k_e 60.pdf
TRANSCRIPT
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16 . , 26 222 .: (2610) 367336, 367355, : (2610) 361420
. 2121/1993
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17
MEPO A
K E A A I O 1 : , ,
, 21
.................................................................................................................................21
........................................................................................21
- ................................................................................................................21
..............................................................................................22
1.1
.....................................................................................................23
1.2
...............................................................................26
1.3
, , ...........................................................................................28
.........................................................................................................................33
........................................................................................34
7
EPIEXOMENA
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K E A A I O 2 37
.................................................................................................................................37
........................................................................................37
- ................................................................................................................37
..............................................................................................38
2.1 ..............................................................40
2.2 .............................................................................................57
2.3 : .......................................................59
2.4 .............................................................................60
........................................................................................65
K E A A I O 3 67
.................................................................................................................................67
........................................................................................67
- ................................................................................................................67
..............................................................................................67
K E A A I O 4 , , 71
.................................................................................................................................71
........................................................................................71
..............................................................................................71
4.1 .........................................................................................................................72
8
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4.2.................................................................................................................................73
.........................................................................................................................80
K E A A I O 5 81
.................................................................................................................................81
..............................................................................................81
- ................................................................................................................81
........................................................................................81
5.1 18 .....................................................................................................................82
5.2-5.7 ................................................................................85
5.8 ..............................................................................................................87
5.9 ...................................................................................................................88
.........................................................................................................................90
().....................................................................................90
MEPO B
K E A A I O 1 93
.................................................................................................................................93
........................................................................................93
9
-
- ................................................................................................................93
..............................................................................................93
1.1 ................................................................................................................................95
1.2......................................................................................................................100
1.3......................................................................................................................111
1.4 ..................................................................................111
1.5 ............................................................................................112
1.6 .................................................................................................................112
1.7 ..............................................................................................113
.......................................................................................................................114
K E A A I O 2 115
...............................................................................................................................115
......................................................................................115
- ..............................................................................................................115
............................................................................................115
2.1 : 1 .....................................................................................117
2.2 : 2 .............................................................119
10
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2.3 ............................................................................................120
2.4 ...........................................................................................................................121
2.5 ................................................................................................................122
2.6 .........................................................................123
K E A A I O 3 18 125
...............................................................................................................................125
......................................................................................125
- ..............................................................................................................125
............................................................................................125
3.1 .........................................................................127
3.2 ........................................................................................129
3.3 ............................................................................................130
3.4 ...................................................133
() ...............................................................................................138
K E A A I O 4 19 139
...............................................................................................................................139
......................................................................................139
11
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4.1 .........................................................140
4.2 ....................................................................................................................142
4.3 ...................................................................................................................143
4.4 .....................................................................................................................144
4.5..................................................................................................................144
4.6 .............................................................................145
.......................................................................................................................146
K E A A I O 5 20 147
...............................................................................................................................147
......................................................................................147
5.1 ............................................................................................................................148
5.2........................................................................................................................150
5.3 .....................................................................................................................152
5.4 ...........................................................................................................153
5.5 .......................................................................................................154
() ...............................................................................................157
12
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: HUMAN SOCIOBIOLOGY/ ..............159
() ...............................................................................................171
B B K.........................................................172
MEPO
IOOIA TH EITHMH
K E A A I O 1 177
K E A A I O 2 ( ) Popper 183
2.1 ( E) ...............................................................183
...............................................................................................................................183
......................................................................................183
............................................................................................183
2.2Popper ...............................................................................................................................217
...............................................................................................................................217
......................................................................................217
............................................................................................217
.......................................................................................................................225
E B .....................................................................................225
K E A A I O 3 227
...............................................................................................................................227
......................................................................................227
13
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3.1E ............................................................................................................................228
3.2E ........................................................................................................................239
3.3A ............................................................................................................................245
.......................................................................................................................251
K E A A I O 4 253
...............................................................................................................................253
......................................................................................253
............................................................................................253
4.1H ............................................................255
4.2O Paul Feyerabend ...........................259
.......................................................................................................................266
E B .....................................................................................266
K E A A I O 5 267
...............................................................................................................................267
......................................................................................267
............................................................................................267
5.1T P E ...................................268
5.2H ..................................................................................274
14
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K E A A I O 6 277
...............................................................................................................................277
......................................................................................277
............................................................................................277
.......................................................................................................................287
E B .....................................................................................287
K E A A I O 7 289
...............................................................................................................................289
......................................................................................289
............................................................................................289
E B .....................................................................................298
E B................................................................298
15
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Einstein
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F. Bacon
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ENOTHTA 1.1
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- B (. . 115-116), , , - - : , , .., - ( , - 19 ), A - 16 , - , . , .
, , occult powers: ( ) ( ) - - . , , - ( ) A- , van Helmont. - ! (. FracastoroG., De sympathia et antipathia rerum, 1546 . Debus).
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K E A A I O 1
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. - , (, ..) - ( ) -. (. -, ..) - - ( ) , , ( - - - ), - , . - - , - ( ), .
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Feenberg(1999) Smith & Marx (1994), .
1.3
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Ada Lovelace.
ENOTHTA 1.3
30
-
Harvard, Gerald Holton, TheAdvancement of Science, and Its Burdens. With a New Introduction, Harvard UniversityPress, Cambridge, Mass: 1998). , Prickett S., Narrative, Religion andScience, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2003. , , (. - ), - , - , - , - : .., Boyle - - , . - , M.Biagoli Scientific Revolution, Social Bricolage andEtiquette, Porter R., Teich M., The Scientific Revolution in National Context,CUP, Cambridge 1992, . 11-54. , - (.., ) - ( - - - ).
