twentieth century is universally recognised as a result of combination of

experiments and microscopic equipment, which is called experimental

trasology. A Russian scientist S. A. Semenov is considered to be the

founder of this method throughout the world; scientist’s life path is

closely connected to Lithuania. In the middle of the twentieth century,

he prepared and published the first paper dedicated to the experimental-

trasological method8. Soon, the same publication of S. A. Semenov was

reissued several times in the English and Spanish languages9. In this

work, the scientist discussed the methods of application of the

trasological method in examination of flint tools of the Palaeolithic

period. He found out that the experimental method as the only one could

not reveal all subtleties of the use of that tool. A comprehensive analysis

of such flint tool requires using a microscope which enables a more

systematic view to the usage of prehistoric artefacts.

Later, in the late nineteen-eighties, as the political situation in Europe

was undergoing changes, this method spread in other regions as well;

therefore, the method is widely applied throughout the world in

examination of ancient tools of the prehistoric humanity10. Meanwhile,

7 Bordes, F.. Considérations sur la Typologie et les techniques dans le

Paléolithique. Quartär, 18, 1967, p. 25–55. 8 Семенов, С. А. 1957. Первобытная техника (опыт изучения древнейших

орудий и изделий по следам работы). Материалы и исследования по

археологии СССР, №. 54. Москва, Ленинград: Академия наук СССР. 9 Semenov, S. A. 1964. Prehistoric Technology. London. 10Sano, K., Oba, M. 2015. Backed Point Experiments for Identifying

Mechanically-Delivered Armatures. Journal of Archaeological Science, 63, p.

13–23; Longo, L., Skakun, N., Anderson, P., & Plisson, H. 2005. The Roots

of Use-Wear Analysis: Selected Papers of S. A. Semenov. Verona: Museo

Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona.

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European archaeological scholarly institutions accepted major methods

of experimental and trasological investigation which were formulated

by the Trasological Investigation School in St Petersburg. Later, each

European centre of scientific research started deepening and developing

a certain aspect of this method. Trasologists of the Netherlands paid a

special attention to functionality of artefacts and not the purpose of a

work tool11. Trasologists of the University of Oxford dealt with

identification of the purpose of the function performed by artefacts

grounding on development of recent technical innovations used in the

trasology method.12 Polish trasologists, like Russian scientists, paid a

special attention to development of the experimental-trasological

method13. Throughout the world, hundreds of scientific articles and

monographs have been published, various specific scientific

conferences and summer schools based on development of the problems

of experimental trasology research are held each year.

In the course of scientific progress in the field of trasology,

investigation and developing opportunities provided by this method, it

commenced to be applied not only in examination of tools made of rock

and minerals but also in analysis of artefacts of organic origin and

metalwork14. This method in examination of osteological material was

started being used in searching for microscopic traces of the slaughtering

technology and production of tools, i.e. signs of hacking, paring, cutting,

which are formed on bones while processing a hunted animal or

producing an artefact out of bone/ antler15. Such experimental and

11 Rots, V. 2010. Prehension and Hafting Traces on Flint Tools.

A Methodology. Leuven. 12 Moos, E. What Microwear Analysis Look At. Early Man News, 1986,

9/10/11, p. 91-96. 13 Osipowicz, G. and Kuriga J. 2017. Twenty Years with Flint. The Society for

Experimental Prehistoric Archaeology – Where Are We Now? Experimental

Archaeology, Issue 2017/3, p. 3-10. 14 Dolfini, A., Crellin, R. J. 2016. Metal Wear Analysis: the Loss of Innocence.

Journal of Archaeological Science, 66, p. 78–87. 15 Greenfield, H. J. 2006. Slicing Cut Marks on Animal Bones: Diagnostics for

Identifying Stone Tool Type and Raw Material. Journal of Field Archaeology,

31, p. 147–163.

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trasological investigations of osteological material are carried out in

Lithuania, too16.

Moreover, trasology is successfully applied in investigations of

ceramics. Here, this method is mostly employed in dealing with the

technology of production of ceramic artefacts and composition of clay

mass17. Currently, the method of the functional purpose has been

improved in a way that after a microscope enables finding small residues

on prehistoric fastening materials (e.g. birch tar) or even residual blood

and having taken their samples, it is possible to date by the AMS

(Accelerator Mass Spectrometry) method18. These innovations in

examination of archaeological material open new opportunities to a

more detailed approach to the lifestyle of people in prehistoric and

historical times. As the technologies develop and interdisciplinarity of

science increases, in the future the trasological method should provide

even higher diversity of cognition of material heritage of the past.

In the cases of investigation of Lithuanian archaeological material,

the trasological material is still little used. Only over the latter three

years the number of published research on the field increased. This

progress should be related to occurrence of appropriate technological

equipment in research institutions of Lithuania. All known

archaeological objects on the territory of Lithuania, the inventory of

which or at least part of it was examined by the trasology method, are

presented in the designed map (Annex, Fig. 5).

The first published cases on the method of identification of the

functional purpose in Lithuanian archaeology should be searched for

back in the late twentieth century. In Spiginas 4th (surroundings of

Biržulis Lake, Telšiai District) grave dated the Late Mesolithic period,

the dead person’s goods, i.e. knife-shape splits with retouched tops and

16 Daugnora, L., Vasks, A.,Sovaitė, S., Girininkas, A. 2013. Zooarchaeological

Material from the Padure (Beltes) Hill-Fort in Latvia: Butchering Techniques

and the Composition of Species. Archaeologia Baltica, 20, p. 117-133. 17 Vieugue, J. 2015. What Were the Recycled Potsherds Used for? Use-Wear

Analysis of Early Neolithic Ceramic Tools from Bulgaria (6100–5600 cal. BC).

Journal of Archaeological Science, 58, p. 89–102. 18 Yates, A., Smith, A. M., Parr, J., Joannes-Boyau, R. 2014. AMS Dating of

Ancient Residues from Experimental Stone Tools: a Pilot Study. Journal of

Archaeological Science, 49, p. 595–602.

15

base, and with partly side edges, have been found19. After trasological

examination carried out in the Institute for the History of Material

Culture of Russian Academy of Sciences in St Petersburg it was found

out that these artefacts actually were knives and they were intended for

processing wood20. In the same laboratory intended for trasological

research, investigation of flint inventory found in the Late Neolithic

settlement Kubilėliai (Šakiai District) was carried out, too. Almost

40,000 units of artefacts made of flint have been found in this settlement

and mostly analysed in the technological principle21. In the last decade

of the twentieth century, a detailed trasological analysis of

archaeological flint inventory found in Žeimenis Lake 1 settlement

(Švenčionys District) was carried out22. By applying the experimental-

trasological method, scrapers, perforators, awls, microliths, grinders,

borers, chisels, burins, knives of various types etc. were examined.

Moreover, examination of flint inventory was conducted in the

laboratory in St Petersburg. To provide more details on the trasological

laboratory in this city, attention should be focused on one important fact. In

periods 1980–1981 and 1985–1986, prof. Algirdas Girininkas was on

secondment in this institution of prehistoric investigation. According to his

data, the work in the laboratory proceeded by using a trasological

microscope and working with experimental and archaeological artefacts,

comparing the utilisation traces of these artefacts. According to the scientist,

a basis of some over 500 units of experimental artefacts has been

accumulated at that time in the institution; they enabled performing the

research (A. Girininkas’ personal information). Currently, scientists of the

trasological investigation laboratory in St Petersburg, the Institute for the

History of Material Culture of Russian Academy of Sciences, continue

successfully conducting examination of prehistoric tools grounding on this

19 Butrimas, A. 2012. Donkalnio ir Spigino mezolito–neolito kapinynai.

Seniausi laidojimo paminklai Lietuvoje. Vilnius: Vilniaus dailės akademija. 20 Butrimas, A. 1992. Spigino mezolito kapai. Lietuvos archeologija, 8, p. 4–10. 21 Juodagalvis, V. 1992. Kubilėlių vėlyvojo neolito gyvenvietė. Lietuvos

archeologija, 8, p. 34–56. 22 Girininkas, A. 1998. Žeimenio ežero 1-os gyvenvietės tyrinėjimai.

Archeologiniai tyrinėjimai Lietuvoje 1996 ir 1997 metais, p. 11–14.

16

method23. Recently, experimental and trasological investigations have been

and still are being carried out by G. F. Koropkova, V. E. Shchelinskiy, A.

K. Filipov, N. N. Skakun24 etc. The major aim of these scientists is to

reconstruct production of tools, carry out examination of the artefacts

related to production and appropriated economy. Trasological and

experimental investigations are carried out in St Petersburg while involving

various materials: flint, quartz, quartzite, dolomite, sandstone, nephrite,

aleorite, ceramics, bone, antler, wood etc.

In the beginning of the twenty-first century, examination of Lithuanian

archaeological material by applying the trasological method still was

fragmentary. In the first decade of this century, micro-lithic inventory of

Kabeliai 2nd and 23th, Bakšiai, Pamerkinė and Pypliai 1st C was

investigated25. The data of the trasological analysis shows (investigations

have also been carried out in St Petersburg) that majority of this inventory

had the purpose of hunting and fishing26. The use of flint artefacts in daily

23 Cеменов, С. А., Коробкова ,Г.Ф. 1983. Технология древнейших

производств, Ленинград; Коробкова, Г..Ф., Щелинский В.. Е. 1996. Методика

микро- макроанализа древних орудий труда. Санкт-Петербург; Skakun,

N., Plisson, H. 2014. Some Results of the Experimental – Traceological

Expedition at Bodaki. Sprawozdania archeologiczne, 66, p. 83–90. 24 Korobkova, G. 1993. The Technology and Function of Tools in the Context

of Regional Adaptations: A Case Study of the Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic

of the Northwestern Black Sea Region. O. Soffer and N. D. Praslov, (Eds.)

From Kostenki to Clovis. New York: 159- 172. Korobkova, G. F. 1981. Ancient

Reaping Tools and Their Productivity in the Light of Experimental Trace Wear

Analysis. P. L. Kohl, (Ed.). The Bronze Age Civilization of Central Asia. New

York: Armonic p. 325-349; Korobkova, G. F. 1981. Ancient Reaping Tools and

their Productivity in the Light of Experimental Trace Wear Analysis.

P. L. Kohl, (Ed.). The Bronze Age Civilization of Central Asia. New York:

Armonic p. 325-349; Щелинский, В. Е. 1977. Экспериментально-

трасологическое изучение функций нижнепалеолитических орудий.

Проблемы палеолита Восточной и Центральной Европы, Лeнинград; Филиппов, А.К. 1977. Трасологический анализ каменного и костяного

инвентаря из верхнепалеолитической стоянки Мураловка, Проблемы

палеолита Восточной и Центральной Европы, Лeнинград. 25 Ostrauskas, T. 2005. Šiek tiek apie Lietuvos ankstyvojo mezolito

gyvenviečių mikrolitinio medžioklės inventoriaus paskirtį. Trasologinių

tyrinėjimų duomenys. Lietuvos archeologija, 29, p. 171–178. 26 Ibid.

17

living in not only a phenomenon characteristic to the Stone Age; moreover,

tools were being made out of this material and used in later periods

characteristic of metals. Trasological investigation of such cases was

conducted when examining flint artefacts found in Kernavė and Naudvaris

(Jurbarkas District) monuments. The results obtained in a laboratory run in

Poland, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, show that these artefacts

were mostly intended for cutting and scraping27.

As may be noticed, all mentioned works of the trasological character

have been conducted on the ground of the research results obtained in

foreign laboratories. Since 2010, a laboratory of experimental

archaeology and trasology was founded in Klaipėda University Institute

of Baltic Region History and Archaeology (BRIAI). In this first of a kind

laboratory in Lithuania, staff members work with Olympus SZX 16

microscope with attached Olympus DP72 photo camera. Using this

camera, one can record the utilisation traces of flint artefacts which can

hardly be visually defined or impossible at all. This microscope can

magnify the image of the examined object up to 690 times. The

laboratory stocks the basis of experimental data accumulated over the

years of investigation; it facilitates the rendering of a greater amount of

more accurate data on the function of an archaeological tool. Currently,

the experimental inventory comprises flint knives, scrapers, various

types of microliths, axes, awls, perforators. The experimental basis of

artefacts also consists of the tools made of organics: bone spearheads

and antler tools for retouching flint. All these experimental artefacts,

both flint and organic, were used to do a certain work, have their single

entries and places of storage, are used in functional investigation of the

artefacts found during archaeological investigations. Moreover, this

laboratory stocks and explores material of archaeological investigations

of Katra 1st 28 and Pakretuonė 4th 29 settlements.

27 Piličiauskas, G., Osipowicz, G. 2010. The Processing and Use of Flint in the

Metal Ages. A Few Cases from the Kernavė and Naudvaris Sites in Lithuania.

Archaeologia Baltica, 13, p. 110–125. 28 Girininkas, A. 2000. Katros 1-oji gyvenvietė. Archeologiniai tyrinėjimai

Lietuvoje 1998 ir 1999 metais, p. 12–14. 29 Girininkas, A. 2008. The Influence of the Environment on the Human

Population around Lake Kretuonas during the Stone Age and the Bronze Age.

Archaeologia Baltica, 9, p. 15–32.

18

In the Klaipėda University experimental-trasological laboratory,

quite a large part of investigations on the functional purpose of artefacts

has already been carried out; majority of them cover prehistoric, also

some historical epochs. Grounding on the experimental-trasological

method, several unretouched broken splits bearing utilisation traces

have been examined after finding in Kartra 1st settlement30 as well as

flint inventory dated Late Paloelithical and Middle Mesolithic period

and found in Aukštumala bog (Šilutė District) have been investigated31.

