kinnow fruit dropping
TRANSCRIPT
Project on
Efficacy of pre-harvest spray schedule in controlling fruit dropping and post-harvest fruit decay in Kinnow
Horticultural Research and Development ProgrammeGovt. of Rajasthan Funded Project
Principal Investigator: Dr. R. B. Gaur Assoc. Prof. (Pl. Path.)
Co-PI: Dr. R.N. Sharma, Sr. Tech. Asstt. (Path.) Dr. M.K. Kaul, Professor (Horticuture)
Agricultural Research Station S. K. Rajasthan Agricultural University SRI GANGANAGAR-335001
Principal Investigator: Dr. R. B. Gaur Assoc. Prof. (Pl. Path.)
Co-PI: Dr. R.N. Sharma, Sr. Tech. Asstt. (Path.) Dr. M.K. Kaul, Professor (Horticuture)
Agricultural Research Station S. K. Rajasthan Agricultural University SRI GANGANAGAR-335001
PROGRESS REPORT(2006-07 – 2008-09)
1. Progress in key words of the project Activity: Survey of kinnow orchards in relation to
biotic and abiotic stress:
Objective: To study factors responsible for biotic (microorganisms) and abiotic (Physiological) induced fruit dropping:
Fruit dropped due to abiotic (Physiological) stress
Fruit dropped due to biotic (Pathological) stress
A. Pre-mature fruit dropping in different kinnow orchards of Sriganganagar (2007-08 to 2008-09)
(a) Pathological fruit dropping:
Dropping was more or less at par in orchards of ARS, Layalpur farm and Vishnu garden ranged between 0.52 – 4.55% respectively. In all the three orchards, the minimum pathological fruit dropping was recorded during June month which later on showed fast increase till October month but after wards incidence decreased steadily. In general, September-October-November period seems to be congenial period for fruit dropping (Table 1).
(b) Physiological fruit dropping:
(c) Over all fruit dropping (Pathological + Physiological):
More or less at par fruit dropping of 14.5 and 14.04 per cent in Kinnow orchard of ARS and Vishnu garden. The Kinnow orchard situated in Layalpur farm showed comparatively less fruit dropping (13.27%).
Fruit dropping in all three orchards showed steady increase from June to Aug. month and fast increase from Sep. to Nov. month. After Nov. month fruit dropping showed decreasing trend (Table 1).
Maximum fruit dropping (36.4%) was observed in orchard of ARS followed by fruit dropping of 34.27 per cent in Vishnu garden and 32.92 per cent in Layalpur farm.
In all three orchards increasing trend of fruit dropping was observed from June to Oct. month. From Oct. onward, fruit dropping showed decreasing trend. In general Sept. – Oct. – Nov. months, seems to be congenial period for over all fruit dropping (Table 1).
Table 1. Pre-mature fruit dropping in different Kinnow orchards of Sriganganagar (2007-08 to 2008-09)
Month % Fruit dropping at different locations
ARS Layalpur Vishnu Garden
Pathological
Physiological
Total Pathological
Physiological
Total Pathological
Physiological
Total
June 0.66 1.77 2.43 0.52 1.45 1.97 0.79 0.93 1.72
July 1.97 1.53 3.50 1.45 1.50 2.95 1.13 0.97 2.10
August 2.07 1.22 3.29 1.73 0.77 2.50 1.89 1.28 3.17
September 3.26 2.23 5.49 2.68 1.46 4.14 4.55 1.87 6.42
October 4.44 2.24 6.68 3.82 2.66 6.48 3.37 2.83 6.20
November 3.74 2.94 6.68 3.49 2.17 5.66 2.98 2.98 5.96
December 3.03 1.73 4.76 4.07 1.62 5.69 2.92 1.78 4.70
January 2.53 0.84 3.37 2.89 1.64 4.53 2.60 1.40 4.00
Total 21.70 14.50 36.40 20.65 13.27 33.92 20.23 14.04 34.27
B. Pre-mature fruit dropping in relation to meteorological factors (abiotic stress):
(a) Pathological fruit dropping:Minimum fruit dropping of 0.66 per cent was recorded during June month
when the minimum and maximum temperature was 27.79 and 40.30 oC respectively.This study concluded that Aug. onward period is most congenial for
pathological fruit dropping when the monthly average minimum and maximum temperature ranged between 5.33 – 27.33 oC and 20.74 – 38.20 oC respectively. Humid climate as a result of 19 precipitation days during this period seems to have positive bearing on pathological fruit dropping (Table 2).(b) Physiological fruit dropping:
Minimum fruit dropping of 0.72 per cent during January month and maximum of 2.70 per cent during November month.
