Keywords

Knowledge

Questions

Cover up the thing you

want to be left with the

formula you need.

Explain fully the importance of active transport to marine

birds like albatrosses that have a special glands produc-

ing a very salty liquid.

Explain fully the Importance of active transport in plants.

Explain why it is not possible to absorb all the glucose

produced in digestion, by diffusion alone.

Explain why camels must have specialised blood cells to

allow them to drink huge quantities of water.

Magnification How much bigger an image is

than real size .

resolution How close two objects can be

and still seen as two separate

objects.

Prokaryotes Cells which have no nucleus or

membrane bound organelles.

Example:- bacteria.

Eukaryotes Cells with a nucleus.

Differentiated When a cell becomes specialised

to do a particular job.

Phloem Tissue in a plant which carries

sugars up and down the plant .

Xylem Dead woody tissue which carries

water up the plant by transpira-

tion.

Osmosis Movement of water from a high

Concentration to a low concen-

tration through a partially per-

meable membrane.

diffusion Random movement of particles

from a high concentration to a

low concentration.

Active transport Movement of particles against

the diffusion gradient. Note this

requires a cell membrane and

energy from respiration.

Enzymes are proteins which can be denatured by high

temperatures or excessive PHs. Denaturing means that the

shape of the enzyme is changed so the substrate will no

longer fit its active site, so it doesn’t work anymore.

Keywords

Knowledge

Questions

Explain how stem cells could possibly lead to the reversal

of paralysis due to trauma to the spinal cord.

Explain how stem cells could be used to save rare plant

species from extinction?

Explain why industry likes to use enzymes in the manu-

facture of different products.

Explain what happens in detail to the structure of an en-

zyme molecule when it is denatured.

What is the other form of cell division and how is it

different?

Mitosis A type of cell division which gives

two identical daughter cells.

Cell cycle The series of stages which a cell

undergoes during cell division.

DNA

Deoxyribose nucleic acid this is the

material that genes are made.

Gene Section of DNA which codes for a

protein.

Chromosome A structure in the cell made of DNA

containing many genes.

Stem cell An unspecialised cell which has the

potential to change into another

type of cell.

Cloning A technique to produce identical

offspring.

Zygote Fertilised egg.

Embryonic

stem cells

Stem cells formed from the inside of

an embryo, these can form any

other type of cell.

tissues Group of similar cells working to-

gether.

organs Several different tissues working

together to perform a task.

Organ system Several organs working together.

Enzyme digests makes Place found

protease protein Amino acids Stomach

small intes-

tine , pancre-

lipase Fats and oils Glycerol and

fatty acids

Small intes-

tine , pancre-

as

carbohydrase carbohy-

drates

Simple sug-

ars

Small intes-

tine, mouth

pancreas

amylase starch Simple sug-

ars

Small intes-

tine ,mouth,

pancreas

Food test result

starch Iodine solution Goes blue black if

starch is present

sugars Heat with Bene-

dict's solution

Blue if no sugar

present green if

small amount

present, through

to brick red if

there is more

protein Biuret solution Turns purple

fats Ethanol test Cloudy emulsion

formed if ethanol

is present

Keywords

Knowledge

Gas exchange and Breathing

Urea Waste formed in the liver from the

breakdown of amino acids, re-

moved from the blood by the kid-

neys to form urine.

Haemoglobin Red pigment in the red blood cells

which carries oxygen.

Double circu-

latory system

The way in which the blood passes

through the heart twice, once:-

heart-lungs-heart and once:-heart -

body - heart.

Statins Drug used to reduce cholesterol

levels– note they do have side

effects.

Stent Metal mesh placed in an artery

used to widen the artery.

xylem Dead hollow tubes made of lignin

used to move water and mineral

ions up the plant by transpiration.

Phloem Tubes of living cells, used to

transport sugars up and down the

plant by translocation.

Transpiration Evaporation of water from leaves

this draws water up the xylem.

Translocation Movement of sugars up and down

the plant in the Phloem.

The lungs are designed to exchange gases by having:-

1. a large surface area ( many alveoli)

2. Thin walls so gases don’t have to diffuse far

3. A rich blood supply to carry substances away and

maintain a diffusion gradient.

We breathe in by:-

1. Intercostal muscles lifting the rib cage up and out

2. The diaphragm muscle flattening

3. Both of the above increase the volume of the chest

cavity reducing air pressure so air is drawn in.

Xylem are made of dead hollow cells are

transport water up the plant by transpira-

tion.

Phloem transport sugars up and down the

plant by translocation.

Transpiration is speeded up by

1. Increased wind speed

2. Increased temperature

3. Decreased humidity

Knowledge

Questions

1.Describe the movement of water through the plant

from the root to its eventual exit through the guard cells.

You should use previous knowledge relating to osmosis,

as well as your knowledge of transpiration.

