Rayat Shikshan Sanstha’s

Karmaveer Bhaurao Patil College Vashi, Navi Mumbai

Autonomous College

[University of Mumbai]

Syllabus for Approval

Sr. No. Heading Particulars

1 Title of Course M. Sc. I Microbiology

2 Eligibility for Admission B.Sc. Microbiology

3 Passing marks

4 Ordinances/Regulations (if any)

5 No. of Years/ Semesters One year / Two Semester

6 Level P.G.

7 Pattern Semester

8 Status Revised

9 To be implemented from 2018-2019

Academic year

1

AC-2.29 01/09/2018

Item No-

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha’s

KARMAVEER BHAURAO PATIL COLLEGE, VASHI.

NAVI MUMBAI

(AUTONOMOUS COLLEGE)

Sector-15- A, Vashi, Navi Mumbai - 400 703

Syllabus for M.Sc. I Microbiology

Program: M.Sc. Microbiology

Course: M. Sc. I Microbiology

(Choice Based Credit, Grading and Semester Systemwith effect from the academic year 2018‐2019)

2

Preamble of the Syllabus

With the introduction of Autonomy in the Credit Based Semester and Grading system, the

syllabus in Microbiology has been revised for M.Sc. Semester -I and Semester- II. This

syllabus is implemented with effect from 2018-19. The revised syllabus has been approved

by the concerned authorities of the Autonomous College, Committees formed by the college,

BOS members and Head/ senior teachers from Department of Microbiology.

The syllabus has been designed such that the theory goes hand in hand with the practicals

thus enabling students to develop professional skillsets of a Microbiologist. The topics

included will give hands on practice.

Each paper has been designed emphasizing the need to develop research skills and Critical

thinking/reasoning in students. This will aid the students in their specific area of their

interest/ specialization in particular. Syllabus covers various topics enlisted for entrance

exams i.e. CSIR NET, SET, GATE, PET & entrance tests for other Research Institutes.

This revised syllabus is aimed at equipping students with theoretical foundations and

practical techniques required in R & D, quality control, regulatory function in

pharmaceuticals, environmental sciences, Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Advances in

Molecular Biology, Applied & Environmental Microbiology and Applied and Environmental

monitoring and management. Areas covered in Semester I & Semester II will boost

employability of students.

As mentioned in the syllabus, all the courses of theory & practicals are compulsory to M.Sc.

Microbiology

Course Learning Outcomes

By the end of this course, students will be able to:

1. Examine & identify different biomolecules.

2. Justify various differences between the eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

3. Outline steps in development and differentiation.

4. Discuss cell communication and signaling.

5. Investigate viral samples and explain virus-cell interactions.

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6. Explain and classify viral vaccines.

7. Compare and contrast between organizations and life cycles of different virus types.

8. Explain mechanisms of viral oncogenesis.

9. Differentiate gene expression mechanisms in eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms.

10. Illustrate gene regulation methods in eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms.

11. Describe, evaluate and use different molecular tools in genetics.

12. Analyze genetic structures of populations and measure genetic variation.

13. Elaborate on applications of genetic engineering.

14. Use chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques for analysis of biomolecules.

15. Identify organisms using bioinformatics tools.

16. Assess results of research for accuracy and precision.

17. Categorize and communicate ecosystems and explain species interactions.

18. Inspect environment for impact assessment and auditing.

19. Design bioremediation approaches to handle environmental pollution.

20. Compose and recommend waste water treatments.

21. Perform waste water analysis.

22. Inspect emerging microbial diseases.

23. Explain and categorize modern diagnostic tools.

24. Illustrate immunobiology, transplantation immunology and cancer biology.

25. Characterize and classify tumors.

4

M.Sc. I Microbiology Syllabus (Semester – I & Semester - II)

Revised for Credit Based and Grading System

To be implemented from the Academic year 2018-19

SEMESTER I

Theory:

Course Code UNIT TOPIC HEADINGS Credits L /

Week

PGMB-101 I Introduction to Bioorganic

Advance Cell Biology Chemistry

& Virology II Chemical Composition of Living

Systems 04 04

III Ultrastructure and Organization of

Eukaryotic Cell

IV Advances in Virology-I

Course Code UNIT TOPIC HEADINGS Credits L /

Week

PGMB-102 I Gene expression and regulation

Molecular Genetics & II Molecular tools for genetics,

Analytical Techniques Population genetics

I 04 04III Advance Experimental Techniques

in Biophysics

IV Chromatographic & Spectroscopic

Techniques

Course Code UNIT TOPIC HEADINGS Credits L /

Week

PGMB-103 I Evolutionary theory

Evolution, Ecology II Population Ecology & Species

and Environmental Interactions

5

Microbiology I III Biotechnological Aspects of Ecology 04 04

IV Wastewater treatment system

Course Code UNIT TOPIC HEADINGS Credits L /

Week

PGMB-104 I Advances in Medical

Medical Microbiology & Microbiology :Part I

Immunology I 04 04II Clinical Research and Modern

diagnostics

III Recent advances in Immunology

: Immunobiology

IV Cancer Immunology

Practicals:

