kenya · 2018-07-23 · alinjugur, yumbis and welmarer. they were selected based on: - proximity...

Host community - Alinjugur village, Garissa ©Terre des hommes

Situation Analysis Report

Host community Assessment in Fafi Sub County, Garissa County

KENYA

May 2018

Host community assessment – KENYA – May 2018 of 21

TABLE OF CONTENT

1. CONTEXT ................................................................................................................................................ 3

2. OBJECTIVE OF THE SITUATION ANALYSIS ................................................................................... 4

3. METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................................................... 4

3.1. Composition of the evaluation team ................................................................................................. 4

3.2. Methodology ........................................................................................................................................ 4

3.3. Limitations to the situation analysis .................................................................................................. 6

4. PROBLEMS ANALYSIS ......................................................................................................................... 7

4.1. Education ............................................................................................................................................. 8

4.2. Water Sanitation and Hygiene ........................................................................................................ 10

5. RISKS ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................................. 12

4.3 Health and Nutrition .......................................................................................................................... 12

6. NEEDS ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................... 18

7. RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................................................................ 21


1. CONTEXT Garissa County is located in the former North eastern province of Kenya and borders federal republic of Somalia to the East. The County is divided into 7 sub Counties namely Garissa, Fafi, Lagdera, Ljara, Balambala, Hulugho and Dadaab. It covers an area of approximately 44,174.5 square kilometers with an estimated population of 850,077 (KNBS 2017 Projections). Fafi is close to the Kenya Somalia border (Jubaland State). The security situation in the area changes drastically, remains unpredictable and volatile. Al Shaab elements are occasionally identified in the villages/settlements and incidences of attacks are reported especially in villages as Welmarer, Yumbis and Alinjugur. Military offensives by Kenya government forces (KDF) deployed to Somalia ensues across the Somali border and close to villages in Fafi Sub County. Retaliation, sporadic attacks and threats are witnessed in some of the villages in Fafi. Major risk is for non-Somali staff as the threat for kidnapping for ransom pay is high. Moreover, the area is highly mined with IED explosives which poses risk to both local and non-local staff. Terre des Hommes Foundation (Tdh) has been operational in Dadaab refugee camps since 2012, at first in Kambioos camp (closed in 2017) and in Hagadera camp (since 2016) and has been providing child protection assistance to the refugee population. To promote social integration and address community priority needs, Tdh conducted a community needs assessment in 4 villages in the host community. The assessment was conducted considering the Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework and the conclusions of the last Kenya Comprehensive Refugee Programme workshop led by UNHCR in November 2017 (15th to 17th) in Dadaab, where a new priority was given to potential socio-economic integration of the refugees into the local communities.

Figure1: Fafi Sub-County (circled) Figure 2: Four villages in Fafi Sub-country

Fafi

Borehole 5

Alinjugur


2. OBJECTIVE OF THE SITUATION ANALYSIS

Tdh conducted an integrated multi-sectoral assessment on the 2nd to 11th May 2018, in 4 villages (Borehole 5, Alinjugur, Welmarer and Yumbis) around Hagadera Refugee Camp in Fafi Sub-County, Garissa County from 2nd to 11th May 2018. The main objective is to identify community needs, risks and priorities across selected sectors and determine relevant interventions to address them. Further, the assessment is aiming to establish areas of linkage with interventions already provided in the refugee camps to promote social integration among the refugee and host community population. Specific objectives of the assessment are:

• To collect information in the host community on child protection, WASH, health/nutrition, education and livelihood/ food security needs of the population (boys, girls, men and women) in the selected locations.

• To establish linkage opportunities to services, such as those provided in the refugee camps to promote social integration.

• To identify immediate, short and medium-term needs of the host community especially for children.

The assessment findings will be shared with stakeholders and potential donors in an effort to mobilize resources in support of the community on the identified needs and recommended interventions.

3. METHODOLOGY

3.1. Composition of the evaluation team The assessment team included:

1) Data collection team: Ubah Dakane – Child Help desk officer, Fardosa Shale – BID officer, Sameera Mohamed – Psychosocial counselor, Nasri Farah – Case worker, Nasra Hassan – Case worker, Ali Abdi – Case worker, Yussuf Hambe – Behavour change officer, Ismail Ali – Behaviour Change Officer and Ibrahim Duale – Senior Behavour change officer.

2) Technical support team: Henrietta Namusonge – Tdh Child Protection Technical Coordinator, Pennina Munguti – Program Coordinator, Mohammed Moge Hassan – Assistant Program coordinator and Mercy Ireri – Monitoring and Evaluation Officer. The team was remotely supported by Qasim Naqvi- Support Services Coordinator and Marie Joron – Country Representative. The Country Representative later visited the team in Dadaab during the assessment period.

