kinetic energy non-lethal weapons testing methodology · kinetic energy non-lethal weapons....

Kinetic Energy Non-Lethal Weapons Testing Methodology Skin Penetration Assessment

B. Anctil Biokinetics and Associates Ltd.

Prepared By: Biokinetics and Associates Ltd. 2470 Don Reid Drive Ottawa, Ontario K1H 1E1 Contractor's Document Number: R13-07 Contract Project Manager: Benoit Anctil, 613-736-0384 PWGSC Contract Number: W7701-061933/001/QCL (AT69) CSA: Daniel Bourget, Defence Scientist, 418-844-4000 ext.4228

The scientific or technical validity of this Contract Report is entirely the responsibility of the Contractor and the contents do not necessarily have the approval or endorsement of Defence R&D Canada.

Defence Research and Development CanadaContract Report

DRDC-RDDC-2016-C300

March 2013

Principal Author

Original signed by Benoit Anctil

Benoit Anctil

Senior Engineer

Approved by

Original signed by Daniel Bourget

Daniel Bourget

Defence Scientist

Approved for release by

Original signed by Dr. Dennis Nandlall

Dr. Dennis Nandlall

Head, Weapons Effects and Protection Section

© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of National Defence, 2013

© Sa Majesté la Reine (en droit du Canada), telle que représentée par le ministre de la Défense nationale, 2013

i

Abstract

Material variability and difficulty in data interpretation have been identified as major limitations for the surrogate proposed in the draft NIJ standard to assess the risk of skin penetration by kinetic energy non-lethal weapons. Experimental trials were conducted in the current study to identify an alternative material to solve these issues. The results indicated that one layer of a thermoplastic polyurethane film (400 μm thick) provides similar penetration limits (V50) to the natural chamois currently specified in the draft standard. In addition, it was found that the foam layer of the NIJ skin-soft tissue surrogate can be removed without affecting the penetration limit (V50) obtained when using the thermoplastic polyurethane film as the first layer. The findings of this study suggest that the current surrogate can be modified to simplify the setup and analysis techniques while providing similar outcomes.

ii

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iii

Executive summary

Kinetic Energy Non-Lethal Weapons Testing Methodology: Skin Penetration Assessment

Benoit Anctil; DRDC Valcartier CR; Defence R&D Canada – Valcartier; March 2013.

Introduction: The NATO STANREC committee on blunt impact kinetic energy non-lethal weapon has identified two major limitations with the surrogate proposed in the draft NIJ standard to assess the risk of skin penetration. First, the inherent variability of the natural chamois is not desirable for a test standard where consistency and repeatability is critical. Second, the use of a foam sheet complicates the analysis of penetration with the addition of an intermediate layer between the chamois and the ballistic gelatine.

Experimental trials were conducted to identify an alternative material to replace the natural chamois and to remove the foam layer of the current NIJ skin-soft tissue surrogate.

Results: An average ballistic limit (V50) value of 131.5 m/s was obtained with a 400 μm thick thermoplastic polyurethane film which corresponded to the average V50 measured with the natural chamois during a previous study.

Further tests with the 400 μm thermoplastic polyurethane film but without the intermediated foam layer reduced the V50 to 130 m/s which is within the range of variability measured for the foam configuration.

These findings suggest that the current NIJ skin-soft tissue surrogate can be modified to simplify the setup and analysis techniques while providing similar outcomes.

Significance: Terminal effects assessment of KE projectiles is essential to the Canadian Forces for selecting the most appropriate NLW for their needs.

Future plans: Future work should be aimed at replacing the 20% gelatine (10oC) with either the 10% gelatine (4oC) or a synthetic gel to further reduce testing cost and improve repeatability. Furthermore, the draft NIJ Penetration Standard should be revised by end users and updated to be more practical.

iv

Tab

Abstr

Execu

Table

List o

List o

1 In

2 M

2

2

2

2

3 R

3

3

3

4 C

Refer

Annex

Annex

B

B

Annex

Annex

ble of co

act ... ...........

utive summar

e of contents .

of figures ......

of tables ........

ntroduction ...

Materials and M

.1 Sample

.2 Projecti

.3 Setup ..

.4 Test Pro

Results ...........

.1 Gelatin

.2 Tuftane

.3 Foam L

Conclusions an

ences ...........

.. Draft Nx A

... Procedux B

B.1 MIXIN

B.2 CONDI

... Test Dax C

.. Test Dax D

ontents

.....................

ry ..................

.....................

.....................

.....................

.....................

Methods .......

e Preparation .

ile .................

.....................

ocedure ........

.....................

ne Validation .

e Evaluation .

Layer Remova

nd Recommen

.....................

NIJ Penetration

ures for Reco

NG .................

ITIONING ...

ata (Tuftane E

ata (Foam Lay

.....................

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.....................

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al ..................

ndations .......