These investigations are supplemented by technological examinations

of microliths from mentioned Katra 1st (Varėna District), Aukštumala

(Šilutė District) and Tytuvėnėliai (Kelmė District) campsites and

settlements of the Stone Age32. When talking about Katra 1st settlement,

grounding on the archaeological material obtained from this monument,

technological and functional analysis of scrapers and flint axes was

carried out33. Moreover, over recent years, experimental-trasological

testing of set-in microliths while sticking fish was conducted34 and, for

the first time in the history of investigation of Lithuanian archaeological

material, detailed functional analysis of Late Mesolithic – Early

Neolithic trapezium-shape arrow heads was carried out35. Investigations

exploring the functional purpose were also applied in examination of the

first Lyngby type axe of the Upper Paleolithic period found in

Nemunėlio Radviliškis (Biržai District) made of reindeer’s antler. This

30Slah, G. 2013. Rectangular Bladelets Discovered at the Katra I Settlement in

the Varėna District of Lithuania: a Functional Analysis. Archaeologia Baltica,

20, p. 162–173 31 Slah, G. 2013a. Flint Artefact Manufacture Techniques at the Palaeolithic

and Mesolithic Settlements at Aukštumala in Lithuania, and Traceological

Studies of Them. Archaeologia Baltica, 20, p. 190–199. 32 Slah, G. 2015. Titnaginių mikrolitų gamyba, panaudojimas ir rekonstrukcija.

D. Luchtanienė (sud.). Eksperimentinė archeologija. Lietuvos materialaus

paveldo rekonstrukcija, t. 1. Vilnius: Akademinė leidyba, p. 117–129. 33 Ibid. 34 Rimkus, T., Slah, G. 2016. Experimental and Use-Wear Examinations of

Flint Knives: Reconstructing Butchering Techniques of Prehistoric Lithuania.

Archaeologia Lituana, 17, Vilnius, p. 77–88. 35 Rimkus, T. 2016. Microliths in Fisheries? Use-Wear and Experimental Study

of Composite Tools of the Mesolithic South Lithuania. Archeoloģija un

etnogrāfija, 29, p. 31–45.

19

analysis enabled finding out the function of this artefact, which, perhaps,

had to be related to wood processing in the Aleroyd-Dryas III period36.

Investigations of early prehistoric development of economy also

employed experimental-trasological analysis during which

experimentation with flint and bronze knives proceeded while

slaughtering animals. The investigation results allowed asking questions

concerning the priority of tools made of different raw materials in the

Late Bronze Age period37.

The material found during archaeological investigations of

Lithuanian historical times (Medieval and Modern times) still has not

been analysed from the functional aspect in detail. The trasological

method in examination of archaeological materials is applied as

successfully as in analysis of prehistoric artefacts. In 2014, a vast

amount of materials was accumulated during archaeological

investigations on Klaipėda castle site38; only a small part of this material

was examined by applying the trasological method. The latter method

was used in Klaipėda University laboratory of experimental archaeology

and trasology to examine the fragments of leather footwear found on

Klaipėda castle site. By using this method, it was possible to present

particular conclusions on the use of certain animals’ skin in production

of leather footwear in Medieval and Modern times in Klaipėda city39.

The experimental data base formed in Klaipėda University laboratory of

experimental archaeology and trasology allows presenting more detailed

data on the function of artefacts, including harness of materials, interval

of work time, characteristics of holding a tool during work process or

the place of hafting and shafting etc.

36 Girininkas, A., Rimkus, T., Slah, G., Daugnora, L., Stančikaitė, M., Zabiela,

G. 2016. Lyngby Type Artefacts of Lithuania in the Context of the Stone Age

in Europe: Multidisciplinary Study. Archeoloģija un etnogrāfija, 29, p. 13–30. 37 Girininkas, A., Daugnora, L. 2015. Ūkis ir visuomenė Lietuvos priešistorėje,

T. 1. Klaipėda: Klaipėdos universitetas. 38 Zabiela, G., Abromavičius, E., Kraniauskas, R., Urbonaitė, M., Ubis, E. 2015.

Klaipėdos pilies rytinės kurtinos vietos tyrimai. Archeologiniai tyrinėjimai

Lietuvoje 2014 metais, p. 210–217. 39 Bračiulienė, R., Puškorius, A. 2017. Odos gaminiai iš Klaipėdos piliavietės.

G. Zabiela (sud.). Klaipėdos pilies tyrimai. Klaipėda: Klaipėdos universitetas,

spaudoje.

20

As observed, since the second decade of the twenty-first century,

investigations of the functional purpose of artefacts became more

intensive in Lithuania due to quite obvious reasons: occurrence of

appropriate technological equipment. Until then, all research works in

that field were being carried out in foreign laboratories, i.e. Russian and

Polish, scientific institutions40. An identical situation of the area of such

investigations can be found also while exploring historiographical

materials in neighbouring Latvia. Trasological analysis in this country

still is applied when investigating inventory of Salaspils Laukskola and

Zvejnieki cemeteries41.

Much is done in the area of experimental-trasological research

conducted in Western Europe and the United States of America.

Great Britain’s school of trasological investigations stands out for its

innovativeness. There, trasological investigations began raising interest

after S. A. Semenov’s study published in English. One of the most

famous founders of British trasology, L. H. Keely42, was working in the

40 Семенов, С. А., Коробкова, Г. Ф. 1983. Технология древнейших

производств. Мезолит, Энеолит. Ленинград: Академия наук СССР.;

Małecka-Kukawka, J., Werra, D. 2011. O możliwościach i ograniczeniach

metody traseologicznej w Badaniach Masowych materiałów archeologicznych

z kopalń krzemienia. Archeologia Polski, LVI, p. 135–164.; Osipowicz, G.

2010. Narzędzia krzemienne w epoce kamienia na ziemi Chełmińskiej. Studium

traseologiczne. Toruń: Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika.; Скакун, Н. Н.

1994. Резултаты исследования производственного инвентаря

неолитического поселения Усое 1 (Болгария). Г. Ф. Коробкова (ред.).

Экспериментально – трасологические исследования в археологии. Санкт-

Петербург: Россиская академия наук, p. 85–118. 41 Larsson, L. 2006. A Tooth for a Tooth. Tooth Ornaments from the Graves at

the Cemeteries of Zvejnieki. L. Larsson, I. Zagorska (eds.). Back to the Origin.

New Research in the Mesolithic–Neolithic Zvejnieki Cemetery and

Environment, Northern Latvia (Acta Archaeologica Lundensia, Series IN 8,

No. 52). Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International, p. 253–287; Zagorska,

I. 2010. Dzīves telpas organizācija Salaspils Laukskolas vēlā paleolīta apmetnē.

Archeoloģija un etnogrāfija, 24, p. 183–201. 42 Keeley, L. H. 1974a. Technique and Methodology in Microwear Studies -

Critical Review, World Archaeology 5(3), p. 323-336; Keeley, L. H. 1974b.

Methodology of Microwear Analysis - Comment on Nance, American Antiquity

39(1): 126- 128; Keeley, L. H. 1980. Experimental Determination of Stone Tool

Uses: a Microwear Analysis. Chicago and London. University of Chicago

21

area both in the UK and the USA, forming the trasological information

base. He established the Trasological Investigations Centre in the

University of Oxford. One of the first analyses conducted by L. H. Keely

was examination of the use-wear of Stone Age flint artefacts.

Experimental research was continued by M. H. Newcomer43 who

investigated the causes of formation of polished surfaces of artefacts,

also by R. Tringham44, E. Moss45 etc. Historical beginnings of this

trasological school are also related to the methods applied by

S. A. Semenov in St Petersburg (Leningrad at that time) in prehistoric

archaeology. This was a significant innovation which enabled more

detailed cognition of development of prehistoric technology, identifying

the function of artefacts.

In France, experimental-trasological investigations were conducted

by P. Anderson–Gerfaud, P. A. Jeron, H. Plisson46. The latter scientist

was S. A. Semenov’s disciple who was on internship in St Petersburg,

Press; Keeley, L. H. 1982. Hafting and Retooling - Effects on the

Archaeological Record, American Antiquity 47(4), p. 798-809; Keeley, L. H.

1987. Hafting and "Retooling" at Verberie. D. Stordeur, Ed. La main et I'outil.

Manches et emmanchements prehistoriques, Maison de l'Orient: p. 89-96;

Keeley, L. H. and M. H. Newcomer 1977. Micro-Wear Analysis of

Experimental Flint Tools - Test Case. Journal of Archaeological Science 4(1),

29-62; Keeley, L. H. and M. H. Newcomer. 1977. Micro-Wear Analysis of

Experimental Flint Tools - Test Case. Journal of Archaeological Science, 4(1),

p. 29-62. 43 Newcomer, M. H., R. Grace and R. Unger-Hamilton (1988). Microwear

Methodology: A Reply to Moss, Hurcombe and Bamforth, Journal of

Archaeological Science 15, p. 25-33. 44 Tringham, R„ G. Cooper, G. H. Odell, et al. 1974. Experimentation in the

Formation of Edge-damage: a New Approach to Lithic Analysis, Journal of

Field Archaeology 1, p. 171-196. 45 Moss, E. 1983. Some Comments on Edge Damage as a Factor in Functional

Analysis of Stone Artefacts, Journal of Archaeological Science 10, p. 231-242;

Moss, E. 1986. What Microwear Analysts look at, Early Man News, 9/10/11,

p. 91-96. 46 Anderson, P. C., H. Plisson and D. Ramseyer. 1992. La moisson au

Neolithique final: approche traceologique d'outils en silex de Montilier et

Portalban, Archaologie der Schweiz, 15, p. 60-67; Cahen, D., Keeley L. H. and

Vannoten F. L. 1979. Stone Tools, Toolkits, and Human-Behavior in

Prehistory, Current Anthropology 20(4), p. 661-683.

22

gaining the fundamentals of this method in the experimental-trasological

laboratory. Later, he applied this method in his further experimental-

trasological examinations. He founded the school of the trasological

investigation method, where a special attention was focused on the

discussion concerning the use-wear level in edges of flint artefacts

(knives, axes, scrapers etc.) attributed to various periods, also formation

of various trasological traces on surface blades of various tools,

estimated the significance of phyto-trasological traces in examination of

micro-blades of sickles.

In recent years, this method of investigation of prehistory was

applied by Japanese scientists, too. Fundamentals of trasological

investigation have been relatively recently laid by K. Akoshima and

Y. Kanomata47. In the area of trasological-experimental investigation,

the latter scientists, also grounding on the fundamentals of St

Petersburg’s experimental-trasological school, formed an alternative

methodology for examination of micro-surface.

In the United States of America, grounding on fundamentals of

British experimental-trasological school, D. Cahen, J. Gysels, L. Keeley

and R. W. Yerkes48 dealt with development of people’s technological

skills in the prehistoric times, substantiating on the data of experimental

archaeological investigations. This school was also largely influenced

by S. A. Semenov’s study which was published in English in 1964.

Despite political confrontation and scientific competition between the

Soviet Union and the Western world at that time, investigators of West

European prehistory innovatively accepted the research method

employed by this scientist and successfully continued this in their

archaeological investigations. Since that time, experimental-trasological

schools started emerging in various European and North American

countries, grounding on the fundamentals of the experimental-

trasological methods designed by S. A. Semenov.

47 Akoshima, K., Kanomata, Y. 2015. Technological Organization and Lithic

Microwear Analysis: An Alternative Methodology. Journal of Anthropological

Archaeology. 38, p. 17–24. 48 Yerkes, R. W. 1983. Microwear, Micro Drills, and Mississippian Craft

Specialization. American Antiquity, 48 (3), p. 499–518.

23

1.1. Natural and Cultural Situation of the Early Holocene in the

East Baltic Region

The beginning of the Early Holocene is marked by the event of 10640

BP (8690 BC), when the waters of the Baltic glacial lake near Bilingen

Hill in South Sweden rushed through the strait. Therefore, the level of

the Baltic glacial lake dropped down by 25 m and quite warm salty water

of the Atlantic Ocean started penetrating the former lake which turned

to the Yoldia Sea (named after Yoldia (Portlandia) arctica mollusc). In

the East Baltic region, especially its south-west part, the level of water

dropped down by some 35–50 meters. These events are recorded by

recent underwater archaeological investigations at Lithuanian seaside49.

This regression of the Baltic glacial lake marks the beginning of the

Holocene. At that time, in the south-west part of the Baltic Sea, the

Øresund Strait disappeared; therefore, the European continent merged

with South Scandinavia.

There are no sediments of the Yoldia Sea found along Lithuanian

seaside; also neither remains of settlement along the Youldia Sea coast

at that time were discovered. Due to a low level of the Yoldia Sea water,

the coast line was far north from the present-day east coast of the Baltic

Sea. The junction of the ocean and the Yoldia Sea that lasted for some

800 years ceased in ca. 9500 BP and, on the site of the current Baltic

Sea, Ancylus Lake (the title originated from a mollusc Ancylus

fluviatilis) was formed in 10700–9000 BP50. When the Baltic Lake was

49 Bitinas, A., Žulkus, V., Mažeika, J., Petrošius, R., Kisielienė,D. 2003.

Medžių liekanos Baltijos jūros dugne: pirmieji tyrimų rezultatai. Geologija,

t. 43, 43-46; Žulkus V., Girininkas A. 2012. Joldija. Baltijos jūros krantai prieš

10 000 metų. Klaipėda: Klaipėdos universiteto leidykla; Žulkus V., Girininkas

A., Stančikaitė M., Gryguc G., Šeirienė, V., Mažeika J. 2015. In Shores of the

Yoldia Sea and Ancylus Lake. Maritime Landscapes in the Lithuanian Waters:

Multidisciplinary Study. The Baltic Sea – a Mediterranean of North Europe.

