Kingdom Kingdom EubacteriaEubacteria

EuEu = new or true = new or true

Parts of a bacterial cellParts of a bacterial cell

Cell wall (most have one thick cell wall Cell wall (most have one thick cell wall OR a double cell wall)OR a double cell wall)

Cell membraneCell membrane CytoplasmCytoplasm Nuclear materialNuclear material CapsuleCapsule FlagellaFlagella

Shape of bacterial cellsShape of bacterial cells

a)a) CocciCocci - round - round bacterial cells. bacterial cells.

(cox-eye)(cox-eye). .

b) Bacillib) Bacilli - rod-- rod-shaped bacterial shaped bacterial cells. cells.

c) Spirilli c) Spirilli (corkscrew)(corkscrew) - - spiral-shaped bacterial spiral-shaped bacterial cells cells

AB

C

Names for bacteria shapesNames for bacteria shapes

PrefixPrefix meansmeans Diplo-Diplo- twotwo

Staphlo-Staphlo- clustercluster

Strepto-Strepto- chainchain

Arrangement of bacteriaArrangement of bacteria occur as single cells occur as single cells

or common groupings or common groupings such as chains, such as chains, uneven clusters, or uneven clusters, or pairs, tetrads, octads pairs, tetrads, octads and other packets.and other packets.

Branhamella catarrhalis

Streptococcus pyogenes

PAIRS

Nutrition in EubacteriaNutrition in Eubacteria

1.1. HeterotrophicHeterotrophic use food produced by other organismsuse food produced by other organisms

2.2. SaprotrophicSaprotrophic feed on dead or decaying matterfeed on dead or decaying matter

3.3. AutotrophicAutotrophic make their own foodmake their own food

Kingdom Kingdom ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria*the oldest living organisms on *the oldest living organisms on EarthEarth*there is evidence that bacteria *there is evidence that bacteria without nuclei lived on earth 3.5 without nuclei lived on earth 3.5

billion years ago,billion years ago,

ArchaeoArchaeo= ancient= ancient

BacteriaBacteria = a unicellular micro-organism = a unicellular micro-organism

BasicsBasics

consists of three main phylaconsists of three main phyla all are prokaryotes and unicellularall are prokaryotes and unicellular Not a lot of organisms in this kingdomNot a lot of organisms in this kingdom

Prokaryotic =an organism with NO nuclear Prokaryotic =an organism with NO nuclear membranemembrane

The 3 groups of ArchaebacteriaThe 3 groups of Archaebacteria

1)1) MethanogensMethanogens

2)2) Extreme HalophilesExtreme Halophiles

3)3) ThermoacidophilesThermoacidophiles

1) Methanogens:1) Methanogens:

**oxygen is a poison to oxygen is a poison to these bacteriathese bacteria

*thrive in extreme *thrive in extreme environmentsenvironments

*They produce energy *They produce energy by converting Hby converting H2 2 and and

COCO22 into into methanemethane

gas. gas.

geothermal springs (200 m below ground)

Methanogens have been discovered in two Methanogens have been discovered in two extreme environments on Earth extreme environments on Earth

1) 1) Buried under kilometres of ice in Buried under kilometres of ice in Greenland Greenland

2) 2) living in hot, dry desert soil. living in hot, dry desert soil.

MarsMars

Some scientists have Some scientists have proposed that the proposed that the presence of methane in presence of methane in the the MartianMartian atmosphere atmosphere may be indicative of may be indicative of native methanogens on native methanogens on that planetthat planet

http://www.space.com/http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/scienceastronomy/051220_science_tuesday.html051220_science_tuesday.html

2) Extreme Halophiles2) Extreme Halophiles

*these "salt-loving" bacteria live in *these "salt-loving" bacteria live in environments with a very high salt environments with a very high salt concentration that would kill most other concentration that would kill most other bacteria. bacteria.

*use salt to get energy*use salt to get energy

*Found in the Dead Sea, Great Salt Lake, *Found in the Dead Sea, Great Salt Lake, etc. etc.

Colonies of “salty” bacteria built Colonies of “salty” bacteria built this!!!this!!!

Shark bay, Australia. Shark bay, Australia. rocky formations up to 1.5 rocky formations up to 1.5

meters high which were meters high which were built by colonies of built by colonies of halophiles.halophiles.

