Kent and Riegel's

HANDBOOK OFINDUSTRIALCHEMISTRY ANDBIOTECHNOLOGYELEVENTH EDITION

Kent and Riegel's

HANDBOOK OFINDUSTRIALCHEMISTRY ANDBIOTECHNOLOGYVolume I

ELEVENTH EDITION

Edited byJames A. Kent, Ph.D.

~ Springer

James A. KentProfessor of Chemical Engineeringand Dean of EngineeringKentjamesargaol.com

ISBN: 978-0-387-27842-1 e-ISBN: 978-0-387-27843-8

Library of Congress Control Number: 2005938809

© 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in wholeor in part without the writtenpermission of the pub­lisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerptsin connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval,electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed isforbidden.The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified assuch, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights.

Cover illustration: Abigail Kent

Printedon acid-free paper

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I

springer.com

To my WifeANITA

Preface

The central aim of this book is to present an up-to-date account of the science and engineeringand industrial practice which underlie major areas of the chemical process industry. It attemptsto do so in the context of priorities and concerns which characterize the still early days of thenew millennium and, perhaps more important, it provides various tools for dealing with thosefactors through, for example, an extensive discussion of green engineering and chemistry andrelated topics. The heart of the book is contained in twenty eight chapters covering variousareas of the chemical process industry. It is to be noted that the products and processes associ­ated with a particular area are discussed in the context of the corresponding chapter rather thanin the isolated manner characteristic of an encyclopedia.

This work, Kent and Riegel's Handbook of Industrial Chemistry and Biotechnology, is anoutgrowth of the well known Riegel's Handbook of Industrial Chemistry, the last edition ofwhich, the tenth, was published in 2003. It follows the essential arrangement of earlier ver­sions, i.e., several chapters devoted to general or "infrastructure" topics, with most of the bookbeing given over to the various areas of the chemical process industry. However, this versionintroduces a wealth of new, timely, and very useful "infrastructure" material, and greatlyenhances the process industry content. (The latter is most noticeable in this book by increasedemphasis on biotechnology, although all of the chapters have been reviewed and updated asnecessary by their respective authors.) In keeping with past practice, all of the new chaptershave been written by individuals having demonstrated expertise in their respective fields. Alltold, the work may in many respects be regarded as a sourcebook for practice in the chemicalprocess industries .

Concerning the infrastructure or contextual material mentioned above, the Handbook con­tains three new chapters which lie in the area often referred to as "green chemistry". The firstand most comprehensive of these is titled Green Engineering: Integration of Green Chemistry,Pollution Prevention and Risk Based Considerations. It provides an excellent guide for apply­ing the methods of green chemistry and engineering to process and product development activ­ities, whether for new products and processes, or for upgrading older ones. Written by a teamofexperts in the field, the chapter can be ofenormous help to all practicing chemists and chem­ical engineers, as well as to students studying in either discipline . Another new chapter,Industrial Catalysis; A Practical Guide, is a valuable adjunct to the "Green" chapter since catal­ysis is an important aid in the practice ofGreen Chemistry. The third new chapter in what mightbe termed the "green" group is Environmental Chemical Determinations.

Succinctly put, green chemistry, also termed sustainable chemistry, is described by that chap­ter's authors, as "the use of chemistry to reduce pollution at the source, through the design ofchemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use or generation of unwanted orhazardous substances." Green engineering is defined as "the design, commercialization, and

vii

viii PREFACE

use of processes and products that are feasible and economical, yet at the same time minimize1) generation of pollution at the source, and 2) risk to human health and the environment." Riskassessment methods used in pollution prevention can help quantify the degree of impact forindividual chemicals and thus is a valuable tool for intelligent design of products and processesby focusing on the most beneficial methods to minimize risk.

Even a superficial look at the literature on green chemistry shows that catalysis is regardedas a very important tool. After all, if in the idealized case one can produce desired product Bfrom A, with no unwanted side reactions or by-products, by choosing appropriate reaction con­ditions and a suitable catalyst, one will have done a great deal to promote efficiency and pre­vent pollution . Therefore , another of the new chapters, Industrial Catalysis, a Practical Guide,is of special relevance. Finally, this particular portion of the new material is rounded off withthe chapter Environmental Chemical Determinations, which discusses the many complex fac­tors involved in detecting, tracking, and measuring chemical species which have found theirway into the environment.

