AP Biology 2012-2013

Domain

Bacteria

Domain

Archaea

Domain

Eukarya

Common ancestor

Kingdom: Animals Domain Eukarya

AP Biology

Porifera Cnidaria

Platyhelminthes

sponges jellyfish flatworms roundworms

Chordata Echinodermata

mollusks

multicellularity

Ancestral Protist

tissues

bilateral symmetry

body cavity

segmentation

Animal Evolution

coelom

starfish vertebrates

endoskeleton

segmented worms

insects spiders

backbone

specialization & body complexity

specialized structure & function,

muscle & nerve tissue

distinct body plan; cephalization

body complexity

digestive & repro sys

digestive sys

body size

redundancy,

specialization, mobility

body & brain

size, mobility

Radial symmetry

Bilateral symmetry

Annelida Arthropoda Mollusca

Nematoda

On Exam 4/23/13

asymmetry

AP Biology

ectoderm

ectoderm

mesoderm

endoderm

ectoderm

mesoderm

endoderm

mesoderm

endoderm

acoelomate

pseudocoelomate

coelomate

coelom cavity

pseudocoel

Space for organ system development

increase digestive & reproductive systems

increase food capacity & digestion

increase gamete production

Coelem

mesoderm & endoderm interact during development

allows complex structures to develop in digestive system

ex. stomach

protostome vs. deuterostome

Body Cavity flatworm

roundworm

earthworm

AP Biology

Coelom

Acoelomate

Pseudocoelomate

Coelomate

Body Cavity correlated with ability to move

correlated with development of

digestive and reproductive systems

AP Biology

Major Animal Lineages

http://kisdwebs.katyisd.org/campuses/MRHS/teacherweb/hallk/Teacher%20Documents/AP%2

0Biology%20Materials/Diversity/Protostome%20Diversity/32_A01s.swf

Deuterostomes Protostomes

radial

AP Biology

Development - Blastopore

AP Biology

Invertebrate: Arthropoda Spiders, insects, crustaceans

most successful animal phylum

bilaterally symmetrical

segmented

specialized segments

allows jointed appendages

exoskeleton

chitin + protein

AP Biology

Animal Phylogeny

Ancestral colonial

choanoflagellate

Eumetazoa

Bilateria

Deuterostomia

Po

rife

ra

Cn

ida

ria

Nematoda,

Arthropoda,

Mollusca,

Annelida

Ec

hin

od

erm

ata

Ch

ord

ata

AP Biology

Arthropod groups

insects 6 legs, 3 body parts

crustaceans gills, 2 pairs antennae

crab, lobster, barnacles,

shrmp

arachnids 8 legs, 2 body parts

spiders, ticks, scorpions

AP Biology

Arthropods Segmented coelomates

exoskeleton and jointed appendages

Two out of every three known species of

animals are arthropods

found in nearly all habitats of the biosphere

http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/life/Arthropod#p00f28vc

AP Biology

Early Arthropods trilobites

Showed little variation from segment to

segment

AP Biology

Later Arthropods

http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/life/Arthropod#p00f28vc

Antennae

(sensory

reception)

Head Thorax

Swimming

appendages

Walking legs

Mouthparts (feeding) Pincer (defense)

Abdomen Cephalothorax

segments fused

the appendages became more

specialized

appendages modified for many

different functions

AP Biology

Specialized Appendages appendages modified for many

different functions

AP Biology

Exoskeleton

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=IJ

TU17GTEOw

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=I

JTU17GTEOw#t=185s

AP Biology

Growth: Molting completely covered by the cuticle

exoskeleton made of chitin

Growth

It molts its exoskeleton in a

process called ecdysis

AP Biology

open circulatory system

Fluid called hemolymph

circulated into the spaces surrounding

the tissues and organs

Systems: Circulation

AP Biology

Open Circulatory System Spiders (Arachnids)

AP Biology

Gas Exchange

Gills (Crustaceans)

Book lungs (Arachnids)

Spiracles and Trachael tubes (Insects)

AP Biology

Includes spiders,

scorpions, ticks, horseshoe

crabs and mites

Arachnids

AP Biology

Arachnids spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions, and

horseshoe crabs

an abdomen and a cephalothorax

six pairs of appendages (sometimes 6+2)

Digestive

gland

Intestine

Heart

Stomach Brain

Eyes

Poison

gland

Pedipalp Chelicera

Book lung

Sperm

receptacle Gonopore

(exit for eggs) Silk gland

Spinnerets

Anus

Ovary

AP Biology

Centipedes (Class Chilopoda) Carnivores with jaw-like mandibles

One pair of legs per segment

AP Biology

Ticks (Class Arachnida) ticks

AP Biology

Crabs (Class Malacostraca)

AP Biology

Barnacles (Class Maxillopoda)

mostly sessile crustaceans

Whose cuticle is hardened into a shell

AP Biology

Water fleas (Class Branchiopoda)

Daphnia

AP Biology

Millipedes (Class Diplopoda)

AP Biology

Grasshopper Anatomy

AP Biology

Insects (Class Insecta) Live in almost every terrestrial habitat and in fresh

water

Flight is one key to the success of insects

more species-rich than all other forms of life combined

Can escape predators, find food, and disperse to new

habitats much faster than organisms that can only

crawl

Many insects undergo metamorphosis during their development

Incomplete metamorphosis: the young, called nymphs, resemble

adults but are smaller and go through a series of molts until they

reach full size

Complete metamorphosis: larval stage looks entirely different from the adult stage specialized for eating and growing known by such names as maggot, grub, or caterpillar

AP Biology

Metamorphosis

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7AUeM8MbaIk

AP Biology

Complete Metamorphosis Metamorphosis from the larval stage to the

adult stage

Occurs during a pupal stage

Larva (caterpillar) (a) (b) Pupa

(c) Pupa (d) Emerging adult

(e) Adult

http://www.monarch-butterfly.com/

AP Biology

Crustaceans

Mostly in marine and freshwater

environment

Typically have biramous (two branches),

appendages that are extensively specialized

for feeding and locomotion

AP Biology

Decapods relatively large crustaceans

And include lobsters, crabs,

crayfish, and shrimp

Ghost crabs (genus Ocypode) live on sandy ocean

beaches worldwide. Primarily nocturnal, they take

shelter in burrows during the day.