This study proves that high temperature difference between minimum and maximum temperature and dry spell favours physiological fruit dropping in Kinnow (Table 2).(c) Total fruit dropping (pathological + physiological):
The over all average fruit dropping from June to January period in the region was 34.25 per cent.
This study prove that high temperature, vast difference in weekly range of minimum and maximum temperature and wide difference between minimum and maximum temperature with humid climate developed due to frequent rainfall favours over all fruit dropping in Kinnow (Table 2).
Table 2. Meteorological factors in relation to pre-mature fruit dropping in Kinnow orchards in Sriganganagar district (Mean of 2007-08 & 2008-09)
Month
Fruit dropping (%) Meteorological factors
Pathological
Physiological
Total
Temperature (oC) Rainfall (mm)
Min MaxWeekly range
Min-Max
Temp. Differen
ce
Total Rainfal
l
Rainy Days
June 0.66 1.38 2.04 27.79 40.30 25.93-42.14 16.2 105.4 9
July 1.52 1.33 2.85 28.91 39.99 27.00-41.11 14.1 73.4 2
August 1.90 1.09 2.99 27.33 38.20 26.73-39.99 13.3 48.2 6
September 3.50 1.85 5.35 24.21 36.92 21.99-38.61 16.6 60.9 5
October 3.88 2.58 6.46 17.34 36.12 14.65-38.14 23.5 0.0 -
November 3.41 2.70 6.11 11.58 30.09 8.89-32.99 24.1 0.0 -
December 3.34 1.71 5.05 7.53 23.75 5.32-26.53 21.2 0.9 2
January 2.68 0.72 3.40 5.33 20.74 2.26-22.50 20.2 14.3 6
Total 20.90 13.36 34.25
Activity: Evaluation of fungicides, bioagent and growth regulators against the pre-harvest fruit dropping.
Objective: To develop spray schedule to check pre- harvest fruit dropping:
Trial was laid out at Agricultural Research Station, Sriganganagar. Pre-harvest foliar sprays of one yeast biocontrol agent {Sporidiobolus pararoseus (KFY-1)} @ 109 CFU/ml locally isolated from kinnow fruit surface, six fungicides viz., carbendazim @ 0.1%, Mancozeb @ 0.2%, Carbendazim 12% + Mancozeb 63% @ 0.15%, Propineb, Thiophanate methyl, Copper oxychloride @ 0.3% and one growth regulator viz., Gibberellic acid @ 20 ppm were given to the plants. Each treatment was given five times in a season in the month of March, April, August, September and October. GA3
@ 20 ppm was common in all the treatments given during April, August and October. Control plants received only plain water sprays.
The observations of dropped fruits were started from 1st spray of treatments at weekly intervals till harvest.
Number of dropped fruitsFruit dropping (%) = x 100 Total number of fruits observed
Procedure:Procedure:
(a) Pathological fruit dropping:
Pathological fruit dropping was calculated on the basis of pre-mature dropping of Kinnow fruits showing typical rotting symptoms on twig, distal end and on fruit rind. The pathogens associated with these symptoms were tentatively identified as Botryodiplodia theobromae and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. The symptoms were later on compared and confirmed through pathological test following Koch’s postulates.
Results:Results:
Three sprays of Carbendazim @ 0.1% in association with GA3 @ 20ppm during the month of April, August and September and two alone during March and October month provided minimum pathological fruit dropping (12.52%) insignificantly followed by similar spray scheduling of Propineb @ 0.2% (16.12%) and yeast bioagent S. pararoseus (KFY) @ 109 CFU/ml (18.08%).
Physiological fruit dropping was calculated on the basis of pre-mature dropping of kinnow fruits devoid of pathological disease symptoms.
(b) Physiological fruit dropping:(b) Physiological fruit dropping:
Results:Results:
Spray scheduling involving Carbendazim 12% + Mancozeb 63% mixture @ 0.15%, Propineb @ 0.2%, Carbendazim @ 0.1%, yeast bioagent S. pararoseus (KFY-1) @ 109 CFU/ml and Thiophanate methyl @ 0.1% proved significantly superior in checking physiological fruit dropping as compared to control Kinnow plants which were provided only water spray. These sprays exhibited insignificant variation in fruit dropping which ranged between 9.41% to 13.15 per cent (Table 3).
