kentucky politics -- spring 2016

““I never met a I never met a Kentuckian who Kentuckian who

wasnwasn’’t going t going home.home.””

Kentucky Gubernatorial Kentucky Gubernatorial Politics: 1899-1979Politics: 1899-1979

(Or: How We Came To Be (Or: How We Came To Be Only Slightly Better than Only Slightly Better than Arkansas & Mississippi)Arkansas & Mississippi)

Major (Print) SourcesMajor (Print) Sources

““I never met a I never met a Kentuckian who Kentuckian who

wasnwasn’’t going t going home.home.””

Albert Benjamin Albert Benjamin ““HappyHappy”” Chandler (1899-1991)Chandler (1899-1991)

Two-term governor (1935, Two-term governor (1935, ’’55; 55; failed failed ’’63, 63, ’’67, 67, ’’7171))

U.S. senator (1939-45)U.S. senator (1939-45) Major League Baseball Major League Baseball

Commissioner (1945-50)Commissioner (1945-50) Flirt with Dixiecrats in E of Flirt with Dixiecrats in E of

19481948 Democrat Democrat ““Favorite SonFavorite Son”” in inE of 1956E of 1956 UK trustee and board chairUK trustee and board chair

Characteristics of Kentucky Characteristics of Kentucky Diverse GeographyDiverse Geography ““Two KentuckysTwo Kentuckys””

Diverse GeographyDiverse Geography Appalachia to the Appalachia to the

Jackson PurchaseJackson Purchase

““Two KentuckysTwo Kentuckys””Golden TriangleGolden Triangle

AffluentAffluent Somewhat DiverseSomewhat Diverse Somewhat EducatedSomewhat Educated Power in Economics, Not PoliticsPower in Economics, Not Politics Produced Few GovernorsProduced Few Governors

(Augustus E. Wilson; Lawrence (Augustus E. Wilson; Lawrence Wetherby; John Y. Brown Jr.; Wetherby; John Y. Brown Jr.; Ernie Fletcher)Ernie Fletcher)

New Louisville-Lexington Axis?New Louisville-Lexington Axis?

““Two KentuckysTwo Kentuckys””The Rest of the StateThe Rest of the State

More GovernorsMore Governors Eastern KentuckyEastern Kentucky

Exploited; exported wealth – coal, timber & Exploited; exported wealth – coal, timber & peoplepeople

Southern KentuckySouthern Kentucky WhereWhere’’s that?s that? Few Political Leaders (Rep. Dr. Tim Lee Carter; Few Political Leaders (Rep. Dr. Tim Lee Carter;

Louie Nunn Louie Nunn ““The CourageousThe Courageous”” & The Nunn Nickel) & The Nunn Nickel) Western KentuckyWestern Kentucky

Southern TemperamentSouthern Temperament AgrarianAgrarian

The Glue that Held Kentucky The Glue that Held Kentucky Together in the 20th CenturyTogether in the 20th Century

PoliticsPolitics The Courier-JournalThe Courier-Journal (KET) (KET) Big Blue (and sometimes Big Blue (and sometimes

UK; governor as BOT chair; UK; governor as BOT chair; $50K trustees)$50K trustees)

Characteristics of KentuckyCharacteristics of Kentucky’’s s 20th-Century Political 20th-Century Political

LandscapeLandscape Suspicious of Institutional Education (Especially Rural)Suspicious of Institutional Education (Especially Rural) Belief in Their Own MythsBelief in Their Own Myths ““Little KingdomsLittle Kingdoms”” Roads, Roads, RoadsRoads, Roads, Roads Heavy Influence of ReligionHeavy Influence of Religion SlaverySlavery’’s Stain (Absence of strong ethnic politics; s Stain (Absence of strong ethnic politics;

Kentucky Irish AmericanKentucky Irish American; ; Louisville DefenderLouisville Defender)) BasketballBasketball Antiquated and Burdensome Constitution; strong Antiquated and Burdensome Constitution; strong

executive, “immature” General Assemblyexecutive, “immature” General Assembly Poor Entrepreneurial Climate; Limited Creative ClassPoor Entrepreneurial Climate; Limited Creative Class Gubernatorial Election of 1899Gubernatorial Election of 1899

Characteristics of Political Landscape:Characteristics of Political Landscape: Suspicion of Institutional Suspicion of Institutional

EducationEducation Perceived threat to Perceived threat to

native cultural native cultural values.values.

