KERTAS PENYELIDEKAN: NO. 5

Research Paper: No. 5

NILAIAN DATA KEMfVTIAN DALAM PERANGKAAN PENTING MALAYSIA BARAT

Evaluation of Mortality Data in the Vital Statistics of West Malaysia

MALE

FfT^^^g]

-*e-

1946 19fl8 1950 |9f2 1954 19 6 19$

E A R

8 19(0 1962 19(4 19^6 19*8

Disember, 1971.

JABATAN PERANGKAAN,DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS

MALAYSIAKUALA LUMPUR HARGA: jSl.OO

EVALUATION OF MORTALITY DATA IN THE VITAL STATISTICS

OF

WEST MALAYSIA

PREPARED BY

CHARLES HIRSCHMANCENTER FOR DEMOGRAPHY AND ECOLOGY

UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN

EDWARD TAN KAH JOO

DEMOGRAPHY DIVISION

DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS

DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS

KUALA LUMPUR

MALAYSIA

December, 1971.

III

FOREWORD

This public;ilion is llic fiflli in the Department of Statistics* Research Paper

Series.

This paper attempts to evaluate the death registration data. The evaluation is

primarily concerned with the completeness of the death registration. From the analysis in this

paper, death registration appears to be internally consistent.

would like to acknowledge the efforts of Mr. Charles Hirschman of the

Center for Demography and Ecology. University of Wisconsin and Mr. Edward Tan Kali Joo,

Statistician, Demography Division of the Department of Statistics.

R. Chander J.M.N.Chief Statistician,

Malaysia.

Foreword

List of Tables and Figures

Introduction

Methods of Evaluation and Previous Research

Collection of Vital Statistics in West Malaysia

Methodological Issues

Analysis of Consistency by Mortality Rates

Analysis of Consistency by Sex Ratio

Summary and Conclusion

LIST OF TAKLFS AM) riCUKE.S

Page

TABLE Inlunt l)c;ill> R:ilc l>y R.icc ;iii(l Sex \VrM M:il;iy,l;i: 1946 196K

TABLE 2 Number of Live Hhtlis ;iii(l liil’;inl l)c;illi.s l>y Rare ;in>l Srx West Mal;iy.si;i:I’M?, D6S

TABLE A Nfo-N.il.il Dcnili K;ilf l>v K.n-c ;ni>i S.-.\ Wf.l ,\);i!;iv<i;: l^.^ 196S

10

TABLE 4 liif;nit [)c:itlt K.ilr hv Si;Kf WrsI M;il;ivsi;i: 1946 19(>S 14

TABLE 5 Ciiloihiliiiiisiil Slill Itirllis K;ilio. Neo-\’;il;il lk-:ill> Rule inul Infant Henlli R;ite

for Mc<r]n>lit:iii, llrl>:in ;n)<l I(ur;i! An-;is hy I<;icc: 1W4 196S 17

rABLE 6 Aye Sprcirif Df:illi K;i<r by K:n-c :t<l S..-.X Wfsl M;il;iysi;i; 19.S7. 1966, 1967.19<>X 19

TABLE 7 Sex R.ilio ol’ Livr Kirllis !>y R;icc U’c-st M;il:iysi;i: 1946 196H 21

TABLE S Sc,\ R;ilio <if liil’:in( !)c;il!isby K.-icc West M;tl:iysi:i: lt)46 196S

TABLE 9 Sex K;ili<> or l)r:illis. A^- 20 ;4 :iii(l Ai:r 25 29 liy K;n-c Wcsl M.il;iysi;:1946 r>6.S 24

TAltLE 10, ......S^.\ K:!(i<> i>l’ liil.nil l^;ills l)y K:n-r;iii<l .Sl.itc Wcsl M;il.’iy.’;i:i: 1959 196S 25

FIGURE Iiif;iii( l)f;illi R:iU- l\v K;]>.’r .inil Sex Wcsl M;il;iysi;i; 1946 196S

FIGURE 2 Nco-i\’;il;il Pc;illi K.ilr liy )(:K\-;iinl .Srx Wi-.l M;il;iysi;i: 1963 196S 12

FIGURE 3 lnl’.inl Di.’;illi K;ilc liy Sl;ilc \Vi-,( M:il:iysi:i: l’)46 196S l.S

EVALUATION OF MORTALITY DATA IN THE VITAL STATISTICS OF

WEST MALAYSIA *

INTRODUCTION

Accurate and reliable statistics on the number and distribution of deaths are an essential

element of a national statistical system. Mortality data are used in the construction of important health

indicators sucli us the average length of life and tlie infant mortality rate. These measures indicate not

only the health status of the population, but also tlie general standard of living. Moreover, mortality

data as part of <he vital statistics system are essential in estimating (lie size and composition of the

population between censuses. A population can only change through additions of births and immigrants

and subtractions of deaths and emigrants. Complete or nearly complete counting of these vital events is

tlie assumption upon wliicli all such population estimates are based. Since mortality varies for different

ages, sexes, social groups and geographical areas, accurate knowledge of (lie characteristics of the living

population relies upon (lie collection of death statistics by such characteristics as well.

METHODS OF EVALUATION AND PREVIOUS RESEARCH

There arc several established procedures for the evaluation of vital statistics, such as death

registration data. The most thorough method would be a matching study with an independent source

such as a census or survey. In such a study, eacli vital statistics record such as a birth or death certificate

is individually matched with tlie same individual’s census or survey schedule. This procedure allows for

an evaluation of (lie completeness of vital registration coverage and also an indication of the characteristics

of the persons who arc missed. With this analysis, it is also possible to evaluate the reliability of reporting

of classificatory characteristics, such as age and race. So far, no study of tins type has been done in

West Malaysia, although tliere lias been some in oilier countries

The authors wisli to (h;uik Mr. R. Chandcr, Chief Statistician, Malaysia and Drs. J. A.Palmore and Lee-Jay Cho of the Easi West Population Institute, East-West Center, Hawaii, for theiradvice and encouragement in producing (Ins Research Paper.

Evelyn M. Kilngawa and Pliillip M. llaiiscr, "Methods Used in a Current study ofSocial and Economic Differentials in Mortality" Eiiicri;ing Techniques in Population Research,Milbiink Mcin<m;il l-’mid (iy"3), pp. 250 26S.

.’.’’ 2 .’. .- ’- ’.

Another method of evaluation would involve simply comparing the number of vital events,

births or deaths, with an independent source. This method can only yield an estimate of the complete-

ness of coverage. A common procedure is to compare the number of persons age "x" enumerated in

census with the number of births from (x) to (x + I) years earlier minus the number of deaths to this

cohort between the year of birth and the year of.the census. A difference in the two figures would indicate:

either ah under-registration of vital statistics or an undercount in the census. This procedure was utilized

in a study by Saw Swee-Hock who compared birth registration data for the years 1947 to 1952 with (how

age 5 9 in the 1957 Population Census of the Federation of Malaya This procedure was unsuccessful

because the census undercount was almost as great as birth under-registntloii. Therefore, neither source

provided a reliable estimate for evaluating the other. Another checking procedure for the completeness of

birth registration data is to compare data on recent fertility from a census or survey with birth registration

data. In the same study mentioned earlier. Saw Swee-Hock combines information on fertility from the

1947 and 1957 Censuses and arrives at an independentestimate of fertility for (he intercensal period.

He concludes that births were 10.24 percent under-registered from 1947 to 1957. .". .’;’

This same method has been used to evaluate birth registration data by comparison with two

recent surveys. Estimates of fertility from the West Malaysian Family Survey conducted in 1966 1967

by the Department of Statistics, under the auspices of the National Family Planning Board, for the previous

five year period were compared with the number of registered births for the fiveyearperiod, 1962 1966-.

From this check, birth registration appears complete. Another evaluation wasmade by comparing the

estimated number of births from the 1967 -68 Malaysian Sock)-EconomicSample Survey of Household

with the registered number of births in 1967 The registered births constituted 98 percent of the

estimated births from the survey.

2Saw Swee-Hock, "A Note on the Under-registration of Births in Malaya during theIntercensal Period". Population Studies. XVIII (July. 1964). pp. 35 51.

Lee-Jay Cho, James A. Palmore and LyIe Saunders, "Recent Fertility Trends inWest Malaysia". Demography, V(2). (1968). pp. 732-744.

Department of Statistics. Research PaperNo. 3. Estimates of Fertility for WestMalaysia, (prepared by Dr. Lee-Jay Cho, et al.) Kuala Lumpur (June. 1969).

Unpublished data from tlie 1967 6S Socio-Economic Survey shown that of the vital

events wliich were reported in the survey, 1.94 percent of tlie births and 3.32 percent of the deaths were

not registered. If we assume tliilt a liiglier proportion of births and deatlis wliich were not reported in the

survey went unregistered, these figures of 1.94 and 3.32 percent are low estimates of under-registration of

vital statistics.

All of tliese checks indicate that Hie West Malaysian vital stsiii^lics system, especially birth

registration, is rather complete in its coverage. Since most previous research has focused on the evaluation

of birth registration data, this paper will examine (lie quality of dcatli registration data for West Malaysia.

Our techniques of analysis will be mucli more modest tlian those used in tlie research described above.

Various checks of internal consistency will be used in this evaluation of dealli registration data. Basically,

this involves an examination of patterns of mortality by age, sex, race, and geographical region to see if

they seem reasonable and consistent over time and witli known patterns from other countries. With this

type of analysis, it is possible to notice gross error or biases in llie reporting of mortality statistics, however,

if under-registration is fairly equal among all groups and consistent through time, this error would not be

detected. Even it error or bias is found to be present, it is almost impossible to estimate the magnitude of

error from this form of analysis. This evaluation will he primarily concerned witli under-registration as a

source of error. .Other sources of error, such as age misreporting, will occasionally confound our analysis

and will be noted, but not discussed in any detail.

COLLECTION OF VITAL STATISTICS IN WEST MALAYSIA

Data on births and deatlis (or vital events) arc usually collected through a national system

of registration at tlie time of tlie event. There have been attempts to collect such data during periodic

censuses, but tliese efforts were usually unsuccessful. Not only do many people forget the date of

happening, but often (lie actual occurrence of vital events after a short period of time. It has proven

more accurate to collect such information throughout tlie year and recording each event as it occurred.

While most governments collect vital registration data for administrative purposes, most people are willing

to comply because official certificates of births and deatlis are useful and often necessary for legal reasons.

Tlie tabulations from tlie labour force schedule has been publislied, N.S. Choudhry,Socio-Economic Sample Survey of Households. Malaysia, Employment and Unemployment.(Kuala Lumpur, Department of Statistics. 1970).

4

But perhaps the key link in the system ui.it insures completeness of registration are the routine institutional

procedures taken by hospitals and doctors.

In comparison with most countries of the world. West Malaysia has a long history of vital

registration Vital registration in the states of Malacca and Penang was first introduced as a Straits

Settlements Ordinance in 1872. Tlic Federated Mal.iy Stales first began to collect vital statistics in 1920,

while each of the other states began about the same time under separate ordinances. Publication of vital

statistics First began in 1932, but not all the vital statistics of the states of Malaya were published in the

same volume until 1946. This first volume was entitled. Report on the Registration of Births and Deaths

for the Years 1941 to 1946. This report has been published annually ever since, although the title was

changed in 1950 to the Report of the Registrar-General of Population, Uirtlis, and Deaths, and in 19S5

to the Report of the Registrar-General on Population, Births, Deaths, Marriages and Adoptions.

The separate ordinances authorizing vital registration in the different states were consolidated

under the Births and Deaths Registration Ordinance 1957. Under the existing ordinance, family members

or other persons who have knowledge of a birth or death are required to register the event with the local

registrar. In towns, this may be reported through a hospital, but in the rural areas or private homes, it is

usually reported to the nearest Police Station or through the local Pengliulu (Headman). It is required to

register a birth within 14 days and a deatli wilhin 12 hours (exclusive of time for journeying and hours of

darkness). After this period, a late penalty fee must be paid in order to register the event. It is possible

that some persons report the event occurred on a day later than it actually did in order to avoid the penalty

fee for late registration. The motivation for birth registration is probably rather high considering that a

birth certificate is required for school registration as well as for national identity cards which are required for

all residence above age twelve. A death certificate is sometimes required for a burial permit in urban areas

and in claims for Employee Provident Funds (social security). Tills last reason would probably only affect

those wlio work for wages in urban areas. This seems to be evidenced by applications for late registrations.

There are quite a few applications for late registration of birtlis mostly from the rural areas. There are

Some of the following facts have been taken from Demographic Data of theFederation of Malaya and Singapore-A Review" which appeared as an appendix to Evaluationof (he Population Census Data of Malaya". Economic Uullelm of Asia and the Far East, 13 (2),(September, 1962), pp. 23-44.

5

fewer applications for late registration of deaths, and mostly all come from urban areas Since 1963,

’^"v> .’.anent of Statistics has published an annual volume: Vital Statistics West Malaysia. These

publications contain many more tabulations than were previously available. In particular, vital statistics

data are now published by "place of residence" as well as by "place of occurrence" (actually "place of

registration").

METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES

There are a number of assumptions which must be made in order to use the demographic

techniques of evaluation of data. Our most basic assumption is that trends should be consistent through

time and across geographical regions. While there are undoubtedly changes from year to year in the numbers

and patterns of deaths, there should be no sudden shift of large numbers unless there has been a corresponding

major change in health conditions such as an epidemic or shortage of food supplies. If there are substantial

shifts in the patterns of mortality from year to year with no real change in the basic conditions of life, perhaps

we can suspect weakness in the collection of data. Similarly, we might question the quality of the data if there

were sudden reversals in the mortality patterns between geographical regions or racial groups. Generally we

expect health conditions to be the poorest in the more rural areas where doctors, hospitals, and other facilities

are lacking. Before looking at the temporal and regional trends to see if they are consistent, we must discuss

how such data can be presented. A simple presentation of the actual number of deaths for different groups

and regions over time would not be very meaningful. Since the base population or "exposed population"

for each group is different and changes from year to year, it is impossible to compare actual numbers of deaths.

For instance, 100 deaths among 500 people is more serious than 1,000 deaths among 10,000 people, yet a

comparison of 100 deaths with 1,000 deaths would lead to the opposite conclusion. The methodological

dilemma is that we simply do not know the population (or correct denominators in order to calculate "rates")

for various states, ages, and races between censuses. This is because we have very little information regarding

both external and internal migration which affects both the size and composition of the population. Thus our

choice of technique will be limited by the nature of data available.

For most of our analysis, the infant death rate will be used as an indicator of overall mortality.

There are fewer methodological problems involved in the calculation of an "infant death rate" because we

have an estimate of the "exposed population" from birth registration data which gives the number of births

Much of the above information was kindly given during an interview with Enche AbdulManaf bin Hindon of the Department of National Registration, Malaysia, on 22nd January, 1971.

6

by several characteristics of each state. It will be assumed that there is no migration of infants during the

first year of life.

The formula we shall use in calculating the infant death rate is that used by the Department

of Statistics:

No. of deaths under year of age in yearInfant death rate x 1,000

No. of live births in year

This calculation should be distinguished from an "infant mortality rate" which is the measure

of mortality during the first year of life for an actual cohort of babies bom during the same calendar year.

The methodological problem is that not all the deaths to infants under one year of age in any calendar year

occur to babies bom in the same calendar year some of the infant deaths occur to babies bom in the

proceeding year. Our calculation of the infant death rate is probably accurate enough for our purposes.

However, it is possible that changes in the infant death rate may vary independently of changes in mortality

if the size of birth cohorts changes sharply from year to year

ANALYSIS OF CONSISTENCY BY MORTALITY RATES

Table and Figure show the trend in the infant death rate by sex and race for Malaya from

1946 to 1968. On the whole, there seems to be a generally consistent and downward trend for all groups.

This seems to be reasonable, considering the economic progress of Malaya during this period. The racial

and sex patterns are fairly stable over time. Within each racial group, males have a higher infant death rate

than females, again this is consistent with international trends. Malay males have the highest rate for practi-

cally (he entire period while the Chinese consistently have the lower rates. This is in line with our expectation,

since the Chinese are the most urban population they probably have more access to health facilities than

the other races. In Figure I, we can notice three periods of fluctuation in the rates, where death rates fell

For a clear and concise discussing of this issue, see George W. Barclay, Techniquesof Population Analysis. (New York: John Wily. 1958), pp. 137- 140.

9 According to the 1957 Census, 73% of (he Chinese 41 % of (he Indian and 19%of the Malay population were urban residents.

