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Key topic/Chapter 7…Race and Ethnicity and Gender.

Key Terms:

ApartheidBalkanizationBlockbustingCentripetal forceCentrifugal forceEthnicityEthnic cleansingGenderGenderedInvasion and succession

Multi-ethnic stateMultinational stateNationalismNationalityNation-stateRaceRacismSelf-determinationWhite flight

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What is Race? What is Ethnicity? What is Gender?

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•Does not exist as anything important on a scientific level, despite the influence of the idea. (Just because some people believe in UFO’s doesn’t make them real…just because some people think race means something doesn’t make it real either.)

• Biological (not mental or social) variation is real; the importance we impose on this variation by using the concept of race is not. Believing that race means something is a product of the human mind, not of nature.

•Based on a three category system developed in Europe in the 18th century: Caucasians, Mongoloids, and Negroids.

• The truth is that there is very little fundamental genetic variety between humans and what little differences exist are only physical. Race is literally just skin deep. We humans have not been separated enough for much genetic variation to develop. We do not have distinct “races” or “subspecies.” like dogs or other animals.

RACE:

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THEN WHY DO MANY PEOPLE MAKE A BIG DEAL OUT OF RACE?

Identity: How we make sense of ourselves. How does each of us define ourselves? We construct our own identities through our own experiences, emotions, connections, and rejections. Our identity is a snapshot of who we are at that moment. Identities are fluid and constantly changing. One of the most common ways we define ourselves is to identify the “other” and then we identify ourselves as “not being the other.” This is known as identifying against. “You are not your parents.” (At least you tell them you aren’t, )

How do you easily identify “the other?” Sight, shows us that someone looks different from us…RACES often look different. Different races are easily seen as being the “other.”

But are they really?

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Race: This is a good example of a constructed identity. Biologically we are all part of the human race. The “races” have very, very little difference.

The best definition says that race is an identity with a group of people who share a biological ancestor.

Throughout history, societies in different parts of the world have wrongly drawn distinctions between peoples based on their physical characteristics.

This modern assumption about race grew from the European colonial period (1500-1900) where the white Europeans looked at themselves as superior because they conquered some less developed part of the world which had people of different physical characteristics.

Most Europeans assumed that they were superior to the people they conquered and thus thought that their “race” was superior.

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No biological basis for dividing the human species into groups based on skin color exists.

Think of two 2013 Ford Expeditions with exactly the same options, engine and interior. Are they vastly different than each other if one is red and the other is blue? That is what we people are…just a different skin color and a few different “options”. If there is any difference it is because WE humans think there is a difference. And we are very, very often wrong about that perceived difference

People within a race are more different than people between races are. There is very little that people of a race have to themselves. People are tall, short, fat, thin, near sighted, far sighted, bald, hairy, fast, slow, gifted in different areas, good and bad, in each race.

More variations exist within a race than between them.

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Race is literally skin deep. There has not been enough time for much genetic variation. We do not have distinct “races” or “subspecies.” We are not like breeds of dogs where each breed has special traits.

Making anything out of race is one of the least intelligent things humans do. Its all tangled up in the complex way we each identify ourselves. We are not the “other.” I am a good person and the “other” may not be. They don’t look like me so they are the “other.”

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Racism: Making an assumption about a group of people based on negative feelings about visible or social differences. Skin color, eye color and hair type are variations within the human race not between races. Instead, racial categories are the products of how particular cultures have viewed these differences. Racism exists between Japanese and Koreans. The dislike between southerners and “Yankees” after the civil war was somewhat racist. How German’s viewed some other European groups before WW2 was racist. How ancient Romans viewed the Gaul’s (French) was racist (but it wasn’t based on color). All of it is unfair to the individuals involved. Residential segregation: is the degree to which two or more groups live separately from one another, in different parts of the environment. Is this segregation forced or chosen by those who do it? 

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How to study Racism in your area; The 5 categories of segregation: Evenness. This means how the group is spread out in the community. Are they spread evenly or clumped into certain areas?

Exposure. Do various groups share a neighborhood or are they never exposed to people of different “races?”

Concentrated. Is the group concentrated within a very small area?

Centralized. Are they all within the central area of the community surrounded by the larger groups?

Clustered. Is the group tightly clustered to form one large group, or scattered widely around the area.

 Identities across scales. How we see ourselves changes at different scales, local, regional, national, and global. We have our identities nested, one inside of the other. We pull out our appropriate identity at the appropriate scale. Who are you right now? Which identity will you use a 5pm today? Saturday night? If you traveled to Spain, who would you tell the Spanish you are? 

