{KC 2.2 and 2.3

Period 2 Wrap-up

{Native Americans & Europeans

Changes in Culture

Pueblo Revolt, 1680 Conflict more accommodation of NA culture by

Spanish NA & English

Conflict reinforcement of English view of land, gender roles

Praying towns Weapons + alcohol + reward for military action vs.

enemies = more intense/destructive NA wars

Effects of Prolonged Contact

Praying Towns

{Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans

The Atlantic World

Quickening pace of contact, exchanges that connect Europe, Africa, and the Americas

British AW Built on strength of South Atlantic shipping

foundation for population flow rising economic production

Naval power, manufacturing

Cultural impact Print revolution spread of ideas Consumer revolution new items, goods

What is it?

Spread of Enlightenment ideas Science, rationality

Revival and expansion of Xnty Consumer goods

debt

Impact

Shipping road networks, taverns, postal system

Boston, NYC, Philadelphia, Charleston Food, lodging, social centers (news,

politics) Movement of people, information,

letters, newspapers, pamphlets, books 7-8 weeks from England to colonial ports 1695- Licensing Act ends- little censorship

Print Revolution

Print shops run newspapers, pamphlets, poetry, sermons, advertisements

Science, history, travers’ accounts, novels spread of new ideas Colonial printers:

1704: Boston Newsletter 37 newspapers by 1776 share in grievances Mostly European affairs

Assume know local issues

{The growing “English-ness” of the colonies

Anglicization

Growth of political communities based on English models

Commercial ties to England Similarities in legal structures Print culture Protestant evangelism & religious

toleration, Enlightenment ideals

English imports up, London fashion, newspapers, learned professions based on English models

How? In what ways?

Family life- Non-gentlemen families- sons take up

trades, add crafts to farming households Women-

Dowry when marry (cash, goods- NOT land)

Coverture Inheritance rules Worked harder (spinning wheel Double-standard for sexual offenses

{Regional distinctiveness diminished over time

American Identity

Majority English population Africans, non-English influence

Representative assemblies Elected by voters

Gov. by crown or proprietor RI/CT- Gov. also elected

Religious toleration Can practice various religions MBC- most conservative, exclusion of non-Xns,

Catholics RI/PA most liberal

Shared Characteristics

No hereditary aristocracy Based on economics- wealthy landowners,

craft workers/small farmers (majority) Social mobility

Via hard work For all but Africans

Shared Characteristics

Center of colonial life Economy expanding, food supply high

marriage @ younger age, more children Higher standard of living Frontier, coastal areas difficult

Family

Men Held wealth, did work Landowning political power Unlimited power in home

Beat wife Women

Avg. of 8 kids Cook, clean, making clothes, medical care Education of kids Work next to husband (shop, field) Divorce legal, but rare Role in decision making

Why? Shared labor, mutual dependence

{

A Challenge to Autonomy

Edmund Burke, Sir Robert Walpole Relaxed supervision of internal affairs (B) Support Patronage (W)

rise of American self-government American assemblies power- English Bill

of Rights Taxes- vote down if vs. colonial interest

Currency- Land banks/local currency, paper currency

as legal tender 1751- Currency Act = no land banks,

paper money

Salutary Neglect 1650s – 1740s

Smuggling as Resistance

Goals/interests of Euro. Leaders DNE goals/interests of colonists

Salutary Neglect prior to 1763 Regulation, but little enforcement

ignoring laws

Molasses Act of 1733 Why?

Mercantilism restrictions on manufacturing, shipping, trade partners (use of duties)

MA & Navigation Acts (1651) = attempt to restrict trade

Protect English business from Dutch competitors (shipping low)

Protect sugar in British West Indies Not for revenue

Molasses into NE for RUM England not want NE purchasing from Dutch,

Spanish- only British WI (Jamaica, Barbados)

Issue for colonial producers Supply of molasses drop, price increase

(duty, less rum manufactured) loss of market share

Duty paid takes 100% of value of rum (profits = 0)

Others: Fish, flour, meat Can’t be absorbed by Brit. sugar islands

sale to French

smuggling molasses from French/Spanish colonies @ lower price

Bribe to customs (NY/Mass) = half a penny/gallon

If caught, freed by American juries Bring £330 sterling in its first year

£76 annually in 1738-1741 Below the cost to administer it.

1763- Charles Townshend Pres. of Board and Trade use to raise

revenue Reduce rate- 6d to 2d/gallon of molasses.