3.2. Methodology Assessment tools from Tdh internal Project Cycle Management in Emergencies and Humanitarian Crises Handbook, Child Protection Rapid Assessment Toolkit (CPRA) and RASTA questionnaire were used for the host community assessment. The generic KII questionnaire, FGD guide and observation checklists where revised and adapted to the context, coded using Kobo collect applications and uploaded on Smart phones using ODK platform for mobile data collection. An assessment tool outlining the assessment steps was developed to guide the team. The assessment team was trained for 3 days (including pre-test) on the steps and tools to ensure common understanding, interpretation and translation of the questions during the interviews. To avoid language barrier, 10 Tdh local staff members who


know the context and are conversant with the local language conducted the interviews (5 male and 5 female). The tools were orally translated to somali by the assessors to enable accuracy in response and bridge the language barrier challenges. The assessment targeted 4 villages of Fafi Sub-County, in Garissa County, namely; Borehole 5, Alinjugur, Yumbis and Welmarer. They were selected based on:

- Proximity with Hagadera refugee camp (less than 40 km distance) - High needs reported by the host community - Regular requests from the local community and authorities for host community support

The assessment considered six (6) phases; preparation, training of enumerators, primary data collection, secondary data review, analysis and reporting. The findings define the scale of community needs and risks, the priorities in terms of geographic and programmatic areas, existing capacities and opportunities and proposes relevant solutions to address identified needs effectively and efficiently. In total 9 Focus Group Discussions (FGD) were conducted with 74 participants and 27 Key Informant Interviews (KII) in all the 4 villages. The FGDs participants were chosen purposively on the basis of similar criteria. Each FGD comprised of 6 to 8 members including children (4 FGDs), parents (3 FGDs), youth/adolescents (1FGD) and religious leaders (1FGD). 51% of the participants were adults and 47% were children aged between 11 – 18 years. The data collected from the field was reviewed and analysed using IBM SPSS statistics v23.The KIIs targeted community leaders, religious leaders, area administrators, government representatives (e.g. chief, Assistant chief and Sub-County Children Officer), health and nutrition workers, children representatives, local water and sanitation management committees, women and youth representatives and INGO/CBOs representatives in the area.


Table 1: FGD members sampled in the 4 villages assessed

Category

Gender

Age

Number of

FGDs

Expected

sample size

Achieved

sample size

Children Mixed 11-15 3 24 24

Children Mixed 15- 17 1 8 6

Adolescents/ Youth Mixed 18 - 25 1 8 8

Parents in the community Mixed >18 3 24 26

Religious leaders Men only >18 1 8 10

Data collected from the field was submitted daily to online KOBO server account managed by the M&E Officer and the Program Coordinator. Quantitative data from KII was reviewed and analyzed using IBM SPSS statistics v23. Qualitative data from FGDs and direct observation was grouped and analyzed thematically according to emerging trends. Data collected through the various methods was cross-checked and triangulated to ensure validity. Tdh worked closely with the relevant government ministries/community leaders and security agencies in the entire assessment process (during preparation and actual field work). Tdh team assured the respondents on confidentially of the collected information and ensured no names were included in the report in addition to seeking consent before any photos or video recording was done. During the assessment, Tdh was sensitive to cultural dynamics and paired the assessment team into a male and female to strike a balance and ensure that the different gender groups in the community were free to give their views in respect of the community norms and expectations.

3.3. Limitations to the situation analysis • Limited/or lack of information from other studies and assessments on the humanitarian situation of

the host community in Fafi limited desk review of secondary data for bench marking. • Insecurity in the general host community area due to Al Shabaab movement and attacks restricted

access to the assessment sites for Tdh non-local staff. Following a security alert issued by INSO and UNDSS during the assessment period. Movement of the assessment team to Welmarer and Yumbis villages was halted. Therefore the selected respondents from the community were facilitated by Tdh to travel to Hagadera Refugee Camp were the interviews were done. The changes were made in consultation with the Tdh Country Representative, community leaders and representatives from INSO and UNDSS.

• Following the change of plan for the Tdh team to visit Welmarer and Yumbis villages, direct observation of the situation could not be done in the two villages. However, the teams asked the community in the FGDs to describe the situation and this was counterchecked with observations done during the previous rapid assessment in the area.

• During data collection, some boys and girls were found to be shy in expressing themselves especially on questions that sought to know their experiences. This was addressed by the male and female in the team asking the specific questions to the respondents of the same gender to easy them up.