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n Standard....

nstituting Ge

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Evaluation) ...

yer Removal)

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iii

iv

v

vi

1

2

2

3

3

4

6

6

7

9

11

13

15

22

22

23

24

33

v

List of figures

Figure 1. Skin penetration schematic test setup. ............................................................................. 1

Figure 2. NIJ skin-soft tissue surrogate. .......................................................................................... 1

Figure 3. Test projectile. .................................................................................................................. 3

Figure 4. Test setup. ........................................................................................................................ 3

Figure 5. Test specimen. .................................................................................................................. 4

Figure 6. Gelatine validation. .......................................................................................................... 6

Figure 7. Surface damage. ............................................................................................................... 7

Figure 8. Penetration. ...................................................................................................................... 7

Figure 9. Damages to layer 1,2, and 3. ............................................................................................ 8

Figure 10. Projectile embedded in surrogate. .................................................................................. 8

Figure 11. Average V50. ................................................................................................................. 8

Figure 12. No foam configuration. .................................................................................................. 9

Figure 13. No damage to layer 1 . ................................................................................................... 9

Figure 14. Layer 1 damage. ........................................................................................................... 10

Figure 15. Projectile trapped in layer 1. ........................................................................................ 10

Figure 16. V50 with and without foam layer. ................................................................................ 10

Figure 17. Proposed Skin-soft tissue surrogate configuration. ...................................................... 11

vi

List of tables

Table 1. Tuftane properties. ............................................................................................................. 2

Table 2. Test matrix. ........................................................................................................................ 5

Table 3. Gelatine validation data. .................................................................................................... 7

Table 4. Penetration limits. .............................................................................................................. 9

1

The o1) depenetris com

The recomkinetihas idsurrog(Figurnaturastandacriticathe upenetrinterm

Previothermreplacsectioresista

Introd

objective of thescribed in thration from k

mprised natur

NATO Smmendation) ic energy nondentified twogate proposere 2). First, thal chamois iard where conal. Second, thunder layer cration due

mediate layer.

ous work conmoplastic polycement to theon were condance compara

uction

his task is to he draft NIJ

kinetic energyal chamois (la

TANREC committee on-lethal weap

o major limitd in the drahe inherent vis not desiransistency and

he use of closcomplicates

to the ad

nducted by UKyurethane (TPe natural chaducted to deteable to human

Figure

re-define the Penetration

y non-lethal wayer 1), close

(standardizaton blunt imppons (KENLtations with

aft NIJ standvariability of able for a td repeatabilityed cell foam the analysis ddition of

K representatiPU) film (Tu

amois. A seriermine the thn skin as was

e 1. Skin pene

components Standard (A

weapons (KENed cell foam (l

tion pact LW)

the dard

the test y is for of an

ives on the Nuftane, Permes of experim

hickness of Testablished b

etration schem

Fig

of the skin-sAnnex A) to NLW). The Nlayer 2) and b

NATO STANRmali Goucester

mental trials TPU film reqby Wayne Sta

matic test setu

gure 2. NIJ ski

soft tissue surevaluate the

NIJ skin-soft tiballistic gelat

REC committr Ltd., UK) described in

quired to obtaate University

up.

kin-soft tissue

rrogate (Figure risk of skiissue surrogain (layer 3).

tee identifiedas a potenti the followinain penetratio

y [1].

surrogate.

1

re in

ate

d a al

ng on

2

2

2.1

A 20%the prlocal Threephysic

Materi

Sampl

% gelatine/warocedure descarts and craft

e thicknesses ocal properties

ials and

le Prepar

ater ratio mixcribed in Annets store (Michof Tuftane (gs of the differ

Method

ration

xture was prepex B. Foam ohael’s) and in

grade TFL-1Eent Tuftane g

Table 1. T

ds

pared followiof 6 mm thickn square piece

EA) were acqugrades are liste

Tuftane prope

ing Fackler’s kness (Darice es of approxiuired: 300 μme in Table 1.

erties.

recommendaInc.) was pur

imately 100 mm, 400 μm, an

ations [2] usinrchased from

mm x 100 mmnd 500 μm. Th

ng m a m. he

2.2

The pstabiliBallisdiamerespec

2.3

The p(FigurLight speciman adj

Projec

projectile useized batons stics Systemseter and massctively.

Setup

projectiles were 4) as per gates integra

men was posjustable targe

ctile

ed for the st(RB-1-FS,

s) shown in s of the RB-1

ere fired usingthe requirem

ated into the gitioned at app

eting table (Fi

tudy was thePart No.

Figure 3. T-FS are 18 m

g a portable gments establish

gas gun wereproximately 0gure 5).

Figure

e rubber fins 4900, MK

The nominal mm and 6.5 g,

gas gun desighed by DRDe used to mea0.8 m from th

e 4. Test setup

K

gned and manC Valcartier asure the velohe muzzle in

Figu

p.

nufactured byunder a prev

ocity of the pa containme

ure 3. Test pr

y CADEX Invious contrac

projectiles. Thnt chamber o

ojectile.

3

nc. ct. he on

4

2.4

Guidefrom occurStand

High estimawith B

A testof Tuuntil pprevio

Test P

elines of typithe arithmetiring within

dard) was used

“A test wdamage tLayer), w

speed video ate yaw angleBB projectile

t matrix is pruftane (400μmpartial penetrously.

Procedure

cal V50 test ic mean of ima 45 m/s rand to assess co

will be categto the ballisti

with or withou

was recordee. Test shots s were condu

esented in Tam) in front of ration is achie

Figure 5

e

methods [3]mpact velocitnge. The fol

omplete penetr

gorized as a pic gelatin (alsut perforation

ed with one cwith excessiv

ucted as descri

able 2. Test IDthe gelatine

eved. All the

5. Test specim

were followeties for three llowing definration:

penetration iso known as tn of the Lacera

camera orienve yaw angleibed in the dr

D No. 10 conblock while f

e other tests c

men.

ed. The penetpartial and t

nition (from

f the test resthe Penetratioation Assessm

nted perpendie were rejecteraft NIJ stand

nsists of increfiring the refeconsist of typ

tration limit wthree complet

the draft N

sults in visibon Assessmenment Layers.”

icular to the ed. Gelatine vard (Annex A

easing the nuerence projecpical V50 test

was calculatete penetration

NIJ Penetratio

ble nt ”

line of fire tvalidation tesA).

umber of layectile at 130 mts as describe

ed ns on

to sts

rs m/s ed

5

Table 2. Test matrix.

