key challenges and opportunities for reducing vulnerability 1.diversification - no framework for...
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Key Challenges and Opportunities for Reducing Vulnerability
1.Diversification - No Framework for Implementingand Evaluating Payments for Ecosystem Services – Wildlife Conservation2. Lack of Integrated Land-Use Planning3. Over Exploitation of Natural Resources4. Poor Animal and Crop Health5. Poor Market Engagement
SRT 2 Satellite Site – S. Kenya and N. Tanzania
Preliminary Impact Pathways
Conceptual /Overall Hypothesis/Problem Statement:Pastoralists and farmers in S. Kenya and N. Tanzania face livelihood constraintsthat include: markets, crop-livestock integration, land holding vulnerability anduncoordinated land use, an unsupportive policy and institutional framework, andover exploitation of the natural resource base.
Reducing system vulnerability can be supported through: improved integratedland-use planning and policies to reduce vulnerability(land fragmentation, accessto markets, land degradation); stimulation of private sector involvement in livestockand crop production, markets and associated input services. This would halt naturalresource degradation and stabilize and improve livelihoods, both in termsof long term trends and short term vulnerability.
Aridity index Travel time
Forage deviation
Eadev2000ketzVery Good Deviation > 30Good 30 >= Deviation >10Normal 10 >= Devition > -10Poor -10 >= Deviation > - 30Scarce -30 >= Deviation > -50Drought -50 >= Deviation > -70Disasater -70 >= Deviation
N
90 0 90 180 270 360 450 Kilometers
2000 2001 2002 2003
2007200620052004
2008 2009 2010
Crop LivestockIntegration
Poor: variableproductivity of
crops- diseases
Limited Land and water
resources
Poor market integration - low producer prices
Farmers have access to
capital: Financialservices to
ensure access to quality inputs
Enhance access and uptake of inputs
-seed-- fertilizers
Enhance diversityof crops: forage
Farmers Implement sustainable agronomic:
land use practices, rotation, irrigation, soil fertility, erosion
Farmers fetch better prices for their crops
Enhance access to Capital: Financial
services to ensure access
to quality inputs
Improved technologies and
inputs
Accessible: utilization of knowledge information
Farmers have access
to real time crop prices
Improved (warehousing)
Storage capacity: effectiveness
Meso: The ability of integrated crop-livestock systems to reduce vulnerability is constrained by poor and variable crop productivity, limited access to land and water resources, and poor market integration and producer prices.
Micro: Crop yields in integrated crop-livestock systems can be improved through enhanced access to financial services, increased availability of high quality inputs and diverse crop varieties, and the implementation of sustainable agronomic and land-use practices.
Micro: Improved market integration and increased producer prices for poor households can be achieved through enhanced access to real time and long term crop pricing information, and enhanced warehousing and storage capacity and effectiveness.
Crop-livestock Integration
Insufficient access
to market infrastructure and exports
Limited capacityof markets to
absorb large volumes of stock during
droughts
Insufficient priceinformation
Lack of financialservices
Poor and Variable prices for Livestock
Small herd sizes
Improved Access to Markets
- proximity
Opportunity created for
exportmarket
Enhanced access to and use
of information on spatialtemporal
dynamics of prices
Access to enhanced
credit, savings,
insurance, futures
Access to consistent high quality
forage
Access to quality breed
Roads market
(physical) infrastructure
Drought off-take policy
implemented
Information collection:
dissemination system
Pastoral sensitive financial products
Forage banking landuse planning
Creation of disease free zone
Market Engagement
Establishment Livestock producer
association
Establishment of Vet services
Establishment Community
livestock breeding program
Meso: Access to markets (proximity), information on prices, access to financial services, higher producer prices, and larger (sufficient) herd sizes would enhance pastoral engagement in markets.
Micro: Increased producer prices at market can be achieved through improved animal heath, enhanced access to consistent high quality forage, access to high quality high value breeds, and real time information on market prices.
Micro: Increased access to “pastoral friendly” financial services and effective livestock producer associations leads to increased market engagement.
Micro: Herd size (economies of scale?) limits pastoral involvement in markets. OR Increasing herd sizes beyond a minimum threshold would enable poor pastoralists to more effectively engage in market activities.
Market Engagement