No effort -- political No effort -- political or philanthropic -- or philanthropic -- to found great to found great state (or private) state (or private) universities. universities.

Characteristics of Political Landscape:Characteristics of Political Landscape:Belief in KentuckyBelief in Kentucky’’s Mythss Myths

Daniel Boone ImageDaniel Boone Image Rugged, proud, self-Rugged, proud, self-

dependentdependent Tug Fork FeudTug Fork Feud Resist cooperation and Resist cooperation and

collective action collective action (regional healthcare, (regional healthcare, consolidated schools)consolidated schools)

About a generation About a generation behind the rest of the behind the rest of the U.S.U.S.

Characteristics of Political Landscape:Characteristics of Political Landscape:““120 Little Kingdoms120 Little Kingdoms””

Many founded with graft Many founded with graft corruption & briberycorruption & bribery

County machines (Marie County machines (Marie Turner of Breathitt Turner of Breathitt County; Emerson County; Emerson ““DocDoc”” Beauchamp of Logan Beauchamp of Logan County)County)

Provincialism & Provincialism & xenophobiaxenophobia

Impeded conditions for Impeded conditions for progress governmentprogress government

Beckham & Henrietta Beckham & Henrietta countiescounties

Characteristics of Political Landscape:Characteristics of Political Landscape:Roads, Roads, RoadsRoads, Roads, Roads

Power of the Highway Power of the Highway Commissioner – Jobs, Commissioner – Jobs, Jobs, JobsJobs, Jobs

Often obscured Often obscured important issues in important issues in campaigns (Kentucky campaigns (Kentucky Turnpike & E of Turnpike & E of ’’55)55)

Isolated Eastern Isolated Eastern KentuckyKentucky Before 1960: 17,000 miles Before 1960: 17,000 miles

of single- or two-lane road of single- or two-lane road in region – 9,000 of which in region – 9,000 of which were either gravel or mudwere either gravel or mud

Characteristics of Political Landscape:Characteristics of Political Landscape:Heavy Influence of ReligionHeavy Influence of Religion Preponderance of Preponderance of

Christian churches Christian churches with evangelical and with evangelical and fundamentalist fundamentalist leaningsleanings

Mainline Christian Mainline Christian churches and other churches and other faiths had little faiths had little influence outside of influence outside of the the ““Golden TriangleGolden Triangle””

Characteristics of Political Landscape:Characteristics of Political Landscape:SlaverySlavery’’s Stains Stain

More subtle than More subtle than ““Mississippi BurningMississippi Burning””

Permeated education, Permeated education, politics & societypolitics & society

Kentucky Irish Kentucky Irish AmericanAmerican (1898- (1898-1968)1968)

Louisville DefenderLouisville Defender Gov. Edwin MorrowGov. Edwin Morrow Kentucky Commission Kentucky Commission

on Human Rightson Human Rights

Characteristics of Political Landscape:Characteristics of Political Landscape:BasketballBasketball

Present in every Present in every county, city & towncounty, city & town

Fed strong sense of Fed strong sense of parochialismparochialism

Camouflaged Camouflaged statestate’’s problemss problems

Characteristics of Political Characteristics of Political Landscape:Landscape:

Poor Entrepreneurial Climate;Poor Entrepreneurial Climate;Limited Creative ClassLimited Creative Class


Constitution of 1891Constitution of 1891 Previous: 1792; 1799; 1850Previous: 1792; 1799; 1850 Suspicious of PowerSuspicious of Power Counties: 400 square milesCounties: 400 square miles Governor: Could not succeed himself (until 1992)Governor: Could not succeed himself (until 1992) Split Governor and Lieutenant Governor (until 1992)Split Governor and Lieutenant Governor (until 1992) Governor lost authority when out of state (until 1992)Governor lost authority when out of state (until 1992) Constitutional Offices (governor, lieutenant governor, Constitutional Offices (governor, lieutenant governor,

attorney general, state auditor, agriculture commission, state attorney general, state auditor, agriculture commission, state treasurer, secretary of state, superintendent of public treasurer, secretary of state, superintendent of public instruction) instruction)

$5000 Salary Limit – 1949 Amendment to Keep Coach Rupp$5000 Salary Limit – 1949 Amendment to Keep Coach Rupp Judicial Help – salaries and 1989 education decision (KERA)Judicial Help – salaries and 1989 education decision (KERA) Oath of OfficeOath of Office


Governor vs. Immature LegislatureGovernor vs. Immature Legislature Governor: Single ticket, no ticket until 1992Governor: Single ticket, no ticket until 1992 Governor: Appointed or blessed legislative leadership until Governor: Appointed or blessed legislative leadership until

