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Shell Global Solutions International B.V. CONFIDENTIAL 1

Development of a New Emergency System for High Pressure Gas Transfer Arms

Pablo Vega PérezProcess Engineer Gas & LNG

February 2019

The Hague, February 2019

Shell Global Solutions International B.V. CONFIDENTIAL

Content of the presentation

1

2

3

4

Background

Managing Technology Risks

Concept Development

Proof of Concept

2February 2019

5 Commercialisation and Advocacy

Shell Global Solutions International B.V.


Background

February 2019

1.0


Feed gas extraction

1

Gas treating

2

Gas liquefaction

3

Large scale LNG transportation

4

Regasification,breakbulk, bunkering, LNG for transport

5

Overseas market development

6

Exploration &production

Gas treating,separation Liquefaction LNG

transport Regasification Distribution/Sales

LNG supply chain

4February 2019Shell Global Solutions International B.V.


Onshore LNG regasification terminals

5February 2019

HIGH PRESSURE PUMPS

GAS GRID

VAPORISERSPRIMARYPUMPS

STORAGE TANKS

VISITING LNG CARRIER

60 – 100 barg

Shell Global Solutions International B.V. CONFIDENTIAL 6February 2019

Floating storage & regasification units (FSRU)

VISITING LNG CARRIER FSRU

60 – 100 barg

GAS GRID


FSRU population

7February 2019

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

Num

ber o

f FSR

Us

Calendar Year

FSRU POPULATION

Shell Global Solutions International B.V. CONFIDENTIAL February 2019 8Shell Global Solutions International B.V.

Shell Global Solutions International B.V. CONFIDENTIAL February 2019 9

Marine loading arms

Mechanical structure supporting of a set of

articulated pipes.

Designed to operate within a specific envelope

An emergency release system (ERS) protects

the arm in case of excessive movement

The ERS is able to automatically isolate the arm

from the ship and then disconnect


Shell Global Solutions International B.V. CONFIDENTIAL February 2019 10

Marine loading arms

Mechanical structure supporting of a set of

articulated pipes.

Designed to operate within a specific envelope

An emergency release system (ERS) protects

the arm in case of excessive movement

The ERS is able to automatically isolate the arm

from the ship and then disconnect


Emergency release system

LNG High Pressure Gas

Pressure < 5 barg Pressure <100 barg


Managing Technology Risks

February 2019

2.0


Technology development release

12February 2019

New technology undergoes a thorough review process beforefirst project deployment

The goal is to assess level of maturity and to understand the associated technical risks



Risk management

13February 2019

UNACCEPTABLE

TOLERABLE IF ALARP

BROADLY ACCEPTABLE

Incr

easi

ng R

isk

“ALARP is achieved when risk is reduced to a level at which the cost and effort (time and trouble) of further risk reduction are grossly disproportionate to the risk reduction achieved.”


Initiating events

THE RISK RETURN FREQUENCY CHANGES WITH THE SPECIFIC FSRU LOCATION

Extreme waves/currents/winds

Tropical cyclone

Squalls

Tsunami

Earthquake

Ship Collision

Human error of commission

FSRU Engine testing

Ballasting Procedure

Accidental Release of Mooring Hooks

Rupture of a FSRU Mooring Line

Floating Storage and Regasification Unit (FSRU)

14February 2019


The hazard

Flammable substance. There is a potential for ignition leading to fire,explosions, etc.

Pressurised gas in large volume. Being compressible, gases canstore significant potential energy that could lead to a violent anddestructive set of events if rapidly released, due to the effect of theexplosive decompression and reaction forces (even without ignition).

Compressed Natural Gas

HAZARD

THE CONSEQUENCE SEVERITY IS IMPACTED BY THE POTENTIAL ENERGY OF THE SYSTEM

15February 2019


Safety barriers

16February 2019

A safety barrier is an element that prevents, controls ormitigates a risk

The risk reduction of a barrier is measured by itsprobability of failure on demand (PFD)

A risk assessment process establishes whether the armsrequire an emergency release system (ERS) anddetermines its required risk reduction target.