Scientific Association of Polish Archaeologists Gdańsk Division, Gdańsk, p. 9-

18; Žulkus V. and Girininkas A. Drowned Early Mesolithic Landscapes on the

Baltic Sea bed in the Lithuanian Waters. Journal of Environmental Science and

Engineering B 3, New York, 2014, p. 274-289; 50 Lemke, W. Die kurze wechselvolle Entwicklungsgeschichte der Ostsee -

AktueIle meeresgeologische Forschungen zum Verlauf der Litorina-

24

flooded with water again, excess of it ran to the ocean along the Dana

River and other junction canals. Later, the mentioned junction canals of

Ancylus Lake provided conditions for formation of a new phase of the

Baltic Sea, the saltwater Littorina Sea (the title originates from a mollusc

Littorina littorea)51. These natural changes took place in the Early

Mesolithic – Early Neolithic period. During the Preboreal period, the

species of plants characteristic to tundra and forest-tundra decayed,

wood plants increased52. Throughout Lithuania, especially on the south-

east part of the territory, birch forests with rogue pines grew. At that

time, underwood comprised juniper, wicker, fern and green moss.

During the Boreal period, the amount of pine trees increased, and in the

second half of the Boreal elm, lime and oak trees appeared. In the first

half of the Atlantic, on the territory of East Lithuania, pinewoods spread

even more, and on the south-west and western parts of Lithuania alders

spread. The amount of broad-leaf forests highly increased in South-East

Lithuania53. As the climate was changing, fauna of forests changed, too.

In the Mesolithic period, after forests spread, single or small herds of

forest animals dispersed. In Lithuania and other neighbouring territories,

forests of the Preboral period were home to bear, moose, beaver and wild

boar, and later, throughout the Early Atlantic period, as leafy forests

spread, wild boar, moose, red deer, marten, beaver, aurochs, roe

dominated54.

Since the natural environment changed throughout the Mesolithic

period, the ratio of settled and seasonal camping altered. Residents on

the Lithuanian territory had to adjust to the forest environment. After

individual hunting and fishing spread, community people would move

at a smaller radius because it was limited by the territories being

Transgression. Bodendenkmalpjlege in Mecklenbllrg-Vorpommern, t. 52,

Schwerin, 2005, p. 43-54. 51 Ten pat, p. 43-54. 52 Stančikaitė, M. Gamtinės aplinkos kaitos ypatumai vėlyvojo ledynmečio ir

holoceno laikotarpiu. Lietuvos archeologija, t. 26, Vilnius, 2004, p.135- 148. 53 Kabailienė, M. Gamtinės aplinkos raida Lietuvoje per 14000 metų, Vilnius:

2006.; Šečkus, J. 2009. Study of the South-Eastern Baltic Sea Development

Applying Geological Modeling Methods. Doctor Dissertation. Physical

Sciences, Geology (05 P), Vilnius. 54 Girininkas, A., Daugnora L. 2015. Ūkis ir visuomenė Lietuvos priešistorėje.

t. I. Klaipėda: Klaipėdos universiteto leidykla, p. 62-64.

25

protected by neighbouring communities and locations of food resources

belonging to single communities. Mesolithic period settlements are

found near larger bodies of water, where fishing and hunting were

available (Biržulis, Kretuonas, Grūda, Dūba lakes, watery rivers). Back

then, people would live in major settlements, also they would build more

seasonal camp sites where inhabitants would stay during gathering of

food, fishing and hunting.

Over the Mesolithic – Early Neolithic period, high significance was

given to natural micro-regions rich of raw resources. Such locations

were the sites of flint mining in South Lithuania: Titnas, Margionys

(Varėna District), Ežerynas (Alytus District)55; in Belarus: Krasnaselye

and Lichitsy, not far from the Ros’ River, the left tributary of the

Nemunas River. The communities on whose territories raw flint was

found became centres of attractions for large regional communities;

there, the mining, primary processing of raw material and realisation of

semi-manufactures developed on the basis of exchanges with

communities residing further north on the East Baltic region.

In the Mesolithic period, after forests widely spread, forest animals

living as single individuals or in small herds became main targets for

hunters. Therefore, in this period, trap (pits), round-upping of beasts to

favourable locations for hunters, bow shooting, use of a spear and a

dagger, other methods became major means of hunting. During the

Mesolithic period, some forest beasts were larger than reindeer mostly

hunted in the Upper Palaeolithic period; but the heads of rectangular

forms and microliths were used while adapting to individualised hunting

or hunting in small groups. Living conditions of reindeer and forest

beasts as well as their lifestyle were different; therefore, the ways of

hunting used in the Palaeolithic period no longer could be applicable.

The form of hunting had to change, too. Hunting became more

individualised, the number of involved people reduced, and the hunted

fauna essentially changed over the Early Holocene period56. This was

55 Šatavičius, E. 2012. Flint Mining Sites and Workshops at Lake Titnas.

Archaeological Investigations in Independent Lithuania 1990-2010. Vilnius, p.

339–343. 56 Daugnora, L., Girininkas, A. 2004. Rytų Pabaltijo bendruomenių gyvensena

XI–II tūkst. pr. Kr., Kaunas.

26

the reason why the hunting tools, the technology of their production and

the community structure of residents changed.

Throughout the Mesolithic period, fishing highly spreads and its

means change, too. This can be concluded according to abundant fishing

inventory57. During the Mesolithic period, the same fishing means were

used like in the present day: nets, creels, fishing rods, gates etc.58. The

Mesolithic period is the time when fishing flourished because hunting

as the only means could not meet the residents’ demand for food supply.

The use of nets is shown by the case Netiesos 1st settlement where a

piece of well-processed bass fibres was found in a Mesolithic fireplace;

this bass fibre exactly was used for knitting nets59. Fish were shot by

bow arrows and stuck with spears. Bone heads of arrows with barbs and

spearheads with barbs as well as flint set-in microliths were used for

fishing60. In South Scandinavia and on the southern Baltic Sea and North

Sea coasts, barriers-traps for catching fish with creels were used61. The

same barrier could be set in Žemaitiškė 2nd settlement (Švenčionys

District) where poles of the former, perhaps, barrier for catching fish

were found62.

In the beginning of the Early Holocene, a rapidly changing climate

and environmental conditions, especially spread of forests, forced

reindeer withdraw from the territory of Lithuania. These natural

changes, i.e. the climate warming, in the Uppre Palaeolithic period

directly impacted the reindeer hunters from Svidrai, Arensburg cultural

57 Загорская, И. A. 1983. Костяные орудия охоты и рыболовства

каменного века на территории Латвии. Автореферат кандидатской

диссертации исторических наук. Вильнюс. 58 Andersen, S. H. 1995. Costal Adaptation and Marine Exploitation in Late

Mesolithic Denmark – with Special Emphasis on the Limfjord Region. Man

and Sea, Oxford, p. 41–66. 59 Rimantienė R. 1996. Akmens amžius Lietuvoje (antrasis papildytas leidimas),

Vilnius: Mokslas, p. 96-97. 60 Загорская, И. A. 1983. Костяные орудия охоты и рыболовства

каменного века на территории Латвии. Автореферат кандидатской

диссертации исторических наук. Вильнюс, c. 47-49, 64. 61 Brinkhuizen, D. C. 1983. Some Notes on Recent and Pre-and Protohistoric

Fishing Gear from Norhwestern Europe. Palaeohistoria, vol. 25, p. 7–53. 62 Girininkas, A. 2004. Žemaitiškės 2-oji polinė gyvenvietė. Istorija, t. 62,

p. 26-32.

27

monuments to move towards north and north-east directions in the East

Baltic region. After migration processes following reindeer herds ended,

some inhabitants of the Svidrai culture stayed remaining and had to

slowly adapt to the local conditions – living in diverse forests. Not only

natural environment, flora, fauna underwent changes, but also the

technologies of production of the artefacts intended for these branches

of economy, still very little investigated, changed.

Technologies of production of artefacts changed not only in the

place, while residents immediately were adapting to new natural

conditions, but also due to communication with neighbouring

communities of the Baltic Sea region. This was largely impacted by

various commute ways. These were rivers or their banks. The seaside

became a highly favourable location for living, travelling and

communication. Even though the coasts of the former Yoldia Sea and

Ancylius Lake at that time were under water, still, coasts of a vast body

of water were more convenient for easier travelling than along lakes and

rivers on the inland territory covered with forests and bushes. Therefore,

contacts of the residents with the southern and south-eastern coasts of

the Yoldia Sea and banks of Ancylius Lake were intensive. Highly

favourable conditions for travelling and contacts were available for

residents of Maglemosė, Kunda, Butovo, Mesolithic culture of the

Nemunas River. In Mesolithic period communities of Lithuania and East

Baltic regions more emphasised communication is observed in the west

and east directions. The later groups of people from Svidrai, Arensburg

cultures, using technological experiences of western and eastern

neighbours, soon adapted to the changed environment and accepted the

features of the hunting economy of the forest zone. In the East Baltic

region, the Kunda culture characteristic of specific features formed. On

the ground of radiological, natural sciences data, this technological

transformation is dated as far back as the middle of the eighth

millennium BC. In the second half of the Preboreal, groups of Kunda

residents reached South Finland, later spread in the north-east direction

towards southern banks of Ladoga and Onega lakes, reached the basin

at the source of the Volga River and influenced the Butovo culture. With

regard to the process of microlitization of the south-eastern region of the

Baltic Sea, it is observed that both in Nemunas (Janislawice) cultures

28

were largely impacted by Maglemozė industry63 which, like Komornice

and Kudlajevka cultures, were influenced by the same Arensburg

culture. In the middle of the Boreal period, a new technological wave of

flint processing, which was characteristic to Maglemozė culture,

occurred on the territory of Lithuania. If compared the Early Mesolithic

Nemunas and the Late Mesolithic Nemunas cultures, we would notice

that they had changed, too. The process of microlitization that started as

far back as in the Upper Palaeolithic period64 very strongly impacted the

Late Mesolithic culture of the Nemunas River, too. It was a slow

process. Technological innovations were accepted and adapted in a

specific way. In the second half of the seventh millennium BC, the East

Baltic region was reached by the technology of ceramics production; the

cultural complex of the Nemunas River in the Late Mesolithic period

started slowly transforming to local Neolithic cultures of Narva and

Dubičiai forests, which sustained themselves on the appropriated

economy and the same Mesolithic industry of flint processing for a long

time. Throughout the Mesolithic period, human’s lifestyle, i.e. dwelling,

work tools, armament, food, ways of socialising and communication

changed. More diverse forms of economy developed. A man had to

rationally use all available capacities to survive, i.e. to eat and take care

of offspring. Therefore, they had to adjust not only to the living

environment, but also to develop a specific technology of work tools,

which ensured welfare of Mesolithic communities.

63 Girininkas, A. 2009. Lietuvos archeologija. Akmens amžius, t. I, Vilnius:

Versus Eureus, p. 90-92. 64 Šatavičius, E. 2001.Vėlyvojo paleolito kultūros ir jų likimas ankstyvajame

mezolite, Daktaro disertacijos santrauka: Humanitariniai mokslai, istorija (05 H

Istorija), Vilnius.

29

2. Use of the Experimental-Trasological Method in

Investigation of the Technological Development of Economy

in the East Baltic Region in the Early Holocene

The current study, exploring artefacts of the Early Holocene, reviews

the largest macro-lithic groups of artefacts: knives, scrapers, burins,

awls, perforators and axes. Trasological-experimental investigations of

these groups of artefacts were carried out. The technologies of

production of archaeological findings and their micro-surface were

examined. After examination of the artefacts found in the settlements by

applying the trasological method, their replicas have been made and,

finally, experiments with them have been conducted. After conducting

the experiments, the replicas were examined by applying trasological

investigation methods, and their results were compared with the

artefacts found in archaeological monuments of Lithuania and East

Baltic region.

2.1. Equipment

The method of identification of the functional purpose of artefacts

dating back to the Early Holocene period conditionally requires a small

amount of devices to carry out quality trasological analysis of an object.

As mentioned earlier, major equipment devices are: microscope,

fixation device attached to the microscope and specialised software

enabling processing the information obtained from the mentioned

devices. It is important that the used microscope could magnify the

object’s image at least up to 200 times and be able to retain certain

differences of heights. Otherwise, due to the mentioned differences of

heights it would be impossible to fixate microscopically identified

trasological traces. It is possible to level the difference of heights by

using an operating data processing system. It can be done when fixating

the same size of an object and gradually fixating heights from the highest

place to the lowest which can be seen in the ocular. After this photo

fixation, photographs are merged and, as result, we obtain one joint

image of a surveyed object.

30

2.2. Application of the Method in Practice

Preparation of an object for investigation is one of primary stages of the

trasological analysis; it is important and makes impact on the quality of

results. Trasological investigation can be applied to almost all

archaeological artefacts, even in a case of materials of archaeological finds

and their surfaces are different. Artefacts of organic and non-organic origin

are prepared in different ways, for instance, surfaces of flint artefacts can be

washed with ichtyol, and osteological material can be washed with distilled

water or spirits. Non-organic artefacts, such as minerals and rock, which are

usually covered with particles of soil, can be soaked and mildly washed

with a washing means, e.g. a soft toothbrush. Obviously, according to the

procedure of acceptance of finds to Lithuanian museums, finds are given

already washed; however, when examining artefacts in a trasological

method, various microscopic crannies are filled up with various soil

residues; therefore, this obstructs noticeability of some utilisation traces.