Additional chapters in the grouping broadly referred to as infrastructure include the newRecent History of the Chemical Industry: 1973 to the Millennium: and an update of the chap­ter titled Economic Aspects of the Chemical Industry, in which some of the material extendsinformation provided in the former. Rounding out the infrastructure group are yet another newchapter Nanotechnology: Principles and Applications, together with the earlier ones whichcover such diverse and fundamental topics as process safety, emergency preparedness, andapplied statistical methods.

Biotechnology first appeared in the Riegel's Handbook some time ago as a chapter titledIndustrial Fermentation . It has since been updated several times and more recently was joinedby a chapter on Industrial Cell Culture. For this Handbook, the biotechnology content, ratherthan being updated, has undergone a major reorganization, including revision of content andemphasis. The former fermentation chapter has become two which are titled, respectively,Industrial Biotechnology: Discovery to Delivery, and Industrial Enzymes and Biocatalysis.This revision was accomplished by two teams from a major biotech company and thus reflectsthat background. It is informative to interpose at this point a statement (edited) by the authorsof the first of these two chapters. They describe it thus: "The chapter uses an approach to inte­grate gene discovery.functional genomics , molecular evolution and design, metabolic pathwayengineering, and production processes including formulation ofdelivery systems. The chapterwalks the reader through biomolecule discovery, development and delivery, by starting fromscreening millions ofnatural and designed gene variants in the mountains ofDNA sequencesavailable today. Also included are several state-ofthe-art examples ofpurposeful modifica­tions ofcellular metabolism, and descriptions ofunit operations and unit processes which linkthe upstream and downstream technologies to manufacture biochemicals, enzymes, peptides,and other products on an industrial scale. "Commercializing new bioproducts is a complex,time consuming process, and therefore an integrated biotechnology approach is necessary. Itis the authors'hope that the chapter will help readers learn how to design and produce biotech­nology products rapidly and successfully." Revision of the cell culture chapter was accom­plished by a team from another biotech company. The new title, Industrial Production ofTherapeutic Proteins : Cell Lines, Cell Culture and Purification, reflects its new content andorientation . Also, as might be expected by persons knowledgeable in the field, the chapterAnimal and Vegetable Oils, Fats and Waxes is rich in related biotechnical content, as is effec­tively described in the chapter's early pages.

Finally, addressing an area of great interest in connection with world energy needs, we haveadded a chapter in a related area, Biomass Conversion. Written by a team whose primary worklies in that area, it provides comprehensive coverage of the subject from biomass structure andcomposition to thermochemical and biological routes for conversion to energy and a host of

PREFACE ix

chemicals and products including liquid transportation fuels. This chapter defines the oppor­tunity for using sustainable sources of biomass as feedstock for new refineries that will pro­duce fermentable sugars and chemical intermediates from which much needed forms of fuelscan be made.

As mentioned earlier, the crux of the Handbook comprises twenty eight chapters which aredevoted to various areas of the chemical process industry. This information, together with sup­porting "infrastructure" material described above, viz., process safety, emergency prepared­ness, statistical methods , green engineering and chemistry, provides in toto many sophisticatedand useful tools to aid in the design of new products and processes and for study and evalua­tion of older ones. The handbook should prove useful also to individuals who possess a back­ground in chemistry or chemical engineering and work in related areas such as regulatoryagencies and environmental organizations. Among other benefits, it will help ensure that thework of such individuals reflects knowledge of relevant contemporary science and engineeringand industry practices. Reflecting new realities in the world energy situation , this edition alsoincludes a chapter titled The Nuclear Industry.

Individuals who have responsibilities in the chemical process industries are usually engaged,consciously or otherwise, in continually reviewing their operations to ensure that they are safe,efficient , and in compliance with current environmental regulations. They are also, or shouldbe, anticipating future needs. It is hoped that the information contained herein will provide thewherewithal by which chemists , chemical engineers , and others who have a peripheral interestin the process industries , for whatever reason, can ensure that they have touched every base,dotted every i , and crossed every t in their quest to make the processes and products for whichthey are responsible as environmentally sound, safe, and efficient as possible.