The sum up of pathological and physiological fruit dropping indicated total drop of kinnow fruits under different spray scheduling treatments.
(c) Total fruit dropping:
Results:Results:
spray treatment of Carbendazim, Propineb, yeast bioagent S. pararoseus (KFY-1) @ 109 CFU/ml and Carbendazim 12% + Mancozeb 63% mixture @ 0.15%, proved significantly superior in checking over all fruit dropping due to biotic and abiotic stress.
These spray schedules which differed insignificantly to each other, reduced fruit dropping to the extent of 58.24, 54.28, 47.87 and 44.64 per cent respectively as compared to control.
S.No. Treatment Conc.% Fruit Dropping*
% Reduction in fruit dropping over control
Pathological
Physiological
TotalPathological
Physiological
Total
1Sporidiobolus pararoseus (KFY-1)
109 cfu/ml18.08
(25.11)12.82
(20.88)30.90
(33.75)51.38 41.94 47.87
2Carbendazim (Bavistin 50% WP)
0.1%12.52
(20.58)12.23
(20.38)24.75
(29.75)66.34 44.61 58.24
3Mancozeb (Indofil M-45 75% WP)
0.2%28.72
(32.26)14.05
(21.90)42.77
(40.81)22.77 36.37 27.84
4Carbendazim 12% + Mancozeb 63% (Saaf 75% WP)
0.15%23.40
(28.82)9.41
(17.77)32.81
(34.89)37.08 57.38 44.64
5Propineb (Antracol 70% WP)
0.2%16.12
(23.57)10.98
(19.31)27.10
(31.31)56.66 50.27 54.28
6Thiophanate methyl (Roko 70% WP)
0.1%25.19
(30.05)13.15
(20.99)38.34
(38.21)32.27 40.44 35.31
7Copper oxychloride (Blitox 50% WP)
0.3%33.57
(35.28)16.47
(23.89)50.04
(45.03)9.73 25.41 15.57
8 GA3 (Gibberellic acid) 20 ppm36.24
(37.00)17.58
(24.60)53.82
(47.21)2.55 20.38 9.20
9 Control -37.19
(37.52)22.08
(27.88)59.27
(50.48)- - -
CDCV (%)
4.749.12
3.9410.36
6.279.28
Table 3. Effect of different spray scheduling treatments on pre-mature fruit dropping (Pathological/Physiological) in Kinnow orchards (Pooled of 2007-08 & 2008-09)
Spray schedule: March→April→August→September→OctoberNote: GA3 @ 20 ppm was added in the treatments of T1to T7 during the spray of April, August and September.
Table 3 (Brief). Effect of different spray scheduling treatments on pre-mature fruit dropping (Pathological/Physiological) in Kinnow orchards (Pooled of 2007-08 & 2008-09)
S.No. Treatment Conc.% Fruit Dropping*
% Reduction in fruit dropping over control
Pathological
Physiological
TotalPathological
Physiological
Total
1NS
Sporidiobolus pararoseus (KFY-1)
109 cfu/ml
18.08(25.11)
12.82(20.88)
30.90(33.75)
51.38 41.94 47.87
2NS
Carbendazim (Bavistin 50% WP)
0.1%12.52
(20.58)12.23
(20.38)24.75
(29.75)66.34 44.61 58.24
5NS
Propineb (Antracol 70% WP)
0.2%16.12
(23.57)10.98
(19.31)27.10
(31.31)56.66 50.27 54.28
9 Control -37.19
(37.52)22.08
(27.88)59.27
(50.48)- - -
CDCV (%)
4.749.12
3.9410.36
6.279.28
Spray schedule: March→April→August→September→OctoberNote: GA3 @ 20 ppm was added in the treatments of T1to T7 during the spray of April, August and
September.
Fruit Yield:
Three spray of Carbendazim @ 0.1% in association with GA3 @ 20 ppm during the month of
April, Aug. and Sep. and two alone during March and Oct. month rendered maximum yield of 132.67 kg/plant insignificantly followed by the similar spray scheduling of Propineb @ 0.2% (125.75 kg/plant) and yeast bioagent S. pararoseus (KFY-1) @ 109 CFU/ml (119.63 kg/plant).