The washing of artefacts must be thorough and careful because certain

utilisation traces may be left on an artefact by a washing means (e.g. the

mentioned toothbrush), such as scratches, polishing or even particles of

fabric of the washing means. Usually, flint artefacts are stored in museums

kept in boxes or bags in separate piles. Artefacts touch, rub or even break at

each other. Without knowing the circumstances of storing or cleaning a

particular artefact, when performing trasological analysis an investigator

may obtain misleading results.

When applying investigation of the functional purpose for flint

artefacts, quite informative results may be obtained. By using flint

artefacts in trasological investigation, first of all, attention should be

paid to technologies of production of an artefact and its morphology.

When splitting and retouching flint, macro- and micro-traces remain on

it; they become more strongly visible when examining an artefact

through a microscope and can be similar to the traces of use. Preparation

of sample for examination is possible using spirits or ichtiolu which

removes contemporary organic and non-organic compounds from the

surface. Artefacts are selected for examination by a researcher himself/

herself. Often, a group of artefacts, which has already been singled out

according to the classical typology, is chosen. This way an artefact may

be examined by employing all surface area and edges or only certain

morphological parts of an artefact, such as edge, tangs, places of fraction

31

etc., may be investigated. Several different examples of investigation of

artefacts can be taken from S. A. Semenov’s 65 and V. Rots’s66 published

works. Research studies of these authors well reflect examination of the

entire surface of an artefact and artefact’s fragmentary (of certain places)

analysis. It is important to note that when carrying out trasological

analysis of flint artefacts, there is a certain angle of a source of the light.

After directing a flow of light along the artefact’s surface at a sharp

angle, trasological traces can be noticed and highlighted, which

sometimes cannot be noticed even after magnifying the object’s surface

more than 100x (Annex, Fig. 1 and 1.1).

On the other hand, destructive preparation of a sample for trasological

analysis is practiced in ceramics investigations. This is applied only in a

case when aiming to estimate density of a moulded vessel, the amount of

impurities, differences of burning temperatures, thickness of glaze, engobe

or juncture of moulding (Annex, Fig. 2). Since the fractured place is grainy

due to clay mass and impurities in ceramics, one part of the edge may be

smoothed down by using a diamond rasp or fine sandpaper. After that, a

sample is thoroughly washed with water, suggested to use distilled water.

Later, the sample is prepared for microscopic analysis. When preparing the

surface for examination, it is enough to polish the surface up to 5 mm. When

working with a microscope, the examined surface can be sufficiently

magnified from 7 to 50x.

Osteological material comprises quite a large part of archaeological

materials which can be functionally examined. Several directions for

investigation of this prehistoric material are available. The first is more related

to the trasological analysis of bone material itself, by examining the traces of

technologies in detail. Another is related to artefacts of the osteological origin.

Technological and use-wear micro-traces on produced bone and antler

artefacts as an object of investigation do not require a highly powerful

microscope. For this purpose, it is enough to magnify the examined surface

from 7 to 50 times, almost identically like in a previously discussed case of

ceramics. Nevertheless, it should be added that the task of examination and

65 Семенов, С. А. 1957. Первобытная техника (опыт изучения древнейших

орудий и изделий по следам работы). Материалы и исследования по

археологии СССР, №. 54. Москва, Ленинград: Академия наук СССР. 66 Rots, V. 2010. Prehension and Hafting Traces on Flint Tools.

A Methodology. Leuven: Leuven University Press.

32

recorded objects cardinally differ. When examining ceramics through a

microscope, its use is rarely analysed and more focus is laid on technological

and petrographic nuances. In a case of investigation of osteological material,

usually it is possible to record trasological traces remaining on the artefact’s

surface. When working with material of organic origin, no doubt, the

problems of the conditions of conservation and storage are faced. Artefacts

made of bone or antler and undergone conservation usually are covered with

conserving chemicals which cover the surface and partly hide micro-traces.

Due to this reason, part of information becomes beyond reach. If conservation

materials were used quite lately (e.g. over the latter 15 years), they were likely

to be removed from surface by applying various dissolvent, without

damaging the surface of that artefact. Unfavourable conditions of storage are

one of the strongest harms made to an artefact. In such a case, a bone/ antler

dries out and starts crumbling, and all information on the surface of that find

crumbles down with the trasological traces.

It can be stated that trasological investigation usually depends on the

aims and objectives raised by a researcher. Since the purpose of the

artefacts is varying, each analysis of an artefact and trasological traces

are also different. An artefact from Katra 1st settlement, a flint axe, can

be presented as an example. The axe (Annex, Fig. 3) was made of a split

part of a larger flake, edges were formed by the tranche type split from

the reverse side. Utilisation splits are seen on edges even without using

the microscope; however, after magnifying artefact’s edges 40x and

more times, the traces could be noticed. Still, when examining edges of

the same artefact and the remaining negatives, having magnified by 20x,

polish was found on the negative left on the averse side (Annex,

Fig. 3.1). After magnifying the polished area up to 115x, single linear

features in the polish and polish as a result of rubbing could be seen

(Annex, Fig. 3.2). This shows that these trasological features left as a

result of an intensive work with wood. Linear features were found

formed at an angle of 40–50 degrees in respect to the axe edge. The

traces became visible due to the angle of an axe cut and its elevated edge.

During the process, this site was the most favourable for these marks to

form. Such features were not found on the edges themselves because

they split too soon, whereas characteristic utilisation features usually

remain on crumbled flakes of edges. These presented insights have been

proven by carrying out experiments with replicas of flint axes. When

examining the artefacts using the trasological methods, it is

33

recommended to have collected a certain base of experimental data

(replicas) as a comparable material, which would enable drawing more

precise conclusions in the proceeding of the investigation.

A comparative method in experimental-trasological investigation is

very important. In this case, groups of artefacts singled out in an

examined prehistoric monument by a simple typological method with

groups of artefacts which are singled out after experimental-trasological

investigation of the same monument are compared. Usually, artworks

which after typological analysis were treated as splits, flakes, chisels,

knives, perforators, awls, then, after experimental-trasological

investigations, their identified function would be attributed to

completely different types of artefacts. This typological mismatch of

artefacts demonstrates that only after examination of artefacts by

applying the experimental-trasological method, one can more accurately

identify the true function of artefacts, and also expand the amount of

typological artefacts. This is very obvious not only from the data on the

analysis of six major artefacts of the Early Holocene presented in the

current research study, but also from other scientists’ research works,

who, investigating materials of prehistoric settlements, employed

experimental-trasological investigation methods67.

2. 3. Production and Fixation of Experimental Artefacts

Technological reconstruction, fixation and use of an artefact, fixed

time interval are an important task of every conducted experiment.

When consistently carrying out the process of production of an

experimental artefact, a detailed copy of an artefact is made first of all

by using technologies of that period: splitting, carving, forging, casting

etc. If it is related to attempts to estimate a function of an artefact, then

the same artefacts are made in greater numbers. When carrying out

experiments, it is necessary to do this because fixation of different time

intervals, too. Flint knives can be presented as an example. 10 such tools

67 Girininkas, A. 1997. Žeimenio ežero 1-oji gyvenvietė. Kultūros paminklai,

Nr. 4, p. 32; Лычагина, Е. Л., Поплевко, Г. Н. 2012. Комплексный анализ

каменного инвентаря, неолитической стоянки Чашкинское Озеро IV,

Записки Института истории материальной культуры РАН, № 7, c. 19.

34

must be made; this lasts from 5 min. until the final product aimed to be

created. The time up to half an hour is calculated and fixed every 5–

10 min. After half an hour, the time is being fixed in larger intervals –

every 20–30 min. The work with several replicas proceeds until the

moment when a tool intended for work becomes no longer functional:

e.g. when performing skinning of an animal, removal of tree bark,

obtaining bass or preparing wood for other work etc. During fixation, a

journal or notes are being kept; they must accompany the experimental

artefacts and photographs. When working under field conditions, more

time for fixation is needed to fixate positions of artefacts at single time

intervals (utilisation, occurrence of micro-traces etc.) by using a

microscope. If conditions permit, during performance of experiments in

a laboratory, artefacts can be fixated in the trasological method, and after

fixation to continue work with the same artefact under field conditions.

Identification of the purpose of a tool must use several different

materials for processing. Using flint knives, meat, wood, bone-antler,

skin, grassy plants etc. are being cut (Annex, Fig. 4, 4.1, 4.2). After

conducting such testing, a separate base of experimental trasological

data is formed; it is employed as comparable material in analysis of

archaeological finds.

As already mentioned in this study, investigation on estimation of the

functional purpose is still very little applied in Lithuania, if to compare

with the amount of fossil materials stocked in museums. The gap in these

investigations is pointed out by still modest historiographic materials

dedicated to this method. In world practice, the trasological

investigation method is usually applied for flint, bone/antler, ceramics

artefacts; however, employment of this method is also possible for

artefacts made of amber, metal, wood, shell, stone etc. Still, when facing

each different material, new specific methodical characteristics, such as

the impact of environment and time on material, retained surface,

minimal destruction of an artefact etc., emerge. The trasological

investigation method can encompass a larger part of archaeological

material of non-organic and organic origin and be used for different

periods. This method of investigation is relatively universal and

multidisciplinary. By using it, it is possible to identify technological

features, purpose of artefacts, to specify their typological features, to

identify composition of artefacts or single out morphological parts

according to trasological traces found on surface of an artefact.

35

3. Characteristics of Development of Economy

in the Early Holocene according to Experimental-

Trasological Investigation of Archaeological Material

in the East Baltic Region

Trasological-experimental investigations mostly were carried out with

artefacts of the Early Holocene period in the East Baltic region. To author’s

mind, this geological period, is far more accurate when defining the

research object because people of that time had a much closer relationship

with nature and processes taking place in nature, which made impact on

technological progress of their economy. Throughout this entire period, the

climate was slightly warming and in the Atlantic period it reached its height.

A changing natural environment and fauna presupposed their technical

skills. This idea on human adaptation is not new. This is quite an old topic

both in foreign and Lithuanian archaeological literature. Often, to prove

such statements, other areas of science, such as anthropology,

zooarchaeology, paleobotany, are used. Investigations of such a character

are successfully being implemented in these archaeological monuments

where organic material remains and which are well-preserved. In Lithuania,

Latvia, Belarus, there is still a big problem that monuments dated the Early

Holocene period are still not classified, and organic material is poorly

preserved. Thus, in such a case the material should be surveyed in a

different angle and observe this change from the technological approach.

Of course, one of the pieces of evidence that technological development

proceeded lies in several archaeological cultures that have been singled out

according to types of artefacts and used technology.

Often, technological development of the Early Holocene period is

investigated in archaeological material in the aspect of establishment of

microlitisation. However, the technique of production of microliths is

also quite more ancient than the beginning of the Holocene period, like

that of other major tools intended for work and daily economy activities.

When dealing with not microlithic material, many types of artefacts

dominating in all periods of the Stone Age are found. In the community

of hunters-gatherers, various flint tools used in economy changed their

forms; nevertheless, in certain moments they retained the same

traditions of flint knapping. Over the entire period of Early Holocene,

we observe that technological skills of flint processing impacted the

36

purpose of the artefacts used in economy, e.g. retouch, flint knapping.

When examining archaeological material, it is noticed that, when

shaping artefacts in the Late Pleistocene, in order to sharpen or renew

them, the cutting splitting technique and perpendicular retouch

remaining throughout the entire Early Holocene period were used. The

types of artefacts used in the economy can be specified in greater detail

only by using the methods of the trasological-experimental

investigation. Application of these methods enables surveying the

function of artefacts and specifying in detail the typology of flint

artefacts being currently employed by archaeologists.

When conducting experimental investigations, scientists attempt to

carry out them in as natural environment as possible (in a forest, glade),

making them closer to the environment of the surveyed period. It is

necessary because environment often conditions occurrence of micro-

and macro-traces, e.g. scraping of skin in a meadow. For the first

instance it may seem like an insignificant matter, but in a moment of

work some small amount of heavy particles of soil appear on that skin,

e.g. sands occurring between skin and edge of scraper form micro-

traces. It is important because people of that time also had “unsterile”

environment where they carried out their economy activities.

When examining flint artefacts by the trasological-experimental

method, many diverse traces are found; grounding on them one can

decide about their formation and classify them to separate groups.

Formation of traces is mechanical and chemical because, undergoing

impact of rubbing, silicon present in environment and/ or split from an

artefact combines with nitrates in organic material and water quickens

this reaction (Annex, Fig. 121–121.2)68. Under the impact of such

conditions, polish and/ or linear traces fond by a microscope are formed.

When investigating artefacts by the trasological method, “classical”

micro-trasological traces are recorded more rarely. More often, micro-

traces are found; they are less expressive and help to minimally interpret the

features. The first glance suggests that this investigation is not well

appropriate for the theme of development of economy because it is already

well known that hunters-gatherers used tools to process wood, bone, antler,

68 Tice Y., Knotier, M. 2013. Chimie en microélectronique. Chimie de la

présaentation des surfacea par voie humide: nettoyage attaque chimique et

séchage. Paris: Lavoiser, p. 198.

37

skin and cut food products. Still, after reviewing technological development

of economy, certain technological features having ancient traditions can be

found. Continuity involving a certain technical “interpretation” can be

noticed. Two major technological nuances could be distinguished: cutting

splitting technique and tranche type blow.