4. PROBLEMS ANALYSIS The assessed locations have a total population of 33,500 people (4,350 households), with an average family size of 6 members. Alinjugur has the highest population followed by Yumbis, Borehole 5 and Welmarer respectively. The population in the assessed locations are dominantly pastoralists. Table 3: Population per village targeted by the assessment

Village Distance to Hagadera

camp

Nb Household

Nb Population

Nb Children

Nb Girls Nb Boys

Borehole 5 5 km 900 5,000 2,520 1,512 1,008

Alinjugur 12 km 1,500 10,000 5,500 3,300 2,200

Yumbis 21 km 1,100 9,000 4,500 2,025 2,475

Welmarer 9 km 850 9,500 4,370 2,185 2,185

Total 4,350 33,500 16,890 9,022 7,868

66.7% of the respondents stated that there were humanitarian organizations working in the area, while 33.3% indicated there were no humanitarian actors in their localities. Support in WASH and health activities was mentioned to have been provided in the four villages. Though organizations previously supported digging of boreholes and installation of water storage facilities, no agency was active in provision of WASH services at the time of the assessment. Most of the WASH structures was also reported to be dysfunctional. Ministry of Health with limited support of Tdh and IRC are providing health services in the assessed locations. However, health workers interviewed reported limited capacities on personnel and infrastructure. No child protection services were being provided in the assessed villages. Discussions with the focus group members revealed that except for health and nutrition sector that has limited on-going support, assistance from NGOs in other sectors was provided in the villages almost a year ago (2016). Table 4: Interventions by humanitarian organizations (per sector)

Interventions by humanitarian organizations Responses

Number Percent BOREHOLE 5 Sector WASH 2 25.0%

NFI 1 12.5%

Health 2 25.0%

Education 1 12.5%

Other 2 25.0%

Total 8 100.0%

ALINJUGUR Sector WASH 5 41.7% Protection 2 16.7%

Cash grant 1 8.3%

Health 1 8.3%

Education 1 8.3%

Other 2 16.7%

Total 12 100.0%


WELMERER Sector WASH 3 50.0% Cash grant 1 16.7%

Education 2 33.3%

Total 6 100.0%

YUMBIS Sector Health 1 100.0%

Total 1 100.0%

Majority of the villages benefited previously from WASH support by NGO’s with exception of Yumbis which has only benefited from limited health and nutrition support. This was due to incidences of protracted insecurity in the village that forced service providers including non local teachers to migrate. A community health worker is currently responsible for Yumbis health facility, from the FGD, the community stated that he does not have the capacity to handle complex cases when they arise. Deteriorating insecurity and funding constraints were reported by the FGD members, as the main challenges faced by the NGOs previously operating in the area. A few CBOs exist and were reported to be functional, they include: local women groups, youth groups and FAIDA (Fafi Integrated and Development Agency). They have taken the initiatives to support the community but have limited resources and capacity to provide essential services. WASH services was ranked as the highest priority (drinking water, sanitation and hygiene), followed by protection, access to education and schools, access to health services and food. The assessment revealed absence of children activities across the villages where children stated the need for Child Friendly Spaces (CFS) and need for child play areas for games such as football. Only one village (Alinjugur) has fenced space set a site for recreation activities supported previously. However, the space does not have child play equipment.

Insecurity is also manifested in the county and assessed locations through inter-clan resource based conflicts (water and pasture) . 37% of the respondents reported incidences of insecurity in their areas, while 33% said security situation was good in their area.

4.1. Education One of the millennium development goals target implemented by Garissa county is to ensure that children are able to complete full primary schooling course. Primary school education enrolment for both boys and girls has improved in the county since the introduction of universal primary education


programme with the net enrolment rate of 23.5%. However, there are still gaps in the different sub-counties (including Fafi).

Out of 16,890 children in the 4 villages, only 7% attend school, with more boys than girls attending school in most of the villages. Girls are more at risk (70%) compared to boys for abuse, exploitation and violence. This increases vulnerability to protection risks especially for children out of school.