TABLE INFANT DEATH RATE BY RACE AND SEX WEST MALAYSIA: 1946 -1968

YEAR

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

1954

1955

1956

1957

1958

1959

1960

1961

1962

1963

1964

1965

1966

1967

1968

ALL RACES

Total

92

102

90

81

102

97

90

83

83

78

75

75

80

66

69

60

59

57

48

50

48

45

42

Male

95

109

97

89

112

106

99

93

92

87

84

84

88

74

77

67

67

63

53

56

53

50

47

Female

88

95

82

72

91

88

80

73

73

69

66

67

71

57

60

52

51

51

43

44

43

40

37

MALAYS

Total

118

130

111

93

121

108

101

98

100

97

95

96

101

84

87

78

75

72

59

61

58

53

48

Male

123

138

122

104

134

120

114

112

114

109

108

108

114

95

99

88

86

80

64

68

64

59

54

Female

112

121

99

82

107

95

88

84

86

84

82

83

89

71

75

67

64

64

53

54

51

47

42

CHINESE

Total

64

71

67

64

74

82

70

61

59

53

47

47

49

41

42

34

36

34

32

32

31

30

30

Male

66

75

71

69

79

88

74

66

63

58

52

51

5-3

45

47

38

40

37

35

36

34

34

34

Female

62

66

64

59

68

76

65

55

54

48

42

43

44

37

38

29

31

30

28

28

27

26

26

INDIANS

Total

92

100

89

85

114

104

109

92

83

78

72

76

74

63

65

54

58

53

51

53

51

52

53

S AND PAKISTANIS

Male

97

109

94

95

129

112

117

102

90

86

81

83

81

70

71

58

63

58

57

57

53

55

54

Female

88

90

83

74

98

97

100

82

76

69

64

68

66

57

59

49

52

47

44

50

49

48

52

Source:(1) 1946 1951 in Report of the Registrar-General of Population, Births and Deaths 1951.(2) 1952 1956 in Report of the Registrar-General of Population, Births and Deaths 1956.(3) 1957 1968 in Vital Statistics West Malaysia 1968, Department of Statistics.

-8-

FIGUR.E I. INFANT DEATH RATE BY RACE AND SEX

WEST MALAYSIA 1946 1968

9

sharply, then rose again these were 1947 1950, 1958 1960 and 1963 1965. These fluctuation could

indicate a temporary worsening of health conditions or perhaps when there was under-registration of deaths.

In order to examine what happened in these years, Table 2 is presented which shows the actual number of

births and deaths registered by sex and race for the same period. In particular, we can examine the years.

1947 1949 to see the number of live births in these years. For the Malays especially, and to some extent

tor Indians and Pakistanis as well, there was a decrease in the number of births reported in 1948. For all

groups, there is a sharp decline in the number of deaths reported in 1948 and 1949. Are these changes in

vital statistics real or do they represent fluctuations in the completeness of coverage? It is difficult to

’answer this question with a great deal of confidence, but it seems that there was under-registration during

these years. This was also the first year of the "Malayan Emergency" which might have contributed to

rather unsettled conditions not conducive to complete registration. For tlie latter periods of 1958 1960

and 1963 1965, it seems there might have been problems of registration as well since the fluctuations in

births and deaths seem out of line with the trends.

In spite of these few questionable periods, the overall trend in infant mortality seems quite

reasonable which indicates that the data are probably rather accurate.

Another check on the completeness of registration of deaths is an examination of neonatal

mortality (deaths during the first month of life). Barclay says, "One of the principal uses of the

neonatal death rate is not as evidence of mortality, but evidence of poor registration of infant deaths. A

very unusual pattern of neonatal and post neonatal infant death rates is one of the few dependable criteria

for assuming incomplete registration of infant deaths" Table 3 and Figure 2 show the trend in neonatal

death rate for Malays by race and sex from 1963 to 1968. While there are occasional reversals, the trend is

slightly downward, males are higher than females, and Chinese have the lowest rates. These expected

patterns seem to indicate that vital registration of infant deaths has been quite consistent in recent years.

Our next step is an analysis of the trend in the infant death rate for the various states of

West Malaysia, Our expectation in this analysis is that mortality should be higher in the more rural states

than in the urban states. Our First step was to categorize the eleven states of West Malaysia according to

George W. Barclay, op. cit., p. 144.

"^^r^^

TABLE 2 NUMBER OF LIVE BIRTHS AND INFANT DEATHS BY RACE AND SEX WEST MALAYSIA: 1946 -1968

YEAR

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

1954

1955

1956

1957

1958

1959

1960

1961

1962

1963

1964

1965

1966

1967

1968

ALL RACES

Male

LiveBirth

96,429

108,584

104,268

114381112,512

119.278125399127,916

131,870

133,869

145,659

149,093

143,685

144,609

144300152,960

152,536

153,579

156309150,925

159,092

154,024

158,702

InfantDeath

9,188

11,832

10,066

10,176

12,547

12,692

12,437

11,923

12,188

11,686

1230412,519

12,685

10,718

11,156

10,256

10,230

9,635

83138,386

83727,713

7,444

Female

LiveBirth

87,531

102,231

97,444

108,401

107,000

113,618

119,225

121,449

125,974

126,897

139,014

140,812

137,909

137,826

138,455

146,070

145,693

146373149,370

144,230

150,570

147395150,799

InfantDeath

7,689

9,723

8,007

7,777

9,754

9,971

9,589

8,873

9,241

8,759

9,115

93669,723

7,918

83157,600

7,463

73926,490

63796,476

5,873

5,627

MALAYS

Male

LiveBirth

43,447

51,464

46,723

55,592

55,031

60,402

64,276

64,603

68,243

68,531

76,621

77,148

75,946

76,164

75,978

82,104

81,129

82,578

85,255

80,421

88,079

83,593

88399

InfantDeath

53637,113

5,713

5,760

73677,245

73387,222

7,764

7,439

8,269

83078,624

7,257

7,547

7,189

6,954

6,626

5,465

5,487

5,615

4,950

4,749

Female

LiveBirth

40,075

49,010

44,442

52,986

53,142

57,854

60,932

61,876

653486533273,604

73,189

73,260

72,848

73,851

78,797

77,939

79,198

81,561

77,024

84,004

8032684,546

InfantDeath

4,481

5,907

4,413

43345,708

5,498

53595,226

5,642

5,481

6,020

6,069

6,509

5,203

5,542

53105,016

5,074

43214,126

43023,781

3,513

CHINESE

Male

LiveBirth

42,042

43,216

44,278

43,887

43,643

44,167

45,707

46,794

46,627

47,873

49,830

52,274

49,016

49,056

49,408

51,204

52,159

51,926

51,879

51,839

5230751,921

52,247

InfantDeath

2,773

3,236

3,122

3,031

3,456

3,876

33933,101

2,952

2,799

2,581

2,660

2,612

2,191

23091,968

2,112

1,945

1,811

1,884

1,781

1,782

1.778

Female

LiveBirth

37,113

39,646

40,454

41,247

40,187

41,462

43,267

43,943

4436944,911

47,072

.48,748

46,174

4639846,239

483894930548,564

4930848,947

48,742

4937048,652

InfantDeath

23142,612

2,572

2,420

2,743

3,153

2,808

2,422

2,411

2,163

1,984

2,076

2,049

1,722

1,751

1,414

1,536

1,461

1393137913391,273

1,243

INDIANS AND PAKISTANIS

Male

LiveBirth

10,435

13,161

12,413

13,798

12,778

13,499

14,103

15,078

15,474

16,034

1736617,855

16,918

17,413

17,025

17,667

1733617,108

1735817,091

17.22317,007

16332

InfantDeath

1,009

1,431

1.16213081,644

1,507

1,655

1,535

1386137713981,478

13741,218

1,210

1,026

1,099

991

985

966

919

929

874

Female

LiveBirth

9.91512,883

11,731

13,148

12,591

13,181

13,799

1435514,926

15,284

16,669

17,270

16,665

16,821

16,532

17,061

16,697

16,687

16,793

16,771

163851632515,927

InfantDeath

869

1,165

977

975

1,239

1,278

13771,178

1,138

1,055

1,065

1,180

1,105

950

975

832

870

788

746

832

798

789

833

Source:(1) Report of the Registrar-General of Population, Births and Deaths 1946 -1962.(2) Vital Statistics West Malaysia, Department of Statistics, 1963 1968.

TABLE 3 NEO-NATAL DEATH RATE BY RACE AND SEX WEST MALAYSIA: 1963 1968

YEAR

1963

1964

1965

1966

1967

1968

Total

29

25

26

25

24

23

ALL RACE.

Male

33

28

30

28

27

26

S

Female

25

22

23

22

20

20

Total

34

28

29

27

26

24

MALAYS

Male

39

31

33

30

29

28

Female

29

25

26

24

22

21

CHINESE

Total

21

19

20

20

20

20

Male

24

21

23

22

23

23

Female

18

17

17

17

16

16

INDIANS AND PAKISTANIS

Total

30

29

31

28

27

28

Male

34

32

33

29

29

30

Female

26

25

30

27

25

27

.Source:Vital Statistics West Malaysia, Department of Statistics, 1963-1968.

2

FIGURE 2. NEONATAL DEATH RATE BY RACE AND SEX

WEST MALAYSIA 1963 1968

1964 1965 1966 1967

YE AR

la

the percentage of population living in urban areas. One the basis of the 1957 Census, three groups were

formed ^ ^. Group A includes the most urban states of Penang, Selangor, Perak and Johore. Group B

includes Negri Sembilan, Malacca, Pahang and Trengganu. Group C includes the mostly rural states of

Kelantan, Perlis and Kedah. Table 4 and Figure 3 shows the trend in the infant death rate from 1946 to

1968 for each state. All races and both sexes were added together. In order to reduce the complexity

of Figure 3, Group A states arc in red, Group B states in blue, and Group C states in green. Although

there are many fluctuations in the data, the state patterns come out pretty much as expected. Penang

and Selangor, the most urban states, generally have the lowest rates of any states. The Group C states,

and Trengganu from Group B seem to have the highest infant death rates over the period. It cannot be

expected that states would have the same rankings in terms of infant mortality and urbanization. Such

a statement would require a more thorough analysis, our assumption here is only the general relationship

between lower infant mortality and urban areas. Nevertheless, it seems that vital registration is rather

comparable in its completeness of coverage throughout the country. If registration were much better in

the more urban states, the data might show infant death rates higher in these states simply because a higher

percentage of deaths were registered there.

The 1957 Census uses two criteria for measuring the population urban in any state,the first using 1,000 persons as the minimum for the urban classification, and the second using10,000 persons as the minimum. The two methods yield slightly different ranking of the statesby percentage urban.

Penang

Selangor

Perak

Johore

Negeri Sembilan

Malacca

Pahang

TrengganuKelantan

Perlis

Kedah

Percentage of StatePopulation in Urban Places

(Urban 1,000+)

64.1 %

60.4%

49.2%

40.8%

32.8%

29.0%

40.8%

33.5%

22.7%

9.5%

23.2%

Percentage of StatePopulation in Urban Places

(Urban 10,000+)

56.7%.

43.0%

25.0%

21.8%

17.8%

24.0%

22.2%

19.0%

9.8%

13.3%

Malaya 42.5% 26.5%

TABLE 4 INFANT DEATH RATE BY STATE WEST MALAYSIA: 1946 1968

YEAR

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

10<’7

1953

1954

1955

1956

1957

1958

1959

1960

1961

1962

1963

1964

1965

1966

1967

1968

WESTMALAYSIA

92

102

90

81

102

97

90

83

83

78

75

76

80

66

69

60

59

57

48

50

48

45

42

GROUP A

Penang

90

102

84

72

86

89

76

75

72

70

71

67

68

52

58

47

49

42

38

39

39

37

37

Selangor

78

88

87

73

99

96

91

77

80

63

60

66

63

54

58

47

46

45

40

44

36

34

36

Perak

84

100

84

76

103

96

93

83

78

81

74

78

83

67

69

55

59

55

48

53

49

48

45

Johore

89

83

84

78

100

106

85

83

86

82

78

73

79

73

69

57

50

50

43

45

45

40

39

GROUP B

NegriSembBan

104

109

100

90

110

107

88

75

79

70

67

70

71

59

60

49

58

49

43

42

44

44

40

Malacca

81

104

94

85

111

100

91

90

90

83

77

73

81

68

67

58

56

54

49

51

47

48

45

Pahang

76

107

88

88

97

113

98

79

89

88

82

76

’84

67

69

60

56

51

43

47

42

42

38

Trengganu

143

168

134

102

121

121

122

97

100

111

93

114

98

89

98

92

91

90

75

64

70

66

53

GROUP C

Kelantan

87

116

107

78

95

8P

85

74

74

79

83

82

90

69

69

83

83

85

71

64

64

56

51

Perils

138

136

74

76

87

81

57

94

84

76

76

86

97

77

82

75

71

51

35

44

43

41

42

Kedah

118

119

86

94

108

82

91

102

96

84

86

79

95

71

87

75

74

68

53

59

59

55

45

Source:(1) Report of the Registrar-General of Population, Births and Deaths 1946 -1962.

(2) Vital Statistics West Malaysia, Department of Statistics, 1963-1968.

FIGURE 3. INFANT DEATH RATE BY STATE WEST MALAYSIA 946- 968

16

Table S is a rather complex table which contains data on three indicators of mortality:

(1) still birth ratios, (2) neonatal death rates, and (3) infant death rates, for several geographical divisions

by race for each year from 1964 to 1968. The two major regional categories are, the West Coast, which

is usually considered the most economically advanced area, and the East Coast. For the West Coast, three

further classifications are given for: (1) Metropolitan Towns more than 75,000 population in 1957,

(2) Urban Areas between 10,000 75,000 population in 1957, and (3) Rural Areas, less than 10,000

population in 1957. For the East Coast, only urban areas and rural areas are indicated since there are

no towns large enough to be classified metropolitan. The three major racial groups are indicated for each

area. All the data in Table 5 are based upon usual place of residence". Thus, no bias should be

introduced because births and deaths tend to occur in hospitals in towns. If our data were based on "place

of occurrence", rather than place of residence" there would be a problem.

Because Table 5 contains rather finely detailed data, there are more inconsistencies than in

previous tables. While the overall trend is downward for all three ratios, there are a few exceptions.

Mortality went up in 1965 for all groups except Malays on the East Coast. There does not seem to be any

obvious explanation for this. Indian and Pakistani mortality does not seem to have decreased very much

from 1964 to 1968, in fact, it has been rising in the rural areas. The data for small towns on the West

Coast do not seem to indicate any real trend, but mortality in urban areas is generally lower than the figures

for metropolitan towns. In spite of these problems, other differentials turn out as expected: mortality is

higher on the East Coast than on the West Coast, mortality is highest in the rural areas, and mortality is

lowest for the Chinese. These expected patterns seem to indicate that the basic quality of the data is

rather good.

It is sometimes impossible to decide if small shifts in the data or unexpected patterns represent

real trends or errors in the data. For instance, infant mortality is lower in urban areas than in metropolitan

towns. This may indicate that death registration coverage is more complete in metropolitan towns than in

urban areas, or perhaps that health conditions are actually better in the urban areas. Without additional

evidence, it is really impossible to say that death registration is poorer in the urban areas.

Perhaps the major sign that death registration data are quite good is that all three indicators,

still-birth ratios, neonatal death rates, and the infant death rate all seem to be quite consistent. Rural areas

have the highest measures for all three indicators. For all areas, Chinese seem to have the lowest rates.

However, there does not seem to be very consistent differences between the East and West Coast for neonatal

deaths and still-births. Perhaps this indicates that these events are not very well reported on the East Coast.