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RACE IN THE U.S.

Rosa Parks

China Town, San Francisco, 1910

Dogs Used to Control Race Protestors, 1957

• Genetic mixing is so common and complete that most geographers dismiss race as a category since it can not be clearly tied to place. Who was your great-great-great-great-great-great grandfather? Are you the race you think you are? The US government is correct when it says for you to pick the race you feel closest to.

Rosa Parks

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SOOO…ONE MORE TIME, WHAT IS RACE?

Race is identity with a group of people who share a common biological ancestry. We all are like a mix-and-match of human characteristics chosen for us before we were born. Anyone from any so called race can have any of the genes that make up human traits. Pick one from each column below:

Skin color: Hair type hair color height body build athletic ability•Pale white strait blond short stocky little•Med-white curly black medium very thin strong•Light brown tight curl brown tall med. thin slow•Med brown thick red very tall heavy quick•Black thin fastSpecial talents eye color eye sight hearing allergiesVoice brown far sighted good woolDexterous blue near sighted very good catsHearing hazel 20/20 poor sea foodSmell green 10/10 rag weedSense of directionSense of humorArtistic Anyone from any race can have any of these

traits.

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WHAT IS ETHNICITY? HOW IS IT DIFFERENT THAN RACE?

1. Identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth. Thus: customs, cultural characteristics, language, common history, homeland, etc...

2. A socially created system of rules about who belongs and who does not belong to a particular group based on actual or perceived commonality of origin, race, culture. This notion is clearly tied to place. Mexico, Germany, wherever.

KazakhThai Chinese

ArmenianTurkishPuerto Rican

JapaneseMongolian

American

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Ethnicity comes from the idea that people are closely connected, or even related, by a common ancestry in a certain place. (Are you Scottish, French, African, Chinese?) Ethnic Identity is historically constructed, like all cultural identities, and is often considered natural because it implies ancient relations among people over time. You are the ethnicity you feel you are.

Ethnic groups have a “sense of place” about a location (place) that they feel tied to. That sense of belonging to a place becomes part of our identity, and our identity affects the ways we define ourselves (I’m West Virginian) and experience a place. I still have a “sense of place” about West Virginia; what is your “sense of place” about where you were born??

This should help explain why someone who sees themselves as part of an ethnic group from someplace else displays a flag or some icon of the place they feel they belong to.

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Are the ethnic groups we say we are really true?

Ethnicity, (like our identities) sways and shifts across scales, across places, and time. The two biggest countries of South Asia are Pakistan and India. These two countries do not get along well, yet among South Asian communities near Washington D.C. you will find both Indian and Pakistani movies being rented from the same ethnic stores and foods from both cultures sold in the same restaurants. As a West Virginian I might jokingly say I don’t like people from Pennsylvania, but if I’m halfway around the world fighting in a war, I will gladly get into a foxhole with any other American…even one from Pennsylvania. If you consider yourself a Hispanic American but you travel to China, are you going to identify yourself to the Chinese as Hispanic or as an American?

Many people enjoy participating in ethnic holidays of groups they don’t belong to ( Cinco de Mayo, St. Patrick’s Day). Many people make a big deal out of the ethnicity they feel they are part of while others ignore it completely. Your degree of ethnicity comes from what you make of it.

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ETHNICITIES IN NEW YORK CITY

African Americans, Hispanic Americans, Asian Americans, and European Americans are clustered in different areas of the city.

European Americans

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Rank Ancestry NumberPercent of totalpopulation

1 German 42,841,569 15.2%

2 Irish 30,524,799 10.8%

3 African 24,903,412 8.8%

4 English 24,509,692 8.7%

5 American 20,188,305 7.2%

6 Mexican 18,382,291 6.5%

7 Italian 15,638,348 5.6%

8 Polish 8,977,235 3.2%

9 French 8,309,666 3.0%

10 American Indian 7,876,568 2.8%

11 Scottish 4,890,581 1.7%

12 Dutch 4,541,770 1.6%

13 Norwegian 4,477,725 1.6%

14 Scotch-Irish 4,319,232 1.5%

15 Swedish 3,998,310 1.4%

Fifteen largest ancestries in the United States (2000 Census)

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What ethnicities/races do other countries have?