Because of the scope of the book and the large number of products and processes it covers,some redundancy is inevitable. For example , more than one chapter includes discussions ofgasification and hydrogen production. However, there are significant differences in emphasisin the various discussions . Thus, rather than distract readers by referring them to informationin locations other than the one of their primary interest, such topics have been left intact in thecontext in which they are discussed .

As in all the earlier versions ofthis work for which I have been privileged to serve as designerand editor, I am happy to acknowledge again the unselfish and enthusiastic manner in whichthe contributing authors have shared their knowledge and insights so that many others maylearn and still others may benefit. The picture of a bit of knowledge, acting like a stone tossedinto a quiet pond, spreading the result of the impact ever more widely, is, I think, apt. There isa saying that knowledge is power, and the authors who have contributed their knowledge andexpertise to this work are pleased to have had the opportunity to empower others. All have beenunstinting in their efforts to make their contributions as complete and informative as possible,within the space available, and I am indeed humbled and honored to have had a part in bring­ing it about. Needless to state, errors of omission and shortcomings in organization are mine.

Grateful acknowledgement is made to the publishing houses and technical/scientific organi­zations for permission to reproduce copyrighted illustrations , tables, and other materials , andto the many industrial concerns which contributed drawings, photographs, and text material.And finally, I wish to express my thanks to Springer editor, Dr. Kenneth Howell, for his manyhelpful suggestions and support along the way, and for leveling several bumps on the road topublication.

Jam es A. KentMorgantown, West Virginia USA

ContentsVolume I

Chapter 1 RecentHistory of the Chemical Industry* 1973 to the Millenium:The New Facts of World Chemicals Since 1973FredAftalion

Chapter 2 Economic Aspects of the Chemical Industry 63Joseph V. Koleske

Chapter 3 SafetyConsiderations in the Chemical Process Industries 83Stanley M. Englund

Chapter 4 Managing an Emergency Preparedness Program 147Thaddeus H. Spencer and James W Bowman

Chapter 5 Applied Statistical Methods and the Chemical Industry 178Stephen Vardeman and Robert Kasprzyk

Chapter 6 Green Engineering-Integration of Green Chemistry,Pollution Prevention, and Risk-Based Considerations 210DavidShonnard, AngelaLindner, Nhan Nguyen, Palghat A. Ramachandran,Daniel Fichana, Robert Hesketh, C. Stewart Slater, and Richard Engler

Chapter 7 Industrial Catalysis: A Practical Guide 271Robert Farrauto

Chapter 8 Environmental Chemical Determinations 305William L. Budde

Chapter 9 Nanotechnology: Fundamental Principles and Applications 328Koodali T. Ranjit and Kenneth J Klabunde

Chapter 10 Synthetic Organic Chemicals 345Guo-ShuhJ Lee, James H. McCain, and Madan M. Bhasin

Chapter 11 Chemistry in the Pharmaceutical Industry 404Graham S. Poindexter, Yadagiri Pendri, Lawrence B. Snyder,Joseph P. Yevich, and Milind Deshpande

Chapter 12 Manufactured Textile Fibers 431Bhupender S. Gupta

Chapter 13 DyeApplication, Manufacture of Dye Intermediates and Dyes 499Harold Freeman and Gary Mock

Chapter 14 The Chemistry of Structural Adhesives: Epoxy, Urethane,and AcrylicAdhesives 591Dennis J Zalucha, Ph.D. and Kirk. J Abbey, Ph.D.

Chapter 15 Synthetic Resins and Plastics 623Rudolph D. Deanin and Joey L. Mead

Chapter 16 Rubber 689D. F. Graves

Chapter 17 The Agrochemical Industry 719A. M. Malti and A. T. Lilani

Chapter 18 Petroleum and Its Products 801Stephany Romanow-Garcia and H. L. Hoffman

Index I-I

xi

xii CONTENTS

Volume IIChapter 19 Coal Technology for Power, Liquid Fuels, and Chemicals 843

R. D. Srivastava, H. G. McIlvried III, , 1 C. Winslow, C. P. Maronde,and R. P. Noceti

Chapter 20 Natural Gas 907Robert N. Maddox, Mahmood Moshfeghian, James D. Idol, andArland H. Johannes

Chapter 21 The Nuclear Industry 935Tom Congedo, Edward Lahoda, Regis Matzie, and Keith Task

