kathyrn notes
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Geography notes
5 themes, Location and Region
5 Themes of GeographyM-M17
5 Themes of Geography Location
Where is it? Regions
Areas that share at least 1 common feature
Place Natural and human features
that make it different Movement
How do people, goods, and ideas move from place to place
Interaction Human-environment
interaction, each change and affect each other
5 Themes of Geography Questions
Location Earth, globes,
maps etc.
Location Absolute location
Street Address Longitude and
latitude in degrees Relative location
Referring to a location based on knowledge of its position in comparison to another location
Location Hemispheres
Northern and Southern
Western and Eastern
Location
Line
Longitude
Lateral or parallel
Long way to reach up and down
Latitude
0° N-90° N
0° S-90° S
0° W-180° W 0° E-180° E
Location Special latitude lines
Arctic Circle Tropic of Cancer 0° Equator Tropic of Capricorn Antarctic Circle
Special longitude lines 0° Prime meridian
Location How to use a map
Back bulletin board
M8-9
Regions Common climate,
physical features, culture, government (politics), or history
The same area can be in more than 1 region
Regions Political regions:
countries, states, providences, counties, cities
Regions Physical feature
maps:
C1
Unit 1: Toward CivilizationPrehistory-500 BC
Chapters 1-2
Beginnings of Human SocietyChapter 1
Geography and History C1S1I. Intro – Iceman
A. Alps mountain pass, Italian-Austrian border
B. 1991C. Scientists studied
skeleton and possessions to learn about how he lived
1. Dated the Iceman to about 3,000 BC
2. Copper axe was the key to dating,
a. Europeans first used it in 4,000 BC
b. Iceman must be from after that time
Geography and History cont.II. Understanding History:
Humans are curious about our origins
A. Before and After Writing1. 5,000 years ago history started
in Southwest Asia and Africa2. History is the written and
other recorded events of people 3. Prehistory is the time before
history
B. Prehistory: Digging Up the Past
1. Archeologists must dig up the past to learn about past peoples
a. Sift through dirt in prehistoric camps to find tools and other objects
b. Objects help them learn about the people who lived there
Geography and History cont.II. Understanding History cont.
C. History: A Record in Writing1. With the aid of archaeologists,
historians examine written records from humans of that society
2. They also consult records from other societies that refer to them
D. A Record of the Spoken 1. Oral traditions are stories
passed down in families and societies by word of mouth
2. Not all are historically accurate, but many are based on facts
3. Tend to change with each retelling
4. Describe how a society lived and what was important to them
Geography and History cont.III. Linking Geography and
HistoryA. Knowing when something
happened is importantB. Geography is the study
of the Earth’s surface and the processes that shape it
1. It also refers to the features of a place
a. Climate/weatherb. Landscape c. Location etc
Egypt for exampleLast paragraph p.9
PrehistoryC1S2I. Intro
A. Discusses a volcanic eruption B. Humans walked on the thick ash mud, leaving their footprintsC. In 1972 scientists found the footprints
Millions of years ago?
PrehistoryC1S2 cont.II. Stone Age Hunting and
GatheringA. Earliest Human Culture
1. During the Stone Age humans made lasting tools and weapons from stone, wood, and animal bones
2. The Stone Age continued until humans began using
metal for tools3. Stone Age divides into 3 periods
a. Old (hunter gatherers rather than farmers)
b. Middle c. New
PrehistoryC1S2 cont.II. Stone Age Hunting and Gathering
cont.B. Fire!1. No one knows how humans began using fire2. We do know that they were terrified by it until they could control it3. This was an important step because people could move to colder climatesC. Settling New Areas1. With the development of tools, humans moved from Africa, spreading over the whole Earth 2. These wanderers were called nomads, people with no settled home
Prehistory C1S2 cont. Nomads were hunter –gatherers P. 18-19
III. The Beginning of FarmingA. Early Farmers
1.Those who began farming entered the New Stone Age (Old Stone Age continued in some places until the 1900s)
2. They realized they could not only gather food, but also replant the seeds
a. Women gardenedb. Men hunted
3. This allowed them to stay in one place
4. Pastoral nomads remained nomads, but raised livestock to eat
Prehistory C1S2 cont.III. The Beginning of Farming
cont.B. Farming Around the World1. Some places in the world are more fertile, rich in substances that plants need to grow, than othersa. warmth, light, rain, growing seasons2. Plants grow best in certain placesa. Rice in Chinab. Corn, beans, and squash in Central America
PrehistoryC1S2 cont.III. The Beginning of Farming cont.