3) Thermoacidophiles3) Thermoacidophiles

*Live in *Live in extremely hotextremely hot (110 C) and (110 C) and acidicacidic (pH 2) (pH 2) conditions. {The pH of conditions. {The pH of water is about 7}water is about 7}

Found in Found in hot springshot springs in in Yellowstone National Yellowstone National Park, in Park, in volcanic ventsvolcanic vents on land, & in con land, & in cracks on racks on the ocean floorthe ocean floor that leak that leak scalding acidic waterscalding acidic water

Bacteria Of Boiling Hot Springs In Bacteria Of Boiling Hot Springs In Yellowstone National ParkYellowstone National Park

Beneficial BacteriaBeneficial Bacteria

The overwhelming majority of The overwhelming majority of bacteria are completely harmlessbacteria are completely harmless

A teaspoon of soil generally contains between 100 million and 1 billion bacteria

5 types of friendly bacteria5 types of friendly bacteria

1.1. Nature’s recyclersNature’s recyclers

2.2. In our bodyIn our body

3.3. Food productionFood production

4.4. Oil spillsOil spills

5.5. Nitrogen fixing bacteriaNitrogen fixing bacteria

1) 1) Saprotrophic BacteriaSaprotrophic BacteriaNature’s recyclersNature’s recyclers

*release nutrients back *release nutrients back into the environment into the environment

*man-made landscapes *man-made landscapes often lack these good often lack these good bacteriabacteria

A scanning electron micrograph of the aerobic soil bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens. The bacterium uses its long, whiplike flagellae to propel itself through the water layer that surrounds soil particles.

2) Our bodies:2) Our bodies:

Escherichia coliEscherichia coliis a normal resident of the is a normal resident of the intestines in healthy intestines in healthy people people

it helps us break down it helps us break down food waste productsfood waste products

We pretty much depend We pretty much depend upon upon E. coliE. coli in our in our intestines for our source intestines for our source of Vitamin K and B-of Vitamin K and B-complex vitamins. complex vitamins.

3) Food production3) Food production

Streptococcus lactisStreptococcus lactis bacteria convert milk bacteria convert milk to cheese by causing the souring of milk to cheese by causing the souring of milk that begins the cheese making process,that begins the cheese making process,

bacteria convert grapes to wine and then bacteria convert grapes to wine and then wine to vinegarwine to vinegar

The name for this process is The name for this process is FERMENTATIONFERMENTATION

FermentationFermentation

A chemical process that occurs when bacteria A chemical process that occurs when bacteria change sugar into various productschange sugar into various products

It is a way that bacterial cells get energy without It is a way that bacterial cells get energy without using oxygenusing oxygen

Examples:Examples: Grapes-----Grapes----- Wine---------- Wine---------- Vinegar Vinegar Milk -----Milk -----Yogurt or cheeseYogurt or cheese Cabbage -----Cabbage ----- Sauerkraut Sauerkraut

4) Oil spills4) Oil spills

Naturally occurring, Naturally occurring, oil-eating bacteria are oil-eating bacteria are used in response to used in response to crude oil spillscrude oil spills

without causing without causing further harm to the further harm to the environment. environment.

How do oil spills cause harm?How do oil spills cause harm?

**Birds die from oil spills if Birds die from oil spills if their feathers are covered their feathers are covered in oil. The bird will then in oil. The bird will then be poisoned because it be poisoned because it will try to clean itself. will try to clean itself.

*Oil may also cause the *Oil may also cause the death of an animal by death of an animal by entering the animal’s entering the animal’s lungs or liver lungs or liver

More than half of the seal pups living off the coast of Mid-Norway are contaminated with oil every spring

5) Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria5) Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria

some plants (peanuts, beans, some plants (peanuts, beans, peas) have pockets of bacteria in peas) have pockets of bacteria in their roots their roots

can take Nitrogen from the air can take Nitrogen from the air and make it useful for plants and and make it useful for plants and animals by making the soil fertileanimals by making the soil fertile

helps farmers save $ on helps farmers save $ on fertilizersfertilizers

plants use Nitrogen to make plants use Nitrogen to make needed proteinsneeded proteins