BACTERIA

Kingdom Monera

Archaebacteria

Methanogens

Swamps, Intestines

Thermophiles

Hydrothermal Vents

Halophiles

Salt Lake, Utah

Eubacteria(peptidoglycan)

Autotrophs orHeterotrophs

History of Microbiology• 1664: Robert Hooke - microscope• 1684: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek - microorganisms• 1798: Edward Jenner - smallpox vaccination• 1864: Louis Pasteur - spontaneous generation• 1884: Robert Koch - Koch’s postulates• 1889: Martinus Beijerink - concept of virus• 1929: Alexander Fleming - discovery of penicillin• 1977: Carl Woese - discovery of Archaea• 1981: First reports of AIDS• 1983: Luc Montagnier - discovery of HIV• 1995: Craig Venter - complete genome sequence

CHARACTERISTICS

Prokaryotes

Microscopic (Eukaryotic cells are at least 10x bigger)

Unicellular

DNA is a single circular piece of DNA

Asexual Reproduction Binary Fission

Metabolism Aerobic Anaerobic

Genetic Exchange Conjugation –transfer DNA through contact Transformation – acquire DNA from dead bacteria Transduction – DNA is transferred from one

bacteria to another using a virus (genetic engineering)

HTTP://HIGHERED.MCGRAW-HILL.COM/SITES/0072556781/STUDENT_VIEW0/CHAPTER13/ANIMATION_QUIZ_3.HTML

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072556781/student_view0/chapter13/animation_quiz_2.html

ENDOSPORESallow them to withstand drought, high temps., lack of food, etc.

GRAM STAINING

Gram + simple walls, large amount of peptidoglycan

Gram - less peptidoglycan, outer membrane contains lipopolysaccharides which are often toxic and provides additional protection more resistant to antibiotics

Many antibiotics (penicillens)

inhibit synthesis of cross links in peptidoglycan and prevent formation of a functional wall

Gram positiveGram negative

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/007337525x/student_view0/exercise9/gram_stain.html

Gram Positive Organisms Aerobic, Gram-positive cocci Staphylococcus aureus (fig 1, 2, 3, 4) Staphylococcus epidermidis (fig 1) Staphylococcus sp. (Coagulase-negative)(fig 1) Streptococcus pneumoniae (Viridans group)(fig 1

, 2, 3) Streptococcus agalactiae (group B)(fig 1) Streptococcus pyogenes (group A)(fig 1, 2) Enterococcus sp.(fig 1, 2, 3 ) Aerobic, Gram-positive rods Bacillus anthracis (fig 1, 2 ) Bacillus cereus (fig 1, 2) Bifidobacterium bifidum (fig 1) Lactobacillus sp. (fig 1, 2) Listeria monocytogenes (fig 1, 2) Nocardia sp.(fig 1, 2) Rhodococcus equi (coccobacillus)(fig 1) Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (fig 1) Corynebacterium diptheriae (fig 1, 2) Propionibacterium acnes (fig 1) Anaerobic, Gram-positive rods Actinomyces sp. (fig 1, 2) Clostridium botulinum (fig 1) Clostridium difficile (fig 1) Clostridium perfringens (fig 1, 2, 3) Clostridium tetani (fig 1, 2) Anaerobic, Gram-positive cocci Peptostreptococcus sp. (fig 1)

Gram Negative Organisms Aerobic, Gram-negative cocci Neisseria gonorrhoeae (fig 1, 2, 3, 4) Neisseria meningitidis (fig 1; false color of the bacterium., 2) Moraxella catarrhalis (fig 1) Anaerobic, Gram-negative cocci Veillonella sp. (fig 1) Aerobic, Gram-negative rods Fastidious, Gram-negative rods

Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (fig 1) Acinetobacter baumannii(fig 1 really A. calcoaceticus) Bordetella pertussis (fig 1, 2) Brucella sp. (fig 1) Campylobacter sp.(fig 1) Capnocytophaga sp.(fig 1, 2) Cardiobacterium hominis (fig 1) Eikenella corrodens (fig 1) Francisella tularensis (fig 1,) Haemophilus ducreyi (fig 1, 2) Haemophilus influenzae (fig 1, 2) Helicobacter pylori (fig 1, 2, 3, 4) Kingella kingae (fig ) Legionella pneumophila (fig 1, 2, 3) Pasteurella multocida (fig 1)

Enterobacteriaceae (glucose-fermenting Gram-negative rods) Citrobacter sp. (fig 1) Enterobacter sp. (fig 1) Escherichia coli (fig 1, 2) Klebsiella pneumoniae (fig 1, 2) Proteus sp. (fig 1) Salmonella enteriditis (fig 1) Salmonella typhi (fig 1) Serratia marcescens (fig 1, 2) Shigella sp. (fig 1) Yersinia enterocolitica (fig 1) Yersinia pestis (fig 1, 2)