Test ID Test Type Reference Velocity (m/s) Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3

1 V50 130 Tuftane 400 μm 6mm foam 20% gelatine









10 Vproof 130 "?" x Tuftane 400 μm1 n/a 20% gelatine

11 V50 130 "A" x Tuftane 400 μm1 n/a 20% gelatine



Note 1: Find the number of layers "A" required to achieve partial penetration.

6

3 Results

3.1 Gelatine Validation

Gelatine blocks were prepared as per the instructions provided in Annex A. The blocks were kept in the conditioning chamber at 4oC. Blocks were removed from the conditioning chamber approximately 2 hours before testing, until the internal temperature reached 10±1oC. The stiffness of the gelatine blocks was evaluated by measuring the depth of penetration of a .177 caliber BB projectile (4.5 mm, 5.35 gr). The acceptable range of projectile velocity and the corresponding penetration depth range are indicated by the red square in Figure 6. Detailed gelatine validation data are provided in Table 3. The majority of the validation results fell within the lower portion of the acceptable range, indicating a stiffer gelatine consistency.

Figure 6. Gelatine validation.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200

Depth of Pen

etration (mm)

Velocity (m/s)

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

limit

3.2

The pDetailthe badamagfor a averagaveragthe av24 J/cskin pbe nostretch

Tuftan

penetration aled test resultallistic gelatige to the othecomplete pe

ge V50 obtaige V50 measverage V50 obcm2. This enepenetration. Fted that for ahing significa

Figure

ne Evalua

assessment rets are providene is requireer layers. For

enetration, wiined with thesured with thebtained with tergy density Figure 7 to Fiall tests, no teantly under im

7. Surface da

Block ID

A

B

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

ation

esults are preed in Annex Ced to indicater the current ith only smale 400 μm thice natural chamthe 500 μm thwas determin

igure 10 showear was observmpact as obse

amage.

Table 3. Gel

Shot No. Te

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

esented in TC. As indicatee a complete study, damagll tears at thckness (131.5mois during ahickness (137ned by Waynw typical damved in the Turved on the h

latine validati

emperature(oC) 10.3

10.9

11.0

10.2

10.8

10.1

10.1

10.1

9.9

Table 4 and ed in Section

penetration ge to the gela

he surface of 5 m/s) is exaa previous stu

7 m/s) correspne State Univ

mage observeduftane film. Thigh speed vid

Figure

ion data.

Speed (m/s)

D(

179.5

169.8

180.1

174.6

176.8

177.1

183.4

175.5

183.9

summarized 2.4, only viseven if there

atine was typf the block (Factly the samudy [4]. On tpond to an eneversity as thed during the t

This material deo images.

8. Penetratio

Depth (mm) 38.5

38.2

40.7

40.2

40.3

39.5

49.9

32.4

42.3

in Figure 1ible damage te is no visib

pically minimFigure 8). Th

me value as ththe other hanergy density oe threshold fotests. It shoulis very elasti

on.

7

1. to le

mal he he d, of or ld ic,

8

FFigure 9. Dammages to layer 1,2, and 3.

Figure 1

Figur

11. Average V

re 10. Project

V50.

tile embeddedd in surrogatee.

3.3

The reof ski

With penetrTestinprovid

Consiof onl16, ththicknconfigwas wshow

Tes

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Foam

emoval of thein penetration

only one layeration while tng was repeatded in Annex

idering this uly 1 layer of

he results obtaness resulted guration withwithin the rantypical dama

Figure 12. N

st ID

1 T

2 T

3 T

4 T

5 T

6 T

7 T

8 T

9 T

Layer Re

e foam layer n from KENLW

er of 400 μm the second shted with the 3x D.

ncertainty, thTuftane mateained are comin a higher p

h the foam laynge of variabiage to the sam

No foam conf

Layer 1

Tuftane 400μm

Tuftane 400μm

Tuftane 400μm

Tuftane 300μm

Tuftane 300μm

Tuftane 300μm

Tuftane 500μm

Tuftane 500μm

Tuftane 500μm

emoval

was investigaW, see test ID

Tuftane matehot at the sam00 μm thickn

he original teserial (no foammpared to thepenetration li

yer. The V50 ility measured

mples after imp

figuration.

Table 4. P

Lay

6mm

6mm

6mm

6mm

6mm

6mm

6mm

6mm

6mm

ated to improD# 10-13 of T

erial (Figure me velocity (1ness and simil

st matrix wasm layer) for te outcomes ofimit in compfor the 400 μd for the foampact.

Penetration li

yer 2

m foam

m foam

m foam

m foam

m foam

m foam

m foam

m foam

m foam

ove the consisTable 2.

12), the first 30 m/s) resullar results we

s modified to the three thickf the previou

parison with tμm thickness m configurati

Figure 13. N

imits.

Layer 3

20% gelatine

20% gelatine

20% gelatine

20% gelatine

20% gelatine

20% gelatine

20% gelatine

20% gelatine

20% gelatine

stency in eval

shot resultedlted in a parti

ere obtained. T

assess the peknesses acqu

us section. Onthe results obstand-alone (ion. Figure 1

No damage to

V50 (m/s) 133

134

127

129

125

129

137

137

137

luating the ris

d in a compleial penetrationTest details ar

enetration limuired. In Figurnly the 500 μmbtained for th(without foam3 to Figure 1

layer 1 .