The highest economic benefit (3.43 : 1) was derived in spray scheduling where three sprays of Carbendazim @ 0.1% in association with GA3 @ 20 ppm
was provided during the month of April, August and September and two alone during March and October month followed by similar spray scheduling of Propineb @ 0.2% which provided incremental economic benefit ratio of 2.53 : 1. These spray scheduling rendered significantly higher yields also.
Spray scheduling of Carbendazim 12% + Mancozeb 63% mixture @ 0.15%, Thiophanate methyl @ 0.1% and Mancozeb @ 0.3% which followed and rendered IBCR ratio of 1.96 : 1, 1.55 : 1 and 1.54 : 1 respectively.
Spray scheduling of locally isolated yeast bioagent S. pararoseus (KFY-1) @ 109 CFU/ml though rendered lower IBCR ratio (1.12 : 1) in comparison to above cited spray scheduling but incidentally this bioagent rendered high yield which differed insignificantly to the spray scheduling of Carbendazim and Propineb which showed high IBCR ratio among the tested spray schedulings. This low IBCR ratio is because of high cost of treatment which was calculated on the basis of research product since this bioagent is not under commercial
production. Hence, calculated cost of this treatment is tentative. Lowest IBCR ratio of 0.37 : 1 was recorded under spray scheduling of GA3 @ 20 ppm (Table 4).
Incremental benefit – cost ratio (IBCR): Incremental benefit – cost ratio (IBCR):
Table 4. Economic viability of different spray scheduling against pre-mature fruit dropping in Kinnow
TreatmentDose/ Conc.
% Fruit
dropping
(Pooled)
Fruit yield/plant (kg)
IBCR2007-08 2008-09 Pooled
Sporidiobolus pararoseus 109
cfu/ml30.90
(33.75) NS127.43 111.83 119.63 NS 1.12 : 1*
Carbendazim(Bavistin 50% WP)
0.1%24.75
(29.75) NS143.67 121.67 132.67 NS 3.43 : 1
Mancozeb(Indofil M-45 75% WP)
0.2%42.77
(40.81)114.80 97.63 106.22 1.54 : 1
Carbendazim 12% +Mancozeb 63% (Saaf 75% WP)
0.15%32.81
(34.89)119.60 109.27 114.43 1.96 : 1
Propineb(Antracol 70% WP)
0.2%27.10
(31.31) NS135.17 116.33 125.75 NS 2.53 : 1
Thiophanate methyl(Roko 70% WP)
0.1%38.34
(38.21)116.80 103.00 109.90 1.55 : 1
Copper oxychloride(Blitox 50% WP)
0.3%50.04
(45.03)107.33 89.83 98.58 0.76 : 1
GA3 (Gibberellic acid) 20 ppm53.82
(47.21)99.33 84.50 91.92 0.37 : 1
Control -59.27
(50.48)92.53 78.33 85.43 -
CD (P=0.05)
CV (%)
6.279.28
18.679.19
15.869.04
15.37
8.12* Cost of the treatment is calculated tentatively for the formulation of 30 X 109 CFU/ml.
Activity: To find out rational spray scheduling in relation to post-harvest fruit
decay.
Objective: To study post-harvest fruit decay:
Post-harvest fruit rotting during storage
Procedure:Procedure:To test the efficacy of pre-harvest sprays of bioagent, fungicides and
growth regulators against post-harvest rotting of kinnow fruits during storage under cold store conditions, the fruits were harvested in 1st week of January @ 30 fruits/plant. The harvested fruits were collected and brought to the laboratory separately in respect of treatment and replication. The fruits were packed in CFB boxes with two layers containing 30 fruits in each box considered as one replication. The packed fruits were stored under cold store conditions at a temperature of 5 ± 1°C and 85-90 per cent R.H. The post-harvest fruit rotting due to different pathogens, under different treatments was recorded at fortnightly intervals at 15th, 30th and 45th day of storage. The finally cumulative fruit rotting percentage and per cent reduction in rotting under different treatments were calculated as follows:
Effect of pre-harvest spray scheduling treatments on post-harvest rotting of kinnow fruits during the period of storage:
No. of rotted fruits Cumulative fruit rotting (%) = x 100 Total number of fruits observed % rot in control - % rot in treatment Reduction in rotting (%) = x 100 % rot in control
Results:Results:
Minimum mean post-harvest fruit decay of 4.81 per cent, during storage period of 45 days, was recorded in the fruits obtained from the plants sprayed with five sprays of Carbendazim @ 0.1% alone and in association with GA3 @ 20 ppm insignificantly followed by the similar spray scheduling of Propineb @ 0.2 per cent. These chemicals proved significantly better to rest spray scheduling rendering 78 and 73.7 per cent reduction in rotting over control plants. The fruits treated with these chemicals remained completely free from rotting infection to the period of 15 days of storage at 5 ± 1°C temperature and 85-90% relative humidity.