TABLE 5 CALCULATIONS OF STILL BIRTHS RATIO, NEO-NATAL DEATH RATE AND INFANT DEATH RATE FOR METROPOLITAN, URBAN AND

RURAL AREAS BY RACE: 1964 1968

PLACE OF RESIDENCEAND RACE

WEST MALAYSIA

Malays

Indians and Pakistanis

Malays

Indians and Pakistanis

Indians and Pakistanis

Indians and Pakistanis

WEST COAST

Malays

Indians and Pakistanis

Indians and Pakistanis

Indians and Pakistanis

Malays

Indians and Pakistanis

EAST COAST

Indians and Pakistanis

Malays

Indians and Pakistanis

Malays

Indians and Pakistanis

STILL BIRTHSLIVE BIRTHS

1964

26.812.132.8

11.3

15.37.519.4

20.1

25.612.629.2

25.1

27.813.738.3

28.211.932.511.3

15.37.519.4

18.9

25.412.129.0

25.9

29.913.738.2

22-8

23.415.136.7

24.1

25.716.630.722.3

22.713.740.1

1965

27.711.937.2

16.2

20.89.5

34.6

21.3

27.611.737.125.1

28.112.938.0

28.611.737.1

16.2

20.89.5

34.620.3

.27.611.337.8253

29.512.837.6

24.3

25.314.639.7

24.7

27.615.230.124.1

24.614.144.6

1966

27.312.635.4

14.6

18.98.2

32.0

20.9

26.112.235.725.3

28.014.436.2

28.712.535.4

14.6

18.98.232.0200

26.112.235.626.0

29.914.436.322,9

23.913.535.823.7

26.212.9.36.222.7

23.314.035.7

1967

27.111.936.1

15.8

21.09.430.6

18.5

23.711.427.725.5

28.213.140.5

27.811.736.5

15.8

21.09.4

30,617.2

22.911.128.025.8

29.413.041.1

24.1

25.314.328.3

22.6

25.013.523.9

24.6..25.414.930.1

1968

22

27.510.935.3

15.0

19.39.1

29.2

20.4

26.911.830.7

24.6

28.111.138.4

28.410.935.7

15.0

19.39.1

29.219.7

27.611,731.124.8

29.311.239.0

25.310.927.5

23.0

25.812.127.323.8

25.110.127.6

1964

25.7

28.619.930.2

23.7

23.321.632.7

21.4

22.818,329.5

27.5

30.320.129.6

27.720.230.4

23,7

23321.632.720.5

19.918.930.0

26.7

29.620.329.7

28.8

30.815.827.424.3

27.414.025.130.5

31.817.628.5

NEO-NATAL DEATHSLIVE BIRTHS

1965

26.5

29.620.231-3

28 9

30.925.142.1

20.9

22.118.127.7

27.7

31.119.329.1

30.420.431.2

28.9

30.925.142.120.9

22.718.327.527,6

31.719.428.9

27.717.232.6

20,6

21.216.230.128.4

29.518.133.0

1966

27.220.028.3

240

25.721.831-3

21.4

24.718.021.4

26.1

27.820.329.424.7

27.220.228.624.0

25.721.831.320.5

23.718.221.426.0

27.920.529.925.9

27.216.921.924.2

26.416.520.926.5

27.417.322.4

1.000

1967

23.8

25.919.727.0

22.7

23.022.025.218.4

19.416.722.925.7

27.420328.823.8

26319.727.2

22.7

23.022.025.2

17.6

18.216.222325.9

28.120.5293

24.1

24.919323.7

21.4

21.220.629.925.0

25.918321.1

1968

23.1

24.419528.422.5

21.620.731.2

20.1

21.218.722.924.1

25.219.5293

24.419.828.422.5

21.620.731.2

19.7

21.018.822.1

24.1

25319.929.4

23.4

24315.828.6

21.1

21.517.830.924.1

25.014.527.6

1964

48.5

58.731.750.834.1

36.630.445.035.0

40.927.643.155.4

71.934.455.1

53.931.950.834.1

36.630.445.0323

35.028.143.551.1

59.234.755.064.3

70.127.550.943.9

50324.140.571.6

75.930.857.1

INFANT DEATHSLIVE BIRTHS

1965

50.1

61.332.153.141.2

47.835.7553

34.8

41.526.742.6

56.3

66.333.455j6

48.0

60.232.252.7

41.2

47.835.755333.8

41.526.842.253.7

64.733354.959.6

64330.260.5383

41.626.046.066.6

70.533.566.9

1966

48.0

57.730.951.1

35.4

38.731.047.9

36.6

46326.438.7

53.2

61.033.055.545.5

55331.151.3

35.4

38.731.047.933.9

42.826.838.650.6

58.733.155.958.9

63.727.946.845.4

51.823.440.063.3

66.931.449.8

1,000

1967

45.1

53.430.251.633.8

36.830.841.2

30.9

36.524.536.951.6

58.032.959.543.0

51.530.051.7

33.8

36.830.841.2283

33.023.536349.5

56.232.860.054.6

57.933.249.639.9

42.132.143.859.5

62.534.152.0

1968

42.3

47.830.0$3.0

32.2

34.228.643.5

32.1

36.427.138.646.8

50.931.960.040.9

46.630.252.8

32.2

34.228.643.5

313

35.527.638.645.4

49.532.259.848.0

50.826.254.9

34.8

38.022.538.252.0

54.128.762.9

Source:Vital Statistics West Malaysia, Department of Statistics, 1964 -1968.

18

But on the whole, Table 5 suggests that the coverage of infant deaths is rather complete across a wide variety

of geographical areas.

Most of the consistency checks used so far have relied upon infant mortality as an indicator

of overall mortality. This is because we have a rather reliable estimate of the number of persons exposed

to the risk of dying in the first year of life (the denominator in the infant death rate) from birth statistics

by race, sex and state. While the infant death rate probably varies rather closely with mortality at other

ages, there might be biases in the registration of deaths for different age groups. It would seem that infant

deaths would be less likely to be registered than deaths at older ages thus by examining infant death rates

as a sole measure, we should have a fairly sensitive test for error in the data. However, there could be

biases working in the opposite direction which would result in deaths at older ages being under-registered.

However, with the data available, it would be difficult to detect such error. A crude death rate (number

of deaths/total population) would not be a very useful indicator since changes in the age structure are

confounded with changes in mortality.

A more accurate analysis would be an examination of changes in age-specific mortality. But

because we have little knowledge of current migration and of its effect on the age structure, it is almost

impossible to know the number of people at each age except for census years. Surely, any examination of

age-specific mortality by state would not be possible with any degree of accuracy. However, at the national

level, it is possible to do an analysis of the trend of age-specific mortality overtime. For the recent period,

we have estimates of the total population by race, sex and age (and also age-specific mortality rates by sex

and race) for 1957, 1966, 1967 and 1968. The 1957 data are based upon the 1957 Census of Population,

while the three years of 1966, 1967 and 1968 are based on population figures from the Department of Statistics

Research Paper No. 1, Estimates of the Population for West Malaysia (1967). The actual age-specific rates

were published in Research Paper No. 2, Life Tables for West Malaysia and the Vital Statistics reports for 1967

and 1968.

Table 6 shows the trend in age-specific mortality for 1957, 1966, 1967 and 1968. There

seems to have been a rather sharp drop in mortality for all races at most ages between 1957 and 1966.

This gives us some reason to believe that the general quality of the data are fairly good. From 1966 to 1968,

there does not seem to be any pronounced trend evident although there has been a decline in infant mortality

over these years, especially for Malays. For the age range from five to forty, mortality was already quite

low, and no real sharp trends can be expected. However, Chinese generally had lower death rates than

Malays or Indians at all ages, which is consistent with the earlier analysis. There seems to be a greatamount

TABLE 6 AGE SPECIFIC DEATH RATE BY RACE AND SEX WEST MALAYSIA: 1957,1966,1967,1968

AGE(years)

MALE

0 and less than

4

5 910 1415 19

20 24

25 29.30 3435 3940 44

45 49

50 5455 5960 6465 6970 7475 79

80 84

FEMALE

0 and less than4

5 910 1415 1920 2425 29

30 3435 3940 44

45 4950 5455 59

60 64

65 69

70 7475 7980 84

ALL RACES

1957

3.0

1.72.12.833

4.2

5.97.8

12.618.4263

38.354.575.496.1129.1

2.9

1.52.74.05.26.17.1

.7.410.214.119.828.138.652.673.6101.6

1966

57.45.21.71.01.4

1.82.02.53.65.68.512.419.828.240.945.379.995.8

46.25.11.60.91.2

1.72.4

2.94.04.4

7.28.5

14.919.031.825.368.189.8

1967

51.35.51.7

1.11.41.92.12.73.45.68.411.818.827.440.945.378.797.6

40.75.21.70.91.11.72.12.73.74.57.58.715.919.133.128.165.5100.0

1968

49.1

5.41.91.11.41.91.92.83.85.68.5

13.118.928.942.548.569.4

118.0

39.05.41.80.91.22.02.02.93.54.86.69,4

14.023.231.334.255.4116.5

MALAYS

1957

13.34.42.2

2.83.43.74.96.89.0

15.918.731.933361.486.1

13.54.52.13.65.26.97.68.9

10.015.415.031.825.153.1783

1966

71.27.02.41.31.63.02.12.73.95.78.9

12.121327.544.734.483.592.7

56J6.82.4

1.21.62.4

3.53.85.25.18.59.9

19.821.841.223.484.187.0

1967

60.77.72.4

1.41.61.82.22.8335.89312.121.629.7413

34.084.7101.7

48.17.12.51.21.42.22.73.54.55.18.5

10.121.323.143.126.782.6943

1968

43.9

7.22.7

1.41.61.81.93.5

4.1

5.68.5

13.419.7

30.643.041J63.6130.9

43.9

7.22.61.21.62.82.44.2435.67.6

11.416.829.9

38.034.659.5126.6

CHINESE

1957

6.01.71.113232.9

3.54.9

7.410.616.5

26.441.0

61.6

112.5

6.0

1.71.1

13232.9334.45.06.49.012.921.831.974.5

1966

3532.80.90.81.11.6

1.8

2.1

33

4.9

7.1

.12.218.428339.152.480.698.9

28.22.50.7

0.60.70.71.01.4

2.13.14.56.0

8.614.721.0

25.455.895.0

1967

34.62.60.9

0.91.2

191.92.43.1

4.86.9

10.715.525.440.152.173.499.9

26.1230.70.60.70.81.41.52.23.54.9

6.19.2

13.522328.4

53.8103.8

1968

34.62.70.90.81.2

1.91.92.13.05.27.8

12.117.227.841.452.6

72.5111.4

25.72.50.80.50.70.91.21.4

233.44363

9.115.223.430.450.4108.6

INDIANS AND PAKISTANIS

1957

8.41.81.52.1

2.13.03.9

4.6

7.2

11.015.224.6

41.159.095.5

7.91.81.83.65.05.86.77.57.9

14.119.032343.073.7

119.1

1966’

5934.61.50.91.51.72.2333.6

6.39.9

13.720.229.738.559.063.0923

53.15.71.51.01.72.53.03.94.65.9

10.4

13.422.5

32.752.538.0633513

1967

5834.71.41.01.61.92.2

3.24.4

6.58.5

13.5

21.728.243.4

66.486.266.5

51.15.71.81.01.62.22.93.54.95.2

11.9

13.922.434.4

48.337.741.095.0

1968

57.55.41.71.11.5191.72.9

4.9

6.2

9314.5

22.2

29.1

47.865388.9114.0

57.05.81.7

0.81.6

2.73.23.03.65.59.7

13.023.042.047.499.694.8163.6

Source:(1) Research Paper No. 2, "Life Tables for West Malaysia 1966", Department of Statistics.

(2) Vital Statistics West Malaysia, Department of Statistics, 1967,1968.

20

of instability in the death rates for older ages, especially for Malays and Indians. For quite a few older

age-groups, mortality is slowly rising overtime which might indicate improved registration over the years.

However, a complicating factor is age-mis-statement among the older population, especially for Malays

and Indians. This problem of misreporting of age has been reported in previous censuses of Malaya

Dr. Lee-Jay Cho also reported that his investigation of identity card records revealed a large amount of

age misreporting It seems probable that a person may just give the best guess of age when reporting

the death of an older person.

The analysis of age-specific death rates generally confirms our other checks that the coverage

of death registration is fairly complete, but indicates that age reporting on death certificates, especially for

older persons is quite unreliable.

ANALYSIS OF CONSISTENCY BY SEX RATIO

Turning now to another series of checks on the quality of th,e data, let us examine sex ratios

of births and deaths in West Malaysia. There seems to be some sort of universal biological pattern which

affects both the relative number of males and females at birth as well as the relative probability of dying of

each sex at the same ages. Data from most countries report about 105 male births to 100 female births..

This pattern is usually expressed as the ratio of male to female births. This ratio rarely varies beyond a

range of 102 108 14. Table 7 shows the sex ratio at birth for each race from 1946 to 1968. While

there was some fluctuation during the early years, the patterns seem quite consistent and within the appro-

priate range, although the sex-ratio of Chinese births seems to be always higher than for the other races.

See H. Fell, 1957 Population Census of Federation of Malaya Report No. 14(Kuala Lumpur, Department of Statistics, 1960) p. 36.

Department of Statistics Research Paper No. Estimates of the Population forWest Malaysia (prepared by Dr. Lee-Jay Cho, et al. ) 1967, p. 11.

14Barclay, op. cit., p. 83.

TABLE 7 SEX RATIO OF LIVE BIRTHS BY RACE WEST MALAYSIA: 1946 1968

YEAR

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

19i>2

1953

1954

1955

1956 .:......1957

1958

1959

1960

1961

1962

1963

1964

1965

1966 ...................1967

1968

ALL RACES

110

106

107

106

105

105

105

105

105

106

10$

106

104

105

104

105

105

105

105

105

106

105

105

MALAYS

108

105

105

105

104

104

105.104

104

105

104

105

104

105

103

104

104

104

105

104

105

104

105

CHINESE

113

109

109

106

109

107

106

106

105

107

106

107

106

106

107

106

106

107

105

106

107

105

107

INDIANS AND PAKISTANIS

105

102

106

105

101

102

102

105

104

105

104

103

102

104

103

104

104

103

103

102

105

104

103

Source:(1) Report of the Registrar-General of Population, Births and Deaths 1946 -1962

(2) Vital Statistics West Malaysia, Department of Statistics, 1963-1968.

22

For some reason, male babies are less hardy than female babies and more prone to mortality.

This sex differential of infant deaths has been noted throughout the world. This results in a sex ratio of

infant deaths of between 100 140 infant male deaths for every 100 infant female deaths. According to

a United Nations report ’, this ratio often rises as overall mortality rates are declining. Table 8 shows

the sex ratio of infant deaths for the three races of West Malaysia from 1946 to 1968. For all three racial

groups, the sex ratio of infant deaths seems to be within the acceptable range. Only the Chinese sex ratio

seems to have risen over the time period which is supposed to accompany a decline in mortality. But there

is certainly no evidence to suspect that completeness of coverage of infant deaths is biased by sex for any

race.

Another common demographic check on the quality of data is the sex-ratio of deaths during

the child bearing years. Because of maternal mortality, the number of female deaths usually exceeds that

of male deaths during these years. Table 9 shows a similar time-series of sex ratios of deaths for those in

two age categories, age 20 24 and 25 29 for the three races from 1946 1967. For Malays, Indians

and Pakistanis, the expected patterns are evident with female deaths exceeding male deaths for most all years.

For the Chinese, this is not the case with the sex ratio exceeding 100 every year, indicating more male than

female deaths at these ages. Since all the other tests have indicated tliat the quality of the data is rather

good, it seems unlikely tliat Chinese maternal mortality is seriously under-registered. Perhaps, a more

reasonable explanation is that health conditions among the Chinese are so good that maternal mortality

takes a relatively small toll. Even if there were serious under-reporting at these ages, it would not amount

to very much numerically. In 1967, there were a total of 103 female Chinese deaths at age 20 24 and

151 deaths for age 25 29. Even if there were 100 percent under-registration, this would only add up to

254 more deaths for both tlicse age groups. The age-specific death rates are less than one per thousand for

both these age groups, so even a doubling of these rates would still result in age-specific death rates less than

those for Malay and Indians women of the same age groups.

Another check is possible by examining patterns of sex ratios of infant deaths for the different

states of West Malaysia. Table 10 shows the result of this analysis. Again the states are in three groups

according to urbanization. While there are a number of sex ratios beyond the usual range of 100 to 140 the

overall patterns seem quite reasonable. There does not seem to be’a strong bias in any particular group

United Nations, Foetal, Infant and Early Childhood Mortality: VolumeThe Statistics New York, 1954). p.40.

TABLE 8 SEX RATIO OF INFANT DEATHS BY RACE WEST MALAYSIA: 1946- 1968

YEAR

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

1954

1955

1956

1957

1958

1959

1960

1961

1962

1963

1964

1965

1966

1967

1968

ALL RACES

120

122

126

131

129

127

130

134

132

133

135

134

131

135

134

135

137

130

128

132

129

131

132

MALAYS

120

120

129

133

129

132

137

138

138

136

137

137

132

139

136

135

139

131

126

133

131

131

135

CHINESE

120

124

121

125

126

123

121

128

122

129

130

128

127

127

132

139

138

133

130

137

133

140

143

INDIANS AND PAKISTANIS

116

123

119

134

133

118

120

130

122

131

131

125

124

128

124

123

126

126

132

116

115

118

105

Source:(1) Report of the Registrar-General of Population, Births and Deaths, 1946 1962.(2) Vital Statistics West Malaysia, Department of Statistics, 1963-1968.

TABLE 9 SEX RATIO OF DEATHS, AGE 20-24 AND AGE 25 29 BY RACE WEST MALAYSIA: 1946. 1968

YEAR

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952 .....;..

1953

1954

1955

1956

1957

1958

1959

1960

1961

1962

1963

1964

1965

1966

1967

1968

ALL RACES

20 24years old

88

74

99

85

94

100

90

80

82

70

71

73

6S

76

78

81

74

93

97

98

110

118

100

25 29years old

91

77

91

85

89

99

88

79

80

76

60

64

59

69

68

72

71

70

87

91

82

96

96

MALAYS

20 24years old

82

71

84

75

84

79

69

58

61

58

56

60

55

67

60

63

61

66

70

76

84

84

68

25 29years old

81

68

77

74

72

75

66

56

61

60

44

50

49

56

53

50

55

54

70

69

58

76

74

CHINESE

20 24years old

119

104

141

118

125

166

174

153

149

109

143

139

123

127

173

172

134

190

181

159

251

251

227

25 29years old

123

120

150

130

168

183

199

168

156

133

133

103

98

113

126

172

135

145

166

208

192

150

175

INDIANS AND

20 24years old

67

51

89

60

63

73

63

69

75

72

44

49

51

56

62

65

49

92

92

97

80

100

83

PAKISTANIS

25 29years old

85

63

76

75

64

80

59

88

71

102

75

84

62

68

66

62

85

70

69

70

83

87

63

Source:(1) Report of the Registrar-General of Population, Births and Deaths 1946 -1962.(2) Vital Statistics West Malaysia, Department of Statistics, 1963-1968.