Total NbChildren Nb Girls Nb Boys

Total Nbattending

school

Nb Girlsattending

school

Nb Boysattending

schoolBorehole 5 2'520 1'512 1'008 446 204 242Alinjugur 5'500 3'300 2'200 389 149 240Yumbis 4'500 2'025 2'475 190 86 104Welmarer 4'370 2'185 2'185 261 135 126Total 16'890 9'022 7'868 1'286 574 712

02'0004'0006'0008'000

10'00012'00014'00016'00018'000

School attendance per VIllage

Borehole 5 Alinjugur Yumbis Welmarer Total

The proportion of the population able to read in Garissa County stands at 39.7% On average the literacy level in the county is 8.2% . Men are more literate than women, contributed by the patriarchal nature of the society that limit access to basic right for women and girls. This has resulted to protection risks for children especially to child labour, early marriages, female genital mutilation and exploitation of women in general. Other contributing factors to low literacy levels include shortage of adult teachers, inadequate adult learning facilities and limited role models who have excelled in education. The assessment revealed that all the sampled villages have functional schools in the community’s assessed. However, the assessment identified that children are being subjected to house chores, to look after livestock and other practices that hinder them from attending school. Specific needs/vulnerability was noted for children with disabilities who are not able to attend school or access specialised services. Indeed, all the villages have a primary school, only Alinjugur village has a Public secondary school. The schools are managed by untrained local teachers as no local trained leaders employed and posted by the government in the area have moved out due to insecurity. School enrolment and retention of children in school is low in the assessed locations. School attendance was reported to be low with an average of 20 pupils per class. Contributing factors are: low socio economic status of the families, nomadic lifestyle of the population, low knowledge/ignorance on the importance of education of their children and poverty. Only Yumbis primary school support limited school feeding programme. FGDs with parents, teachers and children confirmed incidences of insecurity that has forced trained non local teachers to leave the area. Only Borehole 5 village had teachers present in school (5) at the time of the assessment. Discussion with FGD members revealed that, parents prefer to send their children to Dugsi/madrasa for religious lessons or to look after livestock than to send them to school. Reasons given for their actions were; lack of teachers in the schools due to insecurity, lack of school uniform and reading materials and completing priorities for the girl child (support in family chores).


Asked on the support required for their children to access education/school, 59% of the respondents indicated school materials (books, pens and uniform) provision as a priority. 30% of the respondents stated that more classrooms are required for their children to benefit from education. Table 5: Support required for children to access education

Identified needs to improve access to education

Responses

Number Percent BOREHALE 5 Access to classes 2 20.0%

School Material (books, pen, bag) 4 40.0%

School uniform 4 40.0%

Total 10 100.0% ALINJUGUR School Material (books, pen,

bag) 5 41.7%

School uniform 4 33.3% Other 3 25.0%

Total 12 100.0% WELMERER Access to classes 3 27.3%

School Material (books, pen, bag) 3 27.3%

School uniform 3 27.3% Other 2 18.2%

Total 11 100.0% YUMBIS Access to classes 3 30.0%

SchoolMaterial (books, pen, bag) 4 40.0%

Other 3 30.0%

Total 10 100.0%

4.2. Water Sanitation and Hygiene Garissa County is water scarce with only 23.8% of the population having access to safe water. Access to piped water is limited to the sub-county headquarters where approximately 27,725 households have connection. The main source of water in Fafi sub-county is seasonal shallow wells, Laghas water supply systems and boreholes. Access to water varied across the villages and is used for human and livestock. 100% of respondents in Welmarer, and 66% in Alinjugur have access to water from protected wells. 75% of respondents in Borehole 5 and 50% in Yumbis have access water from boreholes. 100% of the respondents noted insufficient and inconsistency water supply to meet the populations demand from the available sources. Most of the sources were reported to be dysfunctional. The cost of water at the boreholes (Yumbis) was KES 20 per 20 litre jerican. This was reported to be unaffordable for most households. Only Alinjugur village has a borehole equipped with a storage tank, 75% of the respondents reported need for support with storage tanks at water source. All the villages


have previously trained water user management committees for the boreholes. Quantity of water accessed was low, while time taken to collect water at source was long. 74% of the respondents had access to water, with majority accessing 5 -15 litres of water per day per family, for drinking, cooking and hygiene. This means access to only 2.5 litres of water per person per day, far below 15 litres recommended by SPHERE standards. Table 6: Average quantity of water per household