Benjamin A.E., Cantor G.N., ChristieJ.R.R. (eds), The Figural and the Literal: Problems of Language in the History ofScience and Philosophy 1630-1800, Manchester University Press, Manchester 1987.
- : -, Principia (. ) , , , - (occult powers) ..[. 2.5], , - (hidden God).
ENOTHTA 1.3
31
K E A A I O 1
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, - . ( () -) - , - .
, , , , . , . - , - , , ( ). , - - (. 3.7 3 M ). , ( ) , , .
- , , Maxwell, - ( ) Einstein (. - 2.2 2, - Michelson-Morley). , H. Hertz - Maxwell -, ( Kelvin (W. Thomson) Maxwell : - , M.
Michelson-Morley Reichenbach (1942/1927), Planck (1925).
ENOTHTA 1.3
32
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B
1.2
-
. 6 .
1.3
, .
33
K E A A I O 1
-
OHO IA EPAITEP MEETH :
1. ., , , 1987.
2. Dray W., Philosophy of History, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ 1958.
:3. ., ,
, 2004.4. Butterfield, H., The Whig Interpretation of History (1931), Penguin, 1973.
:5. Iggers G., 20 : -
- , , 1999 [-. . Wesleyan University Press, Wesleyan 1997].
( ):6. Boorstin D., The Discoverers, Random House, N. York 1988.7. Boorstin D., he Creators, Random House, N. York 1992.8. Boorstin D., The Seekers, Random House, N. York 1999.9. Bernal J.D., , , , , -
, A xx. John D. Bernal, , , , - , , .
10. Blay M. & Nicolaides E. (eds.), LEurope des sciences: constitution d unespace scientifique, d. Seuil, Paris, 2001 ( . MIET 2006).
, :11. Gribbin J., The Scientists: A History of Science Told Through the Lives of Its
Greatest Inventors, Penguin, Harmondsworth 2004.
: 12. Barnes B., Bloor D., Henry J., Scientific Knowledge: A Sociological Analysis,
Athlone, London 1992. , Strong Prgramme, - . L. Wittgenstein,
34
-
- 70 , T. Kuhn.
13. Barnes B., Shapin S. (eds), Natural Order: Historical Studies of ScientificCulture, Sage, London 1979.
:14.McClellan J. III, Dorn H., Science and Technology in World History, The
Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 1999.
- , Thomas uhn (. ) :15. Fleck L., Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact, The Chicago University
Press, Chicago 1978 ( 1935).
:16. Feenberg ., Questioning Technology, Routledge, London 1999.17. Smith M. R., Marx L. (eds), Does Technology Drive History? The Dilemma
of Technological Determinism, MIT Press, Boston 1994.
:18. Alic M., :
19 , E, 1992.19. Wertheim M., , . -. -
, 1998. 20. Eisenhart M.A., Finkel E. et al., Womens Science, Chicago University Press,
Chicago 1998.21. Pottatucci . (ed.), Women in Science, Sage, London 1998.22. Hardog J. (ed.), Perspectives on Gender and Science, Falmer Press, London 1986.23. Kirkup G., Smith Keller L. (eds.), Inventing Women: Science, Technology
and Gender, Open University Press, Cambridge 1992. 24. Byrne E.M., Women and Science: The Snark Syndrome, Falmer Press, London
1993.25. Bleier R. (ed.), Feminist Approaches to Science, Teachers College Press, New
York 1986/1992.26. Chapman A., Mary Sommerville and the World of Science, Canopus, London
2005.27. P M, X -
, , ( ).
35
K E A A I O 1
-
DNA , :28. Maddox B., Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, Harper Collins, N.
York 2002. :
29. Trocchio Di F., , . , 1999.
: 30. Reichenbach H., From Copernicus to Einstein, Dover, N. York 1942 (
1927). 31. Planck ., A Survey of Physical Theory, Dover, N. York 1944 ( -
1925).32. Samursky S. (ed), Physical Thought: From the Presocratics to the Quantum
Physicists, Hutchinson, London, 1975.33.Van Melsen A.G., From Atomos to Atom: The History of the Concept Atom,
Dover, N. York 2004.
36
-
K E A A I O 2
, P. Gassendi
, ( - ) - . , .
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( . , more geometrico), .
- E.J. Dijksterhuis ( 1950 The Mechanization of the World Picture, Clarendon, Oxford 1961). - ( ) vonFriedrich A. Lange, Geschichte des aterialismus und Kritik seiner Bedeutung inder Gegenwart, J. Baedeker, Iserlohn 1866 ( : Routledge, London2000).
, - , - , . - , , ( ) , , - ( ) - ( , -, - ) ( , ).
, - - , - - . .
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43
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: , , ( - ) . - . , , , - , (). , , - , - , , ( , ). , occult powers - , -, .. .
republic of letters [. 2.2 ]: , .. - 17 18 , , , - , ( ) - - , , - , , - , , .
To Hull D., Science and Selection: Essays on Biological Evolution and thePhilosophy of Science, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2001
ENOTHTA 2.1
44
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Pascal, , (immense infinit d espaces) , , - - , [ ], - , , . ; [ ].
. - E -, - 17 , , , , (. 2.1), , , - , - - -. Sir Thomas Browne Religio Medici(1643) Man, that great and true Amphibium : ,
ENOTHTA 2.1
46
2Monod J., Le hazard et la ncessit, Seil, Paris 1970, p. 216 (. 5 , . Prigogine I., Stengers I., La nouvelle alliance,Mtamorphose de la science, 2nde Ed.,Gallimard, Paris 1990, Monod, PrigogineI., La fin des certitudes, ed. Jacob, Paris 1996 (. . , -, 2003).