Check it out at:

http://www.understandingrace.org/lived/global_census.html

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Nationalities/Nation - Identity with a group who share a legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country. A nation or nationality is a group of people tied together to a particular place through legal status and cultural traditions. A nation is cultural, like ethnicity, but political with a claim to own a particular place.

State - a politically organized territory that is administered by

a sovereign government (country). (Sovereign meaning it has complete control over itself.)

Nation-State - This is a state (country) whose territory belongs to a particular ethnic group that has been transformed into a nationality. This is a nation who does have it’s own country (Japan). The fact is that rarely does the territory of any nation correspond to just one ethnic group. How many ethnic groups are in the US?

WHAT IS A NATION? WHAT IS A STATE?

Multi-ethnic state: A state which contains more than one large ethnic group. (Example; Belgium with the Dutch speaking Flemish and the French speaking Walloons who both consider themselves as Belgian) The US is a multi-ethnic state.

  Multinational state: A state with several legally national groups

who all agree to coexist peacefully and recognize each other as distinct nationalities. They once were separate self-governed states. (Example; the UK with Scotland, Wales, England and N. Ireland which were once different countries.)

Nationalism: Pride in your nation. Feelings that your nation is good. Identity with and loyalty to a particular nationality. Belief that your nation should have its own land for a country. Nationalism has built and destroyed countries. Like extremism in religion, nationalism can be a big problem if carried to the extreme.

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NATIONALISM Helps create national unity Can be very dangerous Can breed intolerance of

difference and others. Can be racist.

WW1 French newspaper drawing of German soldiers bayoneting French babies. This was untrue, but it was used to make the enemy (the "other”) look bad.

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“White Flight”: the emigration of whites from an area they feel blacks (or another group) are going to move into. You can also have Black flight, Hispanic flight or any other group flight, anytime groups move away from each other.

Blockbusting: Real estate agents convince whites that blacks (or another group) are going to move into the neighborhood and lower the property values. These real estate agents offer a low price for the home and sell it for a high price to anyone who wants to move into the neighborhoods. This is illegal.

Invasion and succession: The process in which a neighborhood changes overtime due to different ethnicities moving in replacing the previous dominant ethnic group.

Ethnic cleansing: A more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes less powerful ones in order to create an ethnically homogenous region. Nazi’s, Yugoslavia in the 1990’s and Africa today, (Sudan and Somalia)

Apartheid: The once (but not anymore) legal separation of the races used by the once all white government of South Africa to keep the power to rule in the hands of the whites. This began in the 1950’s and ended in 1991.

 

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Gender and Sex:

Sex = male and female

Gender = masculine and feminine

So in essence:

Sex refers to biological differences; chromosomes, hormonal profiles, internal and external sex organs.

Gender describes the characteristics that a society or culture delineates as masculine or feminine.

So while your sex as male or female, is a biological fact that is the same in any culture, what that sex means in terms of your gender role as a 'man' or a 'woman' in society can be quite different cross culturally. These 'gender roles' have an impact on the emotional health of the individual.

   

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Power relationships: are assumptions and structures about who is in control, who has the power over others. (Men over women in many cultures)

 

Roles for women and men: Just as race is a constructed identity, roles for women and men are also constructed. We have already studied how education for women has changed their value in many less developed countries yet the power relationships continue to dominate our world. Dowry deaths in India continue even though the Indian government has strong laws against it.

 

Gendered: In geography, gendered refers to creating a place that is designed for men or women…Hooters or Forever 21 clothing stores are designed with the gender of their typical customers in mind. The inside of buildings can be gendered too; the ladies restroom is decorated differently from the men’s.

GENDER AND POWER:

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A “Man Cave?”Man as in physical or cultural?

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Do all women want this?

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Shifting power Relationships among ethnic groups and genders:

A common story from areas with multiple ethnicities is an ebb and flow of acceptance. When the economy is good, residents are generally more accepting of each other, but if things go bad, residents often resent and blame the other ethnicities or genders. (“They” took all the jobs; or women should go back to work in the home.)

Guest workers in many countries sometimes come under attack when they no longer fill a need.

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Protection For gangs, clubs and nations Causing grief in human relations It's a turf war on a global scale I'd rather hear both sides of the tale See, it's not about races, just places, faces Where your blood comes from Is where your space is I've seen the light get duller I'm not going to spend My life being a color…

Michael Jackson’s “Black or White”http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F2AitTPI5U0

A Pop Culture song’s look at Race, Ethnicity and Gender:

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SO WHAT IS NATION, RACE , GENDER AND ETHNICITY?

