kingdom animalia: vertebrate unit biology 3. phylum chordata 52,600+ species fishes amphibians ...
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Chordata CharacteristicsAt least at some stage of its life it
possess a Notochord Notochord: a firm flexible rod of
specialized cells in the dorsal region of the bodyFor vertebrates, only appears during
the embryonic stageNotochord is replaced with a
vertebral column (backbone)
Chordata CharacteristicsEucoelomateDeuterostomeBilateral symmetryPharyngeal Pouches: in
vertebrates this develops into the throat (pharynx) region
3 Classes of Fish: 1. Agnatha
Examples include hagfish (marine) or Lampryes (freshwater)
Jawless Fishes (no teeth or jaws) Skeletons are made of fibers and
cartilage Lack vertebrae and keep their
notochords Possess skin not scales Parasites or scavengers
2 Types of AgnathaA. Lampreys:
Filter feeders as larvae and parasites as adults
Scrap away at skin with tooth structures Sucks up the tissues and body fluids of its
host
2 Types of AgnathaB. Hagfish
No eyes, light detecting sensors Feed on dead and dying fish Use a toothed tongue to scrape a hole into
the fish’s slide
3 Classes of Fish2. Chondrichthyes:
Sharks, Rays, Mantas and skates Skeleton made entirely of cartilage Most are carnivores
3 Classes of Fish3. Osteichthyes (95% of all fish)
Examples include perch, bass catfish, bluegill
Bony fishes, they have jaws and live both in marine and freshwater
Structure and Functions of Fish Operculum: Protects the gills Caudal fin: functions to increase the
swim speed Anal Fin: near the anus, functions in
keeping the fish upright
Structure and Functions of Fish Pelvic Fin: (ventral and anterior)
functions to steer, brake, swim backwards
Pectoral Fin: (ventral and anterior) near operculum, steer, brake and swim backward slowly
Structure and Functions of Fish Swim/Air Bladder: pouch where gases
from blood concentrate to give the fish buoyancy
Integument: (skin with scales) Protection
Structure and Functions of Fish Chromatophores: Pigmented cells
used for camouflage (blending in) and molting
Lateral Line: Cells that sense vibrations and chemicals
What is an Amphibian Lives in water as a larva and on land as
an adult Breaths with lungs as an adult Has moist skin that contains mucous
glands Lacks scales and claws
Evolution of Amphibians Vertebrates transition to land
required them to: Breathe air
Develop lungs Protect themselves and their eggs from
drying out Produce watery mucous through the skin
Support against the pull of gravity Evolved to have stronger bones for limbs and
limb girdles
Pelvic Girdle
Lungs
Leg Bones: The legs of a land vertebrate must be strong enough to hold its weight.
Skin: The skin and the lining of the mouth cavity of many adult amphibians are thin and richly supplied with blood vessels. Watery mucus is secreted by glands in the skin.
Amphibian Adaptations
Amphibian Characteristics1. Ectotherms (outside heat) or cold-
blooded Relies upon the environment to control
body temp Dormancy/tempor: reduces the state of
metabolism (body functions slow down) Why would they need this?
Amphibian Characteristics 2 Types of Dormancy:
a) Hibernation: dormancy in winterb) Estivation: dormancy in summer
2. Amphibians can undergo metamorphosis
Aquatic larval stage matures into adult form
Amphibian Characteristics3. Amphibians have a mucous secreting
skin with no scales4. Webbed feet without claws (if they
have feet)5. Gills, mouth, lungs and skin for
respiration6. Heart:
2 chambered heart: Larvae 3 chambered heart: Adult
Eggs lack a shell (laid in water)
Frog Anatomy and Adaptation Possess 3 eyelids.
1 eyelid is transparent and keeps the eyeball moist and protected
Eyes and nostrils located at the top of the head Allows for the frog to see and breath
above and below the water
Frog Anatomy and Adaptation Tympanic Membranes: eardrums are
located behind the eyes (function both air and water)
Eustachian Tubes: located between mouth and ears. Equalize air pressure Aids in balance
What is a Reptile? A reptile is a vertebrate that has dry,
scaly skin, lungs, and terrestrial eggs Allow to live out of water
What is a Reptile? Reproduction on land was now possible
due to the development of the amniotic egg egg with a protective membrane and
porous shell enclosing the developing embryo
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The amnion is a fluid-filled sac that surrounds and cushions the developing embryo.