Chapter 22 Synthetic Nitrogen Products 996Gary R. Maxwell

Chapter 23 Phosphorus and Phosphates 1086G. A. Gruber

Chapter 24 Fertilizers and Food Production 1111Amit H. Roy

Chapter 25 Sulfur and Sulfuric Acid 1157GerardE. d 'Aquin and Robert C. Fell

Chapter 26 Salt, Chlor-Alkali, and Related Heavy Chemicals 1183Tilak V. Bommaraju

Chapter 27 Industrial Gases 1215Steven1 Cooke

Chapter 28 Wood and Wood Products 1234RaymondA. Young

Chapter 29 Pigments, Paints, Polymer Coatings, Lacquers, and Printing Inks 1294Rose Ryntz

Chapter 30 Industrial Biotechnology: Discovery to Delivery 1311Gopal K. Chotani, Timothy C. Dodge, Alfred L. Gaertner, andMichael V. Arbige

Chapter 31 Industrial Enzymes and Biocatalysis 1375Joseph C. McAuliffe, Wolfgang Aehle, GregoryM. Whited, andDonald E. Ward

Chapter 32 Industrial Production ofTherapeutic Proteins: Cell Lines,Cell Culture, and Purification 1421Marie M. Zhu, Michael Mollet, and Rene S. Hubert

Chapter 33 Biomass Conversion 1499Stephen R. Decker, John Sheehan, David C. Dayton, Joseph 1 Bozell,William S. Adney, Bonnie Hames, Steven R. Thomas, Richard L. Bain,Stefan Czernik, Min Zhang, and Michael E. Himmel

Chapter 34 Animal and Vegetable Fats, Oils, and Waxes 1549Edmund W Lusas

Chapter 35 Sugar and Other Sweeteners 1657Mary An Godshall

Chapter 36 Soap, Fatty Acids, and Synthetic Detergents 1694Janine Chupa, Amit Sachdev, Steve Misner.and George A. Smith

Chapter 37 Chemical Explosives and Rocket Propellants 1742Walter Sudweeks, Felix F. Chen, and Michael McPherson

Index I-I

Kent and Riegel's

HANDBOOK OFINDUSTRIALCHEMISTRY ANDBIOTECHNOLOGYELEVENTH EDITION

Kent and Riegel's

HANDBOOK OFINDUSTRIALCHEMISTRY ANDBIOTECHNOLOGYVolume II

ELEVENTH EDITION

Edited by

James A. Kent, Ph.D.

~ Springer

James A. KentProfessor of Chemical Engineering and Dean of EngineeringKentjamesa@aol.com

ISBN: 978-0-387-27842-1 e-ISBN: 978-0-387-27843-8

Library of Congress Control Number: 2005938809

© 2007 Springer Science+Busine ss Media, LLC.All rights reserved . This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the pub­lisher (Springer Science+Busines s Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerptsin connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval,electronic adaptation , computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed isforbidden.The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified assuch, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights.

Cover illustration: Abigail Kent

Printed on acid-free paper

9 8 765 4 3 2

springer.com

To my WifeANITA

Preface

The central aim of this book is to present an up-to-date account of the science and engineeringand industrial practice which underlie major areas of the chemical process industry. It attemptsto do so in the context of priorities and concerns which characterize the still early days of thenew millennium and, perhaps more important, it provides various tools for dealing with thosefactors through, for example, an extensive discussion of green engineering and chemistry andrelated topics. The heart of the book is contained in twenty eight chapters covering variousareas of the chemical process industry. It is to be noted that the products and processes associ­ated with a particular area are discussed in the context of the corresponding chapter rather thanin the isolated manner characteristic of an encyclopedia.

This work, Kent and Riegel's Handbook of Industrial Chemistry and Biotechnology, is anoutgrowth of the well known Riegel's Handbook of Industrial Chemistry, the last edition ofwhich, the tenth, was published in 2003. It follows the essential arrangement of earlier ver­sions, i.e., several chapters devoted to general or "infrastructure" topics, with most of the bookbeing given over to the various areas of the chemical process industry. However, this versionintroduces a wealth of new, timely, and very useful "infrastructure" material, and greatlyenhances the process industry content. (The latter is most noticeable in this book by increasedemphasis on biotechnology, although all of the chapters have been reviewed and updated asnecessary by their respective authors.) In keeping with past practice, all of the new chaptershave been written by individuals having demonstrated expertise in their respective fields. Alltold, the work may in many respects be regarded as a sourcebook for practice in the chemicalprocess industries.