-
, - [ Crombie A.C. ( 8,. ) Crombie -, ].
- , , , , computers Leibniz - - Spinoza, , , . - ceteris paribus -.
- .., . - K.Popper 1958, Back to the Presocratics, Conjectures andRefutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge, Routledge, London 1963, . 136-165.
Popper , , : , - - , , - . Popper K A , , - , .
Popper - : 1. , , -
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ENOTHTA 2.1
47
K E A A I O 2
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(infinite regress), ( ) . , () / , . ( ;, - ) , ( , ...) , - ... , , - ( ) ().
2. , 1440, De Docta Ignoratia ( , 17), , , , -. (., .., G. Bruno) . Koyr.
3. , - ( ), , , Leibniz . - -- shifts/ - . .282 .
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48
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[.
Grant E., God and Reason in the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge 2001], -
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49
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ENOTHTA 2.1
51
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. - -. instrumentalism ( = instrument) , conventionalism ( fictionalism, . ), - . , operational, - - , - . [-! , - , ].
- (realism), , . , , , - : , . , - - , () - , - , - .
M ( - , , -: L , -, , , -), - : (, .., [. . 269-270 ]), - - , -
ENOTHTA 2.1
52
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, ( -) - (. ) (, , ) - . , (.., - -calculus Boolean algebra, .. ) - - . - , - semantic rules [. . 269 ].
: . , - - (.., ).
, - - , P. Duhem ( 1908 Annales de Philosophie Chrtienne 1969 . , . 274) 1962 J. Mittelstrass, Die Rettung der Phnomene, . - Duhem ( - ) 1978 G.E.R. Llloyd Saving the Appearances, Classical Quarterly [. Methods andProblems in Greek Science, Cambridge University Press, 1991 ].
, - , , Lloyd : , - M instrumentalism realism ( , , , ., , -
ENOTHTA 2.1
53
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). , , M , -, , / / - , ( ) , , , , M ( Lloyd , M . 212 .., ). , - . , , - : , - - , - , -, .
, , Duhem - ( Duhem-Quine) - ( Van Fraasen B.C., To save the phenomena,Journal of Philosophy, 73 (1976), . 623-632) Bogan, J.R., Woodward J. (1988),Saving the Phenomena, Philosophical Review, 97 (1988), . 303-352.
, , A. , , . - A (, , ) - , ( , ), - .
Koyr : , , ( , Herman, 1961) - Revolutionibus ( Ossiander) ,
ENOTHTA 2.1
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Crombie, , . 325 ( ).
ENOTHTA 2.1
55
K E A A I O 2
-
Sambursky S., The Physical World of Late Antiquity,Routledge, London 1962 ( ) M.J. Crow,Theories of the World from Antiquity to the Copenican Revolution, Dover, N.Y.1990. - G. Sarton, Ancient ScienceThrough the Golden Age of Greece, Dover, .. 1952 Ancient Science andModern Civilization, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln 1964 K B., E, , A 2005.
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, Justus Lippsius , Burke P., The EuropeanRenaissance, Blackwell, Oxford 1998. , - 2 .
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57
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: ( ) - (scholar) (craftsmen), [. Agricola G.(1490-1555) De Re Metallica De La Pirotechnia, ].
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59
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Sizi . Hempel C., Philosophy of Natural Science, Prentice Hall,Englewood Cliffs 1966.
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ENOTHTA 2.4
61
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. Galileo and theChurch: Political Inquisition or Critical Dialogue?, Cambridge University Press,Cambridge 1995 R. Feldhay - (. , , 2.5 .. & -) ( ) -- ( ), , - , , -. - .
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. Brooke J. H., Science and Religion: Some Historical Perspectives, CambridgeUniversity Press, Cambridge 1991, . 2 McMullin E. (ed.), The Church andGalileo, University of Notre Dame Press, Chicago, 2005.
, - . Rossi,.., . 515-522, .
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ENOTHTA 2.4
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K ,
13 .
ENOTHTA 2.4
64
-
OHO IA EPAITEP MEETH1.
1.1 Rossi P., , - , 2004: .
Rupert Hall ., The Revolution in Science 1500-1750, Longman, London 1954( 1962): 20 , .
Henry J., The Scientific Revolution and The Origins of Modern Science, Palgrave,London 2001/2004: , .
, M.Oster Readers .
Huff T.E., The Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China and the West,Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1993.
1.2 :
., , 2, , 1987.
ampson, The Enlightenment, Pelican/Penguin, Harmondsworth 1968/1990( ).
Cassirrer E., The Philosophy of the Enlightenment, Princeton University Press,Princeton NJ 1968.
; , 1989. K .
2. B ()
2.1 , :
Lindberg D.C., Numbers R.L. (.), God and Nature: Historical Essays onthe Encounter between Christianity and Science, The University of CaliforniaPress, Berkeley 1986.
2.2 , ( Newton):
Hessen B., The Social and Economic Roots of Newtons Principia, Science in the Cross Roads ( 1931 . 1971).
(M. Weber) :Merton R.K., Science, Technology and Society in Seventeenth CenturyEngland, Osiris, 4, 1938 ( ).
65
K E A A I O 2
-
2.3 :
Porter R., Teich M. (.), Scientific Revolution in National Context, CambridgeUniversity Press, Cambridge 1992.
Vlahakis G., et al., Imperialism and Science, ABC-Clio, S. Barbara 2006.
2.4 :
Grant E., The Foundations of Modern Science in the Middle Ages: Their Religious,Institutional and Intellectual Contexts, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge1996.
Grant , - - (. -).
, Cambridge History of Science, , - -.