On the ground of trasological traces, it was found out that in frequent

cases tools of a double purpose, such as scrapers-cutters, knives-cutters,

were more often used as knives of scrapers only, and the part of them

formed by the cutting spilt method were used as hafting and shafting. With

regard to campsites of the Upper Palaeolithic period in Russia (Koromka,

Janovo, Nesilovichi 1st etc.), it is observed that at that period the burin-made

technique of splitting was widely used. The layers of the campsite display

both splits and flakes with shaped cut corners and parts of split artefacts

(Annex, Fig. 122). However, this material has not been examined

trasologically yet, therefore it is hard to define the purpose. As noticed, this

technology remains until the beginning of the Neolithic period.

Also it is observed that the burin-made splitting technique was also

used to form edges of a flint perforator. This technology is more

reflected in the Early Holocene, and in the later archaeological material

it is observed that this technology is substituted by flat retouch.

Nevertheless, even in the Middle or Late Neolithic period, burin-made

splitting is still noticed on retouched heads of knives or arrows formed

as protective hafting and shafting. Thus, this way of shaping hafting and

shafting of tools has quite ancient traditions that were recorded by using

the trasological-experimental investigation.

The main aim of the current research study was to find out whether

the typology of major artefacts of the Early Holocene period designed

by archaeologists until now corresponds to its functional purpose after

conducting it by the experimental-trasological method. Out of the types

of artefacts attributed to the Early Holocene period by the typological

method, major tools used for work at that time, i.e. exes, scrapers, awls,

perforators, burins, knives, have been selected. After carrying out

experimental-trasological analysis, this data was obtained.

After examination of perforators of the Early Holocene period by

using the experimental-trasological method, it was fond out that

majority of them typologically cannot be attributed to the artefacts used

to perform the function of perforation. Trasological features show that

majority of perforators have no the traces trasologically characteristic to

38

them. If talking about macro-traces, they should manifest at least in two

out of three or four edges (Annex, Fig. 11, 17.2). If talking about micro-

traces, they should manifest through the polished surface of flat places

of these perforators (Annex, Fig. 16.1). Also, if perforators were used to

process hard material, linear traces should have been formed on

perforator’s basils situated horizontally along edges (Annex, Fig. 20.2).

It should be noted that some birch tar remain on the hafting and shafting

part of perforators (Annex, Fig. 16.2) and macro-traces of utilisation are

seen. Unfortunately, when examining materials considered as

perforators from settlements of the period under investigation by

employing the trasological method, majority of them do not display the

above-mentioned features. When approaching perforators from the

technological aspect, three different ways of formation of perforators

can be distinguished: 1. When perforators are being formed by naturally

splitting a flake or using the upper part of a split having a triangular

crosscut (Annex, Fig. 18 and 22); 2. When perforator’s working surface

is being formed by retouch (Annex, Fig. 16 and 15); 3. When

perforator’s surface is being formed by a burin-made flake (Annex,

Fig. 13 and 21). After carrying out experimental investigation, it was

found out that the perforators that had been formed by employing the

burin-made technique performed their function more effectively that

those formed by other ways. Perforators formed by the burin-made

technology in the Early Holocene period settlements are encountered

quite often. However, perforators which technologically could be

pointed out after formed by retouch, after investigation by the

trasological method it was found out that were affected by the utilisation

process, but actually they had been formed in the burin-made manner.

Having investigated awls of the Early Holocene period by applying

the experimental-trasological method it was found that they were

usually produced from flakes or micro-blades. After examining them by

applying the trasological method, we observe that they are usually

characteristic of macro-utilisation features and very rarely of micro-

utilisation features. If to specify with details on the macro-traces, usually

they are the broken part of a spike (Annex, Fig. 60), and one edge is with

single utilisation-related splits (Annex, Fig. 65.1). If to provide details

on the micro-traces, they manifest on the part of a spike or on corners of

a broken spike (Annex, Fig. 62.1). Trasological traces on awls’ spikes

manifest through polishing to each other and, rarely, by single linear

39

traces which are formed on awls in the spiking direction. The term of

awls is not typologically defined in literature. Usually any sharp pointy

fragment of a flake or split made of flint can be attributed to this type.

This typological problem can be solved only by using the trasological

method. Experimental investigations show that the use of awls was

specific because they would pierce only a relatively thin skin.

Having examined scrapers of the Early Holocene period by applying

the experimental-trasological method, several different types of them

were identified. Types of scrapers that received most of the attention

during the investigation are the double-purpose artefacts: scrapers-

burins (Annex, Fig. 27), scrapers-knives (Annex, Fig. 22). After

carrying out trasological investigation it was observed that quite a big

part of scrapers were of a double-purpose, even though typologically it

was not identified by archaeologists. Usually, basils of double-purpose

burins’ edges have traces of utilisation. Deciding from the utilisation

traces, these artefacts whose edges were cut like knives were used for

cutting skin or meat. These scrapers which had a burin-shaped part had

no utilisation traces characteristic to scrapers (Annex, Fig. 27.1 and

39.1). This burin-made technique was used as protective and for shaping

the hafting and shafting part (Annex, Fig. 28–28.2 and 34–34.3).

Detailed characterisation of the ways of shaping scraper’s edges requires

mentioning that some part of the scrapers has no retouch; nevertheless,

the working edge was used for skin processing, as suggested by

trasological traces (Annex, Fig. 27 and 40). If an artefact turned to be no

longer functional, its working edges would be renewed by retouch.

Therefore, the types of scrapers most usually identified by

archaeologists are these artefacts that have retouch. The tranche type

blow is a more seldom used method of formation of scrapers’ edges; in

Lithuanian and foreign archaeological literature it is almost not

mentioned (Annex, Fig. 30). Caused by skin processing, the scrapers

receive usually micro-traces or more rarely macro-traces (Annex, Fig.

38.1). The polishing should be treated as micro-traces on the working

edges, whereas macro-traces are found on single utilisation-related splits

of their edges (Annex, Fig. 53.1). During experimental work with

scrapers, trasological features and the change of scrapers’ working edge

have been found. Dense and relatively fine linear traces form on the

working edges of scrapers in rarer cases (Annex, Fig. 35.1).

40

After investigation of scrapers of the Early Holocene period by

employing the experimental-trasological method, it was found out that

they are typologically well pointed out in scientific literature. However,

grounding on trasological investigation, not all typologically pointed out

scrapers meet their function. Regarding the data of trasological

investigation, in the Early Holocene burin-made splitting was more

often used as a technological means for forming the hafting and shafting

part of artefacts (Annex, Fig. 81, 81.1) or renewal of the working part of

the artefacts (Annex, Fig. 22). Trasological investigations demonstrate

that the working part of scrapers usually has some macro-traces which

manifest by macro-splits (Annex, Fig. 94.1, 94.2). Micro-traces are

found on the working part of scrapers quite seldom (Annex, Fig. 96.1).

The found micro-traces manifest by polish (Annex, Fig. 101.1) or linear

features (Annex, Fig. 95.2). Experimental examination of scrapers

shows that micro-traces form very seldom.

Archaeological literature scarcely mentions the Early Holocene flint

knives. Grounding on morphological-trasological features, separate

types of knives have been distinguished: knives intended for wood,

bone/ antler shaving, skinning knives. Other types of knives can be

distinguished only by applying the trasological method according to

micro- and macro-traces. Bits which were intended for processing of

bone/ antler bear strongly pronounced micro-trasological traces

manifested through polish and linear features (Annex, Fig. 79) and

macro-traces manifested through rough splits (Annex, Fig. 80.2).

Skinning knives bear rare single splits on their edges and a polished basil

(Annex, Fig. 81.2). The type of this artefact is singled out among flake

knives (Annex, Fig. 76). The knives intended for processing meat and

fish bear no more strongly pronounced trasological traces. Experimental

investigation of the knives allowed interpreting trasological traces and

their functionality.

Having investigated the knives of the Early Holocene period by

applying the experimental-trasological method, it was found that they

were mostly made of massive flint flakes, split parts. They are found in

archaeological material seldom, most often parts of their edges

morphologically formed by tranche type blow. Trasological

investigation of flint axes of the period mostly point to the manner of

their use rather than the material of processing. When examining axes,

the typological problems appeared: whether knives were used either as

41

adzes or axes. It is hard to identify this problem in the case of early axes

without trasological examination. Trasological investigation of axes

shows that macro-traces remain on their edges (Annex, Fig. 106.1), and

linear micro-traces are found above the edges, on more stable surface of

basils (Annex, Fig. 107.1). On the surface of axes, single sites of

specular polish are located (Annex, Fig. 105.1). Experimental

examination of axes facilitated clearer understanding of the places and

causes of location of trasological traces.

CONCLUSIONS 1. Grounding on experimental-trasological investigation of

archaeological material in Lithuania and the East Baltic region,

technological development of the Early Holocene period economy is

explored for the first time. In the flint processing industry of the period

under analysis, no cardinal changes happen; however, a specific

technological manner of forming tools appears (flint knapping

technology for artefacts dominates, the artefacts are shaped by using the

burin blow technique, microliths technology establishes), which,

referring to archaeological material of the East Baltic region, was

analysed by scientists neither from East Baltic nor neighbouring

countries. This technological development was caused by natural

environment and people’s lifestyle. In the Early Holocene period, nature

has cardinally changed, flora flushed, the territory of the East Baltic

region occurred in the forest zone. Emerging new specific branches of

economy, i.e. hunting, fishing and gathering in the forest environment,

impacted the change in technologies of the flint processing and

production of other tools in that period.

2. Analysed and repeated technologies of flint knapping, retouch

dating back to the Early Holocene period allowed estimating that

communities of that period used hard, semi-pressure and pressure

technique of knapping. In complexes of artefacts of that period,

perpendicular or semi-perpendicular, in rarer cases flat retouch method

is observed on made work tools. These technological features were used

to produce as accurate artefacts intended for experiments as possible.

3. After carrying out experimental investigation, tools similar to

those used for processing of organic materials in the Early Holocene

42

period have been made. The following technological features have been

identified during testing: 1. The change of the working surface

throughout the work process. The working surface of flint artefacts is

changing in the course of work as a result of the contact with processed

materials of different density, e.g. during wood shaving or bone cutting,

various lesions form on a flint tool’s edge. 2. Hafting and shafting parts

of an artefact and its effective use in the process of work. In classical

typology, accommodative parts underlining functionality of an artefact

are seldom distinguished. When effectively using artefacts with hafting

and shafting parts, more accurate their purpose can be estimated because

formation of trasological traces depends on the manner of hafting and

shafting, too, e.g. when an accommodative part of one artefact is formed

on the upper and lower parts utilisation during work evenly forms over

the overall working surface. When working with non-shafted artefacts,

irregular features of lesions form on different sites of artefact’s edges. 3.

Specific use of an artefact in the process of work, grounding on the

classical typology. When estimating functionality and effectiveness of

the classical typology, it was aimed to technologically recreate the

artefacts and to perform tests with them according to their primary

classification. Such method of analysis of the artefacts helped in more

clearly pointing out technological (retouch, purposeful knapping when

forming an artefact, burin made blow ) and trasological (utilisation

retouch, ragged rough utilisation retouch, single fractures) stages of

formation of the artefacts. Therefore, such examination of the tools from

the production process to the final their use made impact on the designed

classification of the artefacts.

4. When carrying out trasological investigation of the Early Holocene

flint materials stocked in museum collections in the East Baltic region

and conducting trasological investigation of replicas of the artefacts, the

following have been found out: 1. Classical typology of artefacts not

always complies with conclusions of trasological investigation.

Artefacts of the Early Holocene East Baltic region have never ever been

analysed by employing the trasological method so far. Until now,

archaeological material did not include any specifically singled out

types of these artefacts: awls, knives, adzes, unretouched scrapers,

perforators shaped in a burin made manner. 2. Trasological investigation

facilitated detailed examination of the function of the artefacts (e.g. a

knife for meat, a knife for bone/ antler, a knife for skin, a knife for

43

wood). Detailed identification of work tools according to macro- and

micro-lesions of the working surface, such as rough irregular crumbling

and formation of a specular polish surface enabled creating new

functionality of the artefacts. 3. According to trasological features, a

new typology of flint artefacts was designed (unretouched scrapers,

scrapers with burin-made hafting and shafting part, perforators made by

a burin-made blow, axes-adzes, awls, knives). According to recent data

of research, a new typology of the artefacts could be distinguished by

referring to trasological and technological features: unretouched

scrapers, scrapers with burin-made hafting and shafting part, perforators

made by a burin-made blow, axes-adzes, awls and knives. In the East

Baltic region, the types of these artefacts have not been pointed out so

far. The latter newly pointed out groups of the artefacts also were

attributed with technological trasological features after detailed

examination, and their minimal change in the Early Holocene period

was estimated. The following characteristics of the artefacts have been

distinguished: for perforators – the working perforating part was formed

by a burin, retouch or partly natural edge. For awls – a group of the

artefacts formed of flakes, burin-made blow or tranche type flakes are

sometimes used for their production. For scrapers – the working part

would be used unretouched and only in the later phase it would be

renewed by retouch. One side edge of the artefact would be used as a

knife, and the hafting and shafting part was formed by a burin. For

knives – usually made of splits, and the hafting and shafting parts are

shaped by perpendicular (protective) retouch or burin-made splitting.

For axes –usually formed as biphasic artefacts, and edges are formed in

two ways: tranche type splitting or splitting flakes from edges towards

the centre of the artefact. For burins – the working part of these artefacts

is shaped by splitting only. In rarer cases, the base is retouched, and then

the knapping is applied.