Oxidase-positive, glucose-fermenting Gram-negative rods Aeromonas sp. (fig 1) Plesiomonas shigelloides (fig 1) Vibrio cholerae (fig 1, 2) Vibrio parahaemolyticus (fig 1) Vibrio vulnificus (fig 1)

Glucose-nonfermenting, Gram-negative rods Acinetobacter sp. (fig 1) Flavobacterium sp. (fig 1) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (fig 1, 2) Burkholderia cepacia (fig 1) Burkholderia pseudomallei (fig 1) Xanthomonas maltophilia or Stenotrophomonas maltophila(fig 1)

Anaerobic, Gram-negative rods Bacteroides fragilis (fig 1) Bacteroides sp. (fig 1) Prevotella sp. (fig 1) Fusobacterium sp. (fig 1, 2) Gram-negative spiral Spirillum minus (minor)- (fig 1)

NUTRITION Autotrophic

Photosynthetic Chemoautotrophic

(nitrogen fixers)

Heterotrophic Decomposer Parasitic

(Treponema pallidum)

SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST!!!

Bacteria have been around for 3.5 billion years!! How????

Cell Walls Capsules (surrounds cell wall) Asexual Reproduction, but can still acquire

other genes Inhabit every place on Earth

SUPER FAST REPRODUCTION

BACTERIA ARE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO SHAPE AND ARRANGEMENT OF CELLS

Shapes Coccus : Spheres Bacillus : Rods Spirillum : Spirals

Arrangements Strept : Chains Staph : Clusters Diplo : Pairs

BACTERIA ARE USED TO PRODUCE MEDICINESINSULIN

FIRST COMMERICAL USE OF GENETIC ENGINEERING: INSULIN

Important Recyclers in environment Nitrogen cycle

Bacteria can produce chemicals Acetone, Butanol

Bacteria are used to make food Pickles, buttermilk, cheese, sauerkraut, olives, vinegar,

sourdough bread, beer, wine

BACTERIAL DISEAES

Bacteria cause disease1. Produce toxins : example (Clostridium botulinum)

Endotoxins : part of cell wall of gram –

bacteria (lipids) Dead bacteria release

toxins Exotoxins

Gram + Very toxic Easily transported

throughout body2. Metabolize their host (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)

STREPTOCOCCUS BACTERIA

Natural reservoir: humans

Scarlet fever Pharyngitis Pneumonia Cause more illness

than any other bacteria group

Gram + chains

VIBRIO CHOLERAE

Natural reservoir: humans

Cholera Caused by poor

sanitation Common in Asia and

Africa Gram -

SALMONELLA BACTERIA

Gut of mammals Cause of

gastrointestinal diseases

Typhoid Fever Gram -

STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

Natural reservoir: humans

Normally inhabits nose, skin and growing in cured meats (ham)

Most common cause of food poisoning

Produces toxins Problematic in hospitals Antibiotic resistance Gram + spheres

ENTEROBACTER CLOACAE

Natural reservoir: mammals

Urinary tract infections and respiratory infections

Normal gut flora Common in water

sewage and soil Used to control plant

diseases Gram - rods

HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE

DOES NOT cause flu Inhabits mucous

membranes of Upper respiratory tract and mouth

Causes meningitis ear aches, bronchitis and pneumonia (mainly affects 5 yrs and under)

Opportunistic pathogen Gram -

YERSINIA PESTIS Black Death or

Plague of medieval Europe Claimed 1/3 of

European population in 1300’s

Fleas from rats and squirrels transmit

Gram – rod CDC id as biological

warfare agent

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kScxc9DPrnY

CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM

Soil Causes Botulism Secretes neurotoxins

which can destroy, paralyze or damage nerve cells

Initial symptoms: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

Death results from respiratory distress

HOW CAN BOTULISM BE CONTRACTED?For example, if a low-acid food, such as

green beans, is canned improperly (not canned under pressure or improperly canned using a pressure canner), C. botulinum bacteria and other bacteria present will be destroyed by the boiling of water and food, but the C. botulinum spores will not be destroyed. The canning process will remove the oxygen from the jar, creating a low-oxygen environment that is will allow the spores to grow into active bacteria. When the jars are stored at room temperature, the spores can germinate and produce the toxin. However, the toxin is sensitive to heat and can be destroyed if the food in question is boiled for 10 minutes (longer at high altitudes).

TREPONEMA PALLIDUM

Helical bacterium moves in corkscrew manner

Causes syphilis: STD

http://www.microbiologybytes.com/video/Tpallidum.html

NEISSERIA GONORRHAEAE

Gram – spherical pairs

Causes gonorrhea Fimbriae enable the

organism to attach to mucous membranes of vagina and urethra of penis