C. Plant Selection1.Plants were domesticated, wild plants that have been adapted for human use2. they looked for the biggest,
best tasting plants and used their seedsD. Raising Animals
1. Animals were domesticated, taming wild animals for human use
a. dogs, sheep, goats, pigsb. hunting, wool, meat, milk, skins (hides)
E. The Challenge of Domestication1. Sometimes animals that have
been domesticated do not breed well in captivity
a. Elephants for battle useb. Cheetahs for hunting
The Beginnings of Civilization C1S3 I. Intro
A. Early communities built irrigation systems, supplying water from another place using canalsB. This allowed them to dam up the spring flood waters, release the gates to irrigate crops during the dry season
The Beginnings of Civilization C1S3 cont. II. Advantages of Settled Life
A. The Population Grows1. Surplus is having more than
what is needed2. Important for population
growtha. hunter-gatherers had
only a few childrenb. farming families could
have more3. Population exploded!!
B. Early Villages and Towns1. As the food surpluses
continued, towns grew2. People could do other jobsa. artisan: skilled
worker who made items by hand
b. artisans made baskets, leather goods, tools, pottery, or cloth
The Beginnings of Civilization C1S3 cont.III. The Growth of Cities
A. Earliest Cities1. Surplus food + dependable water source + building materials = good location for a city2. Many began next to large rivers: Nile, Tigris, Euphrates, Huang, and Indus3. Cities have public buildings for worship, storage, or sales4. People contributed in many ways instead of just farmingB. Government Forms1. As population grew, governments formed to keep order in society and provide services2. Governments also settled disputes and managed public building projects
The Beginnings of Civilization C1S3 cont. IV. The First Civilizations: a
society that has cities, central governments, workers who specialize, and have forms of writing, art, and architectureA. The Bronze Age
1. In 3000 BC, artisans figured out how to
strengthen copper by adding tin to make bronze
2. This allowed them to make more durable
tools, weapons, helmets, and shields
The Beginnings of Civilization C1S3 cont. IV. The First Civilizations cont.
B. Trade and the Spread of Ideas1. With the surplus of
food, artisans were able to sell their goods
2. This allowed trade between cities to develop
a. people were able to get items not
grown or created in their cities3. Around 3500BC the wheel and axle were invented4. People also began trading goods over water5. This trade also allowed
ideas to travel as well
C. Social Classes Develop1. A social class is a group of people having
similar backgrounds, incomes, and ways of living
King
PriestsNobles
Common Workers
Slaves
C2
The Fertile Crescent C2
Land Between Two RiversC2S1
Geography of Mesopotamia Mesopotamia means “land
between two rivers”Tigris & Euphrates Rivers were their life sourceRivers were also terribly
destructive Part of the Fertile Crescent:
region in SE Asia site of the world’s 1st
civilizationsMajor seas in the area:
Mediterranean Sea & Persian Gulf
1st civilization: Sumer
Schools and Writing1st school: 4,oo0
years ago in Sumer Boys (and a few
girls) were taught to write
Scribes: professional writers/recorders
10 years to graduate
Worked for kings and priests
Sumerian CivilizationCities shared a common
language and culture, but not a common ruler City-state: city that is a
separate, independent state Each city had its own
god/goddess, government, and leader (king)
Tour of Sumer Public squares filled with
activity Musicians, acrobats, beggars,
scribes Market places filled with
merchants and their wares to sell
Houses faced inner courtyards where they would eat, play, gather, and sleep on hot nights
Sumerian Religion Polytheism: belief in many
gods/goddesses A temple was called a
ziggurat The giant brick building in
the middle of the city Ramps and stairs for the gods
to descend to earthAll religious, social, and
economic activities met hereMyths: stories about gods
that explain their beliefsGods were honored with
ceremonies with meals as offerings music and incense filled the
air
Fall of SumerWealthCity-states fought
over land and waterConquered by Akkadia
and King Sargonbut only united for 100
more years
In the 1700s BC, Babylonia took control
Babylonia and AssyriaC2S2
Mesopotamia Filled with stories of conquest
“You go and carry off the enemy’s land; the enemy comes and carries off your land”
Those in control of the area gained great wealth from trade and agriculture
2 major civilizations fought over the area The Empires of Babylonia and
Assyria An empire is an area of many
territories and peoples controlled by the same government
The Two Empires of MesopotamiaBabylonian Empire Both Assyrian Empire
Babylon Vicious warriors in quest for riches
Assur, Nineveh
King Hammurabi (code of laws)
Enjoyed their riches by building grand cities
King Sargon II
Conquered Sumer and all the way to Asia Minor (Turkey)
Culture and learning were highly valued.