: Debus A.G., Man and Nature in the Renaissance, 1978: 1997 . 91 .
, Palgrave Studies in European History. :
Lang H.S., Aristotles Physics and its Medieval Varieties, SUNY Press, Albany,NY 1992.
Sarton G., The Appreciation of Ancient and Medieval Science during theRenaissance, Pennsylvania University Press, Pennsylvania 1955.
Colish M., Medieval Foundations of the Western Intellectual Tradition 400-1400, Yale University Press, N. Haven 1997.
., K: K M- X A, K, A 2005.
3.
Losee J., Theories of Scientific Progress: An Introduction, Routledge, London2004.
66
-
K E A A I O 3
-, .
, - A.
/
.
: , , - , . - ; , , - ( ). - - , , - ( ), .
3.1
1. -
.
67
A
K
E
-
2. , (impetus &
momentum), ( ), -
A
.
Lindberg
: ,
Oresme Lindberg, .. 1997 (
).
3. , ,
-
( 4 -
) .
Jammer M., Concepts of Force: A Study in the Foundations of Dynamics, Dover, N.Y. 1999 ( 1957).
3.2
. 148
, ,
.
A 31 ( -
2.2, 2.4 2.6), 3 Lindberg.
.
; [. Kuhn Lakatos ]
3.3 3.4 4 , . - .
3.3
-
68
-
( ):
, ,
() , -
( )
. .
.
3.4
- , -
,
;
Rossi, .., . 146 ..
-
[. 2.9
] . .., ,
, : -
-
;
, X, B
, -
;
(1 Principia), , , : , ( ) - ( - .., ).
3.5
(
) = votrix
= ;
69
K E A A I O 3
-
3.6
a propos Bradwardine (14 )
, ,
-
(Grant ., God and Reason in the Middle Ages,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, . 237).
.
3.7
Hypotheses non figo:
-
. -
, [3.3.3 ..],
,
(,
1 ,
).
3.8
, Buridan, Leibniz
,
.
() ( ) -
container. ,
Leibniz ( -
): -
t tz [
,
-
], -
, .., -
,
( , -
). -
Scotus .
70
-
K E A A I O 4
A- . , A.
, .
(- , , ..), -, A. - . - , .
A - A, - .
71
A
,
,
E
-
4.1
, : , - .
72
-
4.2
(. ) Mysterium cosmographicum - , ( - ) .
4.1
anima motrix
, -
. -
;
, .
4.2
Astronomia nova.
;
4.3
. 204 .. . 206 -
, (. 206-207) . 216
, ,
;
;
. 212 Astronomia Nova : (1) - , , (2) -: - , , , - .
73
K E A A I O 4
-
4.1
1.
-
.
2. ,
;
3. stellar parallax.
4.2
-
; (.., );
() , (.., , , , , - - );
() ;
Linton C., From Eudoxus to Einstein: A History of Mathematical Astronomy,Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2004.
ENOTHTA 4.2
74
-
3 4
1. . 39-40 Rossi (2004) [. 1.1 -
2] 3 4 :
()
() -
.
2. K-
, A, -
-
, , -
(
, -
). N
.
3. A
(. ..) -
.
500 -
.
impetus, momentum, inertia ( -
, ..) . -
K . 199 .
-
.
1.2 Crombie,
-
-
.
Buridan impetus
() -
, Crombie,
Lindberg momemtum. , .
:
.
.
75
K E A A I O 4
-
(, , ..),
,
( ) .
( -
)
, , , -
, -
16 (. G. Bruno)
(.., Th. Hobbes).
:
K , ,
, , -
.
() ;
() ;
, ,
.
Il Saggiatore Discorsi -
.
(;) -
.
:
-
Huygens [. ].
4. :
,
Leibniz , . -
, -
,
, ,
. Leibniz
-
, ()
.
Leibniz;
. .
, -
, ..
76
-
[ : Huggett N., Space from
Zeno to Einstein: Classic Readings with a Contemporary Commentary, MIT Press,
Cambridge: Mass., 1999, . 7 8]
5.
,
: -
-
. 20 (.
Project Ozma, Drake ..).
-
, , , -
, , -
(. Priestley, 1), -
.
.. ,
(.., anima motrix, -
Gilbert), ,
. ,
, -
: .
6. Crombie (.., , 2.1) -
-
. , Crombie,
Salviati
, -
, .
. -
-
, -
-
, ,
. ,
-
,
,
Simia Naturae ( , -
).
77
K E A A I O 4
-
,
,
-
-
, -
.
, -
, Lloyd -
.
7. Huygens ( ) (. Jammer M., Concepts of Force,
Dover, N.Y., 110 ff)
Huygens (conatus:
Huygens) -
(
). -
. , -
, . ,
Huygens, -
,
()
( ) ,
. Huygens
-
conatus ( )
,
. , ,
conatus . -
, AB [.
Jammers, Concepts of Force (. ) . 111-112].
78
A
Z
B IE
H
-
O Huygens, , -
V2/R R ,
0. Cushing (
) 7, 8 9, -
.
79
K E A A I O 4
-
4.1
: ,
-
.
80
-
K E A A I O 5
- .
- - - . -, .
/ & & / / 233 Boerhave Caloric
( ) G. Stahl, , ( , . Rossi, . 344 .. - ).
81
A
K
E
-
5.1
18 -
- :
, , - , 20 - -. - .
, -, , - . , , . ( ) M ( ) ( ) - . - .
, , - , , , , - , -. , , (. , 19 20 , - ). , (. . 223-224 ).
82
-
18 , -, . , .. .
Robert Fludd (1574-1637) - -: - , , . , . , , Fludd Harvey [o - Harvey, , - , , , - ].