Concerning the infrastructure or contextual material mentioned above, the Handbook con­tains three new chapters which lie in the area often referred to as "green chemistry". The firstand most comprehensive of these is titled Green Engineering: Integration of Green Chemistry,Pollution Prevention and Risk Based Considerations. It provides an excellent guide for apply­ing the methods ofgreen chemistry and engineering to process and product development activ­ities, whether for new products and processes, or for upgrading older ones. Written by a teamofexperts in the field, the chapter can be ofenormous help to all practicing chemists and chem­ical engineers, as well as to students studying in either discipline. Another new chapter,Industrial Catalysis; A Practical Guide, is a valuable adjunct to the "Green" chapter since catal­ysis is an important aid in the practice ofGreen Chemistry. The third new chapter in what mightbe termed the "green" group is Environmental Chemical Determinations.

Succinctly put, green chemistry, also termed sustainable chemistry, is described by that chap­ter's authors, as "the use of chemistry to reduce pollution at the source, through the design ofchemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use or generation of unwanted orhazardous substances." Green engineering is defined as "the design, commercialization, and

vii

viii PREFACE

use of processes and products that are feasible and economical , yet at the same time minimize1) generation of pollution at the source, and 2) risk to human health and the environment." Riskassessment methods used in pollution prevention can help quantify the degree of impact forindividual chemicals and thus is a valuable tool for intelligent design of products and processesby focusing on the most beneficial methods to minimize risk.

Even a superficial look at the literature on green chemistry shows that catalysis is regardedas a very important tool. After all, if in the idealized case one can produce desired product Bfrom A, with no unwanted side reactions or by-products, by choosing appropriate reaction con­ditions and a suitable catalyst, one will have done a great deal to promote efficiency and pre­vent pollution. Therefore, another of the new chapters, Industrial Catalysis, a Practical Guide,is of special relevance. Finally, this particular portion of the new material is rounded off withthe chapter Environmental Chemical Determinations, which discusses the many complex fac­tors involved in detecting , track ing, and measuring chemical species which have found theirway into the environment.

Additional chapters in the grouping broadly referred to as infrastructure include the newRecent History of the Chemical Industry: 1973 to the Millennium: and an update of the chap­ter titled Economic Aspects of the Chemical Industry, in which some of the material extendsinformation provided in the former. Rounding out the infrastructure group are yet another newchapter Nanotechnology: Principles and Applications, together with the earlier ones whichcover such diverse and fundamental topics as process safety, emergency preparedness, andapplied statistical methods.

Biotechnology first appeared in the Riegel 's Handbook some time ago as a chapter titledIndustrial Fermentation. It has since been updated several times and more recently was joinedby a chapter on Industrial Cell Culture . For this Handbook, the biotechnology content , ratherthan being updated, has undergone a major reorganization , including revision of content andemphasis . The former fermentation chapter has become two which are titled, respectively,Industrial Biotechnology: Discovery to Delivery, and Industrial Enzymes and Biocatalysis.This revision was accomplished by two teams from a major biotech company and thus reflectsthat background. It is informative to interpose at this point a statement (edited) by the authorsof the first of these two chapters. They describe it thus: "The chapter uses an approach to inte­grate gene discovery,functional genomics, molecular evolution and design, metabolic pathwayengineering, and produ ction processes including formulation ofdelivery systems. The chapterwalks the reader through biomolecule discovery, development and delivery, by starting fromscreening millions ofnatural and designed gene variants in the mountains ofDNA sequencesavailable today. Also included are several state-ofthe-art examples ofpurposeful modifica­tions ofcellular metabolism, and descriptions ofunit operations and unit processes which linkthe upstream and downstream technologies to manufacture biochemicals, enzymes , peptides,and other products on an industrial scale. "Commercializing new bioproducts is a complex,time consuming process, and therefore an integrated biotechnology approach is necessary. Itis the authors 'hope that the chapter will help readers learn how to design and produce biotech­nology products rapidly and successf ully." Revision of the cell culture chapter was accom­plished by a team from another biotech company. The new title , Industrial Production ofTherapeutic Proteins: Cell Lines, Cell Culture and Purification, reflects its new content andorientation. Also, as might be expected by persons knowledgeable in the field, the chapterAnimal and Vegetable Oils, Fats and Waxes is rich in related biotechnical content , as is effec­tively described in the chapter 's early pages.