Moreover, water storage problems were reported by the respondents. 50% of respondents (borehole 5), 57% (Alinjugur) and 50% Yumbis reported to store water in, open storage vessels. Only 50% of respondents in Welmarer reported to use closed vessels to store water. Further, 50% of the respondents in Welmarer take more than 1 hour to collect water at source.50% in other villages take 31 - 60 minutes to collect water at source. This exceeds the SPHERE recommended time of 30 minutes to collect water at source. The proportion of the population of Garissa County that has access to latrines is 46.7%, while 50.6% use open defecation. Fafi sub county high reported cases of open defecation in the county . 63% of the respondents (Borehole 5), 100% (Yumbis) and 50% (Welmarer) have no latrines and use open defecation. Alinjugur was high with 71% of the respondents indicating to have latrines. Few latrines were reported in schools with poor pupil latrine ratio (below recommended SPHERE standards). FGDs members indicated that women and girls are not comfortable to relief self in open spaces during the day but do so at night. This increases vulnerability on related protection risks especially for mothers and teenage girls. Poor knowledge on importance of use of latrines and related health risks was noted as a contributing factor. The risk of water borne diseases is high especially during rainy seasons. Knowldege on hygiene in the villages is poor, 63% of the respondents dispose waste by throwing it in the open. 30% dispose it by burning, while only 7% use rubbish pit to dispose waste. Awareness on waste disposal and good hygiene practices is necessary to avoid related disease. The poor knowledge and waste disposal management was confirmed and noted as a concern in the FGD with religious leader.

Average quantity of Water per Household Frequency Percent Valid Percent

BOREHOLE 5 Valid Don't know 1 12.5 100.0

Missing System 7 87.5

Total 8 100.0

ALINJUGUR Valid 5-15L 2 28.6 28.6

>50L 2 28.6 28.6

Don't know 3 42.9 42.9

Total 7 100.0 100.0

WELMARER Valid 5-15L 3 50.0 60.0

>50L 2 33.3 40.0

Total 5 83.3 100.0


Total 6 100.0

YUMBIS Valid Less than 5L 1 16.7 100.0


Total 6 100.0


5. RISKS ANALYSIS The main identified risks are related to: Waste thrown out

4.3 Health and Nutrition Garissa County has a total of 126 health facilities (Public and private). The facilities cut across the different tiers as follows; level 2 facilities (68), level 3 facilities (19), level 4 facilities (7), level 5 facility (1) and private clinics (21) . Most of the high level facilities are located in urban areas and along the River in high settlement locations. Fafi sub-county has health facilities mainly dispensaries offering primary health/MCH care in each village. The Health facilities are managed by staff from the Ministry of Health, with support of partners. 36% of the respondents indicated to have access to the health facilities, with high frequent visits at least once every two weeks.


The five most prevalent diseases in Garissa County are malaria, upper respiratory tract infections, stomach-ache, diarrhea diseases and flu; with a prevalence respectively of 46.6%, 5.2%, 6.6%, 2.7% and 3.7% . Malaria was the most prevalent disease, followed by malnutrition cases (SAM/MAM), diarrhea and respiratory infections respectively. The respondents stated that they have access to nutritional supplements in the dispensaries and from outreach services by MOH/NGOs. However, 96% of respondents stated there are malnourished children especially <5 years in the area. Lack of high nutritive value food and low economic status of the families were indicated as the contributing factors to malnutrition. Table 7: Main health problems referred by the population

What are the main health problems referred by the population Frequency Percent

BOREHOLE 5 Diarrhea 2 25.0

Malaria 4 50.0

Nutrition 1 12.5

Respiratory infection 1 12.5

Total 8 100.0

ALINJUGUR Diarrhea 1 14.3

Malaria 4 57.1

Nutrition 2 28.6

Total 7 100.0

WELMARER Diarrhea 1 16.7

Malaria 1 16.7

Nutrition 2 33.3


Total 6 100.0

YUMBIS Malaria 5 83.3


Total 6 100.0

Table 8: Causes of malnutrition in assessed villages

Causes of Malnutrition

Responses

N Percent

BOREHOLE 5 Lack of nutritional value food 8 44.4%

Low economic status 7 38.9%

Cultural practices 1 5.6%

Other 2 11.1%

Total 18 100.0%

ALINJUGUR Lack of nutritional value Food 6 42.9%



Total 14 100.0%

WELMARER Lack of nutritional value Food 6 50.0%




Total 12 100.0%

YUMBIS Lack of nutritional value Food 4 44.4%


Total 9 100.0%

The assessment revealed that health care consultation is free and is mainly provided by either a trained nurse or community health worker/volunteer. 100% of the respondents in Welmarer villages said pregnant women give birth at home. Women who give birth in dispensaries were reported by 38% respondents in Borehole 5 and 57% in Alinjugur. 70% of the respondents from the four village stated that they receive postnatal care and 81 % stated that pregnant woman attend at least one antenatal visit. No laboratory services are offered in 3 out of the 4 dispensaries. In Welmarer, the health facilities maternity wing is not functioning, and mothers gave birth at home posing a health risk for both the mother and the baby. Yumbis has a health facility that closed due to insecurity and therefore no access to health care for the community.