(a)

AP Biology

Planktonic crustaceans

include many species of copepods

Which are among the most

numerous of all animals

Planktonic crustaceans

known as krill are

consumed in vast

quantities by whales.

(b)

AP Biology

Barnacles mostly sessile crustaceans

Whose cuticle is hardened into a shell

The jointed appendages

projecting from the shells

of these barnacles capture

organisms and organic

particles suspended in

the water.

(c)

AP Biology

AP Biology

AP Biology

Internal anatomy of a starfish: marine animal with radiating symmetry. They are equipped with numerous tube feet. Sieve plate: entrance to the water-vascular system of a starfish. Anus: end of the digestive tract of a starfish. Ray: limb of a starfish. Ring canal: tube that forms a ring of a starfish. Tube feet: organ of locomotion of a starfish. Cardiac portion of the stomach: part of the stomach of a starfish used for pumping blood. Pyloric portion of the stomach: part of the stomach of a starfish connected to the duodenum.

Members: starfishes, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, and sand dollars.

AP Biology

Invertebrate: Echinodermata Starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumber

radially symmetrical as adults

spiny endoskeleton

deuterostome loss of bilateral symmetry?

AP Biology

Which group includes snails, clams, and squid?

Which group is the sponges?

Which are the flatworms?

…segmented worms?

…roundworms?

Which group has jointed appendages & an exoskeleton?

Which two groups have radial symmetry?

What is the adaptive advantage of bilateral symmetry?

Which group has no symmetry?

Invertebrates: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda,

Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata

Invertebrate quick check…

AP Biology

Vertebrates

fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

internal bony skeleton

backbone encasing

spinal column

skull-encased brain

deuterostome

postanal tail notochord

hollow dorsal nerve cord

pharyngeal pouches

Chordata

becomes brain & spinal cord

becomes vertebrae

becomes gills or Eustachian tube

becomes tail or tailbone

Oh, look… your first

baby picture!

AP Biology

Vertebrates: Fish salmon, trout, sharks

450 mya

Characteristics

body structure

bony & cartilaginous skeleton

jaws & paired appendages (fins)

scales

body function

gills for gas exchange

two-chambered heart;

single loop blood circulation

ectotherms

reproduction

external fertilization

external development in

aquatic egg

gills

body

AP Biology

Transition to Land

Evolution of tetrapods

Tibia

Femur

Fibula

Humerus Shoulder

Radius Ulna

Tibia

Femur Pelvis

Fibula Lobe-finned fish

Humerus

Shoulder

Radius

Ulna

Pelvis

Early amphibian

AP Biology

lung

buccal cavity

glottis closed

Vertebrates: Amphibian Characteristics

body structure legs (tetrapods)

moist skin

body function lungs (positive pressure) &

diffusion through skin for gas exchange

three-chambered heart; veins from lungs back to heart

ectotherms

reproduction external fertilization

external development in aquatic egg

metamorphosis (tadpole to adult)

frogs

salamanders

toads

350 mya

AP Biology

Vertebrates: Reptiles Characteristics

body structure dry skin, scales, armor

body function lungs for gas exchange

thoracic breathing; negative pressure

three-chambered heart

ectotherms

reproduction internal fertilization

external development in amniotic egg

250 mya dinosaurs, turtles

lizards, snakes

alligators, crocodile

embryo leathery shell

chorion

allantois yolk sac

amnion

AP Biology

Vertebrates: Birds (Aves) Characteristics

body structure feathers & wings

thin, hollow bone; flight skeleton

body function very efficient lungs & air sacs

four-chambered heart

endotherms

reproduction internal fertilization

external development in amniotic egg

150 mya finches, hawk

ostrich, turkey

trachea

anterior air sacs

lung

posterior air sacs

AP Biology

Vertebrates: Mammals 220 mya / 65 mya

mice, ferret

elephants, bats

whales, humans

muscles contract

diaphragm contracts

Characteristics

body structure hair

specialized teeth

body function lungs, diaphragm; negative pressure

four-chambered heart

endotherms

reproduction internal fertilization

internal development in uterus

nourishment through placenta

birth live young

mammary glands make milk

AP Biology

Vertebrates: Mammals Sub-groups

monotremes egg-laying mammals

lack placenta & true nipples

duckbilled platypus, echidna

marsupials pouched mammals

offspring feed from nipples in pouch

short-lived placenta

koala, kangaroo, opossum

placental true placenta

nutrient & waste filter

shrews, bats, whales, humans

AP Biology

Vertebrate quick check… Which vertebrates lay eggs with shells?

Which vertebrates are covered with scales?

What adaptations do birds have for flying?

What kind of symmetry do all vertebrates have?

Which vertebrates are ectothermic and which

are endothermic

Why must amphibians live near water?

What reproductive adaptations made mammals

very successful?

What characteristics distinguish the 3 sub-

groups of mammals?

AP Biology 2012-2013

That’s the buzz!

Any Questions?

AP Biology

Only animals

Hox genes that regulate the

development of body form

Hox family of genes has been

highly conserved

produce a wide diversity of

animal morphology