Spread(m/s)

23

33

12

12

12

11

14

14

20

9

sk

te n. re

mit re m he m) 15

10

Figure 114. Layer 1 da

Figur

amage.

re 16. V50 wi

Fig

ith and withou

gure 15. Proje

ut foam layer

ectile trapped

r.

d in layer 1.

4

ExpersurrogAnaly

1)

2)

A coimpleanaly

In comresourcondithe 10eitherreducmater

Whilepresen

Concl

rimental evalgate describedysis of the res

) 1 layer ofthick. (Pernatural cha

) the secondwithout afTFL-1EA,

nfiguration wementation ofsis of the resu

F

mparison witrces and thustioning cham0% gelatine r the 10% gele testing cost

rials would ha

e the Tuftanents some issu

usions a

uation of a sd in the draft ults indicated

f thermoplastrmali Goucesamois;

d layer (6 mmffecting the p 400 μm thick

with only 2 f the draft NIults.

Figure 17. Pr

th a 10% gels increases th

mber to reach (4oC). Futurelatine (4oC) ot and improveave to be conf

e material waues for its use

and Rec

synthetic matNIJ Penetrat

d that:

tic polyurethster Ltd., UK

m foam) of penetration lik. as the first

layers as ilIJ Penetration

roposed Skin-

latine mixture testing costthe 10oC inst

e work shoulor a synthetice repeatabilityfirmed.

as found to bin a performa

commen

erial to replation Standard

hane (TPU) fK) provides s

the NIJ skinimit (V50) olayer.

llustrated in n Standard. T

-soft tissue su

e, a 20% gelts accordinglytead of the stld aimed at r gel (e.g. Pery. Penetration

be a suitable ance test stand

ndations

ace the first l (Annex A) w

film, Tuftanesimilar penet

n-soft tissue obtained whe

Figure 17 iThis option w

rrogate confi

latine requirey. Additionaltandard refrigreplacing therma-Gel, httpn assessments

replacement dard:

s

layer of the swas conducte

e grade TFL-tration limits

surrogate caen using the

is recommenwill simplify

figuration.

es at least twlly, it requiregerating equip 20% gelatin

p://www.perms with any of

for the natur

1

skin-soft tissud successfully

-1EA, 400 μms (V50) to th

an be removeTuftane grad

nded in futurthe setup an

wice the labous a specializepment used fone (10oC) wit

ma-gel.com/) tf the alternativ

ral chamois,

11

ue y.

m he

ed de

re nd

ur ed or th to ve

it

12

The quantity required for a typical test program is minimal in comparison with theproduction volumes. This item is not typically available in such small quantity unless themanufacturer changes its policy.

The manufacturer may decide to change the formulation of the Tuftane grade TFL-1EAin the future which will most likely affect the penetration assessment results.

The batch-to-batch variability of the Tuftane material is unknown.

One or two equivalent materials for the skin surrogate should be identified in a future version of the NIJ Penetration Standard. Detailed description of the relevant physical properties and a simple compliance test will have to be considered to ensure that the materials identified provide equivalent penetration assessment results.

Furthermore, the draft NIJ Penetration Standard described in Annex A should be revised by end users and updated to be more practical. As a minimum, the following items should be considered:

a) include a detailed method to prepare gelatine block similar to Annex B;

b) add part number, manufacturer, detailed specifications, and 1 or 2 replacement optionsfor the purchased skin materials;

c) include a V50 test procedure and calculation method;

d) include more details on how to support the skin-soft tissue surrogate to ensureconsistency across laboratories;

e) state the minimum length required for the gelatine block when damaged portions areremoved for subsequent tests;

f) add a method to measure the yaw of projectiles.

13

References

[1] Bir, A. C., Stewart, S. J., and Wilhelm, M., Skin penetration assessment of less lethal kinetic energy munitions, Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 50, pp. 1426-9, 2005.

[2] Fackler, M. L. and Malinowski, J. A., Ordance Gelatin for Ballistic Studies, The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, vol. 9, pp. 218-219, 1988.

[3] MIL-STD-662F, V50 Ballistic Test For Armor, 18 December, 1997.

[4] Anctil, B., Less Lethal Munitions Study - Penetration Assessment, Biokinetics and Associates Ltd., Ottawa, R10-03, March, 2010.

14

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Ann

PENE

1. PU

1.1 Pu

The pmetholimiteinfere

1.2 Sc

The tdimenbe re-

1.3 Ba

The rseen oenergpresencrosssdiffer

A hypbasedthe kn

The cresearregion

nex A

ETRATION A

URPOSE AND

urpose

purpose of tods for the ped to penetratences as to the

cope

threat posed nsions, mass, -tested accord

ackground

risk of penetronce the muny generated bntation ratio sectional areaent samples a

podermic need on energy dnife and the sk

current tolerarch has demons of the body

Draft NI

ASSESSMEN

D SCOPE

his procedurenetration astion only; it de accuracy of

by a non-peand velocity

ding to this tes

rating trauma nition penetraby the muniti

or E/a valua of the projeand projectile

dle provides density. The skin. Therefor

ance for peneonstrated varioy. The values

J Penet

NT OF LESS

re is to estabsessment of ldoes not aim

f said rounds.

enetrating pr. If design or st procedure.

is importantates into the bon. In additio

ue. This valuectile. Simplys.