4.4. Child Protection The report highlights key child protection concerns that constitute violations of children rights, abuse, neglect and exploitation. Children are vulnerable to a range of protection risks including abandonment, violence, child trafficking and sexual exploitation, hazardous labour, harmful traditional practices and harmful substances. Although the system for protection is better strengthened to respond to these child rights violations, there are still major capacity gaps that delay and hinder significant progress in this area . Social instability, protracted emergencies (drought/floods) and harsh economic realities are common experiences with the community in Fafi. This forced some parents to leave children with relatives or to care for themselves as they move with livestock in search of water and pasture resulting to separation and lack of parental care. From the assessment the respondents stated that children enjoy playing with their friends and there is no difference between boys and girls. In the FGD sessions, children mentioned schools as the appropriate play and recreational grounds for themselves. Most of the villages have no designated recreation spaces for children. The pastoralist lifestyle has little room for children participating in play and recreation activities. Cultural expectations are that the boys look after livestock while girls do family chores. Children who participated in the FGD indicated that this frustrates them as there are no physical exercises at home and in school. The protection of children is a Primary plan for the county government. The allocation of child services to every sub-county is an ongoing initiative. The four villages sampled however do not have access to child protection services and therefore child protection issues are handled by the community chiefs, sometimes the police, community elders and Duksi teachers. Widespread psychosocial distress affecting girls, boys and parents/caregivers was reported in all the locations sites. Leading causes of stress among children included harsh environment and social-economic challenges faced in the communities. The assessment sought to find out if there is significant change in behaviour among boys and girls inclined towards key psychological issues. 26% of the respondents indicated that girls between the ages 6-12 years had behaviours of unusual crying, screaming, unwillingness to go to school (44%) and depression (37%). While, 44% of the respondents indicated that boys aged between 13-18 years showed more aggressive behaviours such as committing crimes (41%), disrespectful behaviours towards their parents (74%) and depression (37%). 33% of the respondents indicated that both boys and girls aged 13-18 years showed anti-social and sleep trouble behaviours, while substance abuse is an issue affecting more boys than girls of the same ages in the four villages.


The assessment further examined positive behaviour patterns visible with children such as: 59% of girls aged between 13-18 years showed positive behavioral patterns such as caring for others (41%). Boys aged 13-18 years were noted to spend more time with friends (59%) and to engage more in sports and play especially in Borehole 5 village. The change of behaviour among children exists in the four villages. The graph below shows various reasons attributed to the change of behaviour in children. Fear of attacks was rated the highest followed by lack of food, not being able to go to school, separation from family and friends, sexual violence and bullying among others. Further the focus group discussions brought out other issues that affect children’s behaviour among them being Harmful traditional practices, unaccompanied children, drug abuse, and poor hygiene causing children to often get sick.

The team held a FGD with children aged 11 – 15 years of age in Alinjugur to discuss issues affecting them in the community. They mentioned that most of the children are not going to school because they are expected to have responsibilities of looking after livestock. Girls in the villages receive little or no education putting them at an increased risk of forced child marriage. Children mentioned that their peers aged 16 years in Alinjugur are engaged in child labour and work as herders to earn a living to support their families. Analysis of the assessment data by gender shows that girls were more at risk and rated highest in high risk behaviours (70%) compared to boys 30%. Further boys 44% (11) were most at risk in joining armed groups.


A specific focus was put to identify separated and unaccompanied children in the assessed villages. Both quantitative and qualitative data revealed that there are unaccompanied children in the villages. 33.3% of the respondents in Yumbis and 28.6% in Alinjugur village indicated there were separated and accompanied children in the villages. Separated children are present in all the villages as shown in Table below. Most of the unaccompanied and separated children are below 10 years (44%) living with informal extended families, neighbours and or relatives.

There were between 40 and 200 children separated from their parents. All the respondents across the village agree there are unaccompanied and separated children as a result of the protracted period of drought. In the past year when the drought was taking toll, most of the community members migrated with their livestock in search of water and pasture leaving children behind with relative or alone to themselves. During FGD discussions, parents across the villages mentioned that children are left in the schools with the hope that they will be safe. However, this was not the case in Welamer and Yumbis. Within the villages, respondents identified areas where risks are high by naming. Both parents and children feel frustrated at water points because sometimes both livestock and people meet at the water point and occasional conflict emerge. This forces women and girls to spend more time at the water source. The graph below shows areas where risks are high across the villages.