O 17 , , , , , Fludd van Helmont, . Debus.
Encyclopedie , - =, , , . ( -) : (..), -: Kant I., .
[1 .. ], -
ENOTHTA 5.1
83
K E A A I O 5
-
, 37 ( , ) - , Historia Naturalis ( 20.000 2.000 100 ).
5.1
(
)
18 (. . 224 ).
-
,
.
ENOTHTA 5.1
84
-
5.2-5.7
( ,
) - :
(. 227-228).
- (. Popper - Bacon, - (. 2 M - ).
( ). ( ) - .
: (. 229)
(. 231)
(. 232): .., . . 254 .
(. 233).
5.2
1. . 238 ( 5.5) :
; [
]
2. . 249 , -
Lavoisier chemists
:
(2.) Lavoisier -
;
(2.) , -
.
85
K E A A I O 5
-
3. (.
249-250);
5.1
(.., Lavoisier, . 244 ); Dalton .
, .
, , mass ( : massa) Leibniz - , , -- , - (- - ), - Leibniz, () - ( Leibniz ). (vis-vital-vitalistic) ( ) [. 3 M- 3.5 ].
5.2
( 5.1)
(. 247) ( -
) Lavoisier .
ENOTHTA 5.2-5.7
86
-
5.8
-
, .
. 251 ( - ) : .
87
K E A A I O 5
-
5.9
: (. 259). (. 260),
, (. Hull D., .., ). ull, , - .
Stengers Is., Bensaude-Vincent B., , , 1999.
Humphrey Davy, : (1802)!
( ) A 5.3
Lavoisier , caloric,
.
,
,
(.., Joule, Kelvin, Clausius, Boltzmann)
,
.
( ) A 5.4
Brownian motion ( -
Robert Brown, 1827/8 -
, ..
, ), A 1905
( ) -
.
88
-
- , X K.
, Prigogine (La nouvelle alliance, .., . 237) Boltzman .
ENOTHTA 5.9
89
K E A A I O 5
-
5.1
(. 249 ) -
(.., Lavoisier, . 244).
O()
O
A., : , , 1995. A., : , , 1997. ( X )Leicester H., , , 1993.
EO
Cobb A., Goldwhite H., Creations of Fire: Chemistrys Lively History from Alchemyto the Atomic Age, Perseus Books, New York 1995.Jaffe B., Crucibles: The Story of Chemistry: From Ancient Alchemy to NuclearFission, Dover, New York, 4 . 1976 ( : 1930).
90
-
MEPO B
BIOOIA
-
K E A A I O 1
- , . . , , ( - 2 ) .
- , - . , - - . , - , - .
: : , ( ):
, , , ( ), .
93
A
K
E
-
: .
: .
- . - (. - ) . - - , , , - , . - , , . , , ( ...) , , - - ( ).
., , , 1995.
Dodds E.R., , , 1996.
Kirk G.S. et al., , , 1998.
Long A.A., , , 2005.
Snell B., , , 1997.
Hussey E., The Presocratics, Duckworth, London 1972.
94
-
1.1
[] , -
, - . , , , ( - , - ). . .
-: ( - , ) ( , , , ). - , -: (: ) .
A , .., - , , - , , , - , , - .., - - : - M - - () -, ( ) -- ( ,
95
K E A A I O 1
-
( -, , ).
M - ( ) , - M ( - ), = . , ( ) -, , .
1.1
, , -
Peano -
(.., Bolyai-Lobachevski),
, .., H. Poincar (La
Science et l hypothse, Flammarion, Paris 1902).
[] 1. ( -
) , , - - (= ) -, , ( -) () ( - [] - - ). , , - . , , , , .. , -, , .
( , ): ()
ENOTHTA 1.1
96
-
- , , . , () () ( .., ) , , - . , - , , (.., p ~p .., ...), ( - ). - ( ), ( - ) - . - - ( ), - (. ) - .
2. - ( ), , , .
3. ( -) 1 -- - - - , - ( ), ( - ,
ENOTHTA 1.1
97
K E A A I O 1
-
. ). , .., .. , . - , - .
4. . - - : , :
&
/
[ ]
[ ]
[]
[ [ ]
]
[]
[ ]
& [-]
[ ]
ENOTHTA 1.1
98
O &
-
0
max
-
() : : : (+):(+) [. =] , ( 0 max) ()().
() , , - , , -, - , , -, .
: : -
: , , ( ), . , - . , , .
- : () ( ) : , -. () - , , - , .
ENOTHTA 1.1
99
K E A A I O 1
-
1.2
1. , , -
, - . (. : ), () , . - , , , (.., ), , . - , - - , - , ( / ) : , . (). , , .
- , , . (- ) () ( , ) ( - , , 1). - . ( ) ()
100
1 ( ..) ( ) (.., K).
-
, , . .
B
Lennox J., Aristotles Philosophy of Biology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge2001.
2. - , - , - B [ , , - ].
, - , , E. Mayr, Typological versus PopulationThinking, Evolution and the Diversity of Life, Harvard University Press, CambridgeMass, 1976. Mayr - , . , .
- (essentialism), : .., , - (. - Mayr). , ( - ). , ( -) , . - .
Mayr ( , - ),
ENOTHTA 1.2
101
K E A A I O 1
-
( ) B , . - :
[ - ] , , [ ] , , [. ]. , - . - [ ] -. - [] - . - [ ], [. ]. [ ], () [ -] [illusion], ( ) [ ] - [] [ ] .2
, - . ( ) ( ) - , . ( ) - - , (.., , , - : - , -
ENOTHTA 1.2
102
2 .