an example osharpness of te, very little f

etration is baous E/a requiare as follow

Location

On Anterior R

Between Ant

Liver

Lateral to Um

Proximal Fem

Distal Femur

tration S

LETHAL MU

blish minimuless lethal mu

m to address th

rojectile is der construction

t to assess dubody cavity. on, it is imporue takes intoy reporting e

of how the tothe needle prforce is requir

ased on the rired to produc

ws:

50(J

Rib 23

terior Rib 33

39

mbilicus 34

mur 26

r 28

Standard

UNITIONS

um performamunitions. Thethreats from b

ependent upon is altered in

ue to the incrOne factor tortant to determo account thenergy is insu

olerance of therovides a veryred to penetra

region of conce a 50% risk

0% RiskJ/cm2) 3.99

3.30

9.88

4.34

6.13

8.13

d

ance requireme scope of thblunt trauma

on its compoany way the

rease in severo consider is mine the ener

he mass, veloufficient for

e skin to peney low contactate through th

ncern on thek of penetrati

1

ments and tehe procedure

nor make an

osition, shaprounds shoul

rity of injuriethe amount o

rgy per area oocity, and thcomparison o

etration can bt area betwee

he skin.

body. Recenion for variou

15

est is

ny

pe, ld

es of of he of

be en

nt us

16

The specified test sequence requires the use of a combination of 20% ordnance gelatin, 0.60 cm foam, and natural chamois. Previous studies have used 20% ordnance gelatin to represent internal organs, while the foam and chamois represent skin and subcutaneous fat. This combination has been validated as an acceptable thoracic surrogate for purposes of penetration assessment [Stewart, 2004]. This surrogate has not been validated for blunt trauma assessment.

2. DEFINITIONS

Items in quotations are taken directly from the National Institute of Justice Standard 0101.04, “Ballistic Resistance of Police Body Armor”

2.1 Angle of Incidence

The angle between the line of flight of the bullet and the perpendicular to the front surface of the backing material fixture.

2.2 Fair Hit

A round that impacts the intended target at an angle of incidence no greater than ± 5° from the intended angle of incidence and the impact is 10 mm from any edge of the Assessment Layers.

2.3 Model

“A manufacturer’s designation (name, number, or other description) that serves to uniquely identify a specific configuration” of kinetic energy munition.

2.4 Penetration Assessment Layer (PAL)

The internal component of the surrogate used to assess the occurrence of penetration. The PAL is composed of 20% ballistic gelatin.

2.5 Laceration Assessment Layer (LAL)

The external covering of the PAL used to assess the occurrence of laceration. The LAL is composed of an outer layer of natural chamois and an inner layer of 0.60 cm closed cell foam.

2.6 No injury

A result will be categorized as “no injury” if no visible damage has occurred to either the LAL or the PAL.

2.7 Laceration

A result will be categorized as “laceration” if one of the LAL layers is penetrated or penetration of both LAL layers without visible perforation of the PAL layer.

2.8 Penetration

17

A test will be categorized as a penetration if the test results in visible damage to the ballistic gelatin (also known as the Penetration Assessment Layer), with or without perforation of the Laceration Assessment Layers.

2.9 Strike Face

The surface of the Penetration Surrogate that faces the incoming kinetic energy munition.

3. REQUIREMENTS

3.1 Acceptance Criteria

A kinetic energy munition is considered to have acceptable penetration resistance if zero penetrations occur in the ten rounds tested. If a penetration occurs during the test sequence, the remaining rounds will be tested in the sequence and all results will be recorded.

3.2 Sampling

All samples will be provided by the manufacturer prior to the day of the test for proper conditioning. Only rounds of the same construction, to include design, mass, and intended velocity, will constitute a test sequence.

Ten kinetic energy munitions shall be required to complete a test sequence. Additional samples will be required in the event that additional shots are necessary due to unfair hits. Unused rounds will be returned to the manufacturer following the test sequence.

4. TEST PROCEDURE

4.1 Test Set-up

4.1.1 Materials

4.1.1.1 Ordnance Gelatin

Ordnance gelatin blocks will be used as the Penetration Assessment Layer (PAL) for this test procedure [Stewart, 2004]. Kind & Knox 250 Type A gelatin has been used during previous testing with success. Gelatin blocks will be made in 20% concentrations and will be stored at 10°C prior to use. Blocks will be 4” x 4” x 12” in size. Molds are available at www.wilton.com (Stock # 2105-1588).

4.1.1.2 Foam

The foam used in this test procedure is 0.60 cm closed cell foam available from Darice Inc. at www.darice.com (Part number 1199-20).

4.1.1.3 Natural Chamois

The natural chamois used in this test procedure is available from J & T Beaven, Ltd. (Sussex, England), stock number 45094. The optimum thickness is 1.39 mm (1.15 to 1.80 mm).

18

4.1.2 Surrogate Construction

The ordnance gelatin shall be placed between two layers of plexiglass for the purpose of containing the combination of layers. The fixture will then be placed on a pneumatic lift table in order to adjust the height of the table. The Laceration Assessment Layer (LAL) will be placed on the front face of the gelatin. The LAL layers will be secured to the gelatin with adjustable elastic straps. For subsequent tests the gelatin shall be cut to expose a surface free from damage.

4.1.3 Equipment

Section 4.1.3 is taken directly from the National Institute of Justice 0101.04 Standard.

4.1.3.1 Test Weapons

The test weapons shall be ANSI/SAAMI unvented velocity test barrels.

4.1.3.2 Test Weapon Fixtures

The ANSI/SAAMI test barrels will be mounted in an ANSI/SAAMI Universal Receiver.