TABLE 10 SEX RATIO OF INFANT DEATHS BY RACE AND STATE WEST MALAYSIA: 1959 -1968

RACE AND YEAR

ALL RACES

1959196019611962196319641965196619671968

MALAYS

1959196019611962196319641965196619671968

CHINESE195919601961196219631964196519661967 .....................1968

INDIANS AND PAKISTANIS

1959196019611962196319641965196619671968

WESTMALAYSIA

135134135137130128132129131132

139136135139131126133131131135

127132139138133130137133140143

128124123126126132116115118105

CROUP A

Penang

138128131124139136137128136153

129126131117132139113130142146

157139143141152132153140126183

1211001001041271391989713594

Selangor

135124135145128127122135133128

144126126142131121126153131143

123117160151120127128128142140

13312812214414513211012112195

Perak

130138138136135125130128137122

138139142143138120130130146122

126139138141127127147125141139

116129124112130142107124109102

Johore

147135136140131140132137137128

153140140141135143141137125130

129127135130125130127140169132

1541279815711816093127143108

GROUP B

NegriScmbilan

128142149134131115148119122132

143146146136124107156127124135

99138138128164149148121135151

13513919213411493120100100102

Malacca

134155144143130124131121140148

143160149159127122120116122169

127152130111161120140132185131

9012014312189158181113157128

Pahang

132142122132127138135134122142

132143130131124139142129127137

137162104141134136115147112164

12388112117127131133143123133

Trengganu

123137136158138138141122122129

122138135159136136140122124130

138

182

CROUP C

Kclantan

144127139129131124137137123138

144128139127132123136139124140

1631231471631371461771088580

"Perth

1011331371251321)8

108116138125

105138142122130125113125149134

94133109146150

91

Kcdah

139131125134119121129123130137

141132123137119120130122136139

124125130131127134130161111147

14113112511211110711694116128

Source:(1) Report of the Registrar-General of Population, Births and Deaths, 1959 1962.(2) Vital Statistics West Malaysia, Department of Statistics, 1963 1968.

26

of states. There are a number of cells which have no ratios, particularly for Indians and Pakistanis in the

more rural states. These were omitted because there were fewer than ten male or female infant deaths in

the state for that year. But some of the very high and low numbers that remain in the table are based upon

a relatively few number of cases. Often, a very high sex ratio is followed by a very low ratio in the following

year or vice-versa. This may indicate that there is delayed reporting. On the whole. Table 10 seems to give

additional evidence that registration of deaths in West Malaysia is rather comparable for aH states.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

The proceeding analysis has been an attempt to evaluate the death registration statistics of West

Malaysia. Most attention has been focussed upon the question of completeness of registration, using standard

demographic internal consistency checks. The primary value of such techniques is to evaluate data for gross

error or bias. Sucli techniques are not sensitive enough to detect a small amount of error if it is spread evently

throughout the population. Nor can such techniques really measure the magnitude of error.

With these limitations in mind, the evaluation seems to indicate that the coverage of death

registration was rather good throughout West Malaysia. Except for a couple of periods, infant death rates

showed a smooth and consistent pattern from year to year. The differentials between racial groups and

states were in generally the order that was excepted on the basis of urban-rural residence. The sex ratio of

male deaths to females for each race were similar to the patterns noted in other countries. There were

occasional exceptions wliere a particular fluctuation seemed out of line with the overall pattern, but it was

impossible to really decide if these figures were the result of error or just r.iiidoni fluctuation. Of course,

there is probably some error and non-registration of deaths. The evidence from the 1967/68 Malaysia

Socio-Economic Sample Survey of Household suggests that about 3.3 percent of deaths are not registered.

Since this estimate is based on only half the total deaths in one year, the actual non-registration may be

somewhat more. The only direct indications of potential sources of error came from Table 5- and Table 6.

Table 5 suggested that neonatal deaths are probably not as well reported on the East Coast as on the West

Coast. Table 6 indicates that reporting of deaths at older ages may be more incomplete than deaths at

other ages.

It is difficult to measure other sorts of error in mortality statistics such as the accuracy of

classification by age, race, or cause of death from internal consistency checks. It would be necessary to

obtain an independent source of data in order to check the quality of these data. A matching study, as

described earlier in the paper, would provide an evaluation on these variables. With the results of the 1970

Census of Population, a more thorough analysis of the accuracy of vital statistics will be possible.

KERTAS PENYELIDEKAN: N0. 5

Research Paper: No. 5

NILAIAN DATA KEMATIAN DALAM PERANGKAAN PENTING MALAYSIA BARAT

Evaluation of Mortality Data in the Vital Statistics of West Malaysia

i’ao

100 K/IAL&

/ \

-9-&

~tW gct^l p|

19f6 19|48 19^0 19^2 19^4 19>6 19^8 19^0 19^>2 19l|i4 19^6 1948

1 E A R

Disember, 1971.

JABATAN PERANGKAAN,DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS

MALAYSIAKUALA LUMPUR HARGA: $1.00

N1LAIAN DATA KEMAT1AN DALAM PERANGKAAN RENTING

MALAYSIA BARAT

DI-SEDIAKAN OLEH

CHARLES HIRSCHMAN

PVSAT KAWNSAN DAN KAJIALAM HAYAT

VNIVKRSITI WISCONSIN

EDWARD TAN KAH JOOBAHAGIAN KAJI WSAN

JABATAN PERANGKAAN

JABATAN PERANGKAAN

KUALA LUMPUR

MALAYSIA

Disember, 1971.

iii

PENDAHULUAN

Buku penerbilan irii ada-lah yang kelima dalam Siri Kertas Penyelidekan Jabatan

Perangkaan.

Kertas kerja ini chuba menilai data pendaftaran kematian. Penilaiari ini sematal

menumpukan perhatian ka-atas lengkap-nya pendaftaran kematian itu. Daripada analisal yang

terdapat dalam kertas kerja ini, pendaftaran kematian ini nampak-nya berterus-terusan di-dalam

negeri.

Saya ingin menghargai usaha2 Enche Charles Hirschman daripada Centre for

Demography and Ecology, University of Wisconsin dan Enche Edward Tan Kah Joo, Perang-

kawan, Bahagian Kaji Insan, Jabatan Perangkaan.

R. Chander J.M.N.Ketua Perangkawan,

Malaysia.

v

KANDONGAN2

Muka Surat

Pendahuluan iu

Senarai Jadual dan Rajah2 vu

Pengenalan

Kaedah2 Nilaian dan Penyelidekan yang Lalu

Pemungutan Perangkaan Penting Di-Malaysia Barat

Methodological Issues

Analisa Ketetapan menurut Kadar2 Kematian

Analisa Ketetapan menurut Nisbah Jantina 21

Ringkasan dan Kesimpulan 26

vU

SENARAI JAOUAL DAN RAJAH2

JADUAL 1 Kadar Kematian Bay! menunit Bangsa dan Jantina Malaysia Barat:1946 1968 .. .. ;.

JADUAL 2 Bilangan Kelahirani Hidup dan Kematian2 Bay! menunit Bangsadan Jantina Malaysia Barat: 1946 1968

JADUAL 3 Kadar Kematian Bayi (berumor kurang daripada 28 hari) menunitBangsa dan Jantina-Malaysia Barat: 1963 1968

JADUAL 4

JADUAL 5

Kadar Kematian Bayi menunit Negeri -Malaysia Barat: 1946 1968

Pcrhitongan Nisbah Mat! Dalam Perut, Kadar Kematian Bayi(berumor kurang daripada 28 hari) dan Kadar KematianBayi untok Bandar Metropolis,,Kawasan2 Bandaran danLuar Bandar menunit Bangsa: 1964- 1968

JADUAL 6 Kadar Kematiantimor yang Tertentu menunit Bangsa dan JantiiuMalaysia Barat: 1957, 1966, 1967, 1968 .;

JADUAL 7 Nisbah Jantina bag! Kelahiran2 Hidup menunit Bangsa MalaysiaBarat: 1946 1968

JADUAL 8 Nisbah Jantina bagi Kematian2 Bayi menunit Bangsa -MalaysiaBarat: 1946 1968

JADUAL 9 Nbbah Jantina bag! Kematian2, Umor 20 24 dan Umor 25-29menunit Bangsa Malaysia Barat: 1946 -1968

JADUAL 10 Nisbah Jantina bagi Kematian2 Bayi menunit Bangsa din NegeriMalaysia Barat: 1959 1968

RAJAH Kadar Kematian Bayi menunit Bangsa dan Jantina MalaysiaBarat: 1946 1968

RAJAH 2 Kadar Kematian Bayi (berumor kurang daripada 28 hari) menunitBangsa dan Jantina-Malaysia Barat: 1963 1968

RAJAH 3 Kadar Kematian Bayi menunit Negeri Malaysia Barat:1946 1968

N1LA1AN DATA KEMATIAN DALAM PERANGKAAN PENT1NG

MALAYSIA BARAT *

PENGENALAN

Perangkaan yang tepat dan munasabah mengenai bilangan dan taboran kematian2 ada-lah

satu unsor yang perlu bagi sistem perangkaan negara. Data kematian ada-lah rfi-gunakan dalam pembenaan

penunjok2 kesihatan yang penting saperti hitongan purata kehidupan dan kajur kematian bayi. Ukuran2

ini bukan saja menunjokkan taraf kesihatan pendudok2, malahanjuga taraf ’am kehidupan. Lebeh2 lagi,

data kematian sa-bagai sa-bahagian daripada sistem perangkaan penting ada-lah perlu dalam menganggarkan

besar-nya dan penyusunan pendudok2 di-antara banchi2. Pendudok2 hanya boleh berubah melalui

tambahan2 kelahiran2 serta kemasokan orang2 dan penolakan2 bilangan kematian2 dan perpindahan2.

Hitongan tentang kejadian2 penting di-atas, yang lengkap atau hampir2 lengkap ada-lah jangkaan di-mena

di-dasarkan kapada segala anggaran2 pendudpk. Oleh kerana kematian2 berbedza bagi berbagai2 umor.

jantina, kumpulan2 sosial dan kawasan2 ’alam, pengetahuan yang tepat mengenai sifat2 pendudok yang

maseh hidup bergantong kapada pungutan perangkaan2 penting oleh sifat2 sa-umpama inijuga.

KAEDAH2 N1LA1AN DAN PENYELIDEKAN YANG LALU

Ada beberapa tata-chara yang di-tetapkan untok penilaian perangkaan2 penting. saperti

data pendaftaran kematian. Kaedah yang sa-benar-nya ia-lah kajian yang sa-tanding dengan sumber bebas

saperti banchi atau penyiasatan. Dalam kajian saperti ini, tiap2 rekod perangkaan penting saperti surat

akuan beranak atau mati ada-lah di-padankan dengan jadual banchi atau penyiasatan masing2. Tata-chara

ini membolehkan penilaian bagi bidang pendaftaran penting yang lengkap danjuga petunjok kapada

sifat2 orang yang tertinggal. Dengan analisa ini, ada kemiingkinan kita dapat menilaikan sa-jauh rnana

laporan sifat2 pengelasan, saperti umor dan bangsa boleh di-perchayai. Sa-takat ini, tidak ada kajian

sa-umpama ini di-lakukan di-Malaysia Barat, walau pun sudah ada terdapat di-lain2 negeri

* Pehak pengarang ingin mengiichapkan (erima kaseh kapada Enche R. Chander,Ketua Perangkawan, Malaysia dan Dr2. J.A. Palmore dan Lee-Jay Cho daripada East West PopulationInstitute, East-West Center, Hawaii, atas nasehat dan galakan mereka dalam mengeluarkan KertasPenyelidekan ini.

Evelyn M. Kitagawa and Phillip M. Hauser, "Methods Used in a Current study ofSocial and Economic DifferentiaFs in Mortality", Emerging Techniques in Population Research.Milbank Memorial Fund (1963), pp. 250 268.

2

Satu lagi kaedah nilaian akan melibatkan perbandingan beberapa kejadian penting,

kelahiran atau kematian dengan sumber2 bebas. Kaedah mi boleh menghasilkan hanya anggaran bagi

bidangyang lengkap. Peratoran biasa yang di-lakukan ia-lah membandingkan bilangan orang2 berumor

"x" yang di-hitong dalam banchi dengan bilangan kelahiran2 daripada (x) hingga (x+1) tahun lebeh awal

dan di-kurangkan bilangan kematian2 pada ’cohort’ ini di-antara tahun di-lahirkan dan tahun banchi.

Perbedzaan dalam kedua2 angka ini akan menunjokkan sama ada pendaftaran yang kurang dalam

perangkaan penting atau hitongan yang kurang dalam banchi. Tata-chara mi di-gunakan dalam satu

pengajian oleh Saw Swee-Hock yang membandingkan data pendaftaran kelahiran bagi tahun2 1947

hingga 1952 dengan mereka2 yang berumor 5 9 dalam Banchi Pendudok, Persekutuan Tanah Melayu,

1957 Tata-chara ini ada-lah tidak berjaya kerana hitongan yang kurang dalam banchi ada-lah sama

dengan pendaftaran kelahiran yang kurang. Oleh itu kedua2 sumber tidak menyediakan anggaran yang

boleh di-perchayai untok menilaikan antara satu dengan yang lain. Sate lagi tata-chara penyemakan

untok menentukan lengkap-nya data pendaftaran kelahiran ia-lah dengan membandingkan data mengenai

kesuboran melahirkan bayi yang paling baru daripada banchi atau penyiasatan dengan data pendaftaran

kelahiran. Dalam pengajian yang sama yang di-sebutkan awal2 lagi. Saw Swee-Hock menggabongkan

ma’alumat2 mengenai kesuboran daripada Banchi2 1947 dan 1948 dan beliau mendapat satu anggaran

kesuboran yang bebas bagi tempoh antara banchi. Beliau membuat kesimpulan bahawa kelahiran2

ada-lah sa-banyak 10.24% kurang di-daftarkan daripada 1947 hingga 1957.

Kaedah yang sama di-gunakan untok menilaikan data pendaftaran kelahiran dengan

membandingkan dengan dua penyiasa(an2 bam2 ini, Anggaran2 kesuboran melahirkan bayi daripada

Penyiasatan Keluarga Malaysia Barat yang di-kendalikan pada tahun 1966-1967 oleh Jabafan Perangkaan,

di-bawah naongan Lembaga Peranchang Keluarga Kebangsaan, bagi tempoh lima tahun yang lalu telah

di-bandingkan dengan bilangan kelahiran2 yang di-daftarkan bagi lima tahun ia-itu 1962 1966 Daripada

penyemakan ini, pendaftaran kelahiran nampak-nya ada-lah lengkap. Satu lagi nilaian telah di-lakukan

dengan membandingkan anggaran bilangan kelahiran daripada Penyiasatan Sampel Sosio-Ekonomi bagi

Isi-rumah, Malaysia 1967 68 dengan bilangan kelahiran yang di-daftarkan dalam tahun 1967 ’*.Kelahiran2 yang di-daftar merupakan 98 peratus anggaran kelahiran daripada penyiasatan (ersebut.

Saw Swee-Hock "A Note on the Under-registration of Births in Malaya during theIntercensal Period". Population Studies. XVIII (July, 1964), pp. 35-51.

Lee-Jay Cho, James A. Palmore and Lyie Saunders, "Recent Fertility Trends inWest Malaysia", Demography, V (2), (1968), pp. 732 744.

Department of Statistics, Research Paper No. 3. Estimates of Fertility for WestMalaysia, (prepared by Dr. Lee-Jay Cho. et al.) Kuala Lumpur (June, 1969).

3

Data yang tidak di-terbitkan daripada Penyiasatan Sosio-Ekonomi 1967 menunjokkan

bahawa kejadian2 penting yang di-laporkan dalam penyiasatan itu, 1.94 peratus kelahiran dan 3.32

peratus kematian2 telah tidak di-daftarkan. Jika kita katakan bahawa sa-bahagian besar kelahiran dan

kematian yang tidak di-laporkan dalam penyiasatan tidak di-daftarkan, angka2 1.94 dan 3.32 peratus

ada-Iah anggaran yang rendah bagi pendaftaran yang kurang untok perangkaan penting.

Semua penyemakan2 ini menunjokkan bahawa sistem perangkaan penting Malaysia Barat,

terutama sekali pendaftaran kelahiran, ada-lah agak lengkap dalam erti-kata bidang yang di-liputi-nya.

Oleh kerana kebanyakan daripada kajian2 yang lalu menumpukan ka-atas nilaian data pendaftaran

kelahiran, kertas kerja ini akan mengkaji mutii data pendaftaran kematian di-Malaysia Barat. Teknik2

analisa kami ada-lah lebeh rendah daripada apa yang di-gunakan dalam kajian yang di-terangkan di-atas.