The following have been identified after the discussion of the change

of flint artefacts in the Early Holocene period:

– flint axes get a specific shape only in the beginning of the Early

Holocene period, when their central part was formed narrower

(clenched) or with leaning edges. And in the later phase of this period

axes of a lentil, relatively symmetric form, appear. In the middle phase

of the Early Holocene, there are no typically pointed out forms of axes

which would suggest designing their typology;

44

– in the beginning of the Early Holocene period, end scrapers are

formed with a burin hafting and shafting part, and in the later phase of

the period they are less frequent or disappear at all;

– in the case of perforators, a similar method of shaping is observed.

In the early and middle phases of the Early Holocene, they are formed

in a burin-made manner, and in the later phase a retouched working

surface is found.

– in the Early Holocene period, for burins, the working part intended

for purposeful use is less covered with utilisation micro-traces. In the

late phase of the Early Holocene period, typical forms of burins form,

and utilisation traces are found on their edges;

– in the early phase of the Early Holocene, knives bear no clearly

pronounced form, and their accommodative parts are formed by

perpendicular retouch or burin-made splitting; in the late phase of the

period, burin-made splitting is substituted by semi-flat and flat retouch.

5. Grounding on the data of experimental-trasological investigation,

it was identified that in the Early Holocene period major types of the

artefacts were characteristic of specific features of micro- (linear traces,

polished surface, combined features of polished surface and linear

traces) and macro- (regular and irregular crumbling, rough and deep

utilisation retouch, rounded edge) traces. The trasological features

enabled dividing the artefacts according to their functional purpose, and,

having merged them with the technological data, it was possible to more

broadly assess the change of formation of the groups of artefacts in the

Early Holocene period in the East Baltic region.

6. In the East Baltic region in the Early Holocene period it was

observed that the technologies which had been accepted from the Late

Pleistocene were adapted to another technological purpose. This is

observed in application of burin-made splitting for the hafting and

shafting part and formation of the working surface of the artefacts,

adjustment of the tranche type technique for the groups of specific

artefacts (axes, scrapers). Later, this technological innovation was

accepted from the communities of the Middle Holocene but used not so

widely as in the Early Holocene period.

Translated by Monika Gruslytė

45

DAKTARO DISERTACIJOS REZIUMĖ

LIETUVIŲ KALBA

Archeologinės medžiagos tyrimai šiuo metu sunkiai įsivaizduojami

be naujų technologijų pritaikymo, įvairių fizinių ir gamtinių mokslo

metodų panaudojimo. Norėdami atskleisti kuo detalesnius priešistorės ir

istorinių laikų žmonių gyvensenos ypatumus, archeologijos mokslo

atstovai bendradarbiauja su geologais, geografais, biologais, chemikais,

matematikais, fizikais ir kt. Lietuvoje ir Rytų Pabaltijyje tik XX a. pab.

ir XXI a. pr. archeologinės medžiagos tyrimuose detaliau pradėtas

naudoti priešistorės dirbinių funkcinės paskirties nustatymo –

trasologinis – metodas. Trasologija (angl. use-wear arba trasology) – tai

metodas, leidžiantis nuodugniai išnagrinėti analizuojamo archeologinio

darbo įrankio funkciją. Šiam tikslui pasitelkiami įvairaus galingumo

mikroskopai, galintys padidinti tyrinėjamo objekto vaizdą ir įgalinantys

detaliau pastebėti ant dirbinio paviršiaus nuo darbinės veiklos

pasilikusius pėdsakus. Dar detalesnei dirbinio funkcinei analizei atlikti

yra naudojamas eksperimentinis-trasologinis metodas. Šio metodo

principas paremtas eksperimentinių dirbinių gamyba ir praktiniu

taikymu, vėliau mikroskopu lyginant eksperimentinių ir autentiškų

archeologinių įrankių utilizacinius (darbinius) pėdsakus.

Trasologiniam metodui dažnai oponuoja tipologinis metodas, kuriuo

remiantis į vieną grupę sugrupuojami pagal tam tikrus išorinius

požymius išskirti dirbiniai69. Pasitelkus tipologinį metodą dažnai

mėginama nustatyti ir dirbinio funkciją, tačiau ji dažnai būna klaidinga,

nes su dirbiniu būdavo atliekami įvairūs darbai, kartais visai nesusiję su

jam priskiriama tipologija. Trasologiniu metodu neįvertinus dirbinio

paskirties, archeologų pateikta dirbinio tipologija dažnai būna netiksli.

Todėl, naudojant trasologinį metodą, galima patikslinti arba iš esmės

atmesti jau sudarytą ir iki šiol archeologų naudojamą dirbinių tipologinę

schemą. Ši tipologinė schema neatspindi realaus dirbinio panaudojimo

paskirties – jos funkcijos, todėl dažnai yra neteisingai nustatoma

dirbinių funkcija, o kartu ir ūkio raidos ypatumai. Tokiu pavyzdžiu gali

būti pjautuve įstatomi ašmenėliai: ar jais naudojantis buvo pjaunama

69 Bokelmann, K. 1999. Zum beginn des Spätmesolithikums in Südskandinavien

geweihaxt, dreieck und trapez, 6100 cal BC. Offa, 56, s. 183–197.

46

žolė, švendrės, ar kultūriniai javai? Tipologinis metodas, archeologijoje

naudojamas iki šiol, į šį klausimą atsakyti negali. Dažnai archeologai

tokius ašmenėlius priskiria pasisavinamajam arba gamybiniam ūkiui,

remdamiesi bendru dirbinių kompleksu: jei jis yra tarp mezolito

dirbinių, jį priskiria pasisavinamajam ūkiui, jei tarp neolito – dažnai

gamybiniam ūkiui. Tačiau, įvertinus dirbinius trasologiniu požiūriu, šis

skirstymas dažnai būna netikslus ir tokiu būdu iškreipia ūkio ypatumus.

Vis dėlto labai svarbu, ar tokiais įrankiais buvo pjaunama žolė, ar

kultūriniai javai. Su tokiais tipologiniais dirbinių ypatumais susiduriama

ir nagrinėjant ankstyvojo holoceno ūkio raidą ne tik Lietuvos

teritorijoje70.

Šis metodas ypač naudingas tyrinėjant archeologinį inventorių iš tų

objektų, kuriuose nebuvo aptikta organinės kilmės medžiagų. Ko gero,

vienu tokiu geriausiu pavyzdžiu Lietuvos archeologijoje galima laikyti

Pietų Lietuvos regione aptinkamas smėlinio tipo akmens amžiaus

gyvenvietes, kuriose archeologinė medžiaga būna mechaniškai

permaišyta ir daugiausia yra aptinkama tik titnago ir keramikos dirbinių.

Neaptikus iš kaulo, rago ar medžio dirbinių, tampa pakankamai

sudėtinga disponuoti duomenimis apie atskirose gyvenvietėse taikytą

ūkio modelį. Trasologiniai titnago dirbinių tyrimai suteikia galimybę

detaliau pažvelgti į ūkio, dirbinių panaudojimo, vyravusių gamybos

technologijų raidą prieš tūkstančius metų.

Tyrimų chronologija. Šiame darbe yra panaudoti eksperimentinių-

trasologinių tyrimų duomenys iš Lietuvos, Latvijos, Baltarusijos,

Rusijos teritorijose tyrinėtų ankstyvojo holoceno: vėlyvojo (finalinio)

paleolito pabaigos – mezolito ir ankstyvojo neolito paminklų (žr. priedo

1 pav.). Tai laikotarpis, apimantis holoceno epochos preborealio,

borealio ir atlančio periodus (96000–4400/4200 BC).

Iš dalies aptariamasis technologinės ūkio raidos laikotarpis įsiterpia

tarp dviejų skirtingų klimato – driaso III ir subatlančio I – laikotarpių.

Materialinės kultūros raidos požiūriu šis laikotarpis yra tarp mikrolitinės

technologijos ir keramikos dirbinių atsiradimo; ūkio požiūriu – tarp

labiausiai išplėtoto miškų zonos pasisavinamojo ūkio ir gamybinio

70Anderson-Gerfaud, P. C. 1988. Using prehistoric stone tools to harvest

cultivated wild cereals: prelimin.ary observations of traces and impact.

Industries lithiques traceologie et technologie. BAR, 411, vol. 1, p. 175–196.

47

ūkininkavimo pradžios; visuomeninės raidos požiūriu – tarp klajoklių

medžiotojų, žvejų ir maisto rinkėjų bendruomenių ir sėsliųjų gyvulių

augintojų bei žemdirbių bendruomenių formavimosi pradžios. Šiuo

laikotarpiu žmogus, kaip biologinė būtybė, prisitaikė gyventi pakitusioje

gamtinėje aplinkoje – nykstant tundros ir miškatundrės augmenijai iki

įsigalint plačialapiams miškams.

Aptariamuoju laikotarpiu bendruomenėms išgyventi iš

pasisavinamojo ūkio buvo gana sunku. Tai vertė Rytų Pabaltijyje

gyvenusias bendruomenes būti kūrybiškoms gaminantis racionalius ir

veiksmingus darbo įrankius ir ginklus. Technologiniai darbo įrankių

gamybos įgūdžiai, susiformavę dar preborealyje, kai Rytų Pabaltijo

teritorija apaugo miškais, išliko iki atlančio pabaigos71. Vėliau, jau

vidurinio neolito laikotarpiu, pradedant formuotis gamybinio

ūkininkavimo būdui, didėjant laukų plotams, kurie buvo skirti

gyvulininkystei ir žemdirbystei, keičiasi ir titnaginių darbo įrankių ir

ginklų gamybos technologija bei jų forma72. Darbe bus apsiribojama

ankstyvojo holoceno laikotarpio ūkinės technologijos kaitos tyrimais,

susijusiais su pasisavinamojo ūkio raida, nes šio laikotarpio medžiaga

detaliai nėra nagrinėta. Tačiau tam, kad galima būtų palyginti

ankstyvojo holoceno laikotarpio titnaginių dirbinių gamybos

technologijas bei dirbinių panaudojimo ypatumus su vėlesnėmis, jau

neolito laikmečio, dirbinių gamybos ir jų panaudojimo technologijomis,

darbe bus panaudota ir vėlesnio laikotarpio medžiaga iš Šarnelės,

Daktariškės 5-osios gyvenviečių (Telšių r.) bei ankstyvesnė – vėlyvojo

pleistoceno stovyklaviečių titnaginė medžiaga (Latvijos, Baltarusijos ir

Rusijos).

Tyrimų metodai. Darbe buvo taikomi šie tyrimų metodai:

technologinis, eksperimentinis, trasologinis, palyginamasis, analizė,

sintezė, indukcija ir dedukcija. Darbe aprašyti eksperimentiniai-

trasologiniai tyrimai, panaudojant šiuos metodus, atlikti Klaipėdos

universiteto Baltijos regiono istorijos ir archeologijos instituto

71 Римантене, Р. К. 1971. Палеолит и мезолит Литвы, Вильнюс: Mинтиc. 72 Rimantienė, R. 1996. Akmens amžius Lietuvoje (antrasis papildytas

leidimas), Vilnius: Žiburio leidykla, p. 116–208; Girininkas, A. 2009. Lietuvos

archeologija, t. 1. Akmens amžius. Vilnius: Versus aureus, p. 73–164;

Girininkas, A., Daugnora, L. Ūkis ir visuomenė Lietuvos priešistorėje, t. 1,

Klaipėda: Klaipėdos universiteto leidykla, p. 56–113.

48

archeologinės medžiagos tyrimų laboratorijoje. Prieduose pateikiami

titnaginių dirbinių piešiniai ir nuotraukos, darytos panaudojant

mikroskopą „Olympus SZX16“. Šiuo prietaisu buvo nustatomi dirbinių

trasologiniai tyrimai ir jų funkcinė priklausomybė. Ji buvo nustatoma

naudojantis Baltijos regiono istorijos ir archeologijos instituto

archeologinės medžiagos tyrimų laboratorijoje esančia palyginamąja

eksperimentiniu būdu pagaminta titnaginių dirbinių kolekcija, kurios

didžiąją dalį suformavo pats darbo autorius. Darbe atskiri

eksperimentinės-trasologinės metodologijos elementai panaudoti iš

S. A. Semionovo darbų ir šių dienų Sankt Peterburgo materialinės

kultūros istorijos instituto, Poznanės archeologijos muziejaus

laboratorijose, kitų Vakarų Europos mokslininkų sukauptos darbo su

titnaginiais dirbiniais patirties73. Eksperimentai buvo atlikti ir su

žuvimis, nugaišusiais ar medžioklėje sumedžiotais gyvūnais, juos

išdarinėjant, mėsinėjant, išimant sausgysles ir kt., taip praplečiant

praktines žinias apie ankstyvojo holoceno laikotarpio medžiotojų

naudojamas skerdimo technologijas, titnaginių darbo įrankių

panaudojimą skerdenų suformavimo procese po medžioklės.

