kegley chapter 14
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 14: Population,
Resources, and Global
Environmental Politics
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning
Transnational Crime Global Drug Trade ($300 billion per year) Money Laundering “Conflict Diamonds” Endangered species Stolen Automobiles Piracy of Copyrighted Materials The Arms Trade Terrorism
2
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning
International Enforcement
Interpol Combating Drug Smuggling
• U.S. Plan Columbia
Combating Money Laundering• Financial Action Task Force
3
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning
The Spread of Disease
Long history• Bubonic plague• 1918 flu• Polio
SARS: 2003 H1N1 (swine flu)
4
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning
Efforts to Fight Disease World Health Organization (WHO) USAID
• HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment• Fighting infectious diseases such as
malaria, tuberculosis, and polio• Maternal and children’s healthcare• Family planning• Strengthening health systems
5
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning 6
NGOs in International Health
The International Red Cross and Crescent
Medecins sans Frontiers (MSF) The Gates Foundation
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning
The Agenda HIV/AIDS Malaria Tuberculosis (TB) Treating a new flu pandemic
7
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning
Ecopolitics The global commons: The physical and
organic characteristics and resources of the entire planet—the air in the atmosphere and conditions on land and sea—on which human life depends and which is the common heritage of all humanity.
Carrying capacity: The maximum number of humans and living species that can be supported by a given territory.
Politics of scarcity: Scarce resources can undermine security and lead to military conflict.
8
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning
Global Environmental Problems
Depletion of the ozone layer Global warming Biodiversity loss Overpopulation Oil shortages
9
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning
The Tragedy of the Commons
An example of what can happen with shared resources: land, fish, air.
10
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning
International Environmental Collaboration Is Difficult
Conflict with existing agreements Competing priorities Equity Scientific uncertainty
11
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning
The Kyoto Protocol Limits greenhouse gases Includes provisions for emissions
trading• Problems:
• Some feel it is too restrictive• Others feel it is too weak
12
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning
Other International Agreements
The Montreal Protocol • Reduce the production and use of gases that
deplete the ozone layer
The Mediterranean Action Plan (MAP) • Limit the dumping of land-based pollution into
the Mediterranean Sea
The Convention on Biological Diversity• The conservation of biological diversity, the
sustainable use of components and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources.
13
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning
Ecopolitics Environmental security:
Environmental threats can be as important as military threats
Sustainable development: Economic growth that does not deplete the resources needed to maintain growth
14
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning
Climate Change Greenhouse effect
• CO2, methane
• World temperature to rise 2–12ºF by 2100 unless action is taken
Possible effects of global warming• Rising sea levels• Warmer winters and more severe hot spells• Increased rainfall in areas prone to flooding;
dryer drought-prone regions• The disappearance of entire ecosystems• Increases in tropical disease• Increased hunger and water shortages
15
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning
Rising Average Global Temperatures at the Earth’s Surface Since 1867
16
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning
Global Warming, Climatic Catastrophes, and Mass Suffering
17
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning
Ozone Depletion and Protections
Emergence of an international regime Montreal Protocol 1987
• Strong scientific evidence and• Active NGO epistemic community
Can this translate to other issues?• Mountains
18
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning
The Ecopolitics of Forests and Biodiversity
Biodiversity: The variety of plant and animal species living in the earth’s diverse ecosystems
Deforestation • 1992 Earth Summit
Desertification
19
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning
Loss of Forest and Ground to Deserts
20
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning
Biodiversity Genetic diversity, species diversity,
and ecosystem diversity 14 percent of the world’s species are
threatened with extinction Most likely to affect the Global
South Role of MNCs
• Enclosure movement
21
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning
Locating Biodiversity Bastions and Endangered Biodiversity Hot Spots
22
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning
Sources of the Ecological Threats to the Global Commons
Tragedy of the commons• Rationally self-interested behavior may
have a destructive collective impact• Overgrazing of animals on the village
green• Applies to human behavior and
ecological systems
23
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning
The Globalization of Planetary Dangers
IPCC Report 2007• Human activity is the main cause of
global warming
Climate Change• U.S. and China major sources of CO2• Burning coal also causes acid rain
24
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning
Touring Trends of the Greenhouse
25
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning
The Global Politics of Energy Supplies and Consumption
Oil is being used faster than it’s being discovered
OPEC countries control oil supply• Cartel
Oil and natural gas located in politically unstable regions
26
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning
Toward Sustainability?
Global solutions• Converting to renewable sources for
energy• International treaties for environmental
protection • Free trade?• “Green” corporations
27
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning
Phasing Out Fossil Fuels? The Potential for Renewable Energy to Supply to World’s Energy Needs by the Year 2100
28
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning
The Number of International Environmental Treaties Since 1921: Protecting the Global Commons?
29
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning
Toward Sustainability? Local solutions
• California state laws• EPA• An Inconvenient Truth
• Change a light bulb.• Recycle more.• Use less hot water.• Drive less.• Conserve electricity.
30
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning
Measuring National Commitments to Environmental Sustainability
31