Berbagai2 penyemakan keletapan dalam, akan di-gunakan dalam. penilaian data pendaftaran kelahiran

ini. Pada asas-nya, ini melibatkan pemereksaan rupa-susunan kematian menurut umor, jantina, bangsa

dan bahagian ’alam untok menentukan jika ini ada-lah munasabah dan tetap sa-panjang masa dan dengan

rupa-susunan yang di-ketahui daripada negara2 lain. Dengan jenis analisa ini ada kemungkinan dapat

di-perhatikan kesilapan2 kasar atau berat sa-belah dalam melaporkan perangkaan2 kematian, akan tetapi,

jika pendaftaran yang kurang ada-lah s;inia rata bagi semua kumpulan dan tetap sa-panjang masa, kesilapan

ini tidak akan dapat di-kesan. W.ilau pun jika kesilapan atau berat sa-belah ujud, kita tidak mungkin dapat

menganggarkan kepentingan kesilapan ini daripada analisa sa-umpama ini. Nilaian ini menumpukan

terutama sekali dengan pendaftaran yang kurang sa-bagai satu puncha kesilapan. Lain2 puncha kesilapan,

saperti kesilapan melaporkan umor, kadang kala akan mengusutkan analisa kami dan akan di-ambil

perhatian, tetapi tidak di-binchangkan sa-chara mendalam.

PEMUNGUTAN PERANGKAAN PENTING DI-MALAYSIA BARAT

Data mengenai kelahiran2 dan kematian2 (atau kejadian2 penting) biasa-nya di-pungut

melalui sistem pendaftaran negara pada masa kejadian itu. Adajuga terdapat perchubaan2 memungut

data sa-umpama ini semasa tempoh banchi2, tetapi usaha sa-umpama ini biasa-nya tidak beijaya. Bukan

sahaja ramai orang yang lupa mengenai tarikh kejadian itu, malahanjuga terjadi-nya kejadian penting ini

Susunan jadual tenaga buroh telah pun di-terbitkan, N.S. Choudhry, Penyiasatan SampelSosio-Ekonomi Isi-Rumah. Malaysia. Perkerjaan dan Penganggoran. (Kuala Lumpur, Jabatan Perangkaan,T9TO).

4

sa-benar-nya ia-lah dalam masa yang sengkat. Telah pun di-buktikan bahawa ada-lah lebeh tepat untok

memungut ma’alumat2 sa-umpama ini sa-panjang (aliun dan merekodkan tiap2 kejadian apabila perkara

itu terjadi. Walau pun kebanyakan kerajaan memungut data pendaftaran yang penting untok tujuan2

pentadbiran, kebanyakan orang sedia mernatohi-nya kerana surat2 akuan beranak dan mati yang resmi

ada-lah berguna dan kadang kala perlu untok sebab2 undang2. Tetapi, mungkin perkara utama dalam

sistem ini yang menentukan lengkap-nya sa-suatu pendaftaran ada-lah peratoran2 biasa yang di-amalkan

oleh rumah2 sakit dan doktor2.

Apabila di-bandingkan dengan kebanyakan negeri di-dunia ini, Malaysia Barat mernpunyai

sejarah pendaftaran penting yang panj’ang Pendaftaran penting di-negeri2 Melaka dan Pulau Pinang di"

perkenalkan sa-bagai Ordinan Negeri2 Selat dalam tahun 1872. Negeri2 Melayu Bersekutu mula2 memungut

perangkaan penting dalam tahun 1920, manakala lain2 negeri mula pada masa yang sama di-bawah ordinan2

yang berasingan. Penerbitan perangkaan penting bermula dalam tahun 1932, tetapi bukan sama perangkaan

penting negeri2 Tanah Melayu di-terbitkan dalam jilid yang sama sa-hingga 1946. Jilid yang pertama

bertajok Laporan ka-atas Pendaftaran Kelaliiran2 dan Kematian2 bagi Tahun2 1941 hingga 1946.

Laporon ini telah di-terbitkan tiap2 tahun sejak itu, walau pun tajok-nya telah di-ubah dalam tahun 1950

kapada Laporan Ketua Pendaftar Pendudok2, Keliiliiran2 dan Kematian dan dalam tahun 1955 kapada

Laporan Ketua Pendaftar mengenai Pendudok2, Kelahiran2. Kematian2, Perkahwinan2 dan Anak Angkat.

Ordinan2 berasingan yang menguat-kuasakan pendaftaran penting dalam tiap2 negeri telah

di-satukan di-bawah Ordinan Pendaftaran Kelahiran dan Kematian, 1957. Di-bawah ordinan yang ujud

ini, anggota2 keluarga atau orang2 lain yang tahu akan sa-suatu kelahiran atau kematian di-kehendaki

mendaftarkan kejadian ini dengan pendaftar tempatan. Dalam bandar2, perkara ini boleh di-laporkan

melalui rumah2 sakit, tetapi di-kawasan2 luar bandar atau rumah2 persendirian, biasa-nya perkara ini

di-laporkan kapada Balai Polis yang berdekatan atau melalui Penghulu tempatan. Tiap2 kelahiran perlu

di-daftarkan dalam masa 14 hari dan kematian dalam masa 12 jam (tidak tennasok masa dalam pcrjalanan

dan malam). Sa-lepas tempoh ini, satu bayaran denda kerana terlewat mesti di-bayar untok mendaftarkan

0 Sa-tengah daripada kenyataan2 berikut telah di-petek daripada "Demographic Data ofthe Federation of Malaya and Singapore-A Review" yang menjadi lampiran kapada "Evaluation of thePopulation Census Data of Malaya", Economic Bulletin of Asia and the Far East, 13 (2), (September, 1962),m/s 23 44.

5

kejadian ini. Ada kemungkinan beberapa orang melaporkan bahawa kejadian itu berlaku pada satu hari

k.emud’an untok mengelakkan bayaran denda bagi pendaftaran yang terlewat. Pergerakan bagi pendaftaran

kelahiran ada-lah agak tinggi apabila di-timbangkan bahawa suratakuan beranak di-perlukan untok pen-

daftaran persekolahan dan untok kad2 pengenalan negara yang di-perlukan untok semua pendudok yang

lebeh daripada dua-belas tahun. Surat .ikuan kematian kad;>ng kala di-perlukan untok permit pengkebumian

di-kawasan2 bandaran dan dalam tuntutan2 Kumpulan Wang Simpanan Pekerja2 (keselamatan sosial).

Sebab yang akhir ini akan hanya membcri kcsan kapada mercka yang bekerja untok gaji dalam kawasan2

bandaran. Ini di-buktikan oleh ada-nya perinolioiian2 untok pendaftaran2 yang lewat. Ada terdapat

beberapa permohon;in2 bagi pendaftaran2 kelahiron yang lewat kebanyakan-nya daripada kawasan2

luar bandar. Terdapat permohonan2 yang sadikit saliaja untok pendaftaran kematian yang lewat, dan

kebanyakan-nya datang daripada kawasan2 bandaran 7. Sejak tahun 1963, Jabatan Perangkaan telah

nienerbitkanjilid tahunan: Perangkaan Penting. Malaysia Barat. Penerbitan2 ini mengandongi banyak

lagijadual2 penyusunan daripada yang tereediadahulii. Khusus-nya, data perangkaan penting di-terbitkan

sekarang menurut "tempat kcdiaman" serta "tempat kejadian" (sa-benar-nya "tempat pendaftaran").

METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES

Ada terdapat beberapa andaian yang niesti di-lakukan untok menggunakan teknik2 kaji

insan bagi menilaikan data. Andaian yang paling asas bagi kami ia-lah bahawa arali aliran hendak-lah

tetap sa-panjang masa dan meliputi baliagian2 alam. Walau pun tidak ragu2 lagi ada perub;ihan2 daripada

tahun ka-tahun d;il;im bilangan dan nipa-susiitiaii kemalian, sehai-us-ny.’i tidak ada perubahan besar kechuali

jika ada perubahan bcsar dalam keadaan kesihatan saperti sa-suatu wabak atau kekurangan bekalan makanan.

Sa-kira-nya ujud perubahan2 dalam riipa-susuiian kematian daripada tahun ka-tahun dengan tiada perubahan

sa-benar-nya dalam asas2 keadaan hayat, mungkin kit;) dapat shak kelemahan dalam pemungutan data.

Begitujugu, kita mungkin menyoal mutu data jika terdapat nipa-susunan kematian yang sa-balek-nya

dengan tiba2 di-antara bahagian2 alam atau kuniptilan2 bangsa. Pada ’am-nya kita jangka keadaan2

kesihatan ada-lah burok sekali di-kawasan2 luar bandar di-mana doktor2, rumah2 sakit dan lain2 kemudahan

di-dapati kurang. Sa-belum mengkaji arali aliran rr.asa dan alam untok inenentukan ketetapan-nya, kita mesti

binchangkan bagaimana data2 saperti ini boleh di-kemukakan. Chara persembahan yang mudah bagi bilangan

^ Kebanyakan daripada ma’alumat2 di-atas telah di-beri sem.Tsa temu-ramah denganEnche Abdul Manaf b. Hindon daripada Jabatan Pendaftaran Negara, Malaysia, pada 22hb. Januari, 1971.

6

kematian sa-benar-nya untok berbagai2 kumpulan dan bahagian sa-panjang masa tidak akan begitu berma’ana.

Oleh kerana asas pendudokl atau "exposed population" bagi tiap2 kumpulan ada-lah berbedza dan berubah

dari sa-tahun ka-sa-tahun, tidak mungkin dapat kita bandingkan bilangan kematian sa-benar-nya. Sa-bagaj

chontoh 100 kematian daripada 500 orang ada-lah lebeh dahshat daripada 1,000 kematian daripada 10,000

orang, tetapi perbandingan sa-ramai 100 kematian dengan 1,000 kematian akan membawa kapada kesimpulan

yang berlawanan. Kesukaran methodological ia-lah bahawa kami tidak tahu akan bilangan pendudok (atau

pembawah yang betui untok menghitong "kadar2") untok berbagai2 negeri, umor, dan bangsa di-antara

banchi2. Ini ada-lah kerana kami mempunyai hanya sadikit ma’alumat ihengenai kedua2 perpindahan luar

negeri dan dalam negeri yang member) kesan kapada besar dan penyusunan pendudok2. Oleh itu pemilehan

teknik kami ada-lah terhad oleh sifat2 data yang tersedia.

Bagi kebanyakan daripada analisa2 kami, kadar kematian bay! akan di-gunakan sa-bagai

penunjok kematian pada keselurohan-nya. Terdapat lebeh sadikit masa’alah2 methodological berkaitan

dalam hitongan "kadar kematian bayi" kerana kami mempunyai anggaran "exposed population" daripada

data pendaftaran kelahiran yang memberi bilangan kelahiran menurut berbagai2 sifat bagi tiap2 negeri.

Ada-lah di-andaikan bahawa tidak ada perpindahan bagi bayi2 dalam satu tahun yang pertama.

Formula yang akan kita gunakan dalam menghitong kadar kematian bayi ia-lah sa-bagaimana

yang di-gunakan oleh Jabatan Perangkaan:

Bilangan kematian di-bawah sa-tahun dalam tahun tKadar kematian bayi Bilangan kelahiran hidup dalam tahun x 1,000

Hitongan ini hendak-lah di-perbedzakan daripada "kadar kematian bayi" yang menjadi kiraan

kematian dalam masa umor sa-tahun untok "cohort" sa-benar-nya bayi2 yang di-lahirkan dalam tahun takwim

yang sama. Masa’alah ’methodological’ ada-lah bahawa tidak semua kematian bayi di-bawah umor sa-tahun

dalam sebarang tahun takwim terjadi kapada bayi2 yang di-lahirkan dalam tahun takwim yang sama sa-tengah

daripada kematian bayi terjadi kapada bayi2 yang di-lahirkan dalam tahun yang berikut-nya. Hitongan kadar

kematian bayi kami ada-lah mungkin tepat untok tujuan2 kami. Akan tetapi, ada kemungkinan perubahan2

dalam kadar kematian bayi mungkin berbedza2 menurut perubahan2 kematian jika ukoran ’cohort’ kelahiranQ

berubah dengan serta-merta dari sa-tahun ka-sa-tahun

8 Untok perbinchangan perkara ini yangjelas dan ringkas, lihat George W. Barclay, Techniquesof Population Analysis (New York: John Wily, 1958), m/s 137 140.

7

ANALISA KETETAPAN MENURUT KADAR2 KEMATIAN

Jadual 1 dan Rajah 1 menunjokkan arah aliran kadar kematian bayi menurut jantina dan bangsa

untok Tanah Melayu daripada tahun 1946 hingga 1968. Pada keselurohan-nya, nampak-nya ada ketetapan dan

arah aliran ka-bawah untok semua kumpiilan2. Ini nampak-nya agak munasabah, memandangkan kemajuan

ekonomi Tanah Melayu pada masa ini. Rupa-susunan bangsa dan jantina ada-lah agak setabil sa-panjang masa.

Dalam lengkongan tiap2 kumpulan bangsa, kadar kematian bayi lelaki lebeh tinggi daripada perempuan, sekali

lagi ini ada-lah sa-jajar dengan arah2 aliran antarabangsa. Orang2 lelaki Melayu mempunyai kadar yang ter-

tinggi sekali bagi lengkongan masa itu, manakala orang2 China pula mempunyai kadar yang rendah. Ini ada-lah

sa-jajar dengan jangkaan kami oleh kerana orang2 China merupakan sa-bilangan besar pendudokl kawasan

bandaran1>, mungkin mereka lebeh mudah mendapat kemudahan2 perubatan daripada lain2 bangsa. Dalam

Rajah 1, kita dapat perhatikan tiga ketika di-mana terdapat turun naik dalam kadar2 itu, di-mana kadar

kematian jatoh serta merta, kemudian naik kembali ini ada-lah dalam tahun 1947 1950, 1958 1960

dan 1963 1965. Turun naik ini boleh menunjokkan keadaan2 kesihatan yang kurang baik hanya buat

sementara atau mungkin apabila terdapat pendaftaran kematian yang kurang. Untok menyemak apa yang

telah terjadi pada tahun2 ini, Jadual 2 di-kemukakan dan menunjokkan bilangan sa-benar-nya kelahiran dan

kematian yang di-daftarkan menurut jantina dan bangsa bagi masa yang sama. Khusus-nya kita boleh meng-

kaji tahun2 1947 -1949 untok menentukan bilangan kelahiran2 hidup dalam tahun2 ini. Di-sini terdapat

kekurangan dalam bilangan kelahiran yang di-laporkan dalam tahun 1948 khusus-nya bagi orang2 Melayu

dan sa-bilangan kechil bagi orang2 India dan Pakistan. Bagi semua kumpulan, terdapat kejatohan yangjelas

dalam bilangan kematian yang di-laporkan dalam tahun 1948 dan 1949. Ada-kah perubahan2 dalam

perangkaan penting ini benar atau ada-kah ini menggambarkan turun naik lengkap-nya bidang itu? Ada-lah

sukar untok menjawab pertanyaan ini dengan penoh keyakinan, tetapi nampak-nya ada terdapat pendaftaran

yang kurang dalam tahun2 ini. Ini ada-lah juga tahun yang pertama keadaan "Dharurat Tanah Melayu" yang

mungkin menyebabkan keadaan2 yang tidak tertentu untok melengkapkan pendaftaran. Bagi tempoh2 yang

terkemudian 1958 1960 dan 1963 1965 nampak-nya ada kemungkinan terdapat masa’alah2 pendaftaran

juga oleh kerana turun naik dalam kelahiran dan kematian tidak sa-jajar dengan arah aliran-nya.

Meski pun terdapat beberapa tempoh yang di-persoalkan, arah aliran keselurohan-nya dalam

kematian bayi ada-lah agak munasabah yang mana menunjokkan bahawa ada kemungkinan data2 ini di-

dapatitepat.

9 Menurut Banchi, Tahun 1957, 73% orang2 China, 41% orang2 India dan 19% orang2Melayu ada-lah pendudok2 kawasan bandaran.

JADUAL KADAR KEMATIAN BAYI MENURUT BANGSA DAN JANTINA MALAYSIA BARAT: 1946-1968

TAHUN

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

1954

1955

1956

1957

1958

1959

1960

1961

1962

1963

1964

1965

1966

1967

1968

SEMUA BANGSA

Jumlah

92

102

90

81

102

97

90

83

83

78

75

75

80

66

69

60

59

57

48

50

48

45

42

Leiaki

95

109

97

89

112

106

99

93

92

87

84

84

88

74

77

67

67

63

53

56

53

50

47

Perempuan

88

95

82

72

91

88

80

73

73

69

66

67

71

57

60

52

51

51

43

44

43

40

37

MELAYU

Jumlah

118

130

111

93

121

108

101

98

100

97

95

96

101

84

87

78

75

72

59

61

58

53

48

Leiaki

123

138

122

104

134

120

114

112

114

109

108

108

114

95

99

88

86

80

64

68

64

59

54

Perempuan

112

121

99

82

107

95

88

84

86

84

82

83

89

71

75

67

64

64

53

54

51

47

42

CHINA

Jumlah

64

71

67

64

74

82

70

61

59

53

47

47

49

41

42

34

36

34

32

32

31

30

30

Leiaki

66

75

71

69

79

88

74

66

63

58

52

51

53

45

47

38

40

37

35

36

34

34

34

Perempuan

62

66

64

59

68

76

65

55

54

48

42

43

44

37

38

29

31

30

28

28

27

26

26

INDIA

Jumlah

92

100

89

85

114

104

109

92

83

78

72

76

74

63

65

54

58

53

51

53

51

52

53

DAN PAKISTAN

Leiaki

97

109

94

95

129

112

117

102

90

86

81

83

81

70

71

58

63

58

57

57

53

55

54

Perempuan

88

90

83

74

98

97

100

82

76

69

64

68

66

57

59

49

52

47

44

50

49

48

52

Puncha:(1) 1946 1951 dalam Laporan Ketua Pendaftar Pendudok2, Kelahiran2 dan Kematian2 1951.(2) 1952 1956 dalam Laporan Ketua Pendaftar Pendudok2, Kelahiran2 dan Kematian2 1956.(3) 1957 1968 dalam Perangkaan2 Renting Malaysia Barat 1968, Jabatan Perangkaan.

