KINGDOM ANIMALIA

CHARACTERISTICS Some eat plants, some eat animals, and

some eat both. Herbivores, Carnivores, Omnivores Digest their own food Move from place to place to find food,

mates, places to live, and to escape enemies.

Multi-cellular Eukaryotic 9 major groups (Phylums)

Most of these groups are invertebrates

2 MAJOR SUB-GROUPS Invertebrates Vertebrates

INVERTEBRATES No backbones Have an outside covering or are supported

by the water they live in Contain:

Coelentrates (hydra)SpongesFlatworms (tapeworm)Roundworms (hookworms)Segmented worms (earthworm, leeches)Mollusks (clams, oysters)Arthropods (lobsters, insects)Echinoderms (sea stars)

VERTEBRATES Have a backbone Endoskeleton provides support for the

body and aids in movement Contains:

Jawless fish (lamprey)Cartilaginous fish (sharks)Bony fish (catfish)Amphibians (frog)Reptiles (turtle)BirdsMammals

MAJOR GROUPS (PHYLUMS) Porifera Cnidaria Platyhelminthes Nematoda Annelida Mollusca Arthropoda Echinodermata Chordata

PORIFERA The simplest of the animal groups. Most adult sponges live in slat water,

attached to the sea bottom or some other object.

A sponge’s body is composed of 2 layers of body cells.

These body cells cling to a network of tiny spikes or fibers that surrounds the hollow central cavity of the sponge.

Water and wastes leave through a large opening on the top.

CNIDARIANS Simple animals whose bodies are

composed of two specialized layers of cells (tissues) separated by a jelly-like substance

All live in water and have a hollow sac-like body that has a single opening through which food enters and wastes are expelled.

Sometimes these openings are surrounded by tentacles lined with stinging cells.

Examples: Hydras, jellyfish, sea anemones, and corals.

PLATYHELMINTHES Flatworms Have a flattened body with one body

opening, a digestive system, and a simple nervous system.

Examples: Turbellarians are free living flatwormsBlood flukes, liver flukes, and tapeworms

are parasitic flatworms.

NEMATODA Roundworms Named for their rounded body shape. Have a straight digestive tube and two

body openings—one for taking in food and another for getting rid of wastes.

Most are free-living found in pond water or in moist soils.

Some are parasitic on animals or plants. For example, ascaris worms and hookworms

live in the intestines of humans and other mammals.

ANNELIDA Segmented worms Have rounded bodies with 2 body

openings divided into a series of segments.

Examples: earthworms, leeches, and marine tube worms.

MOLLUSCA Soft-bodied animals with well-developed

organ systems. Many mollusks have hard shells made

up of calcium to protect their bodies.Examples: clams and oysters

Octopuses and squids are also mollusks but they have tentacles, but no external shell.

ARTHROPODA By far the largest group of animals. Characterized by multiple body segments and

jointed appendages. Live successfully in water or on land. May have complex lifecycles (multiple phases.) Arthropods have a hardened exoskeleton that

protects their well-developed organ systems. An exoskeleton is a hard outer covering for

protection. Example arthropods: insects, spiders, crabs,

shrimp, lobsters, centipedes, and millipedes.

ECHINODERMATA Move by using special structures called

tube feet, which resemble suction cups. Known for their ability to regenerate

missing parts. This is the ability to grow new body

parts in place of missing ones.Example organisms: Sea stars, sea urchins,

sand dollars, and sea cucumbers.

CHORDATA Phylum contains the following groups:

Jawless fishesCartilaginous fishesBony fishesAmphibiansReptilesBirdsMammals

JAWLESS FISHES Have jawless mouths adapted for

sucking body fluids from other fishes Have elongated snake-like bodies with

no appendages. Gills for obtaining oxygen Flexible skeletons of cartilage Like all other fishes they are

ectotherms.This means that they have a body

temperature that changes according to the temperature of the environment.

Example: The Sea Lamprey

CARTILAGINOUS FISH Animals such as sharks Generally live in the ocean Have skeletons made of cartilage, 2

fleshy fins, gills, and strong jaws with many rows of teeth for tearing and eating flesh.

Stingrays and skates are other members of this group.

BONY FISHES The most numerous and varied kind of

fishes Have gills and skeletons made of bone Most have a stream-lined body that is

tapered at both ends and 2 pairs of fan-like fins

Their fins and body shape allow them to move easily through the water

Examples: catfish, goldfish, flounder, eels, trout, etc.

AMPHIBIANS Name amphibian means “double life” Most amphibians live part of their lives in

water and part on land. Most amphibians have 2 pairs of legs as

adults. Amphibians lay their eggs in water and are

ectotherms Usually have smooth skin that must be kept

moist. Most have gills when they are young and

lungs as adults. Examples: frogs, toads, and salamanders

REPTILES Many have 2 pairs of strong legs with

clawed toes for digging, climbing, and moving on land.

Covered by hard plates or scales that prevent water loss by evaporation.

Lay eggs that are surrounded by a tough, leathery shell that prevents them from drying out.

Breath with lungs and are ectotherms.Examples: turtles, snakes, lizards,

crocodiles, and alligators.

BIRDS Have light, hollow bones and enlarged

lungs as adaptations for flying. Body covering of feathers and a pair of

wings Scaly legs and feet with clawed toes Lay eggs covered by a hard shell. Are endotherms

This means that they have a body temperature that remains constant despite temperature changes in the environment.

MAMMALS Have a very advanced nervous system,

which includes a highly developed brain and keen senses.

Feed their young with milk from mammary glands

Have hair on their bodies and breathe with lungs

Endotherms Found on land, in the air, and in water. One small group of mammals lay eggs but

all other give birth to live young. Examples: Lion, human, dolphin, bat