70%

33%

59%

11%

33% 41%

82%

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

Where risks are high

Due to the dynamics in the communities and review of all the challenges faced by children, the assessment asked who addresses the stress concerns for boys and girls. When girls are stressed they mostly talk to their peer groups in borehole 5, Alinjugur and Welmerer (37%). In Yumbis 50% of girls talk to their school teachers.


4.5. Food Security The four villages in Fafi sub-county depend mainly on pastoralism (88%) and business (22%) for family income and food security. 93% of respondents indicated that, drought had significantly impacted on the livelihoods. There are limited opportunities for skilled and unskilled workers in the vilages. The skilled workers earn between 10,000 - 40,000 Kshs while the unskilled earn between 3000 – 5000 Kshs per month. Table 9: Main sources of income in assessed villages

Main source of income Responses Percent of

Cases N Percent BOREHOLE 5 Main source of Income Pastoralism 7 70.0% 87.5%

Business/ trading 1 10.0% 12.5% Employment 1 10.0% 12.5% Other 1 10.0% 12.5%

Total 10 100.0% 125.0% ALINJUGUR Main source of Income -Pastoralism 5 50.0% 71.4%

Business/ trading 1 10.0% 14.3% Employment 1 10.0% 14.3% Other 3 30.0% 42.9%

Total 10 100.0% 142.9% WELMARER Main source of Income PPastoralism 6 60.0% 100.0%

Business/ trading 2 20.0% 33.3% Employment 2 20.0% 33.3%

Total 10 100.0% 166.7% YUMBIS Main source of Income Pastoralism 6 54.5% 100.0%

Business/ trading 3 27.3% 50.0% Employment 2 18.2% 33.3%

Total 11 100.0% 183.3%

4.6. Infrastructures

Communication is a key essential in service provision and information sharing. 96% have mobile phones followed by radio (23%) and government official (16%) respectively.

05

10152025

23 2516

10 8 5 3 2 2 1

Sources of Information

Moreover, Welmarer, Alinjugur, Yumbis and Borehole 5 are all accessible by road. However, sometimes there are restrictions to movement by natural obstacles which rated the highest 63% e.g. floods making roads impassable, lack of means of transport, curfews and restricted travel days due to Al Shabaab related activities.


The assessment sought to find out the security rating for the four villages in the past one year. 37% of the respondents stated that there have been a few incidents in the villages including 26% stating that the community has been safe for the past year.

6. NEEDS ANALYSIS The assessment revealed that little support is given to host community members. A few community based organizations exist and have provided limited support mainly in WASH to some villages. Majority of the key informants mentioned that humanitarian agencies have neglected them and prioritized support in the refugee camps.

The assessment identified 4 main areas of vulnerabilities or risks: Child Protection

- Children affected actions of violence, abuse, neglect and exploitation. Widespread psychosocial distress affecting girls, boys and parents

- High number of children who are out of school

WASH - Limited access to safe drinking water - Poor and/or absence of latrines and waste management across the villages - Poor knowledge on good hygiene practices


Livelihood - Limited or lack of livelihood/income generating support as a result of recurrent protracted

emergencies - mainly drought.

Health and nutrition - Limited access to basic health and nutrition services as a result of limited health services and

insecurity. - Poor health, cases of acute/moderate malnutrition, absence of maternity services.

Table 10: Identified needs and proposed interventions per sector

Sector Vulnerability identified

Existing community coping mechanisms

Proposed Interventions

Education Lack of teachers Limited classrooms Need for schooling materials (uniform, books and pens) Less girls are in school compared to boys Parents do not know value of education

Untrained local volunteers teachers in some schools. Schools have board of management to ensure continuation of learning with limited support. Schools have 1 – 5 formally employed staff. Some children borrow old school uniform from friends others use home clothes to attend school. Majority of children abstain school and rather support parents on family responsibilities.

Advocate with County government to bridge teacher – student ratio by recruiting and enhancing the capacities of local teachers. Support provision of learning materials such as books, pens and uniform to ensure equity and fairness to education. Support avenues to attract more girls to education to enable them to contribute to the wellbeing of the society and better protect themselves. Link education to CP to rapidly design CFS and capacity building for students, teachers and other education personnel to respond to their protection needs at school level.

Water, Sanitation and Hygiene.