1980 Session (Gov. John Y. Brown Jr.)1980 Session (Gov. John Y. Brown Jr.)

General Assembly: No staff until 1948; Annex opened in 1950General Assembly: No staff until 1948; Annex opened in 1950 General Assembly: Dominated by Democrats until late-1990sGeneral Assembly: Dominated by Democrats until late-1990s General Assembly: Met 60 days every two years until 1990sGeneral Assembly: Met 60 days every two years until 1990s General Assembly: 60 days in even years (budget sessions); General Assembly: 60 days in even years (budget sessions);

30 days in odd years30 days in odd years

Kentucky Long-Term Policy Research Center: 1992-2010 Kentucky Long-Term Policy Research Center: 1992-2010 (www.klrprc.info)(www.klrprc.info)

Major Characteristics ofMajor Characteristics of 20th-Century Kentucky 20th-Century Kentucky (Gubernatorial) Politics(Gubernatorial) Politics

STRONG governor; WEAK legislatureSTRONG governor; WEAK legislature ItIt’’s all local – state, not federal, matterss all local – state, not federal, matters Devoid of Ideas Because of Resistance Devoid of Ideas Because of Resistance

to Progress on the State Levelto Progress on the State Level Courthouse Machines & BossesCourthouse Machines & Bosses One Party, Two FactionsOne Party, Two Factions ““BoltingBolting”” Major Interest Groups Until 1935Major Interest Groups Until 1935

Characteristics of Kentucky Politics: Characteristics of Kentucky Politics: STRONG governor; WEAK STRONG governor; WEAK

legislaturelegislature Governor:Governor: full-time full-time

job; wrote the budget; job; wrote the budget; until recently (1992) until recently (1992) could not run for re-could not run for re-electionelection

Legislature:Legislature: part-time part-time (( ““immatureimmature””); two-year ); two-year budget; until recently, budget; until recently, no staff (LRC, 1948); no staff (LRC, 1948); met every met every otherother year year

Characteristics of Kentucky Politics:Characteristics of Kentucky Politics: ItIt’’s All Local – State, Not s All Local – State, Not

U.S.U.S. Send your opponent Send your opponent

to Congress (Alben to Congress (Alben Barkley, Carl D. Barkley, Carl D. Perkins, John Perkins, John Sherman Cooper, Sherman Cooper, Thruston Morton)Thruston Morton)

The most local The most local elections attracted elections attracted the most votes (and the most votes (and the most money)the most money)

Characteristics of Kentucky Politics:Characteristics of Kentucky Politics: Devoid of Ideas (and Devoid of Ideas (and

Ideology)Ideology) Few ideas with consequences Few ideas with consequences

– e.g., Augustus Owsley – e.g., Augustus Owsley Stanley, dog tags and the E of Stanley, dog tags and the E of ’’1515

Personality-driven elections Personality-driven elections (( ““HappyHappy”” Chandler as modern- Chandler as modern-day Daniel Boone; Wallace day Daniel Boone; Wallace Wilkinson the “self-made man” Wilkinson the “self-made man” – we like millionaires)– we like millionaires)

We hate government – unless We hate government – unless we like it. (Examples: local vs. we like it. (Examples: local vs. federal governments; building federal governments; building of “justice centers.”)of “justice centers.”)

Characteristics of Kentucky Characteristics of Kentucky Politics:Politics:

Courthouse Machines & Bosses Courthouse Machines & Bosses All politics was local – All politics was local –

Courthouse machines Courthouse machines held the key (and the held the key (and the money and booze) to money and booze) to most electionsmost elections

Ballot-box stuffingBallot-box stuffing Schools: Schools: ““greed, greed,

inefficiency, inefficiency, nepotismnepotism””


One Party, Two Factions (1935- One Party, Two Factions (1935-79)79)

Chandler Faction vs. Chandler Faction vs. Clements FactionClements Faction

Chandler Faction vs. Chandler Faction vs. Combs FactionCombs Faction

1979: John Young 1979: John Young Brown Jr.Brown Jr.