The receiver/mount will be attached to a table or other fixture having sufficient mass and restraint to ensure accurate targeting of repetitively fired rounds.

4.1.3.3 Velocity Measurement Equipment

4.1.3.3a Requirements

Test round velocities will be determined using two independent sets of instrumentation. Velocities from each set of instrumentation will be recorded, and the arithmetic mean of the two velocities will be calculated and recorded. The measured individual test velocities recorded from each set shall be within 3 m/s (10 ft/s) of each other to be considered a fair velocity. If the specified correlation is not achieved, the test velocity shall be that obtained from the widest instrument spacing (as applicable).

4.1.3.3b Equipment

Recommended types of equipment for velocity measurement are:

(a) Photo electric light screens.

(b) Printed make circuit screens.

(c) Printed break circuit screens.

(d) Ballistic radar.

Independent sets of velocity measurement may be obtained using two pairs of photo electric light screens, two sets of make screens, two sets of break screens, or any paired set combination. Chronographs, counters, storage scopes, or other digital instruments used to record the

19

measurement equipment’s signals will, as a minimum, be capable of recording to 0.3 m/s (1.0 ft/s), or one tenth (0.1) of one μs (10-6 s).

4.1.3.3c Configuration

The first chronograph start trigger screen will be placed 48 inches from the target. The screens will be arranged so that they define vertical planes perpendicular to the line of flight of the munition. The screens will be securely mounted to maintain their required position and spacing (measurement accuracy of ± 1 mm (± 0.04 in)).

4.1.3.3d Calibration

Velocity measuring instrumentation will be calibrated according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Calibration shall be accomplished as recommended by the equipment manufacturer.

4.1.4 Range Configuration

Sections 4.1.4.1 through 4.1.4.4 are taken directly from the National Institute of Justice 0101.04 Standard 1.

4.1.4.1 Ambient Test Conditions

Unless otherwise specified, the ambient conditions of the test range shall be:

(a) Temperature: 21 °C ± 2.9 °C (70 °F ± 5 °F).

(b) Relative humidity: 50 % ± 20 %.

4.1.4.2 Range Preparation

Use a test barrel appropriate for the ammunition required, mounted in an appropriate fixture with the barrel horizontal.

4.1.4.3 Measurement Tolerances

Range configuration measurements are to be made within a tolerance of ± 25 mm (± 1.0 in).

4.1.4.4 Instrumentation

All electronic equipment will be turned on and allowed to warm up until stability is achieved.

4.1.4.5 Test Range Configuration

Position the front face of the surrogate 15 feet from the muzzle of the test barrel at a 0 degree angle of incidence. Position the velocity measurement instrumentation 48 inches from the muzzle barrel.

4.2 Test Preparation

20

4.2.1 Material Conditioning

Gelatin shall be conditioned to 10 deg C for 24 hours prior to the test sequence. All other materials, including the rounds, shall be conditioned in the test range at ambient conditions for 24 hours prior to the test sequence.

4.2.2 Gelatin Calibration

Calibration of the gelatin shall be in accordance with standard gelatin calibration procedures. A copper plated 0.177 caliber BB projectile traveling at a velocity of 179 m/s (± 4.5 m/s) is used for calibration. The BBs are fired from a distance of 10 feet. Due to a lack of calibration requirements for 20% gelatin, a penetration depth of 3.81 to 7.62 cm (1.5 to 3.0 in) will be used as an acceptable range. Calibration will be completed for each gelatin block used prior to the test sequence.

4.2.3 Test Barrel Conditioning

A minimum of three test rounds shall be fired from the test barrel prior to the beginning of the test sequence. The purpose of this procedure is to ensure shot location and warm the test barrel.

4.2.4 Test Duration

The duration of the test sequence for each block shall be no longer than 45 minutes. If testing has not been completed within that time, the gelatin will be replaced with a new block and the old block will be placed back in the environmental chamber for conditioning.

4.3 Test Sequence

Ten fair hit impacts will be completed as part of the test sequence. After completion of each test the surrogate will be visually inspected and evaluated for penetration. The results will be categorized in three ways: no injury, laceration, or penetration.

4.3.1 Fire Shot No. 1

Fire the first test round and record the velocity. Visually inspect the surrogate to determine the result. Measure and record the result on the Test Data Sheet. Replace the LAL layer, and if necessary remove the damaged section of gelatin. Proceed to the next test.

4.3.2 Fire Remaining Shots

Fire the remaining shots using the same procedure as 4.3.1 to achieve a total of ten fair hits.

5. DATA COLLECTION AND REPORTING

5.1 Test Documentation

5.1.1 Data Recording

The results of each test will be recorded on a Test Data Sheet.

21

5.1.2 Data Storage

All Test Data Sheets will be archived by the Ballistic Impact Research Laboratory.

5.2 Test Report

5.2.1 Requirements

A summary report will be submitted to the requestor following the test sequence. The following items will be included:

(a) Letter stating the results of the test sequence.

(b) Video files of the tests.

(c ) Digital photographs of any failures, if applicable.

6. REFERENCES

1. NIJ 0101.04 Rev. B. Ballistic Resistance of Police Body Armor. National Institute of Testingand Standards; 2003.

22

Ann

B.1

1.

2.

3.

4.

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23

13. Let stand at room temperature overnight (about 12-24 hours).

14. Place the moulds in refrigerator at 3oC (37oF).

B.2 CONDITIONING

1. Leave the moulds filled with gelatine in the refrigerator at 3oC (37oF) for at least24 hours.

2. De-mould the gelatine blocks. Pull the top of the blocks from the sides then flip themould upside down to release the blocks.