-
). - ( ): .., - , . - , , -, , - () . , () . , -, -, - ( , - , - , , , - ). , () -- - B , , ( - -) () ( ) - , -, .
3. , - , , - - , , , ., , , , - , , , , , - - . - : (.., , homeostatic systems feedback mechanisms. Cannon) . ,
ENOTHTA 1.2
103
K E A A I O 1
-
/ , -, -, . .., . - , - -, - - ( / ). - ( ) , .., , . M , , - ! : , : - , .3
: , (Teleology-Teleological) -
/ (goal-directed), - (Functionalism) (. ) - (functionalist) ( ) -/ (function-directed).
ENOTHTA 1.2
104
3 ( ) (. Dirac) the anthropic principle ( -): ( - ) - (.., ).[. Barrow J., Tipler F., The Anthropic Cosmological Principle, Oxford University Press, Oxford1986,Weelev J. et al., The Anthropic Cosmological Principle, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1988,Bartola F., Cun V. (eds), The Anthropic Principle: Conditions of the Existence of Mankind in theUniverse, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1993, Leslie, J. Anthropic Principle, World Ensemble,Design, American Philosophical Quarterly, 19, 1982, 141-151.]
-
, , - , .., - .., .., , , , .., -, , , , ( , ).
, -: , (.., ). , ( ) - : (.., , ) .
, , , - . - , - : .., --- (homeostasis) , - ( ), , .., . -, , , , , .., (, ) - .. ( , / - , ).
, - ( , , - , ): ( , ) - - (state descriptions)
ENOTHTA 1.2
105
K E A A I O 1
-
( ) , . (.., -) , - (.., ) , . - - ( ) . , - ( - ) Laplace [. 3 - ]. , .., . Bohr, , - -, - -, ,.., .
Nagel E., Teleology Revisited, Columbia University Press, . York 1979 & , .
, . Sober E. (.), Conceptual Issues inEvolutionary Biology, MIT, Boston 21994.
B 1.2
()
[H -
.]
- (. 16 ..):
ENOTHTA 1.2
106
-
-. - , - , : () , - (. , 5.4.4 ), , - ( ), , - , ( - ) () , - (. , 3 ), - -, -, A , -, ( , ) -, , (. , , - . 49-50 ).
(. 19) , - -, -. - , - (. ). , - , , , - ( , ). - , , -, , - , - - , .
ENOTHTA 1.2
107
K E A A I O 1
-
- . , - ( ) 1625 (Apiarum) , Fr. Cesi, .
[, , - , ] -, - (), .
1.1
, -
. -
(Losee, :
, . ., . 1, , 1993) -
-
.
. 22: (1) - - ( ), - , Descartes: , - , , . ( ) , ( ), , -. , . -, : , - , , ( , .., , .., - ) ,
ENOTHTA 1.2
108
-
. the ghost in the machine - ( ), , ( ) - (, Descartes -).
- - ( ) , . Descartes , , - , - ( ). O Descartes ( , ) - - res cogitans ( ), -: - , , . (-). - . , -, , , .
O Descartes - 20 , - ( & Cognitive Science) , - . 60 ( ), - - , - -, : - - ,
ENOTHTA 1.2
109
K E A A I O 1
-
. - , .., ( ) [. Minsky MIT ].
E, . 22 - - : ;, ; - (individual), - () -;. , - - . , (.., In VitroFertilization ..), / - , - .
1.2
. 28-29, :
1. ,
,
; ,
,
( ); -
;
2.
;
3.
,
. 28 .
29; - -
-
, ;
ENOTHTA 1.2
110
-
1.3
, . - - , (De Sensibus), . Stratton G.M.,Theofrastus and the Greek Physiological Psychology before Aristotle, George Allen &Unwin, London 1917 (1964). () (.., ).
1.3
, -
, -
;
, , ..,
, ;
, -
18
.
1.4
. . (
, ) Sarton (..), Sambrusky (..) Farrington B., The Faith of Epicurus,Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London 1969, Lloyd G.E.R., Greek Science After Aristotle,Norton, N. York 1973.
111
K E A A I O 1
-
1.5
,
, .., - () , , , E E.
1.6
I ,
, Nestle V., , 2, , 1999. ( ). [. ., I I, E, A 2004]
( ) . - Harvey (. ). Debus (.., 2).
, : ( ).
. 40 1.12 (. 49). , - - ( -: ;).
112
-
1.7
, , -
( - ), - , ( ). , , , . , , -, curriculum. - - , ( ) . , , , -. , : - -, (.., ) , .
: ( ):
. 43 (. Hildegard: ..)
(. ) :
, - , - , - . - , , , -
113
K E A A I O 1
-
.., , - - () : , , - . - ( -, - -, ). ,, - - (, .., ).
EIIKH O , . Wallis R.T., , , - 2002, Dodds E.R., , .
1.2
, , -
.
ENOTHTA 1.7
114
-
K E A A I O 2
- , - .
, -, , --, , .
, -
- : -.
- , E E . A.R. Hall [. 6 - , 1.1 2 ], , - 17 , - , K-, , M. Foucault, - 1750 ( , , , , ).
115
A
E
K
-
- . Hall (.., . 147) : [] 17 20 , [] . 19 (. . 26 -).
, , 17 (-, ) I - , , 19 .
116
-
2.1
: TAH 1O
. I ( ) -, physician () . - - . - .. -, - . :(1) (2) :
, , .
- - , , - : 1991 Kahn D.,Matton S. (ed.), Alchimie: art, histoire et mythes, CNRS, Paris 1995. , . : Plessner M., Vorsokratische Philosophie und Griechische Alchemie, F.Steiner, Wiesbaden 1975. , Linden S.J. (ed.), The Alchemy Reader: FromHermes Trismegistus to Isaac Newton, CUP, Cambridge 2003.