Limited, unsafe water sources Dysfunctional water supply systems and boreholes. Long distances and long waiting time at source. High cost of water (not affordable to most households) Inadequate sanitation facilities ( latrines) Lack of waste disposal mechanisms Lack of toilet facilities for boys and girls

Queues at water source are managed by community water management committees. Individual’s contributions in paying for mechanical maintenance. Trek for long distances to get water from open water sources (health risk to water borne diseases). Shared latrines in schools and household. Open defection (health risk) Disposing garbage openly

Develop community training on disaster risk reduction and mitigation issues. Support the community establish Water facilities to improve access to safe drinking water and reduce related diseases. Support community repair and rehabilitate existing dysfunctional water structures. Support community with water storage tanks for boreholes to reduce waiting time at source. Train water user committees on affordable cost recovery mechanism from the sales of water for sustained supply of water. Provide emergency water supply (trucking) during emergency periods. Support households and schools to construct low cost/VIP latrines. Create awareness on importance of use of latrines and health related benefits. Create awareness among the community on good hygiene and sanitation practices and build capacity within the community for follow up and monitoring.


Support communities/schools/health facilities establish waste disposal systems.

Health/ Nutrition

Single dispensary per location with limited Personnel drugs and services. Absence of maternity units, mismanagement, limited information on health care specifically for children living with disabilities. High prevalence and Incidences of diseases (Mainly Malaria and Diarrhea) Malnourished children <5 years (SAM/MAM)

Women give birth at home (health risk for baby and mother). Some members utilize existing services at the dispensary supported by MoH while others seek medication at refugee camps. Communities mainly consume animal products (lack of diet diversity).

Support health facilities to provide essential mother and child health and nutrition services to address related morbidity and mortality. Conduct outreach medical services to interior villages. Support awareness creation and information sharing key health issues such as reproductive health. Support community establish alternative livelihoods/income (improve food nutritive value). Create awareness on nutrition services and support health facilities to provide nutrition services (Facility and outreach services).

Child Protection

Unaccompanied and separated children Harmful cultural practices Dangers and injuries Sexual and gender-based violence Psychosocial distress Lack of child protection services across the villages. Child labour

Community leaders adjudicate over children cases through the Maslaha system. UASC stay with distant relatives or care among themselves (child headed households) Children report abuses and frustrations mainly to their peers. Teachers act as the main provider of child protection concern advises such as psychosocial support. SGBV cases kept as “family secret.”

Support children to have access to basic services in order to reduce their vulnerability to protection issues including sexual violence, economic exploitation, harmful cultural practices etc. Provide more avenues for inclusion, integration and participation of the host communities’ children in the different programmes, projects and activities targeting refugee children. The community does not see the importance of engaging children on matters that affect themselves. Support avenues to attract more girls to education to enable them to contribute to the wellbeing of the society and better protect themselves. Strengthen the referral pathways especially on how to report/refer cases and follow up responses with appropriate agencies/bodies through strengthening formal and informal child protection mechanisms. Continuously advocate to state and non-state actors on children issues in both host and refugee communities to enhance effectiveness of locally available initiatives to support children.

Food security

Low household income Limited livelihood opportunities. Poor diet diversity

Some community members involved in small scale business such as selling animal products. Children engaged in child labour by herding animals to supplement family income Depended on food from animal products.

Support household economic strengthening activities. Advocate for children education and adult literacy to secure formal income. Create awareness on importance of diet diversity (nutritional benefits). Support community/schools to establish kitchen vegetable gardens/drip irrigation to promote growth of alternative high nutritive


7. RECOMMENDATIONS

• Ensure children have access to basic services in order to reduce their vulnerability to

protection issues including sexual violence, economic exploitation, harmful cultural practices etc.

• Ensure inclusion, integration and participation of the host communities’ children in the different programmes, projects and activities targeting refugee children. Support initiatives that promote girls education to enable them contribute to the wellbeing of the society and better protect themselves.

• Improve access for children and communities to child protection information. It is crucial to extend awareness and knowledge on child rights and protection across the villages to reduce risks associated with harmful cultural practices, gender disparity, child labour etc.

• Organize and create community groups for both host and refugee children to coordinate and develop peaceful coexistence mechanism for the general wellbeing of children through education and participation in recreational activities.

• Strengthen the referral pathways especially on how to report/refer cases and follow up responses with appropriate stakeholders through strengthening formal and informal child protection mechanisms.

• Continuously advocate to state and non-state actors on children issues in both host and refugee communities to enhance effectiveness of locally available initiatives to support children.

• Support the community establish WASH facilities to improve access to safe drinking water and reduce related diseases

• Support health facilities to provide essential mother and child health and nutrition services to address related morbidity and mortality.

• Create awareness among the community on good hygiene and sanitation practices and build capacity within the community for follow up and monitoring.

kenya · 2018-07-23 · alinjugur, yumbis and welmarer. they were selected based on: - proximity...

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