Kindom Protista

What is a protist? • **Eukaryotic

• Most diverse kingdom

• Cannot be classified as animals, plants, or fungus

• Unicellular or multicellular

• Autotrophic and/or Heterotrophic

• Animal-like, plant-like, & fungus-like

• ** Found in moist environments

BACTERIA

ARCHAEA

Parabasalids

Diplomonads

Kinetoplastids

Euglenids

Amoebae

Slime molds

Ciliates

Apicomplexa

Dinoflagellates

Oomycetes

Diatoms

Brown algae

Red algae

Green algae

Land plants

Fungi

Animals

PROTISTS

Surface waters

teem with

microscopic

protists

In some near-

shore areas,

gigantic protists

form underwater

forests

Protists are

particularly

abundant in

tidal habitats

Zoomastigina

• Animal-like

• One or two flagella

• Lakes and streams

• Heterotrophic, some parasitic

• Many absorb food through their cell membrane

• Reproduce asexually

• EX: – Trypanosoma

• African Sleeping Sickness

– Trichonympha • muturaistic relationship with termite

Trypanosoma

Sarcodina

• Animal-like

• Move by using pseudopods

• Engulf food and form a food vacuole

• Heterotrophic, some parasitic

• Asexual reproduction

• EX:

– Amoeba

– Radiolaria

– Naegleria

Radiolaria

Amoeba

Amoebas in Action

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=naNPfKqphDw

Ciliophora

• Animal-like

• Covered with cilia – Locomotion

– Feeding

• Fresh and salt water

• Free living

• Asexual reproduction – Under extreme stress conjugation will occur

• EX: – Paramecium

– Tetrahymena

– Balantidium

Anophryoides haemophilia

• causes Bumber Car Disease in captive lobsters.

• major cause of death among lobsters being held for commercial purposes.

• Bumper Car Disease results in the depletion of blood cells.

• No treatment for this disease.

Euglenophyta

• Plant-like

• Have 2 flagella

• No cell wall

• Ponds and lakes

• Autotrophs/Heterotrophs

• Pellicle to aid in locomotion

• Asexual reproduction through binary fission

• EX: Euglena

Chrysophyta

• Plant-like

• Golden or golden-brown algae

• Primary pigments: xanthophyll, fucoxanthin

• FW – typically cool water

• Autotroph/Heterotroph

• Store food as oil

• Sexual and asexual reproduction

• Solitary or colonies

Bacillariophta • Diatoms

• Plant-like

• Walls of silicon (Si)

• Pillbox shape

• Store food as an oil instead of starch

• Unicellular, some colonial

• Typically in high latitudes or low latitude costal waters and areas of upwelling

• Diatomaceous Earth-found in: – Detergents

– paint removers

– Fertilizers

– Insulators

– some types of toothpaste.

Pyrrophyta

• Dinoflagellates

• Plant-like

• Photosynthetic or heterotrophs

• 2 flagella

• Asexual by binary fission

• largest, Noctiluca, may be as large as 2 mm in diameter

• some are parasites on fish or on other protists

• Luminescent

• Red tides – neurotoxin – affects muscle function in susceptible organisms

– humans may also be affected by eating fish or shellfish containing the toxins. • ciguatera (from eating affected fish)

• paralytic shellfish poisoning, or PSP (from eating affected shellfish, such as clams, mussels, and oysters)

• can be serious but are not usually fatal.

Ciguatera Toxins

Red Tide

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bCNjXaMPZxw

Rhodophyta • Plant-like

• Marine

• Red (reddish) algae

• Able to live a deep depths due to the reddish pigment phycobilins

• Polar to tropics

• Surface to 206 meters down

• Multicellular

• important role in the primary

establishment and

maintenance of coral reefs

• economically important as providers

of food and gels – Nori

– Agar – thickening agent

– Carrageenan – thicken ice cream, pudding, salad dressing, and cosmetics

• Food for sea urchins, fish, molluscs, and

crustaceans

Phaeophyta

• Brown algae

• Plant-like

• many live in the intertidal zone

• Alginic acid, along with cellulose, is a component of phaeophyte cell walls – This polysaccharide is a viscous gel which absorbs

and retains water

• No unicellular or colonial phaeophytes -- all are multicellular

• Largest – giant kelp – Some can reach 60 meters in length

• Sargassum – only floating/not attached algae

Kelp • Occurs along coastlines that have an upwelling

of cool, nutrient-rich waters, with temperatures usually 68 degrees Fahrenheit.

• These beautiful and biologically productive habitats are found in shallow, sunlit waters - usually less than 30 meters deep - from the Arctic to the Antarctic Circles.

• Native Americans used kelp for: – Medicine - fishing gear

– Food - Salt

• Modern day use includes the extraction of algin used in: – Paints - Rubber

– Synthetics - Beer

– Pharmaceuticals - Toothpaste

Sargasso Sea

• The Sargasso sea is part of the North

Atlantic Ocean, lying roughly between

the West Indies and the Azores

• the heart of the Bermuda Triangle

• Part of the “Horse Latitudes”

• Covered with Sargassum

Sargassum

• Sargassum natans and

Sargassum fluitans

• stays afloat by producing

gas-filled bladders which

act like buoys

• Life here is precarious for

animals who are poor

swimmers -- they must

maintain a firm grip on

floating mats of kelp, or be

lost to the ocean depths

Sargassum

• A floating ecosystem will have difficulties in acquiring nutrients

• Many of the organisms which live here survive by being generalists – EX: The most common crab is a generalist carnivore, eating many

different kinds of prey

– this ecosystem has no animals which are strict herbivores, but are omnivores, switching between diets of eating algae and animals.

• Organisms whose lives are linked to Sargassum: – 50 + fish species (rainbow runner, amberjack, common dolphin,

red porgy, marlin, swordfish, tunas and triggerfish)

– 145 invertebrates • Gastropods

• Polychaetes

• Bryozoans

• Anemones

• Sea-spiders

• Most numerous inhabitants are hydroids and copepods.

Chlorophyta

• Green Algae

• Plant-like

• Most are FW and phytoplankton

• Share characteristics with plants

– Photosynthetic pigments

– Cell wall composition

• Fresh and salt water

• Unicellular or colonial, few multicellular

Volvocales species range from unicellular to colonial to multicellular.

Chlamydomonas Gonium Pandorina Volvox

Ulva

Acrasiomycota

• Fungus-like

• Cellular slime mold

• Free-living cells

• Act like multicellular and unicellular

organisms

Myxomycota

• Fungus-like

• Acellular slime molds

• Can grow several meters in diameter

Oomycota

• Fungus-like

• Water mold

• In water – decomposer

• On plants – parasite

• Sexual and asexual reproduction

Zoosporangium – used in

asexual reproduction

Potato Blight