24

Ann

TEST ID

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

PROJE

CONFIG

REFERE

SHO

nex C

D

129.56

140.45

157.98

143.53

135.17

115.83

128.44

120.15

ECTILE

GURATION

ENCE VELOCITY (

OTVELOCIT

m/s

Test Da

1

6 N

5 N

8 Y

3 Y

7 Y

3 N

4 Y

5 N

MK Ballistic

1x Tuftane

(m/s) 130

TY PERFORAY/N

ta (Tufta

L - B

L - B

P - B

P - B

P - B

L - B

P - B

L - B

cs FB-1-FS

e 400 microns / 6m

ATEREM

ane Eva

Block A

Block A

Block A

Block A

Block A

Block A

Block A

Block A

mm foam / 20% gela

MARK

luation)

Y/N (m/s)Y 130

Y 140

N

Y 144

Y 135

N

Y 128

Y 120

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

atine

for V50

AVERAGE

LCP

HPP

QTY CP

QTY PP

ZMR

SPREAD

STDEV

RANGE:

TECH:

DATE:

BMF #:

BACKING:

CALIBRATED:

WITNESS: 0

OBLIQUITY: 0

STAND-OFF: 0

20

V50 (m/s)

2

M

G

Y

133128

140

3

3

12

23

9

.8 m

013/03/26

)

MP

Gelatin 20%

Yes

25

TEST ID 2

Y/N (m/s) AVERAGE 1341 128.85 N L -Block A Y 129 LCP 136

2 135.7 N L -Block A Y 136 HPP 136

3 149.02 Y P - Block A Y 149 QTY CP 3

4 139.47 Y P - Block A Y 139 QTY PP 3

5 116.36 N L - Block B Y 116 ZMR 0

6 135.5 Y P - Block B Y 136 SPREAD 33

7 N STDEV 11

8 N

9 N RANGE:

10 N TECH:

11 N DATE:

12 N BMF #:

13 N BACKING:

14 N CALIBRATED:

15 N WITNESS:

16 N OBLIQUITY: .

17 N STAND-OFF: 0.8 m

PROJECTILE MK Ballistics FB-1-FS

CONFIGURATION 1x Tuftane 400 microns / 6mm foam / 20% gelatine

REFERENCE VELOCITY (m/s) 130

2013/03/26

V50 (m/s)

2

MP

SHOTVELOCITY

m/sPERFORATE

Y/N REMARKfor V50

Gelatin 20%

Yes

26

TEST ID 3

Y/N (m/s) AVERAGE 1271 124.79 Y P - Block B Y 125 LCP 125

2 121.7 N L - Block B Y 122 HPP 128

3 133.89 Y P - Block B Y 134 QTY CP 3

4 122.66 N L - Block B Y 123 QTY PP 3

5 128.09 N L - Block B Y 128 ZMR 3

6 121.6 N L - Block B N SPREAD 12

7 133.19 Y P - Block B Y 133 STDEV 5

8 N

9 N RANGE:

10 N TECH:

11 N DATE:

12 N BMF #:

13 N BACKING:

14 N CALIBRATED:

15 N WITNESS:

16 N OBLIQUITY: 0





2013/03/26

V50 (m/s)

2

MP

SHOTVELOCITY

m/sPERFORATE

Y/N REMARKfor V50

Gelatin 20%

Yes

27

TEST ID 4

Y/N (m/s) AVERAGE 1291 123.2 N L - Block B Y 123 LCP 135

2 135.11 Y P - Block B Y 135 HPP 124

3 124.07 N L - Block B Y 124 QTY CP 3

4 134.72 Y P - Block B Y 135 QTY PP 3

5 123.96 N L - Block C Y 124 ZMR 0

6 134.98 Y P - Block C Y 135 SPREAD 12

7 N STDEV 6

8 N

9 N RANGE:

10 N TECH:

11 N DATE:

12 N BMF #:

13 N BACKING:

14 N CALIBRATED:

15 N WITNESS:

16 N OBLIQUITY: 0





2013/03/26

V50 (m/s)

2

MP

SHOTVELOCITY

m/sPERFORATE

Y/N REMARKfor V50

Gelatin 20%

Yes

28

TEST ID 5

Y/N (m/s) AVERAGE 1251 128.14 Y P - Block C Y 128 LCP 128

2 129.92 Y P - Block C Y 130 HPP 123

3 119.53 N L -Block C Y 120 QTY CP 3

4 118.12 N L -Block C Y 118 QTY PP 3

5 130.16 Y P - Block C Y 130 ZMR 0

6 122.5 N L -Block C Y 123 SPREAD 12

7 N STDEV 5

8 N

9 N RANGE:

10 N TECH:

11 N DATE:

12 N BMF #:

13 N BACKING:

14 N CALIBRATED:

15 N WITNESS:

16 N OBLIQUITY: 0





2013/03/26

V50 (m/s)

2

MP

SHOTVELOCITY

m/sPERFORATE

Y/N REMARKfor V50

Gelatin 20%

Yes

29

TEST ID 6

Y/N (m/s) AVERAGE 1291 124.56 N L - Block C Y 125 LCP 134

2 134.79 Y P - Block C Y 135 HPP 125

3 123.96 N L - Block C Y 124 QTY CP 3

4 134.14 Y P - Block C Y 134 QTY PP 3

5 123.9 N L - Block C Y 124 ZMR 0

6 133.76 Y P - Block C Y 134 SPREAD 11

7 N STDEV 6

8 N

9 N RANGE:

10 N TECH:

11 N DATE:

12 N BMF #:

13 N BACKING:

14 N CALIBRATED:

15 N WITNESS:

16 N OBLIQUITY:





2013/03/27

V50 (m/s)