Tyrimų objektas. Lietuvos archeologijos paveldą sudaro

archeologijos paminklai, muziejuose saugomi archeologinių radinių

73 Семенов, С. А. 1957. Первобытная техника (опыт изучения древнейших

орудий и изделий по следам работы). Материалы и исследования по

археологии СССР, №. 54. Москва, Ленинград: Академия наук СССР;

Winiarska-Kabacińska, M., 2010 Analiza funkcjonalna materiałów

krzemiennych ze stanowiska 2 w Cichmianie (AUT 441), in: Kabaciński, J.,

Sobkowiak-Tabaka, I. (eds.), Późny paleolit i mezolit basenu środkowej Warty,

Poznań ,2009, s. 379-453; Winiarska-Kabacińska, M., 2005. Analiza

funkcjonalna wytworów wybranych do studiów nad dystrybucją surowców

krzemiennych u schyłku paleolitu i w mezolicie. In: Z. Sulgostowska, Kontakty

społeczności późnopaleolitycznych i mezolitycznych między Odrą, Dżwiną i

Górnym Dniestrem, Warszawa, s. 271–292. Скакун, Н. Н., 2006. Oрудия

труда и хозяйство древнеземледельческих племен юго-восточной Eвропы

в эпоху энеолита (по материалам культуры Bарна), Санкт-Петербург:

издательство «Нестор-История»; Rots, V. 2010. Prehension and hafting

traces on flint tools. A methodology. Leuven: Leuven University press; Wadley,

L., Lombard, M. 2007. Small things in perspective: The contribution of our

blind tests to micro-residue studies on archaeological stone tools. Journal of

Archaeological Science, 34, p. 1001–1010.

49

rinkiniai, muziejų ekspozicijos bei archyvinė archeologinių mokslinių

tyrimų medžiaga. Darbe tyrimų objektą sudaro visų titnaginių

ankstyvojo holoceno – mezolito–ankstyvojo neolito – laikotarpio tipų

archeologiniai radiniai, aptikti Lietuvos, Šiaurės vakarų Baltarusijos,

Šiaurės rytų Lenkijos, Latvijos archeologiniuose paminkluose: titnago

žaliava, dirbiniai, gamybos atliekos, labai svarbios atkuriant dirbinių

gamybos technologiją. Visa muziejų fonduose saugoma medžiaga buvo

tiriama kompleksiškai. Prie tyrinėjimo objekto reikėtų priskirti ir

informaciją, sukauptą archeologinių tyrimų ataskaitose bei mokslinėse

publikacijose.

Darbo problema. Pagrindinė šiame darbe keliama problema –

išaiškinti Rytų Pabaltijo ankstyvojo holoceno titnaginių dirbinių

technologinę raidą ir jų kaitą to meto žmonių darbo procese. Šią

problemą spręsti ir tyrimus vykdyti įgalino įsisavintos naujos

technologijos, suteikiančios galimybę efektyviai ir nuodugniai ištirti

pagrindinę iki šiol archeologų sukauptą ankstyvojo holoceno laikotarpio

titnaginę medžiagą.

Darbo naujumą sudaro eksperimentinio-trasologinio tyrimo metodo

naudojimas tyrinėjant ankstyvojo holoceno titnaginius dirbinius. Darbe,

taikant minėtą metodą, buvo siekiama nustatyti ankstyvojo holoceno

titnaginių dirbinių gamybos technologiją ir jų funkciją. Iki šiol Lietuvos

archeologijos akmens amžiaus tyrimuose nebuvo pateikta nė vieno

mokslinio darbo, nagrinėjančio atskirų archeologinių laikotarpių ar

vienos dirbinių tipologinės grupės gamybos technologiją ir trasologiją.

Šiame darbe bus pateikti minėti tyrimų duomenys apie ankstyvojo

holoceno laikotarpio pagrindinius titnaginius dirbinius: peilius,

grąžtelius, ylas, gremžtukus, kirvius ir rėžtukus. Taikant eksperimentinį-

trasologinį metodą įmanoma tiksliau pažinti ir atskleisti priešistorės

žmonių gyvenseną, ūkį, įvertinti technologines inovacijas.

Darbo tikslas. Šio darbo tikslas – nustatyti ankstyvojo holoceno

laikotarpio technologinę ūkio raidą, analizuojant pagrindinius šio

laikotarpio dirbinius eksperimentiniu-trasologiniu metodu.

Darbo uždaviniai. Tikslui pasiekti buvo keliami uždaviniai,

nusakantys šio darbo eksperimentinių-trasologinių tyrimų etapus:

1. Nustatyti ir rekonstruoti pagrindinių ankstyvojo holoceno

titnaginių dirbinių gamybos technologiją, siekiant pagaminti

eksperimentinius dirbinius.

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2. Pagal ankstyvajame holocene naudotus darbo įrankius ir nustatytą

technologiją paruošti to meto darbo įrankių replikas, panaudojant tam

laikotarpiui būdingą titnago skaldymo ir dirbinių gamybos techniką.

3. Su pagrindinėmis dirbinių replikomis (grąžtais, rėžtukais,

gremžtukais, peiliais, ylomis, kirviais) atlikti eksperimentinius tyrimus

apdorojant kailius, odą, medį, kaulą-ragą, siekiant nustatyti ankstyvojo

holoceno darbinės technologijos ypatumus.

4. Trasologiniu mikroskopu nustatyti muziejų rinkiniuose ant

ankstyvojo holoceno laikotarpio dirbinių esančius trasologinius

pėdsakus ir palyginti juos su pėdsakais ant pagamintų replikų.

5. Nustatyti ir patikslinti pagrindinių ankstyvojo holoceno

laikotarpio dirbinių tipologiją remiantis eksperimentinių-trasologinių

tyrimų duomenimis.

6. Patikslinti ankstyvojo holoceno bendruomenių ūkyje naudotą

technologiją.

Pagrindiniai ginamieji teiginiai:

1. Ankstyvojo holoceno laikotarpio titnaginių dirbinių tipologija

neatitinka eksperimentiniu-trasologiniu metodu nustatytos dirbinių

paskirties. Šio laikotarpio dirbinių tipologija buvo sudaryta pagal

dirbinių morfologiją, o ne pagal trasologinius požymius, nes trasologinis

tyrimo metodas yra vėlesnis.

2. Nustatyti trasologiniai požymiai išskiria dirbinio panaudojimo

specifiką. Dirbinius galima nustatyti pagal jų darbinio paviršiaus

pažeidimus, nes kiekvieno tankio medžiagos palieka skirtingus

skiriamuosius bruožus.

3. Naudojantis eksperimentiniu metodu galima įrodyti ant dirbinių

paviršiaus pastebimų trasologinių pėdsakų atsiradimo kilmę.

Palyginamasis metodas šiuo konkrečiu atveju pritaikomas dirbinių

paviršiaus kitimo intervaliniu fiksavimu.

4. Eksperimentinis-trasologinis metodas detalizuoja klasikiniu

tipologijos metodu nustatyto dirbinio funkciją.

5. Eksperimentinis-trasologinis metodas padeda plačiau pažvelgti į

technologinę ir procesinę ūkio raidą. Kintant ūkio raidai, vyko ir

technologinis prisitaikymas prie kintančios aplinkos.

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Disertacijos struktūra.

Disertaciją sudaro turinys, įvadas, dėstomoji dalis, išvados, šaltinių

ir literatūros sąrašas bei priedai. Įvade aptariamas darbo aktualumas,

naujumas, reikšmingumas, įvardinamas tyrimo objektas, iškeliami

darbo tikslai, uždaviniai, apibrėžiamos tiriamosios medžiago

chronologinės ribos, pristatomi naudojami metodai ir istoriografija.

Darbo dėstomoji dalis suskirstyta į keturis skyrius. Pirmojo skyriaus

dviejuose poskyriuose aptariamas Lietuvoje ir užsienyje priešistorės

technologinės ūkio raidos tyrimuose taikomas eksperimentinis-

trasologinis metodas, istoriografinė apžvalga, o antrame poskyryje

pateikiama ankstyvojo holoceno gamtinė ir kultūrinė situacija Rytų

Pabaltijyje. Antrasis skyrius skirtas pagrindinių tyrimo metodų

aptarimui. Jame yra keturi poskyriai skirti eksperimentinio-trasologinio

metodo panaudojimui, tiriant ankstyvojo holoceno technologinę ūkio

raidą Rytų Pabaltijyje. Kiekviename iš poskyrių yra aptariama

tyrimuose naudojama įranga, pasirinktų metodų pritaikymas,

detalizuojama eksperimentinių dirbinių gamyba ir jų fiksacija. Trečiasis

disertacijos skyrius skirtas pagrindinių ankstyvojo holoceno titnaginių

dirbinių (grąžtų, rėžtukų, gremžtukų, peilių, ylų, kirvių) gamybos

technologijų rekonstrukcijai ir eksperimentiniams-trasologiniams

archeologinių dirbinių tyrimams. Pastarasis skyrius suskirstytas į

dvylika poskyrių, kuriuose detalizuojami trasologinių, eksperimentinių

ir eksperimentinių – trasologinių tyrimų duomenys. Ketvirtame darbo

skyriuje yra pateikti Rytų Pabaltijo ankstyvojo holoceno technologinės

ūkio raidos pagal archeologinės medžiagos eksperimentinius-

trasologinius tyrimus apibendrinimai ir nustatyti jų ypatumai.

Išvados

1. Ankstyvojo holoceno technologinė ūkio raida, remiantis

archeologinės medžiagos eksperimentiniais-trasologiniais tyrimais

Lietuvoje ir Rytų Pabaltijyje, atliekama pirmą kartą. Analizuojamoje šio

laikotarpio titnago apdirbimo industrijoje kardinalių pokyčių neįvyko,

tačiau atsiranda savitas technologinis įrankių formavimo būdas (vyrauja

dirbinių skeltinė technologija, dirbiniai formuojami naudojant rėžtukinę

techniką, įsigali mikrolitinė technologija), kuris, remiantis Rytų

Pabaltijo archeologine medžiaga, nebuvo analizuojamas nei Rytų

Pabaltijo, nei kaimyninių šalių mokslininkų. Šią technologinę raidą

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nulėmė gamtinė aplinka ir žmonių gyvensenos būdas. Ankstyvojo

holoceno laikotarpiu kardinaliai pasikeitė gamta, suvešėjo augalija,

Rytų Pabaltijo teritorija pateko į miškų zoną. Atsiradusios naujos

specifinės ūkio šakos – medžioklė, žvejyba ir rankiojimas miškų

aplinkoje – lėmė to meto titnago apdirbimo ir kitų įrankių gamybos

technologijos kaitą.

2. Analizuotos ir atkartotos ankstyvojo holoceno laikotarpio titnago

skaldymo, retušavimo technologijos leido nustatyti, kad šio laikotarpio

bendruomenės naudojo kietą, pusiau kietą ir minkštą skaldymo techniką.

To laiko dirbinių kompleksuose ant pagamintų darbo įrankių dažniausiai

aptinkamas statmenas arba pusiau statmenas, retesniais atvejais

plokščias retušavimo būdas. Šie technologiniai ypatumai buvo

panaudoti gaminant kuo tikslesnius eksperimentams skirtus dirbinius.

3. Atlikus eksperimentinius tyrimus buvo pagaminti įrankiai, su kuriais

ankstyvojo holoceno laikotarpiu buvo apdirbamos organinės medžiagos.

Bandymų metu išryškėjo šie technologiniai ypatumai: 1. Darbinio

paviršiaus kitimas darbo metu. Titnaginių dirbinių darbinis paviršius darbo

metu kinta nuo sąlyčio su apdirbamomis skirtingo tankio medžiagomis,

pvz., medžio drožimo ir kaulo pjovimo metu susiformuoja skirtingi

titnaginio įrankio briaunos pažeidimai. 2. Dirbinio įtvėrimas ir jo efektyvus

panaudojimas darbo procese. Klasikinėje tipologijoje retai kada išskiriamos

akomodacinės dalys, pabrėžiančios dirbinio funkcionalumą. Efektyviai

panaudojant dirbinius su įtvarais galima nustatyti tikslesnę jų paskirtį, nes

nuo įtvaro įtvėrimo būdo priklauso ir trasologinių pėdsakų susiformavimas,

pvz., kai vieno dirbinio akomodacinė dalis suformuota viršutinėje ir

apatinėje dalyse, utilizacija darbo metu tolygiai formuojasi per visą dirbinio

paviršių. Dirbant su neįtvertais dirbiniais, nereguliarūs pažeidimų bruožai

susiformuoja skirtingose dirbinio ašmenų vietose. 3. Dirbinio specifinis

panaudojimas darbo procese, remiantis klasikine tipologija. Nustatant

klasikinės tipologijos funkcionalumą ir efektyvumą buvo siekiama

technologiškai atkurti dirbinius ir su jais atlikti bandymus pagal jų priminę

klasifikaciją. Toks dirbinių analizavimo būdas padėjo aiškiau išskirti

technologinius (retušavimas, tikslinis skaldymas formuojant dirbinį,

rėžtukinis nuskėlimas) ir trasologinius (utilizacinis retušas, dantytas, grubus

utilizacinis retušas, pavieniai išskėlimai) dirbinių formavimo etapus. Todėl

toks įrankių analizavimas nuo gamybos proceso iki galutinio panaudojimo

turėjo įtakos sudarytai dirbinių klasifikacijai.

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4. Vykdant trasologinius tyrimus su Rytų Pabaltijo muziejų rinkiniuose

saugoma ankstyvojo holoceno titnagine medžiaga ir vykdant trasologinius

tyrimus su dirbinių replikomis nustatyta: 1. Klasikinė dirbinių tipologija ne

visada atitinka trasologinių tyrimų išvadas. Rytų Pabaltijyje ankstyvojo

holoceno laikotarpio dirbinių dar niekas trasologiniu metodu neanalizavo.