KADAR KEMATIAN BAYI

JADUAL 2 BILANGAN KELAHIRAN2 HIDUP DAN KEMATIAN2 BAYI MENURUT BANGSA DAN JANTINA MALAYSIA BARAT: 1946-1968

TAHUN

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

1954

1955

1956

1957

1958

1959 ...1960

1961

1962

1963

1964

1965

1966

1967

1968

SEMUA BANGSA

Leiaki

KelahiranHidup

96,429

108,584

104,268

114,381

112,512

119,278

125,399

127,916

131,870

133,869

145,659

149,093

143,685

144,609

144300152,960

152,536

153,579

156309150,925

159,092

154,024

158,702

KematianBayi

9,188

11,832

10,066

10,176

12,547

12,692

12,437

11,923

12,188

11,686

12,304

12,519

12,685

10,718

11,156

10,256

10,230

9,635

8,313

8,386

83727,713

7,444

Perempuan

KelahiranHidup

87,531

102,231

97,444

108,401

107,000

113,618

119,225

121,449

125,974

126,897

139,014

140,812

137,909

137,826

138,455

146,070

145,693

146373149,370

144,230

150,570

147395150,799

KematianBayi

7,689

9,723

8,007

7,777

9,754

9,971

9,589

8,873

9,241

8,759

9,115

9,366

9,723

7,918

8,315

7,600

7,463

7,392

6,490

6,379

6,476

5.8735,627

MELAYU

Leiaki

KelahiranHidup

43,447

51,464

46,723

55,592

55,031

60,402

64,276

64,603

68,243

68,531

76,621

77,148

75,946

76,164

75,978

82,104

81,129

82,578

85,255

80,421

88,079

83,593

88399

KematianBayi

5,363

7,113

5,713

5,760

7,367

7,245

7,338

7,222

7,764

7,439

8,269

83078,624

7,257

7,547

7,189

6,954

6,626

5,465

5,487

5,615

4,950

4,749

Perempuan

KelahiranHidup

40,075

49,010

44,442

52,986

53,142

57,854

60,932

61,876

65,348

65,332

73,604

73,189

73,260

72,848

73,851

78,797

77,939

79,198

81,561

77,024

84,004

80326

84,546

KematianBayi

4,481

5,907

4,413

4,334

5,708

5,498

5,359

5,226

5,642

5,481

6,020

6,069

6,509

5,203

5,542

5,310

5,016

5,074

4,321

4,126

4,302

3,781

3,513

CHD

Leiaki

KelahiranHidup

42,042

43,216

44,278

43,887

43,643

44,167

45,707

46,794

46,627

47,873

49,830

52,274

49,016

49,056

49,408

51,204

52,159

51,926

51,879

51,839

5230751,921

52,247

KematianBayi

2,773

3,236

3,122

3,031

3,456

3,876

3,393

3,101

2,952

2,799

2,581

2,660

2,612

2,191

2,309

1,968

2,112

1,945

1,811

1,884

1,781

1,782

1,778

NA

Perempuan

KelahiranHidup

37,113

39,646

40,454

41,247

40,187

41,462

43,267

43,943

44.369

44,911

47,072

48.748

46,174

46,398

46,239

48,389

49,305

48,564

49308

48,947

48,742

49370

48,652

KematianBayi

2,314

2,612

2,572

2,420

2,743

3,153

2,808

2,422

2,411

2,163

1,984

2,076

2,049

1,722

1,751

1,414

1,536

1,461

1,393

1379

1,339

1,273

1,243

INDIA DAN PAKISTAN

Leiaki

KelahiranHidup

10,435

13,161

12,413

13,798

12,778

13,499

14,103

15,078

15,474

16,034

1736617,855

16,918

17,413

17,025

17,667

1733617,108

17,358

17,091

17,223

17,007

16,332

KematianBayi

1,009

1,431

1,162

13081,644

1,507

1,655

1,535

1,386

1,377

13981,478

1,374

1,218

1,210

1,026

1,099

991

985

966

919

929

874

Perempuan

<elahiranHidup

9,915

12,883

11,731

.13,148

12,591

13,181

13,799

14,355

14,926

15,284

16,669

17,270

16,665

16,821

16,532

17,061

16,697

16,687

16,793

16,771

16,385

1632515,927

(ematian

Bayi

869

1,165

977

975

1,239

1,278

13771,178

1,138

1,055

1,065

1,180

1,105

950

975

832

870

788

746

832

798

789

833

Puncha:(1) Laporan Ketua Pendaftar Pendudok2, Kelahiran2 dan Kematian2 1946 1962.(2) Perangkaan Penting Malaysia Barat, Jabatan Perangkaan, 1963 1968.

’. 11

Satu lagi penyemakan ka-atas lengkap-nya pendaftaran kematian ada-lah pemereksaan ka-atas

kematian bayi yang berumor kurang daripada 28 hari (mati dalam umor sa-bulan). Barclay berkata, "One of

the principal uses of the neonatal death rate is not as evidence of mortality, but evidence of poor registration

of infant deaths. A very unusual pattern of neonatal and post neonatal infant death rates is one of the few

dependable criteria for assuming incomplete registration of infant deaths" Jadual 3 dan Rajah 2

menunjokkan arah aliran kadar kematian bayi yang berumor kurang daripada 28 hari bag! orang2 Melayu

inenurul bangsa dan jantina diiripada tahun 1963 hingga 1968. Manakula kadang kala terdapat kedudokan

yang terbaiek arah aliran-nya ia-lah ka-bawah sadikit, lelaki lebeh tinggi daripada perempuan dan orang2

China mempunyai kadar2 yang rendah sa-kali. Rupa-susunan yang di-jangkakan in! nampak-nya menunjokkan

bahawa pendaftaran penting kematian2 bayi ada-lah agak tctap dalam taliuni yang kebelakangan ini.

Langkah sa-lanjut-nya ia-lah satu analisa arah iiliran dalam kadar kematian bayi bag! negeril

di-Malaysia Barat. Jangkaan kami dalam analisa ini ia-lah bahawa kematian harus-nya lebeh tinggi di-negeri2

luar bandar daripada negeri kawasan bandaran. Langkah kami yang perlama ia-lah memberi kategoril kapada

sa-belas buali negeri Malaysia Barat menurut bilangan peratus pendudok2 yang tinggal di-kawasan2 bandaran.

Berasaskan kapada Banchi tahun 1957, tiga kumpulan telah di-tubohkaii Kumpulan A mengandongi

1^ George W. Barclay, op. cit.. p. 144.

Banchi 1957 mengunakan dua nilaitara untok menghitong pendudok2 bandaran di-mana2negeri, peitama dengan menggunakan 1,000 orang sa-bagai minima bagi pengelasan kawasan bandaran, danyang kedua menggunakan 10,000 orang sa-bagai minima-nya. Kedua2 kaedah ini memberi perbedzaan yangsadikit sahaja menurut peratus kawasan bandaran.

Bilangan Peratus Pendudok2 Bilangan Peratus Pendudok2Negeri Oi-Kawii.san2 Bandaran Negeri Di-Kawasan2 Bandaran(Kawasan Bandiiron 1.000+) (Kawasan Baiidaran 10.000+)

Pulau Pinang

Selangor

Perak

Johor

Negri Sembilan

Melaka

PahangTrengganuKelantan

Perils

Kedah

64.1%

60.4%

49.2%

40.8%

32.8%

29.0%

40.8%

33.5%

22.7%

9.5%

23.2%

56.7%

43.0%

25.0%

21.8%

17.8%

24.0%22.2%

19.0’%9.8%

13.3%

Malaya 42.5% 26.5%

JADUAL 3 KADAR KEMATIAN BAY1 (BERUMOR KURANC RARIPADA 28 HAR1) MENURUT BANGSA DAN JANTINA MALAYSIA BARAT: 1963- 1968

TAHUN

1963

1964

1965

1966

1967

1968

SEMUA BANGSA

Junilah

29

25

26

25

24

23

Leiiiki

33

28

30

28

27

26

Perempiiaii

25

22

23

22

20

20

MELAYU

Jiiiiil.ili

34

28

29

27

26

24

Lel;il<i

39

31

33

30

29

28

Perempiian

29

25

26

24

22

21

CHINA

Jinnl.ili

21

19

20

20

20

20

Ldaki

24

21

23

22

23

23

Perempuan

18

17

17

17

16

16

INDIA DAN PAK1S

Jumlah

30

29

31

28

27

28

Leiaki

34

32

33

29

29

30

TAN

Perempuan

26

25

30

27

25

27

Puncha:Perangkaan Penting Malaysia Barat, Jabatan Perangkaan, 1963- 1968.

13

RAJAH 2- KADAR KEMATIAN BAYI (BERUMOR KURANG DARIPADA 28 HARD

MENURUT BANGSA DAN JANTI NA MALAYSIA BARAT: 963 968

14

negeri2 bandaran saperti Pulau Pinang, Selangor, Perak dan Johor. Kumpiilan B mengandongi Negri Sembilan,

Melaka, Pahang dan Trengganu. Kumpulan C mengandongi negeri2 kawasan luar bandar ia-itu Kelantan, Perils,

Kedah. Jadual 4 dan Rajah 3 menunjokkaii arah aliran dalam kadar kematian bayi daripada tahun 1946 hingga

1968 bag! tiap2 negeri. Semua bangsa dan kedua2 jantina telah di-champorkan bersama. Untok mengurangkan

njmit-nya Rajah 3, negeri2 Kumpulan A di-tanda dengan wama merah, negeri2 Kumpulan B berwarna biru dan

negeri2 Kumpulan C berwama hijau. Walau pun banyak terdapat turun naik dalam data, rupa-susunan negeri

ada-lah saperti apa yang di-jangkakan. Pulau Pinang dan Selangor yang mempunyai kebanyakan kawasan

bandaran pada ’am-nya mempunyai kadar2 yang terendah sekali. Negeri2 Kumpulan C dan Negri Trengganu

daripada Kumpulan B nampak-nya mempunyai kadar kematian bayi yang tertinggi pada tempoh itu. Kita

tidak boleh menjangka negeri2 mempunyai taraf yang sama dalam erti-kata kematian bayi dan kawasan

bandaran. Kenyataan saperti ini memerlukan analisa yang lebeh meiidalamjangkaaii kami di-sini ada-lah

hanya perkaitan ’am di-antara kematian bayi yang lebeh rendah dengan kawasan2 bandaran. Walau bagaimana

pun, nampak-nya pendaftaran penting ada-lah sa-banding dengan lengkap bidang-nya di-seluroh negara. Jika

urusan pendaftaran di-dapati lebeh elok di-negeri2 yang mempunyai lebeh kawasan bandaran, data mungkin

menunjokkan kadar2 kematian bayi yang lebeh tinggi dalam negeri2 ini semata2 kerana bilangan peratus

kematian yang lebeh tinggi di-daftarkan di-situ.

Jadual 5 ada-lah jadual yang agak rumit yang mengandongi data tentang tiga penunjok2

kematian: (1) nisbah2 kematian2 dalam perut, (2) kadar2 kematian bayi (berumor kurang daripada 28

hari) dan (3) kadar2 kematian bayi, bag! beberapa bahagian ’alam menurut bangsa bag! tiap tahun daripada

1964 hingga 1968. Dua kategori kawasan utama ada-lah. Pantai Barat yang biasa-nya di-anggap kawasan

yang maju sa-kali dalam segi ekonomi, dan Pantai Timor. Bag! Pantai Barat tiga pengelasan sa-lanjut-nya

di-berikan untok: (1) Bandar2 Metropolis lebeh daripada 75,000 orang pendudok dalam tahun 1957,

(2) Kawasan2 Bandaran di-antara 10,000- 75,000 orang pendudok dalam tahun 1957, dan (3) Kawasan2

Luar Bandar, kurang daripada 10,000 orang pendudok dalam tahun 1957. Bagi Pantai Timor, hanya

kawasan2 bandaran dan luar bandar di-nyatakan oleh kerana tidak ada bandar2 besar yang boleh di-kelaskan

sa-bagai bandar metropolis. Tiga kumpulan bangsa yang besar di-tunjokkan bag! tiap2 kawasan. Semua data

dalam Jadual 5 berasaskan "tempat kediaman" biasa. Oleh itu perkara2 berat sa-belah tidak mungkin berlaku

kerana kelahiran2 dan kematian kerap berlaku di-mmah2 sakit dalam bandar2. Sa-kira-nya data kami berasaskan

"tempat kejadian" dan tidak "tempat kediaman", mungkin akan timbul satu masa’alah.

JADUAL 4 KADAR KEMATIAN BAYI MENURUT NEGER1 MALAYSIA BARAT: 1946 1968

TAHUN

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

1954

1955 :...........1956

1957

1958

1959

1960

1961

1962

1963

1964

1965

1966

1967

1968

MALAYSIABARAT

92

102

90

81

102

97

90

83

83

78

75

76

80

66

69

60

59

57

48

50

48

45

42

KUMPULAN A

PulauPinang

90

102

84

72

86

89

76

75

72

70

71

67

68

52

58

47

49

42

38

39

39

37

37

Selangor

78

88

87

73

99

96

91

77

80

63

60

66

63

54

58

47

46

45

40

44

36

34

36

Perak

84

100

84

76

103

96

93

83

78

81

74

78

83

67

69

55

59

55

48

53

49

48

45

Johor

89

83

84

78

100

106

85

83

86

82

78

73

79

73.69

57

50

50

43

45

45

40

39

KUMPULAN B

NegriSenibilan

104

109

100

90

110

107

88

75

79

70

67

70

71

59

60

49

58

49

43

42

44

44

40

Melaka

81

104

94

85

111

100

91

90

90

83

77

73

81

68

67

58

56

54

49

51

47

48

45

Pahang

76

107

88

88

97

113

98

79

89

88

82

76

84

67

69

60

56

51

43

47

42

42

38

Trengganu

143

168

134

102

121

121

122

97

100

111

93

114

98

89

98

92

91

90

75

64

70

66

53

KUMPULAN

Kelantan

87

116

107

78

95

89

85

74

74

79

83

82

90

69

69

83

83

85

71

64

64

56

51

Perils

138

136

74

76

87

81

57

94

84

76

76

86

97

77

82

75

71

51

35

44

43

41

42

Kedah

118

119

86

94

108

82

91

102

96

84

86

79

95

71

87

75

74

68

53

59

59

55

45

Puncha:(1) Laporan Ketua Pendaftar Pendudok2, Kelahiran2 dan Kematian2, 1946 -1962.(2) Perangkaan Penting Malaysia Barat, Jabatan Perangkaan, 1963-1968.

