Key Terms Key TermsUse the spaces below to define the key terms in your own words.Use the spaces below to define the key terms in your own words.

3.1Key Terms Textbook Definition Drawing / In my own words

Dispersion

Groundwater

Water Table

Pores

Permeable

Leachate

3.2Key Terms Textbook Definition Drawing / In my own words

Dilution

Biodegradation

Aerobic

Anaerobic

Phytoremediation

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Photolysis

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Release Dispersion Deposition Leaching Groundwater contamination

CCHAPTERHAPTER 3 – P 3 – POTENTIALLYOTENTIALLY HARMFULHARMFUL SUBSTANCESSUBSTANCES AREARE SPREADSPREAD ANDAND CONCENTRATEDCONCENTRATED ININ THETHE ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT ININ VARIOUSVARIOUS WAYSWAYS

The solution to pollution is not dilution. What does this statement mean to you?

3.1 – T3.1 – TRANSPORTRANSPORT OFOF M MATERIALSATERIALS THROUGHTHROUGH A AIRIR ANDAND W WATERATER

Transport in Air

Pollutants are carried through the air by ________________. The pollutant is _________________ from a source (a factory), is scattered in various directions (dispersion), and then falls to the ground or water (_________________).

Wind __________________ and __________________ will influence where the pollution lands. When pollution combines with rain or snow it is not usually carried as far.

Some examples: Fukushima (and Chernobyl in 1986) Acid rain in Canada Agent Orange in the Vietnam War

Transport in Soil

Pollutants are carried through the soil through the process of ___________________. The pollutant dissolves in water (for example fertilizer, herbicide, pesticide), and then moves downward through the soil. The type of soil will affect how much leaching occurs.

Soils with a lot __________________ do not allow water to soak through (prevents leaching) ___________________ soils allow water to soak through (allow leaching) Some pollutants react with substances in the soil and are __________________________. Acid

rain can be neutralized by basic soils (soils high in calcium carbonate)

Transport in Groundwater

Pollutants that move through the soil can then enter the _______________________. Groundwater is water held within porous ______________ below the _______________. If you use water from a well, you are using groundwater. The porous nature of the rock allows the groundwater to move great distances, and carry pollutants with it.

The more _____________________ the rock, the faster the pollutants will move.

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Transport in Surface Water

Pollutants can also move in _____________________ water (runoff, rivers, streams). Pollutants that ___________________ easily in water will be carried a ____________________ way. Pollutants that don’t dissolve well will settle in the river or stream bottom and ____________________ there, causing problems for the organisms nearby.

Examples: minerals in rocks, organic substances, leached substances from landfills, leakage from underground storage and pipelines, industrial products, de-icers, microorganisms from improperly maintained septic tanks, household chemicals

Exxon Valdez oil spill - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=556OVZBLwjQ BP Gulf Coast oil spill

Homework Assignment – C+R Pg. 242

2. Suggest two ways that chemical pollutants could be carried far from their sources.

3. List four things that could happen to the water used in watering a local golf course. Think about what kinds of pollutants might get into the water table.

4. Explain why airborne and water-borne chemicals are both local and global issues.

5. Lead from a car battery has been detected in a lake far from where the battery was discarded and buried. How did the lead get there?

8. One water well is located in sandy soil. Another water well is located in soil that is mainly clay. Which well should be monitored more often? Why?

9. Many communities in Canada take their drinking water from rivers, lakes, or reservoirs. Why do they need to understand how chemicals are transported in surface water?

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Groundwater contamination

3.2 – C3.2 – CHANGINGHANGING THETHE C CONCENTRATIONONCENTRATION OFOF H HARMFULARMFUL C CHEMICALSHEMICALS ININ THETHE E ENVIRONMENTNVIRONMENT

Pollutants can enter the environment in several ways:

The best way to keep the environment safe is to __________________ potentially harmful substances from entering it. However, this isn’t always __________________________ because most human activities introduce potentially harmful chemicals into the environment.

The ________________________ of pollutants in the environment can be changed using different techniques:

1. ______________________2. ______________________3. _______________________4. ________________________5. _______________________

Dispersion

_______________________: is the scattering of a substance away from its source

Example: Lawn Fertilizer – suppose you are fertilizing your lawn and you spill too much in one spot, to prevent damage to the lawn in that spot, you could spread the fertilizer over a larger area. Then you would be dispersing the chemical

Dilution

___________________: reduces the concentration of a pollutant by mixing the polluting substance with large quantities of air or water

Example: Bleach – If you place a drop of bleach in a sink full of water, the molecule of the bleach will mix with the molecules of the water and the bleach will be diluted

A ____________________ flowing river or air mass can ___________________ and dilute a chemical very quickly

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Biodegradation

_______________________: When living organisms break up material

Example: An example of this is when bacteria break down a dead animal. Other organisms that biodegrade are algae, fungi, protozoans and earthworms

These organisms produce enzymes to break part most organic substances. This can be done in _______________________ (in oxygen) or ________________________ (not in oxygen) conditions.