Finally, addressing an area of great interest in connection with world energy needs, we haveadded a chapter in a related area, Biomass Conversion. Written by a team whose primary worklies in that area, it provides comprehensive coverage of the subject from biomass structure andcomposition to thermochemical and biological routes for conversion to energy and a host of

PREFACE ix

chemicals and products including liquid transportation fuels. This chapter defines the oppor­tunity for using sustainable sources of biomass as feedstock for new refineries that will pro­duce fermentable sugars and chemical intermediates from which much needed forms of fuelscan be made.

As mentioned earlier, the crux of the Handbook comprises twenty eight chapters which aredevoted to various areas of the chemical process industry. This information, together with sup­porting "infrastructure" material described above, viz., process safety, emergency prepared­ness, statistical methods, green engineering and chemistry, provides in toto many sophisticatedand useful tools to aid in the design of new products and processes and for study and evalua­tion of older ones. The handbook should prove useful also to individuals who possess a back­ground in chemistry or chemical engineering and work in related areas such as regulatoryagencies and environmental organizations. Among other benefits, it will help ensure that thework of such individuals reflects knowledge of relevant contemporary science and engineeringand industry practices. Reflecting new realities in the world energy situation, this edition alsoincludes a chapter titled The Nuclear Industry.

Individuals who have responsibilities in the chemical process industries are usually engaged,consciously or otherwise, in continually reviewing their operations to ensure that they are safe,efficient, and in compliance with current environmental regulations. They are also, or shouldbe, anticipating future needs. It is hoped that the information contained herein will provide thewherewithal by which chemists, chemical engineers, and others who have a peripheral interestin the process industries, for whatever reason, can ensure that they have touched every base,dotted every i, and crossed every t in their quest to make the processes and products for whichthey are responsible as environmentally sound, safe, and efficient as possible.

Because of the scope of the book and the large number of products and processes it covers,some redundancy is inevitable. For example, more than one chapter includes discussions ofgasification and hydrogen production. However, there are significant differences in emphasisin the various discussions. Thus, rather than distract readers by referring them to informationin locations other than the one of their primary interest, such topics have been left intact in thecontext in which they are discussed.

As in all the earlier versions of this work for which I have been privileged to serve as designerand editor, I am happy to acknowledge again the unselfish and enthusiastic manner in whichthe contributing authors have shared their knowledge and insights so that many others maylearn and still others may benefit. The picture of a bit of knowledge, acting like a stone tossedinto a quiet pond, spreading the result of the impact ever more widely, is, I think, apt. There isa saying that knowledge is power, and the authors who have contributed their knowledge andexpertise to this work are pleased to have had the opportunity to empower others. All have beenunstinting in their efforts to make their contributions as complete and informative as possible,within the space available, and I am indeed humbled and honored to have had a part in bring­ing it about. Needless to state, errors of omission and shortcomings in organization are mine.

Grateful acknowledgement is made to the publishing houses and technical/scientific organi­zations for permission to reproduce copyrighted illustrations, tables, and other materials, andto the many industrial concerns which contributed drawings, photographs, and text material.And finally, I wish to express my thanks to Springer editor, Dr. Kenneth Howell, for his manyhelpful suggestions and support along the way, and for leveling several bumps on the road topublication.

James A. KentMorgantown, West Virginia USA

ContentsVolume I

Chapter 1 Recent History of the Chemical Industry* 1973 to the Millenium:The New Facts of World Chemicals Since 1973Fred Aftalion

Chapter 2 Economic Aspects of the Chemical Industry 63Joseph V. Koleske

Chapter 3 Safety Considerations in the Chemical Process Industries 83Stanley M. Englund

Chapter 4 Managing an Emergency Preparedness Program 147Thaddeus H. Spencer and James W Bowman

Chapter 5 Applied Statistical Methods and the Chemical Industry 178Stephen Vardeman and Robert Kasprzyk