RAJAH 3. KADAR KEMATIAN BAYI MENURUT NEGERI MALAYSIA BARAT; 946 1968

JADUAL5 PERfflTONGAN NISBAH MATI DALAM PERUT, KADAR KEMATIAN BAYI (BERUMOR KURANG DARIPADA 28 HAR1) DAN KADAR KEMATIAN BAYIUNTOK BANDAR METROPOLIS, KAWASAN2 BANDARAN DAN LUAR BANDAR MENURUT BANGSA: 1964-1968

TEMPAT KEDIAMANDAN BANGSA

MALAYSIA BARATMdaya

India dan Pakistan

Bandar MetropolisMebyu

India dan Pakistan

Kanan2 Bamtann

Mclayu

Kawawi2 Luar Bandar

Melayu

India dan Pakistan

PANTAI BARATMelayuChinaIndia dan Pakistan

Bandar MetropolisMehyu

Kawaao2 Bandaran

Melayu

India daa Pakistan

Kaasan2 Luar Bandar

Melayu

India dan Pakistan

PANTAI TIMORMelayuChina

Kawasan2 BaodaraaMehyu

Kawasan2 Luar BandarMelayu

MatiDalamPerutKriahiranZ Hidup

1964

22.4

26.812.132.8113

1S.37.S

19.4

2P-125.612.629.2

25.1

27.813.738.3

-,,22,328.211.932.5

11.3

15.37.5

19.4

W25.412.129.0

25.929.913.738.2

22.823.415.136.7

24.125.716.630.7

223

22.713.740.1

1965

23.2

27.711.937.2

16.220.89.534.6

21.3

27.611.737.1

25.1

28.112.938.0

23,0-28.611.737.1

16.2

20.89.5

34.6

20.3

27.611-337.8

25.329.512.837.6

24.3

25.314.639.7

24.727.615.230.1

24.1

24.614.144.6

1966

23.2

27312.635.4

14.6

18.98.2

32.0

20.9

26.112.235.7

253

28.014.436.2

23.3

28.712.535.4

14.6

18.98.2

32.0

20.0

26.112.235.6

26.029.914.4363

22.923.913.535.8

23.726.212.936.2

22.723314.035.7

1967

22.9

27.111.936.1

15.8

21.09.4

30.6

18.5

23.711.427.7

25.5

28.213.140.5

22.6

27.811.736.5

15.8

21.09.4

30.617.2

22.911.128.0

25.8.29.413.041.1

24.1

25.3143283

22.6

25.013.523.9

24.6

25.414.930.1

1968

22.7

27.510.9353

15.0

1939.1

29.2

20.4

26.911.830.7

24.6

28.111.138.4

22.5

28.410.935.7

15.0

19.39.1

29.219.7

27.611.731.1

24.829.311.239.0

23.6

25310.927.5

23.025.812.1273

23.8

25.110:127.6

Kematian2 Bayi (benimor kurang daripada 28 hari)Kelahiran2 Hidup

1964

25.7

28.619.930.2

23.7

23321.632.7

21.4

22.818329.5

27.5

30.320.129.6

",0,,,,,27.720.230.4

23.7

23321.632.720.5

19.918.930.0

26.729.620329.7

28.830.815.827.4

24.3

27.414.025.1

30.531.817.628.5

1965

26.5

29.620.2313

28.9

30.925.142.1

20.9

22.118.127.7

27.7

31.119329.1

26.5

30.420.431.2

28.9

30.925.142.120.9

22.718327.5

27.631.719.428.9

26.5

27.717.232.6

20.6

21.216.230.1

28.429.518.133.0

1966

24.9

27.220.0283

24.0

.25.721.8313

21.4

24.718.021.4

26.1

27.820329.4

24.7

27.220.228.6

24,025.721.8313

20.5

23.718.221.4

26.027.920.529.9

25.9

27.216.921.9

24.2

26.416.520.9

26.5

27.417322.4

1967

23.8

25.919.727.0

22.7

23.022.025.2

18.4

19.416.722.9

25.7

27.420328.8

23.8

26319.727.2

22.7

23.022.025.217.6

18.216.2223

25.928.120.5293

24.1

24.919323.7

21.4

21.220.629.9

25.025.918321.1

1,000

1968

23.1

24.419.528.4

22.5

21.620.731.2

20.1

21.218.722.9

24.1

25.219.5293

23.024.419.828.4

22.5

21.620.731.2

19.7

21.018.822.1

24.125319.929.4

23.424315.828.6

21.121.517.830.9

24.125.014.527.6

1964

48.5

58.731.750.8

34.1

36.630.445.0

35.0

40.927.643.1

55.4

71.934.455.1

44.7

53.931.950.8

34.136.630.445.0

323

35:028.143.5

51.159.234.755.0

643

70.127.5505

43.9

50324.140.5

71.675.930.857.1

Keroatian2 BayiKehhira

1965

50.1

61332.153.1

41.2

47.835.7553

34.8

41.526.742,6

563

66333.4554

48.0

60.232.252.7

41.2

47.835.755333.8

41.526.842.2

ji:l

64.733354.9

59.664330.260.5383

41426.046.0

66.670.533.566.9

m2 Hidup

1966

48.0

57.730551.135.4

38.731.047.9

36.6

46326.438.7

53.2

61.033.055.5

45.5

55331.1513

35.4

38.731.047.933.9

42.826.838.6

50.658.733.155.9

58.963.727.946.8

45.451,823.440.0

63366.931.449.8

1,000

1967

45.1

53.430.251.6

33.8

36.830.841.2

30.9

36.524.536.9

51.6

58.032.959.5

43.0

51.530.051.7

33.8

36.830.841.2

283

33.023.5363

49.556.232.860.0

54.6

57.933.2494

39.942.132.143.8

59.5

62.534.152.0

1968

423

47.830.053.0

32.2

34.228.6433

32.1

36A27.1384

46.8

50.931.960.0

40.9

46.630.252.8

32.2

34.228.643.5

313

35.5274384

45.449.532.259.8

48.0

50.826.254.9

34.838.022.538.252.0

54.128.762.9

Feiangkaan Penting Malaysia Barat, Jabatao Perangkaan, 1964 1968.

18

Oleh kerona Jadual 5 rnengandongi data yang mendalam, lebeh banyak keadaan2 yang

tidak tetap terdapat di-sini berbanding dengan jadiial2 yang terdahulu. Manakala arah aliran keselurohan-

nya ada-lah nienurun bag! ketiga2 ni.sbah, adajuga beberapa pengechualian. Kematian2 meningkat dalam

tahun 1965 bagi semua kumpulan kechuali orang2 Melayu di-Pantai Timor. Tidak ada sa-barang keterangan

mengcnai kedudokan ini. Kematian2 orang2.India dan Pakistan tidak kurang daripada tahun 1964 hingga

1968. malah telah meningkat di-kawasan2 luar bandar. Data bagi bandar2 yang kechil di-Pantai Barat tidak

menunjokkan,apa2 arah aliran sa-bcnar-i.ya, tetapi kematian2 di-kawasan2 bandaran ada-lah rendah daripada

angk;i2 bagi bandar2 metropolis. Meski pun terdapat masa’uluh2 ini, lain2 perbedzaan merupakan apa yang

di-jangkakan: kematian ada-lah lebeh banyak di-Pantai Timor daripada di-Pantai Barat, kematian ada-lah

banyak sckali di-kaw:i.san2 luar bandar, dan kematian ada-lah kurang sa-kali bagi orang2 China. Rupa-

susunan yang di-jangkakan ini menunjokkan buhawa mutu asas data ini ada-lah agak baik.

Kadang kala ada-lah tidak inungkin untok memutuskanjika perubahan2 data yang sadikit

atau rupa-susunan yang di-liiarjangkaan merupakan arah aliran sa-benar-nya atau kesilapani data. Milhal-nya,

bilangan kematian2 bay! ada-lah kurang di-kawasan2 bandaran daripada bandar2 metropolis. Ini mungkin

menunjokkan bahawa bidang pendaftaran kematian ada-lah lebeh lengkap di-bandar2 metropolis daripada

di-kawasan2 bandaran, atau mungkin keadaan ke.siliatan ada-lah lebeh baik di-kawasan2 bandaran. Tanpa

buk(i2 tambahan, tidak mungkin di-katakan pendaftaran kematian ada-lah lebeh burok di-kawasan2

bandaran.

Rarangkali tanda2 utama yang data pendaftaran kematian ada-lah agak baik ia-lah bahawa ketiga2

penunjok ia-itii nisbah2 mati dalam perut, kadar2 kematian bayi (berumor kurang daripada 28 hari), dan kadar

kematian bayi ada-lah tetap. Kawasan2 luar bandar menipunyai ukoran yang tertinggi sa-kali bagi ketiga2

penunjok. Bagi semua kawasan, orang2 China mempunyai kadar yang rendah sa-kali. Akan tetapi, perbedzaan

yang tetap di-antara Pantai Timor dan Barat tidak di-dapati bagi kematian2 bayi (berumor kurang daripada 28

hari) dan kematian2 dalam perut. Mungkin ini menunjokkan bahawa kejadian2 ini tidak di-Iaporkan dengan

memuaskan bagi Pantai Timor. Tetapi pada keselurohan-nya, Jadual 5 mcnchadangkan bahawa bidang

kematian2 bayi ada-lah agak lengkap dan meliputi sa-bahaginn besar kawasan2 alam.

Kebanyakan daripada ,scinnkan2 tctap yang di-gunakan sn-takut ini bergantong kapada kematian

bay! sa-bagai penunjok kematian keselurohan-nya. Ini ada-lah kerana kami niempunyai anggaran yang boleh

di-perchayai mengenai bilangan orang yang mungkin mati dalam umor sa-tahun (pembawah dalam kadar

kematian bayi) daripada perniii;kaan kelahiran menurut bangM.jnnlimi dan negeri. Sunggoh pun kadar

19

kematian bay! mungkin berubah2 sama dengan kematian pada lain! umor, mungkin terdapat berat sa-belah

f^am lendaftaran kematian bag! berbagail kumpulan umor. Nampak-nya di-sini kemafian2 bayi mungkin

kurang di-daftarkan duripada kematian2 pada umor yang lebeh tua oleh itu dengan mengkaji kadar2

kematian bayi sa-bagai iikoran tunggal, kita perlu mempunyai ujian yang agak sensitif untok menchari

kesilapan dalam data. Akan tetapi, mungkin ada bcrat sa-belah di-arah yang bertentangan yang akan

mengakibatkan kcmatian pada umor yang lebeh tua tidak di-daftar sa-penoh-nya. Bagaimana pun dengan

data yang ada, ada-lali suk;ir inilok meiigc.s.in kesilapan s.iperti ini. Kadar kas;r i(ematian (bilangan kematian/

jumlah pendudok) tidak akan meiijadi penunjok yang berguna kcrana pcrubahan2 dalam rupa-susunan umor

di-kusulkan olcli perubahan2 dalam kcniali.iii.

Satu analisa yang lebeh tepat ada-lali merupakan pemereksaan ka-atas perubahl dalam kematian

pada umor tertentii. Tetapi oleh kerana kami hanya mcngctahiii sadikit s.iliaja mengenai perpindahan sekarang

dan kcsan-nya ka-ata.s rupa-susunan umor, ada-lali (idak niiingkin bagi kami mengctahui bilangan orang2 pada

sa-.sualu umor kecluiali bagi t;iluiii2 banchi. Sudali pasli, kajian ka-alas kematian pada umor2 tertentu menurut

negeri tidak mungkin di-lakukan dengin tcpal-nya. Akan tetapi di-pcringkat negara satu analisa mengeilai arah

aliran kcmatian pada umor tertentu sa-panjang masa mungkin dapat di-lakukan, Bagi tempoh’yang kebelakangan

ini, kami niempunyai aiiggaran2juinlali pendudok meinirut bangsa.jantinadan umor (dan juga kadar2 kematian

pada umor tertentu menurutjantina dan bangsa) bagi taliim 1957, 1966, 1967 dan 1968. Data tahun 1957

berasaskan Kanchi Pendudok Tahun 19.S7, manakala kctiga2 tahun 1966, 1967 dan 1968 berasaskan angka2

pendudok daripada Kcrtas Penyelidekan No. 1, Jabatan Perangkaan. Aiiggaran2 Pendudok bagi Malaysia Barat

(1967). Kadar umor tertentu sa-benar-nya di-terbitkan dalam Kertas Penyelidekan No. 2, Jadual2 Hayat bagi

Malaysia Baral dan laporan2 Perangkaan Pciiliiig bagi 1967 dan 1968.

Jadual 6 menunjokkan arali aliran kematian pada umor tertentu bagi (ahun 1957, 1966, 1967

dan 196S. Di-sini terdapat kcjatolian yangjclas bagi angka2 kematian untok semua bangsa pada semua perengkat

umor di-antara taimn 19S7 dan 1966. Ini membcri sebahagian dari sebab2 bagi kita mcmperchayai bahawa mutu

data pada ’am-nya ada-lah baik. Daripada tahun 1966 hingga 1968, tidak ada arah aliran yang nyata wainu pun

ada kekurangan dalam kematian bayi bagi l;iliuii2 ini, terutama sekali bagi orang2 Melayu. Bagi umor lima hingga

empat puloh lahun, kcmalian ada-lah agak kurang dan tidak ada arah aliran yang bertukar dengan tiba2. Akan

tetapi, orang2 China pada ’am-nya mempimyai kadar kcmatian yang lebeh rendah daripada oraiig2 Melayu atau

India pada mana2 umor pun, yang mana ada-lah sa-jajar dengan analisa yang lebeh awal lagi. Nampak-nya ada

sa-bilangan bcsar keadiian yang tidak telap dalam kadar2 kemalian bagi umor2 yang lebeh tun, terutama sekali

bagi orang2 Melayu dan India. Bagi sa-bilangan kcchil kumpulan iimor yang lebeh tua, kcmatian telah meningkat

JADUAL 6 KAOAR KEMAT1AN PADA UMOR TEKTENTU MENURUT BANGSA DAN JANTINA MALAYSIA BARAT: 1957, 1966, 1967, 1968

UMOR(Tahun)

LELAK1

0 dan kurang daripada

4S’ 9

10 1415 19

20 24

25 2930 3435 3940 4445 49

50 5455 59

60 6465 6970 7475 ’7980 84

PERMPUAN

0 dan kurang daripada4

5 9

10 1415 19

20 2425 29

30 34

35 39

40 4445 49

50 5455 59

60 64

65 6970 7475 79

80 84

SEMUA BANGSA

1957

3.01.72.12.8334.25.97.8

12.618.426.338354.575.496.1129.1

191.52.74.05.26.17.17.4

10.214.119.828.138.652.673.6101.6

1966

57.4

5.21.71.01.41.82.02.53.65.68.512.419.828.240.945.379.995.8

46.2

5.11.60.9

1.21.72.42.94.04.4

7.28.514.919.031.825368.189.8

1967

51.3

5.51.71.11.41.92.12.73.45.68.411.818.827.440.945378.797.6

40.7

5.21.70.91.11.72.12.73.74.57.58.7

15.919.133.1

28.165.5100.0

1968

49.1

5.41.9

1.11.41.91.92.83.85.68.513.118.928.942.548.569.4

118.0

39.0

5.41.80.91.22.02.02.93.5

4.86.69.414.023.231334.255.4116.5

MELAYU

1957

1334.4

2.2

2.8

3.4

3.74.9

6.89.015.918.7

31.933.361.486.1

13.54.52.1

3.65.26.97.6

8.910.015.415.031.825.153.178.3

1966

71.2

7.02.4

1.3

t.63.02.12.73.95.78.912.121327.544.734.483.592.7

56.5

6.82.41.2

1.62.4

3.53.85.25.18.59919.821.841.2

23.484.187.0

1967

60.7

7.72.41.4

1.61.82.2

2.8

33

5.8

9.5

12.121.629,7

41334.084.7

101.7

48.1

7.12.51.21.42.2.

2.73.54.5

5.18.5

10.1213

23.143.126.782.694.5

1968

43.9

7.22.71.41.61.8

1.93.54.1

5.6

8.513.4

19.730.643.041.263.61305

43.9

7.22.61.2

1.62.82.44.24.3

5.67.6

11.4

16.829.938.034.659.5

126.6

CHINA

1957

6.01.7

1.1

13232.9

3.5

4.9

7.4

10.616.5

26.4

41.061.6112.5

6.01.71.113232.9334.4

5.06.49.012.921.831.974-5

1966

35.5

2.80.9

0.81.1

1.61.82.13.3

4.9

7.112.218.428339.152.4

80.698.9

.28.2

’2.50.70.6

0.70.71.0

1.42.13.14.5

6.08.6

14.721.025.455.895.0

1967

34.6

2.60.90.9

1.2

1.91.9

2.4

3.14.8

6.9

10.7

15.5

25.440.152.1

73.499.9

26.1

230.7

0.60.7

0.81.4

1.52.2

3.5

496.193.

13.5

22.528.453.8

103.8

1968

34.6

2.70.9

0.81.21.91.92.13.0

5.2

7.?

12.117.227.841.452.672.5

111.4

25.7

2.50.8

0.5

0.70.9121.423

3.443

6.5

9.1

15.2

23.430.450.4108.6

INDIA DAN PAKISTAN

1957

8.41.81.52.1

2.1

3.03.9

4.6

7.211.015.2

24.641.159.095.5

7.9

1.81.8

3.65.05.86.77.57.9

14.119.032343.073.7

119.1

1966

593

4.61.5

0.9

1.51.72.2

33

3.663

9.913.7

20.2

29.738.559.063.0923

53.1

5.71.5

1.0

1.72.53.03.94.6

5.910.413.422.532.752.538.063.5513

1967

583

4.71.41.01.6

1.92.2

324.46.5

8.513.521.728.243.4

66.4

86.266.5

51.1

5.71.8

1.0

1.613.

19

3.54.9

5.2

11913.9

22.434.448337.741.095.0

1968

573

5.41.71.11319

1.7294.9

6293

14322.229.147.865388.9

114.0 ^57.0

5.81.7OJS

1.62.7

323.0

3.6S39.713.023.042.047.499.694.8.63.6

Puncha;-(1) Kertas Ptnyelidekan No. 2, "JaduaI2 Hayat bagi Malaysia Barat 1966", Jabatan Penmgkaan-(2) Pterangkaan Renting Malaysia Barat, Jabatan Perangkaan, 1967, 1968.

21

perlahar>2 mengikut masa yang mana miingkin menunjokkan pendaftaran yang telah di-perbaiki tahun demi

tahun. Akan tetapi, satu faktor yang kusut in-Lili kes.ilah.in mmyatakan umor di-kalangan pendudok2 yang

lebeh tua; terutama-nya b;igi or>ing2 Melayu dan India. Masa’alah melaporkan Minor yang salah ini telah

di-l.iporkaii dalam banchi2 Tanah Melayu yang lain ’. Dr. Lee-Jay Clio juga melaporkan baliawa penyiasalai)

beli.iu ka-alas rekod2 kad pengenalsiii meinbeiituiigk.ui s.i-bilangan be.sar iim<)r2 yang salah di-laporkan Ada

keniungkinan sa-sa-orang itii menibvri tekaan unior yang (crdekat apabila melaporkan kcmatian orang yang tua.

