Development of Improved

Cocoa Clones for Farmers:

Malaysia Cocoa Clones

• 1950’s-1960’s Amelonado and its hybrids, but, were unsuitable to the local

environment because of susceptibility to dieback disease and

poor tolerance to expose (high light intensity); poor yielder

(e.g. Aml x Pa7, Aml x SCA9)

• 1970’s-1990’s Trinitario and Forestero hybrids of the Upper Amazon origin;

higher yielding and more tolerant to dieback disease than the

Amelonado hybrids

(e.g. UIT1 x Na33, UIT1 x SCA6, Pa138 x SCA9, Pa156 x IMC 67)

• 2000’s onwards Locally selected superior clones; more superior with regards to

yield and generally to disease i.e. vascular streak die-back and

black pods

(e.g. PBC 123, KKM 22, QH 1003, MCBC1)

Historical Aspects: Planting materials

• 1950’s-1960’s

government agencies (e.g. Department of Agriculture)

• 1970’s-1990’s

government and private plantation agencies

(e.g. Department of Agriculture, Sime Darby Plantations)

• 2000’s onwards

government, private plantation agencies, individual

farmers/smallholders

Historical Aspects: Agencies involved

Genetic Materials

• Mainly forestero and trinitario, some criollio

• Introduced mainly from the Intermediate Quarantine facility of the Reading University, UK

• Two years quarantine period or until certified disease or disorder free

• Presently over 1000 accession each of the introduced and locally selected materials

Steps in the Development of Planting Materials

1. Selecting clones to be introduced from Intermediate Quarantine Facility

2. Quarantine requirement (at least 2 years)

3. Local suitability evaluation (6-10 years)

4. Generation of hybrids population and evaluation of desired crosses/progenies (>8 years)

5. Selection of elite individual tress from hybrid population and evaluation (6-10 years)

6. Local verification trials (6-10 years)

7. Selection of clones for commercial planting (2-4 years after local verification completion)

8. Establishment of budwood garden

9. Distribution of superior clones

10. Monitoring of clones performance in the cocoa growers field

Criteria for Recommended Clones

• High yielding: >2t/ha/year

• Average dried beans: >1.0g

• Pod index: 25

• Bean number per pods: >30

• Shell content: <12%

• Cocoa butter: >50%

• Disease tolerance: VSD, BP

• Insect pest tolerance: Helopeltis, Cocoa pod borer (most preferred)

SOME RECOMMENDED MALAYSIA CLONES

• PBC 112, 123, 159, 236 ,etc

• KKM 1,5, 22, 25, 28, etc

• QH 22, 37, 441, 1003, 1176, etc

• MCBC1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

PBC 123 MCBC 1 QH 1003

CLONE PYT DBY

(kg/ha/yr)

POD

VALUE

ADBW

(g) BNP

FAT

(%)

CPC

(%)

KKM 22 58.1 2420 24.0 1.09 38 57.0 31.0

MCBC 1 68.9 3590 19.2 1.30 39 56.0 34.3

PBC 123 58.7 2550 23.0 1.04 42 53.0 33.8

QH 1003 50.5 2030 24.9 1.36 31 53.0 31.9

MCBC 8 59.9 3510 17.1 1.50 40 54.7 33.1

BR 25 67.3 2690 25.0 1.00 40 45.0 40.5

KKM 1 68.4 3930 17.4 1.06 51 56.0 34.0

KKM 4 51.0 2040 25.0 1.06 38 54.0 36.0

KKM 5 43.8 2020 21.7 1.07 42 49.0 42.0

KKM 25 72.5 2440 29.7 1.30 24 52.0 39.0

MCBC 9 90.7 3760 24.1 1.29 33 51.3 33.5

PBC 112 38.3 1530 25.0 1.01 38 56.0 27.0

PBC 139 43.4 2250 19.3 1.18 44 57.0 25.3

QH 22 75.1 3510 21.4 1.15 42 55.0 28.3

Technical Information some of MALAYSIA CLONES

How Does A Farmer Obtains the Clones?

• Nearby MCB’s R&D centres

• Private nurseries

• Farmers’ group nurseries

• Farmers’ nursery entrepreneurs

Who Verify the Authenticity of Clones?

• MCB’s cocoa breeders

• Trained extension staff

How are the Clones Distributed ?

• Grafted seedlings

• Budsticks (e.g. for mature grafting/field grafting)

How much is the seedling cost ?

• Seeds : RM0.06-0.10

• Ungrafted: RM1.50-2.00

• Grafted : RM3.00-5.00

Welcome to

MALAYSIAN INTERNATIONAL COCOA

FAIR 2013

4-9 OCTOBER 2013 Sunway Pyramid Convention Centre

Kuala Lumpur

www.koko.gov.my

Thank You HAYA RAMBA Manager / Cocoa Breeder

MALAYSIAN COCOA BOARD

COCOA RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTRE

LOT 248 BLOCK 14 BIOTECHNOLOGY PARK

94300 KOTA SAMARAHAN

SARAWAK MALAYSIA

TEL. : 6082-465912

FAX. : 6082-465911

EMAIL : hayaramba@koko.gov.my