““BoltingBolting”” Tom Rhea in E of Tom Rhea in E of ’’35 for King Swope35 for King Swope

Chandler in E of Chandler in E of ’’67 67 for Louie Nunnfor Louie Nunn

Characteristics of Kentucky Politics:Characteristics of Kentucky Politics: Major Interest GroupsMajor Interest Groups

Until 1935Until 1935 L&N RailroadL&N Railroad Jockey ClubJockey Club

RacingRacing CoalCoal TextbooksTextbooks WhiskeyWhiskey

The Election of 1899The Election of 1899

The Election of 1899: The Election of 1899: BackdropBackdrop

Goebel Law: state Board Goebel Law: state Board of Election of Election Commissioners to appoint Commissioners to appoint three-member boardthree-member board

Populism in KentuckyPopulism in Kentucky L&N RailroadL&N Railroad Two vibrant parties, but Two vibrant parties, but

fractionalized Democratsfractionalized Democrats Republican governor Republican governor

(William O. Bradley)(William O. Bradley)

The Election of 1899:The Election of 1899: Nominees Nominees

DemocratsDemocrats: William Goebel & : William Goebel & John Crepps Wyckliffe Beckham John Crepps Wyckliffe Beckham

““Honest ElectionHonest Election”” Democrats Democrats: : John Young Brown (1891-95)John Young Brown (1891-95)

PopulistsPopulists: John G. Blair: John G. Blair RepublicansRepublicans: William S. Taylor : William S. Taylor

(Attorney General)(Attorney General)

The Election of 1899:The Election of 1899: Republican Players Republican Players

Governor: William S. Taylor of Governor: William S. Taylor of Butler CountyButler County

Lt. Governor: John Marshall of Lt. Governor: John Marshall of LouisvilleLouisville

Secretary of State: Caleb Powers of Secretary of State: Caleb Powers of Knox CountyKnox County

The Election of 1899:The Election of 1899: First Returns First Returns

William S. Taylor – 193,714William S. Taylor – 193,714 William Goebel – 191,331William Goebel – 191,331

John Young Brown – 12,140John Young Brown – 12,140 John G. Blair – 2,936John G. Blair – 2,936

The Election of 1899:The Election of 1899: The First Reaction The First Reaction

Democrats contested some results, Democrats contested some results, throwing election over to Board of throwing election over to Board of Election CommissionersElection Commissioners

GOP sent armed Eastern GOP sent armed Eastern Kentuckians into FrankfortKentuckians into Frankfort

The Election of 1899:The Election of 1899: December 14 December 14

Election Board ruled for Taylor, Election Board ruled for Taylor, but but declared it had declared it had no powerno power in a governor in a governor’’s s racerace

Democrats met in Frankfort to ask Goebel Democrats met in Frankfort to ask Goebel & Beckham to contest election& Beckham to contest election

11-member committee chosen (governor: 11-member committee chosen (governor: 10 Democrats, one Republican; lieutenant 10 Democrats, one Republican; lieutenant governor: nine Democrats, two governor: nine Democrats, two Republicans)Republicans)

The Election of 1899:The Election of 1899: January 15, 1900: Hearings January 15, 1900: Hearings

BeginBegin Held in FrankfortHeld in Frankfort’’s Capital Hotel s Capital Hotel

ballroomballroom GOP met in LouisvilleGOP met in Louisville’’s Galt House s Galt House

and charged fraudand charged fraud L&N brought 1,000 armed mountain L&N brought 1,000 armed mountain

men into Frankfort; 300 remainedmen into Frankfort; 300 remained January 29: hearings concludeJanuary 29: hearings conclude

The The ““Old State CapitolOld State Capitol””

The Election of 1899:The Election of 1899: January 30, 1900 January 30, 1900

Goebel, Col. Jack Chinn and State Goebel, Col. Jack Chinn and State Warden Eph LillardWarden Eph Lillard

Shots rang out from first-floor office of Shots rang out from first-floor office of Caleb PowersCaleb Powers

Legislators met in Frankfort City Hall and Legislators met in Frankfort City Hall and declared Goebel & Beckham the winnersdeclared Goebel & Beckham the winners

Taylor ordered General Assembly to Taylor ordered General Assembly to meet in London; Democrats refusedmeet in London; Democrats refused

The Election of 1899:The Election of 1899:The Scene of the CrimeThe Scene of the Crime

The Election of 1899:The Election of 1899: January 31, 1900 January 31, 1900

Democratic legislators turned back by Democratic legislators turned back by troops at State Capitol; turned back troops at State Capitol; turned back again at Opera House, City Hall and again at Opera House, City Hall and CourthouseCourthouse

Secret meeting of 19 senators and 57 Secret meeting of 19 senators and 57 representatives in Capitol Hotel; representatives in Capitol Hotel; declared Goebel & Beckham winnersdeclared Goebel & Beckham winners

Goebel & Beckham sworn in twiceGoebel & Beckham sworn in twice Taylor remained in governorTaylor remained in governor’’s chairs chair National media coverageNational media coverage

The Election of 1899:The Election of 1899: National Media Coverage National Media Coverage

The Election of 1899:The Election of 1899: February 3, 1900 February 3, 1900

GoebelGoebel’’s oysterss oysters GoebelGoebel’’s final words: s final words: ““Be Be

brave and true and loyal brave and true and loyal to the great common to the great common peoplepeople..””