Open land, easily invaded, lead to skilled warriors (chariot use, slings, archers)
Created a road system to improve communication and trade
Conquered from the Nile River to the Persian Gulf (most of the Fertile Crescent)
Math: 60s (seconds-minutes, minutes-hour)
Invented the battering ram allowing them to smash through city walls
Crossroads of trade (caravans, bazaars)
Were not liked by the people they conquered, many rebelled (Medes and Chaldeans united to defeat Assyria)
Height in 1750 BC, by 1600 BC it has shrunk down and was destroyed
1300 BC – 600 AD
Babylon Rises AgainUnder Chaldeans the
empire was rebornKing Nebuchadnezzar
rebuilt the destroyed city of Babylon and made it even greater The Hanging Gardens
Astronomers charted star paths to discover the length of the year
Raised honey beesWas later destroyed by
the Persian Empire
The Legacy of Mesopotamia C2S3
Hammurabi’s CodeHammurabi: ruled
Babylonia from 1792-1750Created
Hammurabi’s code Code: organized list of
laws and punishments Not the first attempt
at laws First organized,
recorded set archeologists have found
Art of WritingTraced back to SumerRecord in clay
Wet clay was shaped into smooth, flat tablets
Letters were carved with sharp tools
When the clay dried, the record was permanent
Larger tablets were reference materials
Smaller tablets were personal messages
Script formed from symbols to depict objects Later ideas were expressed
Cuneiform Groups of wedges
and lines used by scribes
Used to express different languages
Sumerians did not borrow writing ideas from othersSymbols set in rowsRows read left to
rightPage read top to
bottom
Mediterranean CivilizationsC2S4
Phoenicia Coastal regionGrew rich by gathering snails
Tyre Produced a purple dye Highly valued by the rich
Also had dense cedar forestsControlled trade in the
Mediterranean Sea (1100-800BC) Even sailed into the Atlantic
Ocean But told stories of sea monsters to
keep others from attempting to compete for Atlantic trade routes
Tyre and Sidon had massive bazaars filled with expensive and exotic wares from Africa and Europe
Phoenician Alphabet Relied on writing in tradeCreated an alphabet
(symbols that represent the sounds of a language) system with 22 symbolsBasis for alphabets in
many languages including English
Each symbol stood for one consonant sound
Much easier to learn than cuneiform
Trade allowed the language to spread
Israelites/HebrewsNever built a large empire,
but greatly influenced civilization
History is told in the Torah, Hebrew BibleAlso supported with
archeological evidence and other records
Monotheistic: belief in one god
Famine: time with so little food that many people starve
Exile: force people to live in another place or country
Rise of the Israelites Abraham
Mesopotamia
to Canaan
Jacob and sons (Joseph) Canaan
to Egypt
Moses
Egypt to Sinai Peninsu
la Joshu
a
Sinai Peninsu
la to Canaan
Saul
DavidSolomon
Divided Kingdo
m: Judah and
Israel Assyria conque
rs Israel
Israel rebelle
d in 722, Jews
exiled
Babylonia
(Chaldeans) take over
Assyria
Judah rebelled in 587,
Nebuchadnezzar destroys Jerusalem and exiles people
to Babylon
JudaismC2S5
BeliefsHistory and religion are
connected, shows God’s plan
God is present everywhere
God knows everythingGod has complete
powerCovenant: promise
made by GodAbraham and later
Moses
Beliefs 10 Commandments
Duties toward God Rules for correct behavior
The Torah had other laws too Everyday matters like food
preparation, crimes, etc. Justice with mercy
Some laws protected women, but women were their husband or father’s property
Prophets: religious teachers who spoke for God Expressed how God wanted them to
live Warned the people to not disobey,
bringing on disaster All people were equal in God’s sight
no matter what they did for a job
Effects Diaspora: the scattering of a group
of people The Assyrians and Babylonians
(Chaldeans) began this process, it continued with the Romans
Where ever the Jews settled, they took their faith and culture with them Even today they celebrate the
Passover which began when they were slaves in Egypt
Both Christianity and Islam are affected by the Jewish faith because their roots are Jewish Monotheistic Honor Abraham, Moses, and the
prophets Same moral point of view