Analisa kadar2 keniatian pada umor2 lertentu biasa-nya mengesahkan penyeinakan2 kaini yang

lain bahawa bithing pendaftaran kematian adu-lah agak lengkap, tetapi nieiumjokkan bahawa laQoran umor

di-ala.s sunil akuan inati tcrulania sa-kali bagi orang2 yang lebeh tua ada-lah tidak begitu tepat.

ANALISA KETETAPAN MENURUT N1.SHAH JANT1NA

Ri.-nilcli kapada s.itii l:igi siri penyeinakan ka-alas mutu data, rnari kita kaji ni.sbah2jantina bagi

kelaliinin dan kfinati;in2 di-Malaysia Bar.it, Ada satu rupa-susunan kaji hayat yang memberi kesan knpada

kcdua2 bilangan lelaki d;in pcrenipiian apabila di-laliirkan dan kciniingkinnn mati bagi li;i[)2 j.iiitina pada umor2

yang s.inui. Data dari|):ida kcbanyakan negara melaporkan baliawa kira2 105 kelahiran bayi2 lelaki berbanding

dengan 100 kelahiran bayi2 pwinpiiaii. C’liorak ini biasa-nya di-nyatakan sa-bagai ni.sbali kelahiran lelaki

kapada pcrcinpuan. Nisbali ini jarang sckali heruhali lebeh daripada 102 10H . Jndual 7 nienunjokkan

nisbahjantina pada masa kelahiran bagi liap2 bangsa daripada 1946 hingga 1968. Walaupuii adn beberapa

lurun naik semasa t:ilni2 yangawal. riipa-stisunan-nya ada-lal) agak tctap dnn dalam lengkongan yang her-

palutan, walau pun nishali janlin;i bagi kclaliiran2 orang China nampak-nya selalu lebeh tinggi daripada

bangsa2 lain,

2 Lihal H. Fell. 1957 Population Census of Federalion of Malaya Report No. 14(Kuala Lumpur, Jabatan Pcrangkaan. I960) m/s 36.

Department of Stalistk-s Research Paper No. Eslimales of the Population forWest Malaysiii (prcpa red by Dr. Lee-Jay Clio, ct aU 1967, p. 11.

14 Barclay, op. cit.. p. 83.

JADUAL 7 NISBAH JANTINA BAGI KELAHIRAN2 HIDUP MENURUT BANGSA MALAYSIA BARAT: 1946 1968

TAHUN

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

19S1

1952

1953

1954

1955

1956

1957

1958

1959

1960

1961

1962

1963

1964

1965

1966

1967

1968

SEMUA BANGSA

110

106

107

106

105

105

105

105

105

106

105

106

104

105

104

105

105

105

105

105

106

105

105

MELAYU

108

105

105

105

104

104

105

104

104

105

104’105

104

105

103

104

104

104

105

104

105

104

105

CHINA

113

109

109

106

109

107

106

106

105

107

106

107

106

’106107

106

106

107

105

106

107

105

107

INDIA DAN PAKISTAN

105

102

106

105

101

102

102

105

104

105

104

103

102

104

103

104

104

103

103

102

105

104

103

Puncha:(1) Laporan Ketua Pendaftar Pendudok2, Kelahiran2 dan Kematian2, 1946 -1962.(2) Perangkaan Renting Malaysia Barat, Jabatan Perangkaan, 1963 1968.

23

Kerana beberapa sebab, bayi2 lelaki ada-lah kurang kuat daripada bayi2 perempuan dan lebeh

miidali mati. Perbedzaanjantina bag! kematian2 bayi telah di-chatetkan di-seluroh dunia. Ini di-gambarkan di-

dalam nisbah jantina bagi kematian bayi, di-mana 100 140 bayi lelaki mati untok tiap2 100 kematian bayi

perempuan. Menurut laporan Bangsa2 Bersatu nisbah ini kadang kala meningkat apabila kadar kematian

keseliirohan-nyajatoh. Jadual 8 mcnunjokkan nisbah jantina bagi kematian2 bayi untok ketiga2 hangsa di-

Malaysia Barat daripada talnm 1946 hingga 196S. Bagi ketiga2 kumpulan bangs;), nisbah jantina bagi

kematian2 bayi nainpak-nya bcrada dalam lengkongan yang di.-persetujui. lianya nisbah janlina orang2

China telah meningkat menurut masa yangsa-patut-nya menumt kckurangan dalam bilangan kematian.

Tctapi tidak ada bukti untok menshaki bahawa Icngkap-nya bidang kematian2 bayi ada-lah berat sa-belah

di-scbabkan oleh jantina bagi sa-barang bangsa.

Satu lagi pcnyemakan kaji insan yang biasa di-Iakukan ka-atas nnilii data ia-lah nisbah jantina

bagi keinatian2 scma.sa mengandong. Oleh kerana kcmatian ibu2 yang mengandong, bilangan kematian orang2

perempuan sclalu-nya melchehi kematian orang2 lelaki dalam taliiin2 ini. Jadual 9 mcnunjokkan siri2 masa

yang sama mciigcnni nishali jaiitina hagi kema(ian2 mereka2 yang dalam dua kategnri umor, umor 20 24 dan

25 29 untok ketiga2 bangs.1 daripada (alum 1946 1967. Bagi orang2 Mchiyu. Iinii;i il:ui I’.ilii’.i.in, rupa-

siisiinan y.iiig di-jangka ada-lalt nyata dciigan kematian2 orang2 percmpnan iiiclfl)rhrki.’ii>:ili;n>2 iir:nia2

lelaki bagi kescnina taliun. Bagi <>r;iiig2 Cliina, kcdudokaii ini lidak-lali sama kcr.iiia nisliali jantiiia nn’lcbehi

100 tiap2 talnin. yang incinmjokkal) baliawa lebcli kcmatian orang2 lelaki daripada pcrcinpu.in liagi lengkonpnn

nnior ini. Olch kerana njian2 yang lain telah mcininjokkan haliawa nmlu data ada-lah agak baik, lidak mungkin

kcmatian2 ilni2 l>angsa Cliina kurang di-daftarkan. Miingkin, keleraiigan yang Ichcli inunasabali ia-lali hahnwa

kcadaan ke.sihatan di-kalaiigan orang2 Cliina ada-lah (crialu baik hinggakan kcmatian ihu2 yang mcngandong

mcmbcrikanjiimlah yang kecliil sahaja. Walau pun ada kckurangan mendaftar pada iimor2 ini, bilangan-nyn

tidak-lali brgitu hanyak. Dalam taliun 1967, (erdapat sa-jiimkili 103 kcmatian orang perempuan China pada

umor 20 24 dan 151 kematian pada umor 25 29. VValau punjika ada 100 pcratus pendaflaran yang kurang,

ini akan lianya mcmhiiat 254 lagi kcmatian bagi kcdua2 kumpulan umor ini. Kadar kcmatian pada umor2

Icrtciitu ada-lah kurang daripada s.itu bagi tiap2 ribii untok kedua2 kumpulan umor ini, olcli itii gandaan

kadar ini ma.seli membcri kadar kcmalian pada umor2 tertentu yang kurang daripada kadar2 bagi orang2

perempuan Melayn dan India dalam kumpulan umor yang sama.

United Nations, Foetal, Infant and Early Childhood Mortality: Volume The Statistics(New York, 1954), p. 40.

JADUAL 8 NISBAH JANTINA BAGI KEMATIAN2 BAYI MENURUT BANGSA MALAYSIA BARAT: 1946 -1968

TAHUN

1946

1947 ...............1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

1954

1955

1956

1957

1958

1959

1960

1961

1962

1963

1964

1965

1966

1967

1968

SEMUA BANGSA

120

122

126

131

129

127

130

134

132

133

135

134

131

135

134

135

137

130

128

132

129

131

132

MELAYU

120

120

129

133

129

132

137

138

138

136

137

137

132

139

136

135

139

131

126

133

131

131

135

CHINA

120

124

121

125

126

123

121

128

122

129

130

128

127

127

132

139

138

133

130

137

133

140

143

INDIA DAN PAKISTAN

116

123

119

134

133

118

120

130

122

131

131

125

124

128

124

123

126

126

132

116

115

118

105

Puncha:(1) Laporan Ketua Pendaftar Pendudok2, Kelahiran2 dan Kematian2, 1946 -1962.(2) Perangkaan Penting Malaysia Barat, Jabatan Perangkaan, 1963 1968.

JADUAL 9 NISBAH JANT1NA BAGI KEMATIAN2, UMOR 20-24 DAN UMOR 25 29 MENURUT BANGSA MALAYSIA BARAT: 1946-1968

TAHUN

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

1954

1955 ..".1956

1957

1958

1959

1960

1961

1962

1963

1964

1965

1966

1967

1968

SEMUA BANGSA

20 24Tahun

88

74

99

85

94

100

90

80

82

70

71

73

65

76

78

81

74

93

97

98

110

118

100

25 29Tahun

91

77

91

85

89

99

88

79

80

76

60

64

59

69

68

72

71

70

87

91

82

96

96

MELAYU

20 24Tahun

82

71

84

75

84

79

69

58

61

58

56

60

55

67

60

63

61

66

70

76

84

84

68

25 29Tahun

81

68

77

74

72

75

66

56

61

60

44

50

49

56

53

50

55

54

70

69

58

76

74

CHINA

20 24Tahun

119

104

141

118

125

166

174

153

149

109

143

139

123

127

173

172

134

190

181

159

251

251

227

25 29Tahun

123

120

150

130

168

183

199

168

156

133

133

103

98

113

126

172

135

145

166

208

192

150

175

INDIA DAN PAKISTAN

20 24Tahun

67

51

89

60

63

73

63

69

75

72

44

49

51

56

62

65

49

92

92

97

80

100

83

25 29Tahun

85

63

76

75

64

80

59

88

71

102

75

84

62

68

66

62

85

70

69

70

83

87

63

Puncha:(1) Laporan Ketua Pendaftar Pendudok2, Kelahiran2 dan Kematian2, 1946 -1962.(2) Perangkaan Renting Malaysia Barat, Jabatan Perangkaan, 1963 -1968.

26

Satu lagi semakan yang mungkin di-Iakukan ia-lah dengan mengkaji chorak2 nisbah jantina

bagi kematian2 bay! untok berbagai2 negeri di-Malaysia Barat. Jadual 10 menunjokkan keputusan analisa

ini. Sekali lagi negeri2 ini di-baluigikan kapada tiga kumpulan menurut kawasan bandaran. Walau pun ada

beberapa nisbah jantina yang melebehi lengkongan biasa sa-banyak 100 hingga 140, rupa-susunan

keselurohan-nya ada-Iah agak munasabah. Nampak-nya tidak ada berat sa-belah dalam sesuatu kumpulan

negeri yang tertentu. Ada beberapn s’ .’ang tidak mempunyai.nisbah, khusus-nya bagi orang2 India dan

Pakistan di-negeri2 di-kawa.san2 luar bandar. Ini di-tinggalkan oleh kerana ada kurang daripada sa-puloh

kemalian bayi lelaki atau pcrcmpuan dalam negeri itu bagi tahun lersebut. Tetapi beberapa bilangan yang

terlalu tinggi dan rendah yang ada dalam Jadual itu bcrasaskan beberapa keadaan. Kadang kala, nisbah

jantina yang terlalu tinggi di-ikuti oleh nisbah yang terlalu rendah dalam tahun yang berikut atau sa-balek-

nya. Ini mungkin meiiuiijokkan laporan yang lewat. Pada keselurohan-nya, Jadual 10 member! bukti

tambahan bahawa pendaftaran kemafian di-Malaysia Barat ada-Iah sa-banding bagi semua negeri.

RINGKASAN DAN KESIMPULAN

Analisa yalig lerdiiliulu ada-Iah satu perchubaan menilaikan perangkaan pendaftaran kematian

Malaysia Barat. Perhatian telaii di-tumpukan ka-atas persoalan lengkap-nya bidang pendaftaran, dengan

menggunakan penyemakan2 ketetapan knji insan. Nilai utama teknik2 sa-umpama ini ada-Iah untok

menilaikan data bagi kesilapan2 kasaratau berat sa-belah. Teknik2 sa-umpama ini tidak-lah begitu sensitif

untok mengesan sa-jumlali kechil kesilapanjika di-bentangkan dengan sama bagi seluroh pendudok. Teknik2

sa-umpama ini tidak boleh mengukor betapa penting-nya kesilapan2.

Dengan had2 ini dalam pandangan, nilaian menunjokkan bahawa bidang pendaftaran kematian

ada-Iah agak baik di-seluroh Malaysia Barat. Kcclniali bagi beberapa tempoh, kadar2 kematian bayi menunjokkan

nipa-susunan yang licliin dan telap tahun demi tahun. Perbed/.aan2 di-antara kumpulan2 bangsa dan negeri

ada-Iah pada ’am-nya susunan yang di-tcriina berdasarkan pendudok2 bandaran luar bandar. Nisbah jantina

bagi kematian2 orang lelaki.kapada orang2 perempuan bagi tiap2 bangsa ada-Iah sama dengan rupa-susunan

yang di-chatetkan dalam negeri2 lain. Terdapat pengcchualian2 sa-kali2 di-mana turun naik yang tertentu

tidak sa-jajar dengan rupa-susunan keselurohan-nya, telapi tidak ada kemungkinan memutuskan jikn angka2

ini ada-Iah keputusan kesilapan atau seniata2 turun nnik rambang. Sudah tentu mungkin ada beberapa

kesilapan dan kema(ian2 yang tidak di-daftarkan. Biikti2 daripada Penyiasatan Sampel Sosio-Ekonomi

bagi Isi-rumah, Malaysia 1967/68 menchadangkan bahawa 3.3 peratus kematian tidak di-daftarkan. Oleh

kerana anggaran in! berasa.skan hanya sa-tengahjumlah kematian dalam sa-tahun, kematian yang tidak

JADUAL 10 NISBAH JANTINA BAG! KEMATIAN2 BAYI MENURUT BANCSA DAN NEGER1 MALAYSIA BARAT: 1959-1968

BANGSA DAN TAHUN

SEMUA BANGSA195919601961 .................;....

19641965

19671968

MELAYU195919601961196219631964 .....................;1965196619671968

CHINA

1959196019611962196319641965196619671968

INDIA DAN PAKISTAN

1959196019611962196319641965196619671968

MALAYSIABARAT

135134135137130128132129131132

139136135139131126133131131135

127132139138133130137133140143

128124123126126132116115118105

KUMPULAN A

PulauPinang

138128131124139136137128136153

129126131117132139113130142146

157139143141152132153140126183

1211001001041271391989713594

Selangor

135124135145128127122135133128

144126126142131121126153131143

123117160151120127128128142140

13312812214414513211012112195

Perak

130138138136135125130128137122

138139142143138120130130146122

126139138141127127147125141139

116129124112130142107124109102

Johor

14713513614013)

140132137137128

153140140141135143141137125130

129127135130125130127140169132

1541279815711816093127143108

KUMPULAN B

NegriSembilan

128142149134131115148119122132

143146146136124107156127124135

99138138128164149148121135151

13513919213411493120100100102

Melaka

134155144143130124131121140148

143160149159127122120116122169

127152130III161120140132185131

9012014312189158181113157128

Pahang

132142122132127138135134122142

132143130131124139142129127137

137162104141134136115147112164

12388112117127131133143123133

Trengganu

123137136158138138141122122129

122138135159136136140122124130

138

182

K

Kelantan

144127139129131124137137123138

144128139127132123136139124140

1631231471631371461771088580

UMPULAN C

Perlis

101133137125132118108116138125

105138142122130125113125149134

94133109146150

91

Kedah

139131125134119121129123130137

141132123137119120130122136139

124125130131127134130161111147

14113112511211110711694116128

Puncha:(1) Laporan Kttua Pendaftar Pendudok2, Kelahiran2 dan Kematian2, 1959 -1962.(2) Perangkaan Penling Malaysia Barat, Jabatan Perangkaan, 1963 1968.

28

di-daftarkan ada-lah mungkin lebeh. Hanya satu penunjok sumber kesilapan sa-chara lansong datang-nya

daripada Jadual 5 dan Jadual 6. Jadual 5 menchadangkan bahawa kematian2 bayi (bemmor kiirang dari-

pada 28 hari) mungkin tidak lengkap di-laporkan bag! Pantai Timor sa-bagaimana yang di-laporkan di-

Pantai Barat. Jadual 6 menunjokkan bahawa laporan kematian pada umor2 yang lebeh tua mungkin

tidak sa-lengkap laporan kematian pada lain2 umor.

Ada-lah sukar untok nu’nghitong lain2 kesilapan dalam perangkaan kematian saperti

ketepatan pengelasan meiiurut umor, bangsa, atau sebab2 kematian daripada penyemakan ketetapan

dalam. Ada-lah perlu memperolehi sumber data2 yang bebas untok menyemak mutu data2 ini. Kajian

yang sa-padan, sa-bagaimana yang di-terangkan terlebeh dahulu dalam kertas kerja, akan menyediakan

nilaian ka-atas penibalian2 ini. Dengan keputusan Banchi Pendudok, 1970, satu analisa ketepatan

perangkaan penting yang lebeh mendalam mungkin dapat di-laksanakan.