Prevention Barriers

Recovery Barriers

HA

ZA

RD

CO

NSE

QU

ENCE

Loss of Containment


Safety hardware critical failures

Critical failure effect

Dangerous Safe

On demand Spurious



Spurious ERS activation incident during LNG transfer to shore

18February 2019


Risk of spurious ERS activation

19February 2019

Loading arm

proximity switches

ERS activation pushbutton

PLC Solenoid

Sensor

Logic Solver

Electro-hydraulic valve

Legend

Actuator

CONVENTIONAL LOW PRESSURE LNG EMERGENCY RELEASE SYSTEM



History of spurious ERS activations during LNG transfer operations

20February 2019

8.57E-03 7.84E-03 5.60E-03 4.03E-032.35E-03

6.35E-03

1.E-06

1.E-05

1.E-04

1.E-03

1.E-02

1.E-01

1.E+00

Historic Spurious Failure Rate LNG ERS [yr-1]Cause of Release Number of Incidents

% of Reported Incidents

Component Failure 9 28%

Operational 8 25%

Software related 5 16%

Multiple causes 3 9%

Commissioning 1 3%

Others 6 19%

Total 32 100%

Data source: LNG Emergency Release Systems. Recommendations, Guidelines and Best Practices [Report] / auth. SIGTTO. - [s.l.] : Witherby, 2017

Data collected since 1995

Component Failure: a spurious activation as a result of a hardware failure.

Operational: a spurious activation as a result of human error.

Software Related: a spurious activation as a result of a software fault.



Risk of spurious disconnection

21February 2019

Loading arm

proximity switches

ERS activation pushbutton

Solenoid

Solenoid

Solenoid

Solenoid

PLC

PT

Sensor

Logic Solver

Electro-hydraulic valve

Legend

InstrumentedPermissive

CONVENTIONAL HIGH PRESSURE GAS EMERGENCY RELEASE SYSTEM

Actuator Low Pressure



CFD explosive decompression of high pressure natural gas

February 2019 22

High pressure gas line Coupler location Open air


Pneumatic test accident Shanghai LNG import terminal. Feb. 2009

23February 2019

Human scale


Safety hardware critical failures

24February 2019

Critical failure effect

Dangerous Safe

On demand Spurious

Safe



Concept Development

February 2019

3.0


Design Objectives

26February 2019

Integrity to achieve the required PFD:

Component selection

Architecture design

Testing frequency

Sufficient spurious fault tolerancespurious fault tolerance



HP ERS concept design features

ESDVESDV

BDV

BDVGAS TOPIPELINE

FCFC

FO

FO

GAS TO FSRU VENT MAST

Hydraulic Power Unit

GAS FROM FSRU


ARM DRIVE CYLINDERS


FSRU Jetty


Required failsafe operation of the coupler

Coupler not pressurised

Coupler pressurised

FAIL TO OPEN

FAIL TO CLOSE

Pressure-gated link


Two distinct failsafe scenarios


Pressure-gated link connection


ESDVESDV

BDV

BDVGAS TOPIPELINE

FCFC

FO

FO

GAS TO FSRU VENT MAST


GAS FROM FSRU

ARM DRIVE CYLINDERS


FSRU Jetty


Proof of Concept

February 2019

4.0


1

Proof of concept

Intellectual Property



1 2

Proof of concept


Contracting Strategy



1 2 3

Proof of concept



Detail Engineering



1 2 3 4

Proof of concept



Detail Engineering

Testing Protocol



1 2 3 4 5

Proof of concept



Detail Engineering

Testing Protocol

Prototype Construction

Shell Global Solutions International B.V. February 2019


1


2 3 4 5 6


Detail Engineering

Testing Protocol

Prototype Construction

Testing & Certification

Proof of concept

Shell Global Solutions International B.V. February 2019


HP ERS testing

February 2019 37


Key test results

38February 2019

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Pres

sure

, bar

Test cycle

Disengagement Pressure (PGL-B)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Pres

sure

, bar

Test cycle

Disengagement Pressure (PGL-A)



Rigorous design review (FMEA, HAZID, HAZOP, etc.)

Successfully tested simulating emergency release at real pressure conditions

500 testing cycles

Design and testing supervised and certified by TÜV Rheinland:

Design validation and certification


PFD: SIL 2 capability

SPT: 3.5E-6 yr-1


HP gas transfer arm connection

40February 2019

ARM SIDE

FSRU SIDE


HP gas transfer arm emergency release

ARM SIDE

FSRU SIDE

41February 2019


Commercialisation and Advocacy

February 2019

5.0


Commercialisation

43February 2019

▪ Shell retains ownership of the Shell HP ERS IP

▪ Shell HP ERS commercialised by Emco Wheaton under license

▪ Third parties have full access to Shell HP ERS

▪ Shell HP ERS can be retrofit in existing HP gas transfer arm



Advocacy

44February 2019

▪ Shell Project Partners

▪ FSRU Owners & Providers

▪ Classification Societies

▪ Loading Arms OEMs

▪ Industry Groups

▪ Technical standards working groups

▪ Industry Exhibitions and Conferences

TARG

ET G

ROU

PS


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