PGMB-101 Cell Biology and Development Biology-I 02 04

PGMB-102 Molecular Genetics and Analytical Techniques I 02 04

PGMB-103 Evolution, Ecology and Environmental Microbiology-I 02 04

PGMB-104 Medical Microbiology & Immunology-I 02 04

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SEMESTER II

Theory:

Course Code UNIT TOPIC HEADINGS Credits L /

Week

PGMB-201 I Development And

Advance Cell Biology Differentiation

and Virology - II 04 04II Cell communication and cell

signalling

III Diversity of Prokaryotic and

Eukaryotic microbes

IV Advances in Virology-II

Course Code UNIT TOPIC HEADINGS Credits L /

Week

PGMB-202 I Applications and Ethics of

Molecular Genetics, Genetic Technology

Biostatistics & 04 04II Developmental Genetics

Bioinformatics III Biostatistics

IV Bioinformatics

Course Code UNIT TOPIC HEADINGS Credits L /

Week

PGMB-203 I Molecular evolution

Evolution, Ecology and II Marine ecosystem

Environmental 04 04III Industrial and Biomedical Waste

Microbiology - II Management

IV Environment Impact Assessment

and Auditing

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Course Code UNIT TOPIC HEADINGS Credits L /

Week

PGMB-204 I Advances in Medical

Medical Microbiology & Microbiology :Part II

Immunology- II 04 04II Transplantation Immunology

III Clinical Immunology

IV Experimental Immunology

Practicals:

PGMB-201 Advanced Cell Biology and Virology 02 04

PGMB-202 Population Genetics, Biostatistics & Bioinformatics 02 04

PGMB-203 Evolution, Ecology and Environmental Microbiology 02 04

PGMB-204 Medical Microbiology & Immunology 02 04

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Scheme of examination for Each Semester

Two Types of Evaluation Patterns:

1. Semester End Examination [SEE] - 60%

[Summative Assessment: Written Examination]

i. Duration - These examinations shall be of three hours duration.

ii. Theory question paper pattern: -

a. There shall be five questions each of 12 marks. On each unit there will be one

question & fifth one will be based on all the four units.

b. All questions shall be compulsory with internal choice within the questions.

Each question will be of 20 to 23 marks with options.

c. Questions may be sub divided into sub questions a, b, c, d & e only & the

allocation of marks depends on the weightage of the topic.

2. Continuous Internal EVALUATION [CIE] - 40%

[Formative Assessment: Various Types]

Class Semester Paper I Paper II Paper III Paper IV

MSc I Online course - Bioinstrumentation Participation Pathology LabI 20 marks workshop & test- 20 in conference visit- 20 marks

Assignment: 10marks /seminars- 20

Assignment:Assignment: 10

marks

Presentation: Assignment:10

10 Presentation: 10 10 Presentation:

Presentation:10

10

II Bioinformatics Biostatistics Skill based Societalworkshop- 20 workshop- 20 marks courses- 20 responsibility-marks

Assignment: 10marks 20 marks

Assignment: 10 Assignment: Assignment:Presentation: 10

Presentation:10 10

10 Presentation: Presentation:10 10

9

M.Sc. (Semester – I & Semester - II) Microbiology Syllabus

Revised According To Credit Based and Grading System

To be implemented from the Academic year 2018-2019

M.Sc. Part - I Microbiology Syllabus

SEMESTER 1

Paper I: Advance Cell Biology & Virology

Paper Code: PGMB-101

Course Code Title Credits

PGMB-101 Advance Cell Biology and Virology (60L) 04

Unit I: (15L) 01

Introduction to Bioorganic Chemistry

A. Structure of atoms, molecules and chemical bonds

B. Structure of organic compounds

C. Structural theory

D. Types of reactions of organic compounds

E. Concept of pH of weak acids and weak bases, Henderson-Hasselbalch

equation, concept of buffer, strength of buffer, buffer value, important

biological buffers (with the help of numerical problems)