2

MP

SHOTVELOCITY

m/sPERFORATE

Y/N REMARKfor V50

Gelatin 20%

Yes

30

TEST ID 7

Y/N (m/s) AVERAGE 1371 133.57 N L - Block D Y 134 LCP 138

2 138.1 Y P - Block D Y 138 HPP 134

3 130.71 N L - Block D Y 131 QTY CP 3

4 144.94 Y P - Block D Y 145 QTY PP 3

5 130.59 N L - Block D Y 131 ZMR 0

6 144.64 Y P - Block D Y 145 SPREAD 14

7 N STDEV 7

8 N

9 N RANGE:

10 N TECH:

11 N DATE:

12 N BMF #:

13 N BACKING:

14 N CALIBRATED:

15 N WITNESS:

16 N OBLIQUITY:





2013/03/27

V50 (m/s)

2

MP

SHOTVELOCITY

m/sPERFORATE

Y/N REMARKfor V50

Gelatin 20%

Yes

31

TEST ID 8

Y/N (m/s) AVERAGE 1371 143.53 Y P - Block D Y 144 LCP 143

2 131.5 N L - Block D Y 132 HPP 132

3 142.88 Y P - Block D Y 143 QTY CP 3

4 129.21 N L - Block D Y 129 QTY PP 3

5 143.02 Y P - Block D Y 143 ZMR 0

6 131.69 N L - Block D Y 132 SPREAD 14

7 N STDEV 7

8 N

9 N RANGE:

10 N TECH:

11 N DATE:

12 N BMF #:

13 N BACKING:

14 N CALIBRATED:

15 N WITNESS:

16 N OBLIQUITY:





2013/03/27

V50 (m/s)

2

MP

SHOTVELOCITY

m/sPERFORATE

Y/N REMARKfor V50

Gelatin 20%

Yes

32

TEST ID 9

Y/N (m/s) AVERAGE 1371 143.53 Y P - Block D Y 144 LCP 144

2 124.9 N L - Block D Y 125 HPP 132

3 144.49 Y P - Block D Y 144 QTY CP 3

4 132 N L - Block D Y 132 QTY PP 3

5 144.49 Y P - Block D Y 144 ZMR 0

6 131.75 N L - Block D Y 132 SPREAD 20

7 N STDEV 8

8 N

9 N RANGE:

10 N TECH:

11 N DATE:

12 N BMF #:

13 N BACKING:

14 N CALIBRATED:

15 N WITNESS:

16 N OBLIQUITY:





2013/03/27

V50 (m/s)

2

MP

SHOTVELOCITY

m/sPERFORATE

Y/N REMARKfor V50

Gelatin 20%

Yes

Ann nex D Test Data (Foamm Layer Removval)

333

34

TEST ID 11

Y/N (m/s) AVERAGE 1301 131.36 N Block E Y 131 LCP 130

2 143.9 Y Block E Y 144 HPP 131

3 130.34 Y Block E Y 130 QTY CP 3

4 115.34 N Block E Y 115 QTY PP 3

5 142.73 Y Block E Y 143 ZMR 1

6 115.12 N Block E Y 115 SPREAD 29

7 N STDEV 13

8 N

9 N RANGE:

10 N TECH:

11 N DATE:

12 N BMF #:

13 N BACKING:

14 N CALIBRATED:

15 N WITNESS:

16 N OBLIQUITY:



CONFIGURATION "1"x Tuftane 400 microns / 20% gelatine


2013/03/27

V50 (m/s)

2

MP

SHOTVELOCITY

m/sPERFORATE

Y/N REMARKfor V50

Gelatin 20%

Yes

35

TEST ID 12

Y/N (m/s) AVERAGE 1121 115.83 Y Block E Y 116 LCP 116

2 99.47 N Block E Y 99 HPP 103

3 126.7 Y Block E Y 127 QTY CP 3

4 102.33 N Block E Y 102 QTY PP 3

5 124.07 Y Block E Y 124 ZMR 0

6 103.19 N Block E Y 103 SPREAD 27

7 N STDEV 12

8 N

9 N RANGE:

10 N TECH:

11 N DATE:

12 N BMF #:

13 N BACKING:

14 N CALIBRATED:

15 N WITNESS:

16 N OBLIQUITY:





2013/03/27

V50 (m/s)

2

MP

SHOTVELOCITY

m/sPERFORATE

Y/N REMARKfor V50

Gelatin 20%

Yes

36

TEST ID 13

Y/N (m/s) AVERAGE 1441 144.34 N Block F Y 144 LCP 142

2 153.83 Y Block F Y 154 HPP 144

3 142.3 Y Block F Y 142 QTY CP 3

4 134.21 N Block F Y 134 QTY PP 3

5 154.59 Y Block F Y 155 ZMR 2

6 134.33 N Block F Y 134 SPREAD 20

7 N STDEV 9

8 N

9 N RANGE:

10 N TECH:

11 N DATE:

12 N BMF #:

13 N BACKING:

14 N CALIBRATED:

15 N WITNESS:

16 N OBLIQUITY:


Gelatin 20%

Yes

SHOTVELOCITY

m/sPERFORATE

Y/N REMARKfor V50

2013/03/27

V50 (m/s)

2

MP




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