Spray scheduling of yeast bioagent S. pararoseus (KFY-1) @ 109 CFU/ml and fungicidal combination of Carbendazim 12% + Mancozeb 63% @ 0.15% were next in terms of efficacy against post-harvest fruit rotting provided 62.70 and 56.80 per cent protection, respectively.
Gibberellic acid @ 20 ppm when sprayed alone during the month of March, April, August, September and October proved least effective in controlling post-harvest rotting during storage. This growth hormone provided only 11.85 per cent reduction in rotting over control (Table 5).
Table 5. Effect of pre-harvest spray treatments on rotting of kinnow fruits during storage under cold store conditions (Temp. 5 ± 1°C and RH 85-90%) (Mean of 2007-08 & 2008-09)
S.No. Treatments Conc.
% Fruit rotting at different intervals*% Reduction in rotting over control
15 Days 30 Days 45 Days Mean
1 Sporidiobolus pararoseus 109 cfu/ml2.22
(7.60)7.78
(15.88)14.44
(22.10)8.15
(15.19)62.70
2Carbendazim (Bavistin 50% WP)
0.1%0.00
(1.80)4.44
(12.00)10.00
(18.33)4.81
(10.71)77.99
3Mancozeb (Indofil M-45 75% WP)
0.2%6.11
(14.25)13.89
(21.72)22.78
(28.33)14.26
(21.43)34.74
4Carbendazim 12% + Mancozeb 63% (Saaf 75% WP)
0.15%3.33
(9.80)8.89
(17.02)16.11
(23.47)9.44
(16.76)56.80
5Propineb (Antracol 70% WP)
0.2%0.00
(1.80)5.56
(13.32)11.67
(19.78)5.74
(11.63)73.73
6Thiophanate methyl (Roko 70% WP)
0.1%4.44
(12.00)11.11
(19.17)20.00
(26.30)11.85
(19.16)45.77
7Copper oxychloride (Blitox 50% WP)
0.3%7.22
(15.38)15.56
(23.05)26.11
(30.62)16.30
(23.02)25.40
8 GA3 (Gibberellic acid) 20 ppm8.89
(17.27)18.89
(25.70)30.00
(33.15)19.26
(25.37)11.85
9 Control -10.56
(18.83)21.67
(27.73)33.33
(35.18)21.85(27.25
-
Mean4.75
(10.97)11.98
(19.51)20.49
(26.36)CD (P= 0.05) Days 1.15 Fungicides 1.99 Interaction (Days x Fungicides) 3.45CV (%) 11.11
Table 5 (Brief). Effect of pre-harvest spray treatments on rotting of kinnow fruits during storage under cold store conditions (Temp. 5 ± 1°C and RH 85-90%) (Mean of 2007-08 & 2008-09)
S.No. Treatments Conc.
% Fruit rotting at different intervals* % Reduction in
rotting over
control15 Days 30 Days
45 Days
Mean
1 Sporidiobolus pararoseus 109
cfu/ml2.22
(7.60)7.78
(15.88)14.44
(22.10)8.15
(15.19)62.70
2 NSCarbendazim (Bavistin 50% WP)
0.1%0.00
(1.80)4.44
(12.00)10.00
(18.33)4.81
(10.71)77.99
4Carbendazim 12% + Mancozeb 63% (Saaf 75% WP)
0.15%3.33
(9.80)8.89
(17.02)16.11
(23.47)9.44
(16.76)56.80
5 NSPropineb (Antracol 70% WP)
0.2%0.00
(1.80)5.56
(13.32)11.67
(19.78)5.74
(11.63)73.73
9 Control -10.56
(18.83)21.67
(27.73)33.33
(35.18)21.85(27.25
-
Mean4.75
(10.97)11.98
(19.51)20.49
(26.36)
CD (P= 0.05) Days 1.15 Fungicides 1.99 Interaction (Days x Fungicides) 3.45CV (%) 11.11
Activity: To isolate and identify microorganisms associated with post-harvest fruit rotting.