Goebel DiesGoebel Dies

Goebel ImmortalizedGoebel Immortalized

““Those oysters Those oysters werewere

no damned good.no damned good.””

““Doc, that wasDoc, that wasa damn poor oyster.a damn poor oyster.””

The Election of 1899:The Election of 1899: February 3, 1900 February 3, 1900

OverheardOverheard

The Election of 1899:The Election of 1899: Outcome & Outcome & DénouementDénouement

March 10: Jefferson Circuit March 10: Jefferson Circuit Court judge rules in favor of Court judge rules in favor of Goebel & BeckhamGoebel & Beckham

April 6: Court of Appeals April 6: Court of Appeals declares offices of governor declares offices of governor and lieutenant governor vacantand lieutenant governor vacant

May 21: Supreme Court refuses May 21: Supreme Court refuses to overturn decisionto overturn decision

Taylor abdicates to IndianaTaylor abdicates to Indiana Beckham sworn in, re-electedBeckham sworn in, re-elected

The Election of 1899:The Election of 1899: Who Done It? Who Done It?

Caleb PowersCaleb Powers: convicted : convicted three times; pardoned in three times; pardoned in 1908; served in Congress 1908; served in Congress (1911-19); GOP folk hero (1911-19); GOP folk hero (E.P. (E.P. ““TomTom”” Sawyer) Sawyer)

Henry YoutseyHenry Youtsey: jailed; : jailed; pardonedpardoned

““Big JimBig Jim”” Howard Howard: : jailed; pardonedjailed; pardoned

The Election of 1899:The Election of 1899: Consequences Consequences

KentuckyKentucky’’s image blackened in U.S. eyes s image blackened in U.S. eyes (( ““Hillbilly ImageHillbilly Image””))

Crippled state GOP – especially GOP mountain Crippled state GOP – especially GOP mountain countiescounties

Seeds of lingering bitterness plantedSeeds of lingering bitterness planted GOP: GOP: ““You stole the electionYou stole the election”” Democrats: Democrats: ““You killed our governor.You killed our governor.””

Into The 20th CenturyInto The 20th Century

Into The 20th CenturyInto The 20th Century 1907-1931: 1907-1931: Four DemocratsFour Democrats, , Three Three

RepublicansRepublicans Elected Governor Elected Governor E of 1915: E of 1915: ““Free Old Ring!Free Old Ring!”” – – Edwin Edwin

MorrowMorrow vs. vs. Augustus Owsley StanleyAugustus Owsley Stanley

Into The 20th CenturyInto The 20th Century

December 8, 1931: Ruby LaffoonDecember 8, 1931: Ruby Laffoonis sworn in as Kentuckyis sworn in as Kentucky’’s 43rd governor.s 43rd governor.

Into The 20th Into The 20th ““HappyHappy”” CenturyCentury

December 8, 1931: Lieutenant Governor Albert December 8, 1931: Lieutenant Governor Albert Benjamin "Happy" Chandler Sr. watches.Benjamin "Happy" Chandler Sr. watches.

A.B. A.B. ““HappyHappy”” Chandler ChandlerThe DebutThe Debut

(Woodford County – 1935-39)(Woodford County – 1935-39) 1931: Elected lieutenant governor 1931: Elected lieutenant governor

(Backed by Boss Ben Johnson)(Backed by Boss Ben Johnson) Split with Laffoon over sales tax.Split with Laffoon over sales tax. 1935: 1935: ““Special SessionSpecial Session”” – primary – primary

over conventionsover conventions 1935: Elected governor over 1935: Elected governor over

Thomas Rhea (“Ruby, Rhea & Thomas Rhea (“Ruby, Rhea & Ruin”); origins of feud with Ruin”); origins of feud with ClementsClements

1939: Bolted to U.S. Senate1939: Bolted to U.S. Senate Accomplishments: free textbooks; Accomplishments: free textbooks;

teachersteachers’’ retirement system; old- retirement system; old-age assistance program; New Deal age assistance program; New Deal helphelp