(3) - (): - . - , - . , -, - (.., ). - - - . ,
117
K E A A I O 2
-
( , .Boyle) , , . - - -vitalistic - , -.
O Boyle, , , -. : , , , , . - , Boyle, ( Gay-Lussac) - , - [ Boyle -, , , Leibniz].
(. 61) (, , -).
ENOTHTA 2.1
118
-
2.2
: 2
2.1 (. . 64 B)
Van Helmont,
res cogitans Descartes,
ghost in the machine, .
Descartes ( . 65, 66
[1.7]).
2.2 (. . 68 B)
, Borelli,
Lavoisier, , (
).
119
K E A A I O 2
-
2.3
.. . 72 73
B, . Gombrich Art &Illusion ( , , ), - Kuhn - (): ( - , , . [. Rossi .., . 114 ..]
( ) - - .
2.3
:
, .
;
3 (3.3) .
120
-
2.4
-
- , -, , , , - ( ) - , . . [ -, Debus (..), ].
Vesalius , Harvey, - . Michael Servetus (1511-1553 - ) -: - (, , septum , ) - .
121
K E A A I O 2
-
2.5
: -
, , . 78 Leevvenhoek. - , (. ) ( , . 3.2) , 17 , .., - , , - , ( ). -, , ( - ), S. Hales 18 .
[ : - , - .]
122
-
2.6
2.4
Harvey (. 80),
,
, -
, ..,
,
.
.
[ : , Ovists
Animalculists.]
[, 5 ,
.]
, Harvey
. -
.
2.5
. 82-83: -
.
: occult properties powers [
. . 26], -
( ) ,
,
( J. Henry -
, .
1 ).
2.6
. 84-85: :
123
K E A A I O 2
-
()
() ,
()
.
2.7
. 86-89: () Harvey
, -
()
() -
(.., ). ;
;
: -
(. 25) Harvey.
ENOTHTA 2.6
124
-
K E A A I O 3
, , -. , , , , , Buffon Leibniz.
La Mettrie, - Stahl, Linnaeus - , Buffon-Leibniz .
-
[. ] Linnaeus Buffon Leibniz , ,
1750
Francois Jacob (La Logique du vivant, Paris 1970, . . - . ), 18 o , . - - (-) . [. E , 2 -, ]
125
A
K
KATA 18
E
-
:
B 3.1
. 96, -
:
- ; ;
126
-
3.1
3.1.1 . 97
(. organized whole holism ) . 101 . 102.
18 , /- , . - - ( ) - ( - ), - . - (vis viva), , -, - .
3.1.1 . 98 Hoffmann (. 98-99) , A B 3.1 , .
3.1
(.., )
Lavoisier; ;
( -
, );
3.1.2 La Mettrie,
, . , -
127
K E A A I O 3
-
La Mettrie - ( ). Boerhave. La Mettrie ( , - - , - ). , , , - : - (. 98 1751). - - , , La Mettrie (. , o ) (.., . 116) - ( ), , (.., ). 3 , () - [ ], - - (. ). () ... - (.., . 114-116). - , .. () , .
20 - (.., ). ( ) Konrad Lorenz.
ENOTHTA 3.1
128
-
3.2
Stahl
(. 101, ) - , , - (, ) . . . , . 102, Stahl [ Stahl - ].
. 102 ( ), , , design-principle, , ; . B dispositional properties (.., [ ] [ ] /RNA ..).
129
K E A A I O 3
-
3.3
3.3.1 . 105 -
- .. . - 4 , .
3.2
() ; -
(
16 17
19 ) -
,
;
( ) -
, -
-
. ,
(species-specia), 18 ,
(. K-cladistics).
() ( )
, 2.4 ,
, .
(;).
: 1744 -
, , Abraham
Trembley, ,
Leeuvenhoek ,
130
4
-
( ). -
, -
. -
, . ,
, ,
fungi, -
,
(. Louis Agazi, 19 .,
).
Buffon -
, , , -
,
, : -
,
( -
. Hume Goddman ) -
- .
() [ () -
],
, -
: Malpighi,
17 ( ,
;)
.
La Mettrie.
, -
,
deep time , K.
3.3.2 uffon
3.3
(
) Encyclopedie
Histoire Naturelle.
- -
, ,
(.., -
ENOTHTA 3.3
131
K E A A I O 3
-
).
( ) -
-
;
-
;
ENOTHTA 3.3
132
-
3.4
Buffon - ( - ) - (. 11-112). - 9 . 112 - , , - , Leibniz. - .
Leibniz ( ) ( , - ). , - Leibniz - - 17 : , - , .
Leibniz , ( - ) . , - - , - ( , , Leibniz - ) , - , :
.., , () , ,
133
K E A A I O 3
-
(, , , , ...), ( - ) , , (- ) - . ,, , , - - , ( Leibniz , - ). , - () ( ) . ( ) , , , .., .
-Leibniz, , , , , , , - , Leibniz ( ), , (-) , , - ( ). [ Leibniz - , - Leibniz, , - , , ].
-Leibniz , - , (-
ENOTHTA 3.4
134
-
). , , - , , , , , : 5 ( -) () . , (vitalistic), - . Leibniz vis viva , mv2 ( )6.
-, - , Leibniz - , - Boscovich, Leibniz, : -Leibniz - , , , , - , , Leibniz. , , Mach .. A, -. -Leibniz Buffon ( Leibniz - ): -Leibniz ( ) ( - , ). Leibniz .
Leibniz (. ) -, .