Chapter 6 Green Engineering-Integration of Green Chemistry,Pollution Prevention , and Risk-Based Considerations 210DavidShonnard, Angela Lindner. Nhan Nguyen, Palghat A. Ramachandran,Daniel Fichana, Robert Hesketh, C. Stewart Slater. and Richard Engler

Chapter 7 Industrial Catalysis: A Practical Guide 271Robert Farrauto

Chapter 8 Environmental Chemical Determinations 305William L. Budde

Chapter 9 Nanotechnology: Fundamental Principles and Applications 328Koodali T. Ranjit and Kenneth 1 Klabunde

Chapter 10 Synthetic Organic Chemicals 345Guo-Shuh 1 Lee, James H. McCain, and Madan M. Bhasin

Chapter 11 Chemistry in the Pharmaceutical Industry 404Graham S. Poindexter, Yadagiri Pendri, Lawrence B. Snyder,Joseph P. Yevich, and Milind Deshpande

Chapter 12 Manufactured Textile Fibers 431Bhupender S. Gupta

Chapter 13 Dye Application, Manufacture of Dye Intermediates and Dyes 499Harold Freeman and Gary Mock

Chapter 14 The Chemistry of Structural Adhesives: Epoxy, Urethane,and Acrylic Adhesives 591Dennis 1 Zalucha, Ph.D. and Kirk. 1 Abbey, Ph.D.

Chapter 15 Synthetic Resins and Plastics 623Rudolph D. Deanin and Joey L. Mead

Chapter 16 Rubber 689D. F. Graves

Chapter 17 The Agrochemical Industry 719A. M. Malti and A. T. Lilani

Chapter 18 Petroleum and Its Products 801Stephany Romanow-Garcia and H. L. Hoffman

Index I-I

xi

xii CONTENTS

Volume IIChapter 19 Coal Technology for Power, Liquid Fuels, and Chemicals 843

R. D. Srivastava, H. G. McIlvried III, , J. C. Winslow, C. P. Maronde,and R. P. Noceti

Chapter 20 Natural Gas 907Robert N Maddox, Mahmood Moshfeghian, James D. Idol, andArland H. Johannes

Chapter 21 The Nuclear Industry 935Tom Congedo, Edward Lahoda, Regis Matzie, and Keith Task

Chapter 22 Synthetic Nitrogen Products 996Gary R. Maxwell

Chapter 23 Phosphorus and Phosphates 1086G. A. Gruber

Chapter 24 Fertilizers and Food Production 1111Amit H. Roy

Chapter 25 Sulfur and Sulfuric Acid 1157GerardE. d 'Aquin and Robert C. Fell

Chapter 26 Salt, Chlor-Alkali, and Related Heavy Chemicals 1183Tilak V. Bommaraju

Chapter 27 Industrial Gases 1215Steven J. Cooke

Chapter 28 Wood and Wood Products 1234Raymond A. Young

Chapter 29 Pigments, Paints, Polymer Coatings, Lacquers, and Printing Inks 1294Rose Ryntz

Chapter 30 Industrial Biotechnology: Discovery to Delivery 1311Gopal K. Chotani, Timothy C. Dodge,Alfred L. Gaertner, andMichael V. Arbige

Chapter 31 Industrial Enzymes and Biocatalysis 1375Joseph C. McAuliffe, Wolfgang Aehle, GregoryM. Whited, andDonald E. Ward

Chapter 32 Industrial Production of Therapeutic Proteins: Cell Lines,Cell Culture, and Purification 1421Marie M. Zhu, Michael Mollet, and Rene S. Hubert

Chapter 33 Biomass Conversion 1499Stephen R. Decker, John Sheehan, David C. Dayton, Joseph J. Bozell,William S.Adney, Bonnie Hames, Steven R. Thomas, RichardL. Bain,Stefan Czernik, Min Zhang, and Michael E. Himmel

Chapter 34 Animal and Vegetable Fats, Oils, and Waxes 1549Edmund W Lusas

Chapter 35 Sugar and Other Sweeteners 1657Mary An Godshall

Chapter 36 Soap, FattyAcids, and Synthetic Detergents 1694Janine Chupa, Amit Sachdev, Steve Misner.and GeorgeA. Smith

Chapter 37 Chemical Explosives and Rocket Propellants 1742Walter Sudweeks, Felix F Chen, and Michael McPherson

Index 1-1