Earle C. ClementsEarle C. ClementsThe Man from MorgantownThe Man from Morgantown(Union County – 1947-50)(Union County – 1947-50)

Split with Chandler over Rhea in 1935 Split with Chandler over Rhea in 1935 – – ““Clementine & WetherbineClementine & Wetherbine””

1950: Won U.S. Senate seat 1950: Won U.S. Senate seat (succeeded by Lawrence Wetherby)(succeeded by Lawrence Wetherby)

Accomplishments: modernized Accomplishments: modernized Kentucky; state parks; roads (second Kentucky; state parks; roads (second to Texas); Kentucky Fair & Exposition to Texas); Kentucky Fair & Exposition Center; LRC established; state police Center; LRC established; state police created; raised state employeescreated; raised state employees’’ salaries (UK impact)salaries (UK impact)

Lost Senate seat in Lost Senate seat in ’’56 to Thruston 56 to Thruston MortonMorton

““HappyHappy”” Chandler ChandlerThe EncoreThe Encore (1955-59) (1955-59)

1955: Defeated Judge Bert 1955: Defeated Judge Bert T. Combs with charisma and T. Combs with charisma and by running against by running against ““taxerstaxers”” and the Kentucky Turnpikeand the Kentucky Turnpike

$100 million bond for roads$100 million bond for roads UK Medical CenterUK Medical Center Enforced desegregated Enforced desegregated

state schoolsstate schools Three more run: Three more run: ’’63, 63, ’’67, 67, ’’7171

Bert T. CombsBert T. CombsThe Little JudgeThe Little Judge

(Floyd County – 1959-63)(Floyd County – 1959-63) 1959: defeated Harry Lee 1959: defeated Harry Lee

Waterfield in primaryWaterfield in primary ““KentuckyKentucky’’s Camelots Camelot”” Accomplishments: 3% Accomplishments: 3%

sales tax for veteranssales tax for veterans’’ bonus, roads, education, bonus, roads, education, parks, social services; parks, social services; state merit system; state merit system; community college community college system; desegregated system; desegregated public placespublic places

John Young Brown Jr.John Young Brown Jr.(Fayette County – 1979-83)(Fayette County – 1979-83)

End of a political eraEnd of a political era

March 27, 1979: March 27, 1979: Beginning of first modern Beginning of first modern media campaign in media campaign in Kentucky politicsKentucky politics

Defeated the Defeated the establishment (George establishment (George Atkins, Carroll Hubbard Atkins, Carroll Hubbard Jr., Terry McBrayer, Jr., Terry McBrayer, Harvey Sloane, Thelma Harvey Sloane, Thelma Stovall) with 29%; hit the Stovall) with 29%; hit the ball out of the infieldball out of the infield

Read More About ItRead More About ItCampbell, Tracy. Campbell, Tracy. Short of the Glory: The Fall and Redemption of Edward F. Short of the Glory: The Fall and Redemption of Edward F. PrichardPrichard. . (1998)(1998)

Chandler, Albert B. Chandler, Albert B. Heroes, Plain Folks and Skunks: The Life and Times of Heroes, Plain Folks and Skunks: The Life and Times of Happy Happy ChandlerChandler. (1989). (1989)

Clark, Thomas D. Clark, Thomas D. A History of KentuckyA History of Kentucky. (1992 edition). (1992 edition)

Harrison, Lowell and Klotter, James. Harrison, Lowell and Klotter, James. A New History of KentuckyA New History of Kentucky. (1997). (1997)

Kentucky Long-Term Policy Research Center (1992-2008): Kentucky Long-Term Policy Research Center (1992-2008): www.kltprc.info

Kleber, John (editor). Kleber, John (editor). The Kentucky EncyclopediaThe Kentucky Encyclopedia. (1992). (1992)

Pearce, John Ed. Pearce, John Ed. Divide and Dissent: Kentucky PoliticsDivide and Dissent: Kentucky Politics, 1930-1963. (1991), 1930-1963. (1991)

Schenkkan, Robert. Schenkkan, Robert. The Kentucky CycleThe Kentucky Cycle. (1991). (1991)

Tifft, Susan and Jones, Alex. Tifft, Susan and Jones, Alex. The Patriarch: The Rise and Fall of the Bingham The Patriarch: The Rise and Fall of the Bingham DynastyDynasty. (1991). (1991)

http://www.kltprc.info/