2. Describe how you would measure the rate of transpi-

ration in a plant shoot in windy conditions, be sure to

explain what your independent, dependent and control

variables are. Why might your results not be completely

accurate.

3. Describe the causes, symptoms and possible treat-

ments/lifestyle changes that would be necessary after a

Myocardial infarction.

4. The movements necessary to ventilate the lungs. If

someone suffers from polio they may not be able to

breathe for themselves, describe how they can be helped

to breathe using an iron lung.

5. Explain how the lungs and small intestine are similar as

exchange surfaces.

Rate of transpiration is measured is us-

ing a Pototmeter.

The air bubble will move to the left as

water is taken in by the stem and lost

from the leaf by transpiration. The res-

ervoir can be used to move the bubble

back to the right.

The plant shoot should be cut under

water and sealed into the stopper using

vacuum grease.,

Keywords

Knowledge

Questions

1. Describe in detail your body’s defences to infec-

tion, you should include skin, respiratory tracts,

eyes and stomach in your answer

2. Describe the way in which white blood cells work

to destroy pathogens that have entered the body.

3. Explain how HiV leads to AIDS and why you do not

actually die from AIDS.

Pathogen Microbe which can make you ill.

Communicable

disease

Disease which can be passed from

one person to another.

Vaccine Dead or inactive form of a patho-

gen which is injected into a patient

to prevent them becoming infect-

ed.

Vector An organism which can carry infec-

tion from one person to another.

Example the mosquito is the vector

which carries malaria.

Hygiene conditions or practices conducive

to maintaining health and pre-

venting disease, especially through

cleanliness.

Protist A single celled organism, these can

be responsible for a range of dis-

eases e.g. malaria.

antibody Chemical produced by white blood

cells which sticks to specific anti-

gens on the outside of pathogens.

Antigen Protein marker found on the out-

side of pathogens.

Antibiotic Drug designed to kill bacteria in-

side your body. Note: antibiotics

do not work on viruses.

Treating cancer

Cancer can be treated using :-

1. Chemotherapy– this is a cocktail of toxic chemicals

which destroy rapidly dividing cells. Side effects

include nausea and hair loss.

2. Radiotherapy where the tumour is bombarded with

gamma rays from many different angles.

Keywords

Questions

1. Explain the difference between risk factors, corre-

lations and causal mechanisms.

2. Explain the stages in testing drugs.

Herd Immunity This is when a large proportion of

the population is vaccinated, it is

unlikely that any members of the

population who are unvaccinated

it is unlikely that they will come

into contact with the disease.

Benign tumour Tumour which is usually con-

tained in a membrane so does

Malignant tu-

mour

Tumour which can spread to

produce more tumours.

Placebo A fake drug.

Double blind

test

Where neither the patient or the

doctor administering the test

know s who is getting the drug to

be tested and who is getting the

placebo.

Preclinical trials Drug trials which involves cells,

organs or animals.

Clinical trials Trials involving patients or volun-

teers.

Non communi-

cable disease

Disease which cannot be caught

from other people.

Risk factor Something which increases the

chance of you getting a disease.

Correlation When an increase in one thing

results in an increase in another.

Causal Where one thing makes another

thing happen.

Keywords

Questions

1. Type 2 diabetes has been described as an epidem-

ic, suggest reasons, for this growing epidemic and

how it might be dealt with.

2. Explain the human and financial cost of smoking

to individuals and to nations around the world.

3. Explain why you think alcohol remains a legal drug

even though it causes so many deaths.

Carcinogen A chemical which greatly increases

the chance of cancer developing.

Tar is a known carcinogen found in

cigarette smoke, which increases

the risk of lung cancer significantly.

Type 1 diabetes This type of diabetes is where the

body cannot produce its own

insulin, treated by injecting with

insulin after meals and controlling

diet.

Type 2 diabetes This type of diabetes is often

linked to obesity, although there

are also genetic links. This type of

diabetes is due to the body be-

coming less sensitive to insulin.

Treated by controlling diet and

some drugs.

Foetal alcohol

syndrome

A type of brain damage which

occurs in unborn children due to

alcohol consumption during preg-

nancy.

COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary

disease. Disease caused by re-

peated damage to the alveoli by

cigarette smoke, leads to a loss of

elasticity in the lungs and a thick-

ening of the tissues.

Nicotine Very addictive chemical found

in cigarette smoke

Coronary heart disease Disease in which arteries are

narrowed often caused by

smoking and poor diet, increas-

ing the risk of heart attacks and

Still birth When a baby is born dead, the

risk of this is significantly higher

in when smoking occurs during

Cilia Delicate hairs which line the

respiratory tract, they beat

rhythmically pushing mucus

and trapped dust and bacteria

Ciliated epithelial cells Cells which line the lungs and

have cilia.