Idea? Traders pay the lower, less smuggling

Enforce collection - 1763 Hovering Act. 1764- replaced by Sugar Act (tax at 3d)

{

The Enlightenment

The Enlightenment

Rationalism & Scientific methods also apply to human life & affairs

Scientific development can bring “enlightenment” to humankind

Adam Smith (1723-1790) economic laws Immanuel Kant (1724-1800)- said enlightenment was

“daring to know”

Set the stage for political & social change

Rationalism can be used to figure out the laws that governed human society; could lead to progress toward a better society

“Noble savage”- pure, close to origin of world, natural state, all else seen as “shackles”

Global Awareness- other highly developed civs with different customs;

Philosophes= Enlightenment thinkers Believed knowledge could transform humankind PROGRESS!

No fixation on tradition, divine command. Change, Improvement through reason/logic

Influenced by global awareness Were satirical, critical, hostile to establishment Attack of arbitrary gov., divine right, aristo. Privilege John Locke- constitutional government Education for women Challenge religion:

Many were deists- a remote deity (creator of world, but no interaction with it)

Pantheists- God and nature are one Religion as a fraud

4 principles: law like order of natural world, power of human reason, “natural rights” of individuals, progressive improvement of society

Enlightenment Principles

John Locke- impact of environment and experience on behavior, beliefs

Essay Concerning Human Understanding, 1690

Character can be changed via education, rational thought, purposeful action

Two Treatise of Government, 1690 Political authority from social compact, not

God to monarchs Based on preservation of people’s natural

rights to life, liberty, property

John Locke

Boston Philadelphia Educated self through reading Printer, Pennsylvania Gazette (1729)

“Club of Mutual Improvement” Weekly meetings on “Morals, Politics, or

Natural Philosophy” Poor Richard’s Almanack (1732-1757)

Annual publication Practical outlook of Enlightenment

Inventions Bifocal lenses, Franklin stove, lightning rod

Benjamin Franklin

“My own mind is my own church.” – T. Paine “I am of a sect by myself.” –TJ Supreme Being/Grand Architect

Incomprehensible- limitations of mind World in motion, then. . .

Natural law, order No intervention

Free to worship in own way All views of Godshould be respected

Humans created equal under God Natural rights

Rejection of divinity of JC, authority of Bible Instead? Rely on reason, moral sense for right/wrong Given by God to develop own principles

Deism

Montesquieu

From French nobility, 1689-1755 Republics (small, citizen involvement) Monarchy (mid-size, adherence to law by

ruling class) Despotism (large empires, fear used to

inspire obedience) Checks and Balances: achieved by

separation of powers (exec, legis, judicial)

Would limit & control each other Gave security & freedom to a state

Voltaire

Born into prosperous, middle-class, 1694-1778

Criticized religion, attached to idea of religious toleration

Was witty, satirical toward religion Deism

Diderot

Son of a skilled craftsman, 1713-1784 Saw Xnty as fanatical, unreasonable Encylopedia- 28 volumes of “knowledge”

for the purpose to changing the “general way of thinking”

Many contributors Sold to Drs, teachers, lawyers, military to

spread ideas of Enlightenment Advocate religious tolerance and also

social/legal/political improvements Hope to progress into more cosmo, tolerant,

humane, reasonable society

Enlightenment, etc.

Laissez Faire: individuals should be left to pursue own

econ. Interests; society would benefit; no interference from the state

Adam Smith: The Wealth of Nations (army, police, public

works) Rousseau-

Society governed by its general will (Social Contract)

High v. Popular Culture High= literature, art of educated & wealthy

Theology, science, philosophy, poetry, plays Pop= written/unwritten culture of masses

(oral traditions) Festivals, food, drink Carnival

{1730s- 1740s: fervent expressions of religious feeling among the masses

The Great Awakening

1720s- from Germany religious revival Later Mid-Atlantic (Scots-Irish Pres), New

England

Northampton, Mass., 1741 “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”

A Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work of God (1737, 1738)

Old Test. Scriptures- God angry w/ sinfulness

Saved if express deep penitance

Jonathan Edwards

Emphasis on pious behavior (Pietism) Emotional worship

Appeal to heart, not mind

From England in 1739 John Wesley- English Methodism Message America (GA, MA)

Preached to 10k+- barns, tents, fields Rousing sermons that stressed

God = all powerful, save those who profess belief in JC

If not? HELL! Ordinary people w/ faith, sincerity can

understand gospels

George Whitefield

Colonists shared experience as Americans

Various social classes, national origins New way to view authority

If can manage religious affairs, then also political affairs

Why rely on authority of “higher” powers?

Impact on Politics