Where have we seen this before?

Factors that affect biodegradability:

_________________ Soil ________________ ______ _______________ supply _______________ availability

Phytoremediation

Green plants can be used to remove or degrade ________________________ materials. A process referred to as _____________________________ is a technique that can be used to reduce the _______________________________ of harmful chemicals in soil or groundwater. “Phyto” means plant and “remediation” means clean up. Plants have been used to clean up metals, hydrocarbons, solvents, pesticides, radioactive materials, explosives, and landfill leachates.

These plants are allowed to grow for some time and _______________________ and _________________________ the contaminants in the soil, and then are _______________________ and burned or composted.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w99mGLfb4_g

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Photolysis

While some substances degrade from plants, others degrade from exposure to __________________ ___________________________. Photolysis is the breakdown (lysis) of compounds by sunlight (photo).

An example of photolysis is the formation of ________________________. Nitrogen dioxide in the presence of light breaks down to form nitrogen monoxide and an oxygen atom. The oxygen atom then combines with an oxygen molecule to form ozone.

Homework Assignment – C+R Pg. 247

1. List five ways of reducing the concentration of pollutants in the environment.

2. What element do bacteria remove from a PCB molecule (use your textbook to answer)?

4. Define and given an example of photolysis.

5. Cattails in swamps are used to absorb chemical pollutant. What method of reducing pollutant concentration would is this?

6. Would you live in an aerobic environment or an anaerobic one? Explain your answer.

8. Are dispersion and dilution the same process? Explain.

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Homework Assignment – C+R Pg. 252

4. Describe two ways that chemicals can become concentrated or build up in the environment.

6. Suggest two reasons why some chemicals remain unchanged in the environment for a long time.

3.3 – H3.3 – HAZARDOUSAZARDOUS C CHEMICALSHEMICALS A AFFECTFFECT L LIVINGIVING T THINGSHINGS

Case Study – Exxon Valdez

Homework Assignment – C+R Pg. 252

2. List five ways that the Exxon Valdez oil spill affected Prince William Sound.

3.4 – H3.4 – HAZARDOUSAZARDOUS H HOUSEHOLDOUSEHOLD C CHEMICALSHEMICALS

Read through Section 3.4 in your textbook to review the necessary information. We have already covered this topic in previous lessons.

Homework Assignment – C+R Pg. 259

1. List five household chemicals that have the potential to be harmful.

2. What is WHMIS and why was it set up by the government?

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3. List five ways you can prevent accidents when using or storing hazardous household chemicals.

4. Explain how the following products should be stored:

a. Gasoline

b. Toilet cleaner

c. Bleach

5. Sodium hydroxide solution (pH 10.3) is used in school experiments. Explain the proper way to:

a. Handle it

b. Store it

c. Dispose of it6. Explain two reasons why it is important to take leftover fertilizers and pesticides to collection sites.

7. Use the product label to the side to answer the following questions:a. What does the warning symbol represent?

b. What are the names of the active ingredients?

c. What is the intended use of this product?

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d. Describe the directions that must be followed before and during use.

e. How can this product enter your body?

f. Why should this product be kept away from ponds and streams?

8. You are helping to clean the garage, and you come across a substance in an old container without a label. Your brother suggests dumping it down the drain.

a. Why is this not a good practice?

b. What is a safer method of disposal?

Section Review Pg. 260

1. Why is it important for pollution chemists to know about prevailing winds?

2. Match the words in column A with their synonyms or definitions in column B.

Column A Column BDispersion Degradation caused by lightDilution ScatteringBiodegradation Break up by living thingsPhotolysis Reduction in concentration

3. Why should an aerosol container be completely emptied before it is discarded?

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4. You have designed a new insecticide. In order for your new insecticide to be sold to the public, what information would be required by government regulations?

5. Describe three factors that affect biodegradation.

7. Why is it bad practice to throw household chemicals such as bleach on garden soil?

9. Why is it important that chemicals used in the classroom be labeled?

12. An old gasoline storage depot is torn down, and the land is used for a children’s playground. Later, it is discovered that he soil in the playground is contaminated with lead. What clean-up program would you suggest to the town? Explain.

13. Suppose that you have just finished using a poisonous zinc solution to preserve a wood deck.

a. How would you dispose of the leftover product and the tools that you used? Are there any risks in the method that you chose?

b. If the leftover product were going to be stored, how and where would you suggest storing it?

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