Race is identity with people who share a common ____________ ancestry.

Ethnicity is identity with people who share a common _____ and _______ ancestry which is tied to a ________

Nation (nationality) is identity with a group who share a _________ attachment and personal __________ to a particular country.

_________ is the roles a society says men and women play within that society.

All four are ways we identify ourselves and “the other.”

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What is the difference between race, ethnicity and nationality?

Your race is the physical biology you inherited from a group of people in your past. Being black, white or Asian are what is usually classified as race. You were born with it, you didn’t pick it. Are you physically an American or German?

Your ethnicity is a learned behavior based on a culture you have learned and which you identify with. The ethnicity comes from a place. Being Cuban, Japanese, or Italian are examples of an ethnicity. You are the ethnicity you pick to identify with.

Nationality is the country you are legally a member of. You are a citizen of that nation based on the rules of citizenship of the nation. You were either born an American or you go through the process to legally become one.

A nation is a legal group, while an ethnicity isn’t. I am legally an American citizen and my ethnicity is German-Scot-Irish, and my race is white. (Someday maybe we’ll all be just human.) Which one of the three is really the least meaningful?

Sooo…Arnold Swartzenegger is; 1. Race-White 2. Ethnicity-Austrian (You can have more than one ethnicity) 3. Nationality-American because he legally became an American citizen 25 years ago.

You are: 1. ____________ 2. ___________ 3.____________

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1.The emigration of “Whites” from an area that they feel is being taken over by non-whites is know as…

2. _____ is a politically organized territory that is administered by a sovereign government

3. Making an assumption about a group of people based on negative feelings about visible or social differences is…

4. The 3 racial categories developed in Europe in the 18th century are ______, __________ and _____________.

5. Our identity is a snapshot of who we are at that moment. Identities are fluid and constantly changing. True or False

6. Like people, places can be gendered too. True –false

7. _________ is a state whose territory belongs to a particular ethnic group that has been transformed into a nationality. The fact is that rarely does the territory of any nation correspond to just one ethnic group.

8. ______ is a state with more than one ethnic groups that agree to coexist peacefully and recognize each other as distinct nationalities. They probably once were separate self-governed states. (Example; the UK)

9.______ is identity with a group of people who share the cultural and social traditions of a particular homeland or hearth.

10._________ is the belief that your nation should have its own land for a country.

QUIZ YOURSELF:

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1. White flight

2. A state

3. Racism

4. Caucasian, Negroid, Mongoloid

5. True

6. True

7. Nation state

8. Multinational state

9. Ethnicity

10.Nationalism

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APHUG Chapter 7 Race and Ethnicity Test.

These questions come from a combination of our slides, your text book, and common knowledge you should have discussed in your AP classroom.

1.) The former Soviet Union used which as the primary centripetal device?   A) race  B) language C) ethnicity D) religion

2.) Denmark is a good example of a nation-state because… A) the people living on the Faeroe islands, which are controlled by Denmark, speak Faeroese.  B) nearly all Danes speak Danish and live in Denmark. C) Danish and German nationalities intermingle in Schleswig-Holstein.  D) all of the above.

3.) Most Africans shipped as slaves were sent to…A) South America B) Caribbean islands.   C) Central America. D) North America.

4.) Which of the following is not a strong centripetal force in the United States? A) "The Star Spangled Banner"  B) network television C) the flag  D) the many ethnic groups living in the United States

5.) The most numerous ethnicities in the United States today include all but…A) African Americans. B) Asian Americans. C) Latinos/Hispanics. D) English.

6.) What was apartheid? A) the dialect of Dutch which is spoken in South Africa B) South Africa's governmental system C) the existence of landlocked states in southern Africa D) the geographic separation of races in South Africa.

7.) The largest proportion of Asian Americans are from… A) the Philippines.  B) Vietnam.  C) Japan. D) China. E) Hong Kong

8.) Balkanization refers to… A) the creation of nation-states in southeastern Europe. B) the breakdown of a state due to conflicts among nationalities. C) a small geographic area that cannot successfully be organized into states. D) ethnic cleansing.

9.) The breakup of Yugoslavia during the 1990s was caused by… A) rivalries among nationalities.  B) ethnic cleansing. C) the assassination in Sarajevo of the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary. D) NATO.

10.) The "separate but equal" doctrine was legally established by…A) states. B) Plessy v. Ferguson. C) Brown v. Board of Education. D) Rodney King.