Iki šiol archeologinėje medžiagoje nebuvo konkrečiai išskirtų šių dirbinių

tipų: ylos, peiliai, vedegos, neretušuoti gremžtukai, grąžteliai, suformuoti

rėžtukiniu būdu. 2. Trasologiniai tyrimai padėjo detalizuoti dirbinių

funkciją (pvz., peilis mėsai, peilis kaului ar ragui, peilis odai, peilis

medžiui). Detalus darbo įrankių indentifikavimas pagal makro- ir mikro-

darbinio paviršiaus pažeidimus (grubūs, nereguliarūs ištrupėjimai ir

veidrodinio blizgesio susiformavimas) leido pastebėti naują dirbinių

funkcionalumą. 3. Pagal trasologinius požymius buvo sudaryta nauja

titnaginių dirbinių tipologija (neretušuoti gremžtukai, gremžtukai su

rėžtukiniu įtvaru, grąžteliai, suformuoti rėžtukine išskala, kirviai-vedegos,

ylos, peiliai). Remiantis naujausiais tyrimų duomenimis galima išskirti

naują dirbinių tipologiją (pagal trasologinius ir technologinius požymius):

neretušuoti gremžtukai, gremžtukai su rėžtukiniu įtvaru, grąžteliai,

suformuoti rėžtukine išskala, peiliai, kirviai-vedegos ir ylos. Rytų Pabaltijo

regione šie dirbinių tipai iki šiol nebuvo išskirti. Naujai išskirtoms dirbinių

grupėms pavyko detalizuoti technologines ir trasologines ypatybes,

nustatyti minimalią jų kaitą ankstyvojo holoceno laikotarpiu. Išskirtos šios

dirbinių ypatybės: grąžtelių – darbinė gręžiamoji dalis suformuota

rėžtukiniu būdu, retušu arba dalinai natūralia briauna; ylų – dirbinių grupė,

suformuota iš nuoskalų, neretai jų gamybai panaudojamos rėžtukinės

išskalos arba tranche tipo nuoskalos; gremžtukų – darbinė dalis būdavo

naudojama neretušuota ir tik vėlesniu etapu ją atnaujindavo retušu. Viena

šoninė dirbinio briauna būdavo naudojama kaip peilis, o įtvaro dalis

suformuojama rėžtukiniu būdu. Peilių – dažniausiai pagaminti iš skelčių, o

įtvarai būna suformuoti statmenu (apsauginiu) retušu arba rėžtukiniu

nuskėlimu. Kirvių – dažniausiai formuojami kaip bifasiniai dirbiniai, o

ašmenys suformuojami dviem būdais – tranche tipo nuskėlimu arba

nuskeliant nuoskalas nuo ašmenų link dirbinio centro. Rėžtukų – šių

dirbinių darbinė dalis suformuota tik nuskėlimu. Retesniais atvejais

retušuojamas pagrindas, o po to pritaikomas nuskėlimas.

Aptariant titnaginių dirbinių kaitą ankstyvojo holoceno laikotarpiu

nustatyta, kad:

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– titnaginiai kirviai savitą formą turi tik ankstyvojo holoceno

pradžioje, kai jų centrinė dalis buvo formuojama siauresnė (pergniaužta)

ar su pasvirusiais ašmenimis. Šio laikotarpio vėlyvajame etape išryškėja

lęšio santykinai simetriškos formos kirviai. Ankstyvojo holoceno

viduriniame etape nėra tipiškai išskirtų kirvių formų, pagal kurias būtų

galima sudaryti jų tipologiją;

– galiniai gremžtukai ankstyvojo holoceno pradžioje yra formuojami

su rėžtukiniu įtvaru, o vėlyvajame etape jie rečiau aptinkami ar išvis

išnyksta;

– grąžtelių formavimo būdas irgi panašus. Ankstyvojo ir vidurinio

ankstyvojo holoceno laikotarpiu jie fomuojami rėžtukiniu būdu, o

vėlyvuoju laikotarpiu aptinkamas retušuotas darbinis paviršius;

– rėžtukų ankstyvojo holoceno laikotarpio tikslinio panaudojimo

darbinė dalis rečiau būna su utilizciniais mikropėdsakais. Vėlyvajame

ankstyvojo holoceno etape susiformuoja tipinės rėžtukų formos, o ant jų

briaunų matyti utilizacinių pėdsakų;

– peiliai ankstyvajame ankstyvojo holoceno etape neturi ryškios

formos, o jų akomodacinės dalys yra formuojamos statmenu retušu arba

rėžtukiniu nuskėlimu. Vėlyvuoju šio laikotarpio etapu rėžtukinį

nuskėlimą pakeičia pusiau paplokščias ir plokščias retušas.

5. Remiantis eksperimentinių-trasologinių tyrimų duomenimis buvo

indentifikuota, kad ankstyvojo holoceno laikotarpio pagrindiniams dirbinių

tipams būdingi mikro- (linijiniai pėdsakai, gludintas paviršius, kombinuoti

gludinto paviršiaus ir linijinių pėdsakų požymiai) ir makro- (reguliarūs ir

nereguliarūs ištrupėjimai, grubus ir gilus utilizacinis retušas, užapvalinta

briauna) pėdsakų išskirtinumai. Trasologiniai požymiai dirbinius padėjo

suskirstyti pagal jų funkcinę paskirtį, o juos sujungus su technologiniais

duomenimis buvo galima plačiau įvertinti dirbinių grupių formavimosi

kaitą Rytų Pabaltijyje ankstyvojo holoceno laikotarpiu;

6. Rytų Pabaltijyje ankstyvojo holoceno laikotarpiu pastebėta, kad

technologijos, perimtos iš vėlyvojo pleistoceno, buvo pritaikytos kitai

technologinei paskirčiai atlikti. Tai pastebima kalbant apie rėžtukinio

nuskėlimo pritaikymą įtvarams ir formuojant dirbinių darbinį paviršių,

tranche tipo nuskėlimo technikos pritaikymą atskirų dirbinių grupėms

(kirveliams, gremžtukams). Vėliau ši technologinė inovacija buvo

perimama vidurinio holoceno bendruomenių, bet naudojama jau nebe

taip plačiai kaip ankstyvojo holoceno laikotarpiu.

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Trumpos žinios apie doktorantą

Gvidas Slah 2007 m. baigė Joniškio 2-ąją vidurinę mokyklą. 2007–

2009 m. studijavo istoriją Šiaulių universitete, 2009–2011 m. studijavo

istoriją su archeologijos specializacija Klaipėdos universitete. Apgynęs

baigiamąjį darbą tema ”Katros 1-osios gyvenvietės 13-ojo ploto

titnaginių dirbinių trasologija ir tipologija” 2011 m. įgijo istorijos

bakalauro kvalifikacinį laipsnį. 2011–2013 m. studijavo pagal

Klaipėdos universiteto Kraštovaizdžio archeologijos magistrantūros

studijų programą ir 2013 m. apgynęs baigiamąjį darbą tema “Kaulo ir

odos apdirbimo įrankiai akmens amžiaus Katros I gyvenvietėje.

Eksperimentiniai trasologiniai tyrimai” įgijo istorijos magistro

kvalifikacinį laipsnį. 2013–2017 m. studijavo jungtinės Klaipėdos

universiteto ir Vytauto Didžiojo universiteto istorijos mokslo krypties

doktorantūros studijose. 2009–2015 m. Šiaulių „Aušros“ muziejaus

archeologijos skyriaus darbuotojas. 2011–2015 m. dirbo Klaipėdos

universiteto BRIAI Archeologinės medžiagos tyrimų laboratorijos

laborantu, 2016 -2018 m. VDA Telšių fakulteto Taikomųjų kultūros

paveldo tyrimų ir konservavimo centro tyrėju, 2016–2017 m. Klaipėdos

universiteto Istorijos ir archeologijos katedros lektoriumi.

Nuo 2018 m. sausio mėn. Klaipėdos universiteto BRIAI jaunesnysis

mokslo darbuotojas.

Nuo 2007 m. dalyvauja archeologinėse ekspedicijose ir vykdo

archeologinius mokslinius tyrimus. Nuo 2009 m. dalyvauja tarptautinės

eksperimentinės archeologijos projektuose ir festivaliuose Lietuvoje,

Latvijoje, Lenkijoje, Rusijoje, Norvegijoje, Danijoje, Prancūzijoje.

Skaitė mokslinius pranešimus konferencijose Turkijoje (Stambule),

Škotijoje (Glazgove), Lietuvoje (Vilniuje), Lenkijoje (Olštyne). 2017 m.

stažavosi Sankt Peterburgo Istorijos ir Archeologijos materialinės

kultūros tyrimo institute eksperimentinės archeologijos ir trasologijos

laboratorijoje.

Eksperimentinės archeologijos klubo „Pajauta“ viceprezidentas,

narys, Europos archeologų asociacijos (EAA) narys.

Mokslinių interesų kryptys: Akmens amžius, trasologija,

eksperimentinė archeologija.

Kontaktai: Klaipėdos universiteto Baltijos regiono istorijos ir

archeologijos institutas, H. Manto g. 84, Klaipėda LT-92294

El.paštas: Qwidar@gmail.com arba slahqwidar@yahoo.com

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Jungtinės VDU ir KU doktorantūros istorijos krypties (05H)

doktoranto Gvido Slah mokslinių straipsnių ir veiklos sąrašas:

(2013-2018)

1. SLAH Gvidas. Rectangular bladelets discovered at the Katra I

settlement in the Varėna district of Lithuania: a functional

analysis. In: Archaeologia Baltica. Frontier societies and

enviromental change in Northeast Europe. Klaipėda, 2013, t 20,

p. 162-173.

2. SLAH Gvidas. Flint artefact Manufacture techniques at the

Paleolithic and Mesolithic settlements at Aukštumala in

Lithuania, and traceological studies of them. In: Archaeologia

Baltica. Frontier societies and enviromental change in

Northeast Europe. Klaipėda, 2013, t 20, p. 190-199.

3. GIRININKAS Algirdas, RIMKUS Tomas, SLAH Gvidas,

DAUGNORA Linas, STANČIKAITĖ Miglė, ZABIELA

Gintautas. Lithuania‘s Lyngby type artice in the

context of the Northern Europe Stone Age: multidisciplinary

study. In: Archeoloģija un etnogrāfija, Riga, 2016, t. XXIX.

p. 22–36.

4. SLAH Gvidas, RIMKUS Tomas. Experimental and use-wear

examinations of flint knives: reconstructing butchering

techniques of prehistoric Lithuania“. In: Archeologija

Lithuana. Vilnius, 2016, t. 17, p. 77–88.

5. GIRININKAS Algirdas, RIMKUS Tomas, SLAH Gvidas,

DAUGNORA Linas. Liungbiu tipo dirbiniai Lietuvoje. Istorija.

2017, vol. 105, No 1, p. 4–23.

6. SLAH Gvidas. Titnaginių, mikrolitų gamyba, panaudojimas ir

rekonstrukcija. In: Eksperimentinė archeologija. Lietuvos

materialaus paveldo rekonstrukcija. Sud. D.LUCHTANIENĖ.

Vilnius, 2017, t.1, p. 117-125.

7. SLAH Gvidas, RIMKUS Tomas „Traologiniai tyrimų metodika

Lietuvoje“. Lietuvos archeologijos tyrimų metodai, 2018, t. 2 (in

press).

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Mokslo populiarinimo straipsniai

1. SLAH Gvidas. Tytuvėnelių akmens amžiaus gyvenvietė

pėdsakai. Padubysio Kronikos (6). 2016, p. 10–16.

Mokslines konferencijos

1. SLAH Gvidas. „Titnaginių grąžtelių gamybos technologijų

rekonstrukcija ir trasologiniai tyrimai, remiantis Katros 1-os

gyvenvietės archeologiniais duomenimis“. Penktasis istorijos ir

archeologijos studijų doktorantų nacionalinis seminaras.

Klaipėdos universitetas. 2014-04-10,

2. SLAH Gvidas. Typology proved by trasology and experimental

archaeology tests: „unretouched scrapers”. In: ed.Ozgur

Yilmaz, 20th Annual meeting of the European Association of

Archeology. Istanbul, 2014,

3. SLAH Gvidas. Mesolithic flint axes in Lithuania, their function

and technology. 21th Annual meeting of the European

Association of Archeology. Glasgow, 2015.

4. SLAH Gvidas. „Examples of experimental archaeology in

Lithuania. Tarptautinė konferencijai „Key to history – key to the

future tourism development“. Olsztyn, 2015-06-09–11.

5. SLAH Gvidas. Perskaitytas pranešimas ruošiamos disertacijos

tema "Titnaginės ylos: teorija ir praktika". Šeštasis istorijos ir

archeologijos studijų doktorantų nacionalinis seminaras 2015-

04- 29–30, Klaipėdos universitetas.

6. SLAH Gvidas. Flint awls: theory and practice. 22th Annual

meeting of the European Association of Archeology. Vilnius,

2016.

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Klaipėdos universiteto leidykla

Gvidas Slah

IDENTIFICATION OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMY

IN THE EARLY HOLOCENE PERIOD GROUNDING ON THE EXPERIMENTAL-

TRASOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIALS

OF THE EAST BALTIC REGION

Summary of doctoral dissertation

ANKSTYVOJO HOLOCENO TECHNOLOGINĖS ŪKIO RAIDOS PAGAL RYTŲ

PABALTIJO ARCHEOLOGINĖS MEDŽIAGOS EKSPERIMENTINIUS-

TRASOLOGINIUS TYRIMUS NUSTATYMAS

Daktaro disertacijos santrauka

Klaipėda, 2018

SL 1335. 2018 02 07. Apimtis 3,25 sąl. sp. l. Tiražas 40 egz.

Išleido ir spausdino Klaipėdos universiteto leidykla, Herkaus Manto g. 84, 92294 Klaipėda

Tel. (8 46) 398 891, el. paštas: leidykla@ku.lt; interneto adresas: http://www.ku.lt/leidykla/

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