Amnion
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The chorion regulates the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the surface of the egg and the embryo.
Chorion
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The yolk sac contains the yolk that serves as a nutrient-rich food supply for the embryo.
Yolk sac
Reptile Adaptations to Terrestrial Life Dry, waterproof skin
Prevents the loss of body water in dry environment
Internal Fertilization Terrestrial Eggs Respiration is performed by
internal lungs To stay moist and protected
Reptile Adaptations to Terrestrial LifeExternal structural adaptions:
Toes with claws (running, climbing, movement on land)
Circulation: Reptilian circulation is more complex
than that of amphibians3 and 4 (crocs and alligators)
chambered hearts are used
Characteristics of Reptiles Body Temperature Control
Ectotherms: animals that rely on behavior control body temperature Bask in the sun to warm up Take shade to cool down
Groups of Reptiles Groups of Reptiles
Lizards and snakesRely on speed, agility and camouflage
to catch prey Crocodilians Snakes
Snakes have immovable eyelids and no external ear openings
Snakes kill their prey by either: Constrictions Swallowing their prey whole Venom
Groups of ReptilesTurtles and Tortoises
Turtles live in waterTortoises live on land
Tuatara Lack external ears
How Birds are Classified Physical Characteristics:
Beak Feet Plumage (color variation of feathers)
Behavior and Song DNA sequences
Characteristics of Birds Possess feathers and thin, hollow
bones for flight Most species forelimbs function as wings
used for flight instead of grasping Two hind limbs with clawed toes are
used to support the body
Characteristics of Birds Birds are endotherms (warm-blooded) 4 chambered heart Amniotic egg (incubated in a nest)
Feathers Separate birds from all other living
animals Made of protein Function for flight and insulation Their structure combines maximum
strength with minimum weight.
Feathers Preening: process of a bird cleaning its
feathers with an oil secreted by the preen gland found at the base of the oil.
Molt: Feathers of flight are replaced in late
summer between breeding and migration Also before courtship
Flight Adaptations for flight:
Highly efficient digestive, respiration and circulatory systems
Aerodynamic feathers and wings Strong, lightweight bones Strong chest muscles
Two Methods of Rearing/Raising Young Birds
1. Precocial: Bird lays many eggs and incubates for a long period of time.
Baby birds are active and fairly independent shortly after hatching Ex. Chickens, ducks, and quail
2. Altricial: Birds lay only a few eggs that hatch quickly
Baby birds are hatched blind and helpless Ex. Bluejays, Owls, Pigeons
Ecology of Birds Birds interact with ecosystems and
humans in many different ways: Hummingbirds pollinate flowers Fruit-eating disperse seeds in their
droppings Control insect populations Migration patters Use stars, sun and differences in air
pressure
Evolution of Mammals Mammalian fossils are characterized by:
Lower jaw with large teeth Limbs Backbone
Mammals are descended from ancient reptiles
Dinosaur extinction opened new habitats and new food sources allowing mammals to thrive
Mammalian Characteristics Mammals are endotherms (warm
blooded) High rate of metabolism generates
body heat Possess hair at some time of their lives Subcutaneous Fat: layer of fat located
beneath the skin to conserve body heat Young feed on breast milk
Mammalian Characteristics Four chambered heart (efficient
distribution of oxygenated blood) Diaphragm
Separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities for respiration
Sweat glands (to cool the body) Keratinized body parts
(skin, horns, claws) for protection
Mammalian Characteristics Lower jawbone with specialized
teeth Incisors, canines, premolars and molars
Mammal Classification1. Monotremes: Oviparous animals
Lay eggs Females lay soft-shelled eggs that incubate
outside the body Duckbill platypus, spiny anteaters
Mammal Characteristics2. Marsupials: Give birth to tiny
immature young Young marsupials complete their
development in an external pouch Feed on their mothers nipples inside her
pouch
Mammal Classification3. Placental Mammals
Named for an internal structure of the placenta Organ formed during pregnancy to supply
oxygen and nutrients to the fetus Also removes waste