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11.) White flight is… A) movement of Whites from northern cities. B) emigration of Whites from an area Blacks were anticipated to move to. C) establishment of suburbs. D) decrease in percent Whites because of Black migration from the Southeast.

12.) Neighborhood changes in ethnicity are best explained by the promoting of…A) self-identification B) segregation. C) separate but equal. D) blockbusting.  13.) Self-identification includes… A) ethnicity. B) race. C) religion. D) all of the above

14.) Which is the most dramatic change in the geographic distribution of African Americans in the United States? A) movement out of inner-cities B) rural to urban within the state C) change to sharecropping D) relocation to northern cities

15.) Conflict over territory in the Middle East is strongest for… A) Lebanon. B) Palestine.  C) Egypt. D) Jordan.

16.) Which of the following does the United States Census Bureau not consider a race? A) White B) Asian C) Black D) Hispanic/Latino

17.) In the United States, which is shared by all Americans? A) nationality B) language C) ethnicity D) race

18.) From 1910 to 1950, population density of African Americans in ghettos…A) increased. B) remained the same. C) decreased. D) wasn't significantly different than before.

19.) Ethnicities in the same country come into conflict when… A) national identity is shared. B) they have traditions of self-rule. C) they share a language. D) minority ethnicities are officially recognized.

20.) A nation or nationality is… A) a group of people tied to a place through legal status and tradition. B) a country. C) ethnic identity. D) any cohesive group of people.

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21.) As part of the triangular slave trade system, ships bound for Europe carried… A) cloth and trinkets. B) rum and molasses. C) slaves. D) all of the above

22.) Nation-states in Europe were formed… A) and have not changed at all  B) in the nineteenth century. C) easily from empire boundaries. D) by drawing boundaries.

23.) African Americans are clustered in what area of the United States? A) Southwest  B) Southeast C) Plains states D) cities

24. ) Asian Americans are clustered in what area of the United States? A) Southwest B) West  C) Plains states D) cities

25.) Which of the following is not an element of cultural diversity? A) language B) ethnicity C) race D) religion

The following questions are written at the high school level. You will find some questions from part one often rewritten here. This is all designed to help you transition to the college/AP style of written questions.

26. Ethnicities in the same country come into conflict when… A) they have traditions of self-rule. B) they share a language. C) minority ethnicities are officially recognized. D) national identity is shared.

27. The process when a group forcibly removes another group is called…A) war. B) migrational push factors. C) racism. D) ethnic cleansing.

28. White flight is… A) movement of Whites from northern cities. B) emigration of Whites from an area Blacks were anticipated to move to. C) establishment of suburbs. D) decrease in percent Whites because of Black migration from the Southeast.

29. In the United States, which is shared by all Americans? A) nationality B) language C) ethnicity D) race

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30. The degree to which two or more groups live separately from one another in different parts of the urban environment... A) residential segregation B) ethnicity C) sense of place D) racism E) invasion and succession

31. Having an opinion about someone based simply on their observable physical appearance….A) racism B) gendered C) ethnicity D) identity E) diversity

32. Social differences between men and women rather than physical and biological differences between the sexes… A) race B) gender C) ethnicity D) identity

33. How we make sense of ourselves, how people see us (and we see ourselves) at different scales…A) race B) gender C) ethnicity D) custom E) identity

34. Affiliation or identity within a group of people bound by a common ancestry and culture…A) race B) gender C) ethnicity D) custom E) nationality

35. The uniqueness of a location that makes it part of your identity because of emotion you have for that place …A) space B) place C) sense of place D) node E) genderfication

36. Often defined as; A categorization of humans based on skin color and other physical characteristics; an identity with a group of people who share a common biological ancestry…A) culture B) transhumance C) race D) ethnicity E) nationality

37. Constructing an identity by first defining the “other” and then defining ourselves as “not the other.”…A) Identity B) identifying against C) transition D) sense of place 38. Process by which new immigrants to a place will move into, dominate and take over areas or neighborhoods occupied by older immigrant groups…A) Acculturation B) rap-influx C) assimilation D) invasion and succession E) none of these

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39. In terms of place, whether the place is designed for or claimed by men or women…A) gendered B) appropriation C) assimilated D) invasion and succession

40. Identity with a group of people who share a legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country…A) race B) gender C) ethnicity D) culture E) nationality