Objective: To study post harvest fruit decay pathogens.
Rotted fruits obtained during storage were separated from healthy fruits. The isolation of associated causal agents was done on PDA and subsequently purified by single spore technique. The tentative identification of isolated fungus was made on the basis of morphological characters of mycelium, spore size and colour.
Table 6. Influence of different mycoflora associated with rotting of kinnow fruits during storage under cold store conditions (Temp. 5 ± 1°C and RH 85-90%)
S. No. Tentative identification % Influence
1 Alternaria alternata 14.11
2 Aspergillus niger 2.28
3 Botryodiplodia theobromae 28.66
4 Colletotrichum gloeosporioides 17.56
5 Fusarium solani 2.69
6 Geotrichum candidum 8.73
7 Penicillium digitatum 13.08
8 P. italicum 12.91
ResultsResults
Out of total eight fungi found to be associated with post harvest rotting of Kinnow fruits during the storage under cold store conditions, the maximum fruit rotting was observed due to Botryodiplodia theobromae (28.66%) followed by Colletotrichum gloeosporioids which exhibited 17.56 per cent rotting (Table 6). Alternaria alternata, Penicillium digitatum and P. italicum caused rotting to the extent of 14.11, 13.08 and 12.91 per cent respectively. The minimum influence on post harvest rotting was due to Aspergillus niger (2.28%).
Fusarium rot
Colletotrichum rot
Aspergillus rot
Core rot (Alternaria alternata))
Blue mould rot (Penicillium italicum)
Green mould rot (P. digitatum)
Stem end rot (Botryodiplodia theobromae)
Sour rot (Geotrichum candidum)
Activity: To find out alteration in biochemical properties of juice of Kinnow fruits in relation to pre-harvest spray treatments.
Objective: To study biochemical changes in pre-harvest treated Kinnow fruits.
Biochemical studies in respect to TSS, acidity, TSS/acid ratio and ascorbic acid were conducted on Kinnow fruits harvested from plants treated with different spray schedules. All treatments significantly increased total soluble solids (TSS) compared to control. Maximum TSS was determined in fruits harvested from plants treated with carbendazim. Acidity was significantly less in treated fruits compared with untreated one. Fruits sprayed with Mancozeb, Propineb, Saaf and yeast bioagent showed significantly higher TSS/ acid ratio. Significantly higher content of ascorbic acid was recorded in fruits harvested from plants, treated with gibberlic acid and Mancozeb (Table 7).
Results
Table 7. Alteration in biochemical properties of juice of Kinnow (C. deliciosa) fruits due to different pre-harvest chemical spray scheduling (Pooled of 2007-08 & 2008-09)
S. No. Chemicals TSS (%) Acidity (%)TSS/Acid
ratio
Ascorbic acid
(mg/100 ml)
1 Sporidiobolus pararoseus (KFY-1)13.13
(21.24)1.05
(5.87)12.74 32.43
2Carbendazim (Bavistin 50% WP)
14.60(22.44)
1.14(6.12)
12.89 32.23
3Mancozeb (Indofil M-45 75% WP)
13.53(21.58)
1.03(5.81)
13.27 33.71
4Carbendazim 12% + Mancozeb 63% (Saaf 75% WP)
13.53(21.58)
1.06(5.90)
12.91 31.99
5Propineb (Antracol 70% WP)
13.52(21.57)
1.03(5.82)
13.25 33.13
6Thiophanate methyl (Roko 70% WP)
13.07(21.18)
1.16(6.18)
11.32 31.49
7Copper oxychloride (Blitox 50% WP)
13.23(21.33)
1.11(6.05)
11.99 32.59
8 GA3 (Gibberellic acid) 13.90(21.88)
1.19(6.26)
11.78 34.96
9 Control12.00
(20.26)1.20
(6.30)10.39 31.19
MeanMean
13.39(21.45)
1.11(6.03)
12.28 32.64
CD (P=0.05)CV(%)
0.792.13
0.313.00
1.667.81
2.414.27
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