ENOTHTA 3.4
135
K E A A I O 3
5 19 (. vis viva) : ., .., H. Driesch.6 B. vis viva.
-
() , Leibniz, ( ) - , , . , - ., , , , - ( ) - ( ). . Leibniz , , - ( ) --, ( ) , - .
() , - ( , ) , [] [ ] -... / , , - [ ] , [] [ ] Leibniz. de novo ( ) - . , , , - , .
() - . ( Malpighi Swammerdam), , , , -, , .. , Leibniz , - , , .
3.4
1.
, -
ENOTHTA 3.4
136
-
, -
.
200-300 , (-
).
2. , Leibniz -
,
-,
- -
. ,
(.., ), -
.
;
Leibniz
;
3. -
, -
Leibniz; -
- .
3.5
Leibniz , -
(wave mechanics) 20 (. Erwin Schroedinger),
. ,
(
)
[. de Broglie G.P. Thomson (
Kelvin), Compton effect.
. E -
.
3.4.1 C. Bonnet
3.6
onnet [. 112-114] ()
,
.
-
.
ENOTHTA 3.4
137
K E A A I O 3
-
, ( -
) evolutionary, Popper, D. Hull
.., ;
-
Darwin,
(. 5 -
).
3.7
. 116 Sprengel :
; -
,
Sprengel;
von Haller -
3.5.1 : () () -
( . 119-
120) [ A, 3 (3.3),
].
O()
EO
Duchesneau F., Physiologie des Lumieres: empirisme, modles et thories, Nijhoff, 1982.
ENOTHTA 3.4
138
-
K E A A I O 4
- - I ( ) 19 - .
I - . - - 19 , - - , , .
139
A
KATA 19
-
4.1
I ( - , -) I 18 19 - , - , 2 ( -, ).
, - Schelling, I , - .
, - : - , - . , - , - ( , ) - - - (.., -, .., -- [, , ..]). - (immaterialism) - , ( -
140
-
), : .
Schelling - , , , , , - , Spinoza (17 ) Naturphilosophie , a priori, , . - -, . - , , , - / ( , ), ( ), , ( ) . -, - ( ) - -, - -- ( , ). , , , Schelling , . , , - - , , ( - , , - , -, , Leibniz ). ( ) - / ( , ). .
4.1
Leibniz
Schelling ; H -
, .
ENOTHTA 4.1
141
K E A A I O 4
-
4.2
T 131 ( 132 ): .
. 133 - , - ( . - Gould (. 168) - La Mettrie).
142
-
4.3
. 137-138 -
: ( Schelling).
4.1
. 139 . Hall
-
. -
,
. -
Hall Kuhn -
;
Scotus, ,
Vesalius Harvey.
4.2
140-141: ,
K ;
Kuhn . 144 (
). ;
143
K E A A I O 4
-
4.4
4.3
147: , , ,
-, ( -
).
4.5
, , Pasteur -
- .
144
-
4.6
: . 152, -
Lavoisier . 154 - .
4.2
(
);
4.4
(1) 155:
() ( ) -
E;
() Helmholtz.
(2) 155-156:
() () C. Bernard
(
)
New Experimentalism ( E -
).
145
K E A A I O 4
-
M
M 4.1
-
.
146
-
K E A A I O 5
, - , , - , , , -.
-: Mendel
homeostasis
E -
K , -
.
:[] []
147
A
20
-
5.1
Mendel: . :
(1) : Mendel.
. 102 .
- - , .
(2) : - (Mendel), , ( ) (, Galton).
. 163 W. Johannsen - :
(1) ( , .., Lewontin: ) -
(2) Johannsen ,, .
- . 187.
. 164 () : ; - ( ) /- , , - , ;
- - - [ 2.4 3.2 ()]. - , -
148
-
, .., / . : ( -- );
[. Ian Hacking, Representing and Intervening: Introductory Topics in thePhilosophy of Natural Science, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1983 (- .: , , 2002.]
, - (.., . 166).
. 169 170 ( ), ( ). , -, , Henri Atlan, Entre lecristal et la fume: Essai sur l organisation du vivant, Seuil, Paris 1979.
ENOTHTA 5.1
149
K E A A I O 5
-
5.2
1
homeostasis (Cannon) - ( )[. -: homeostasis - ].
B2 B
: () ()
() : (.., . 173 - Cannon) ( - ). - ( M ) , (,) , - .
() : 5.2.2: , - -.
5.2.7 :
(1) . 178: , : , ..
(2) . 174 (): -.
. 180 (): ( ), (.., - ).
150
-
:
(2) , : ( ),
(2) , :
(2) :
. 181, - 5.2.9, , - . [. B 4.2].
5.2.9 : , -
.
5.2.10 : 1) , 2)
ENOTHTA 5.2
151
K E A A I O 5
-
5.3
:
-.
: : [ induction(s)]-. H. Spemann
B 5.1
; (. -
. 185.)
: (..,
): . 185-186 ( 5.5, . 195).
152
-
5.4
, . . 188 Mayr . 204 :
: . . 187 ( -
) genetic drift .
A 5.2
. 188: ;
5.4.2 5.1
-
( B) -
( )
. ;
5.4.3 5.5.1 5.6.1 .
5.2
;
-
. -
(5.4.5);
(1) - , - ( genetic drift - Kimura . 193).
(2) , (. . 203: ).
153
K E A A I O 5
-
5.5
5.5.2 (. . 198) -
( . 195), genome project (. 198-199).
5.5.3 5.3
;
: 5.3
Leeuwenhoek,
-
(.., -
) , ,
.
-
,
DNA -
.
1. , ( ..) - ( , ), . , , , ,
154
-
.