41. In the modern world, ethnicities have often been transformed into nationalities because of the concept that ethnicities have…A) the right to exist B) no where else to go C) a superior culture over other groups D) the right to govern themselves E) none of these

42. A state (country) whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity is a…A) nation-state B) homeland C) country D) multiethnic country

43. _______________ typically promotes a sense of national pride and identity that praises one nation above all others and emphasizes its culture and interests above other nations. A) multinational states B) nation states C) Nationalism D) Imperialism

44. The process by which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region…A) Ethnic diversity B) Ethnic homebuilding C) nation building D) ethnic cleansing E) Balkanization

45. The biggest reason for today’s conflict in Sudan is…A) The Muslim government wants to have non-secular Islamic laws for everyone. B) The Muslim government wants to have secular Islamic laws for everyone C) The Christian government wants non-secular laws for everyone D) The Jews refuse to give land to the Palestinians

46. When the British left South Asia in 1947, which of these countries were created? A) India and Israel B) Israel and Jordan C) India and E. and W. Pakistan D) Pakistan and Afghanistan

47. Understanding that the meaning of race is __________ constructed is the first step in addressing inequality and giving everyone a fair chance in life. A) economically B) biologically C) socially D) religiously E) historically

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48, 49, 50 all use the New York City Race/Ethnic neighborhoods map below;

48. Following the 5 categories of segregation, the orange neighborhoods show: A) evenness B) exposure C) centralization D) nationalism E) racism

49. A large number of people from area A moving into area B resulting in many people from area B migrating out, would be an example of: A) evenness B) white flight C) blockbusting D) nationalism E) exposure

50. In terms of the 5 categories of segregation, the students attending school in Area C might suffer from a lack of… A) clustering B) exposure C) concentration D) centralization 

AB

C

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FR #1.

A.Explain how race is literally just skin deep.

B.Explain what our identity is and how (with examples) we have more than one identity.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

Chapter 7 Free Response questions:

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

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FR #2.

A.What is a race?B.What is a nationality?C.What is an ethnicity?D.What is gender?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Answer Key:

1. B 14. D 27. D 40. E2. B 15. B 28. B 41. D3. A 16. D 29. A 42. A4. D 17. A 30. A 43. C5. D 18. A 31. A 44. D6. D 19. B 32. B 45. A7. D 20. A 33. E 46. C8. B 21. B 34. C 47. C9. A 22. D 35. C 48. C10. B 23. B 36. C 49. B11. B 24. B 37. B 50. B12. D 25. C 38. D13. D 26. A 39. A

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FR #1: (30 total points…15 points per section)

A. The best definition says that race is an identity with a group of people who share a biological ancestor. Race is only a slight biological variation, as we humans have not been separated from each other in ways that would produce real differences, other than slight physical ones. Humans do not have breeds, like dogs and other animals do. Believing that race means something is a product of the human mind, not of nature. There are more physical differences among people of the same race than there are physical differences between the races. Each race has people who are; short, tall, heavy, slight, bald, hairy, good eyesight, poor eyesight, fast, slow, musically talented, not musically talented, muscular, not muscular, etc. Race is literally only skin deep.

B. Identity is how we make sense of ourselves. We construct our own identities through our own experiences, emotions, connections, and rejections. Our identity is a snapshot of who we are at that moment.

We each carry many identities with us and we show the one we want to show at that moment. We have the son or daughter identity, the athlete identity, the student identity, the friend identity, and many others that we develop and use over time.

FR #2: (20 total points…5 points per term)

C. Race is an identity with a group of people who share a biological ancestor.

D. A nationality is a group of people tied together to a particular place through legal status and cultural traditions. You are legally a citizen of a country.

E. An ethnicity is a historically constructed belief that people are closely connected, or even related, by a common ancestry to a certain place.

F. Gender describes the characteristics, or “gender roles,” that a society or culture delineates as masculine or feminine. Gender is the role a culture says men and women play.

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Calculating your grade on test #7.

Add how many you got correct on the multiple choice part (50 possible) to how many points you scored on the FR portion (50 possible)…100 total.

The following scale will show the approximate score if this test were the real AP exam. Remember that this is an approximation. While 65-74% is normally the range for a 3 on the test, it is not definite. Over the years I have seen scores as low as 60% be the low portion of a 3 score.

Out of 100 possible points:

65-76 is most likely a 3

77-87 is most likely a 4

88-100 is most likely a 5

Now is a good time to review. Next, take the practice AP Exam for chapters 1-7