F. Principles of biophysical chemistry (thermodynamics)

G. Enzyme Kinetics

Unit II: (15L) 01

Chemical Composition of Living Systems

A. Protein composition and structure

i. Protein folding Mechanism and folded conformations and its stability

ii. Interactions of proteins with other molecules

iii. Protein characterization and identification

iv. 3D structure determination by X ray crystallography and NMR

Spectroscopy, FTIR, Xymography

v. Ramchandran Plot

B. Carbohydrates composition and structure

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i.Complex carbohydrates, Glycoconjugates: Proteoglycans, Glycoproteins

glycolipids and Lectins, Estimation of carbohydrates

C. Nucleic acid Chemistry

i. Background on nucleic acids

ii. Structure of DNA (A, B and Z forms) and Tm value

iii. Structure of t-RNA, r-RNA, and m-RNA

iv. Estimation of nucleic acids

D. Lipid Chemistry

i. Classification of lipids according to chemical structure and function

ii. Storage lipids

iii. Structural lipids in membranes

iv. Lipids as signals, cofactors and pigments,

v. Lipid extraction detection of structure

vi. Estimation of lipids

Unit III: (15L) 01

Ultrastructure and Organization of Eukaryotic Cell

A. Membrane structure and function

i. Lipid bilayer and membrane proteins,

ii. Membrane transport of small molecules

iii. Electrical properties of membranes

B. Intracellular Compartments and protein sorting

C. Intracellular membrane traffic

D. Structural organization and Function of Cytoskeleton and its role in

motility

i. Structural proteins – microfilaments, actins and actin binding proteins

ii. Myosin and actin

iii. Microtubules

iv. Intermediate filaments

v. Cell polarization and migration

E. Events in cell cycle and Regulation of cell cycle

F. Cell Death

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Unit IV: (15L) 01

Recent Advances in Virology-I

A. Diagnostic and detection methods

i. Sampling techniques and Processing of samples – Enrichment and

concentration

ii. Microscopic techniques – light microscopy (inclusion bodies), electron

microscopy and fluorescence microscopy

iii. Diagnostic methods: Immunodiagnosis, hemagglutination and

hemagglutination inhibition tests, Complement fixation, neutralization,

Western blot, Radioactive Immuno-precipitation Assay (RIPA), Flow

cytometry and Imunohistochemistry

iv. Nucleic acid based diagnosis: Nucleic acid hybridization, polymerase chain

reaction, microarray and nucleotide sequencing, LINE probe assay

v. Infectivity assay for animal and bacterial viruses - plaque method, pock

counting, end point methods, LD50, ID50, EID50, TCID50

vi. Infectivity assays of plant viruses

B. Virus cell interaction

i. Cellular receptors and virus entry

ii. Virus morphogenesis

iii. Mechanism of host cell damage

iv. Cellular gene expression

C. Oncogenic viruses

i. Virus induced cell transformation and oncogenesis

ii. Mechanism of cell transformation by RNA viruses and by DNA tumor

viruses, Retrovirus mediated oncogenesis

D. Bacteriophages

i.Morphology,

ii.Genome organization and life cycles of –

ØX174, Lambda and M13 phages

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REFERENCES

1. Organic chemistry Morrison, Boyd, Bhattacharjee 7th Edition Pearson

2. Fundamentals of Biochemistry J. L. Jain, Sunjay Jain, Nitin Jain S. Chand

Publications

3. Biochemistry Voet and Voet 4th Edition Wiley Publications

4. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry Nelson and Cox

5. Virology Methods Brian W.J. Mahy, Hillar Kangro Elsevier publications

6. Basic Virology Edward Wagner 2nd edition

7. Proteins Structures and Molecular properties Thomas Creighton 2nd Edition

8. Principles of Virology: Molecular Biology, Pathogenesis, and Control of Animal

Viruses. S. J. Flint, V. R. Racaniello, L. W. Enquist, V. R. Rancaniello, A. M. Skalka

Latest edition / Pub. Date: December 2003 Publisher: American Society

Microbiology.

PRACTICALS: PGMBP- 101 (60 Contact Hrs)

List of practicals:

1. Study of Biochemical reagents and Preparation of Buffers.

2. Determination of pK and pI values for an amino acid.

3. Enzyme kinetics:

a. Effect of enzyme (Beta Amylase) concentration

b. Effect of substrate concentration

c. Effect of pH

d. Effect of Temperature

e. Effect of inhibitors on enzyme activity

4. Problems on thermodynamics.

5. Qualitative estimation of Biomolecules.

6. Extraction of Total lipids and its estimation.

7. Isolation of cholesterol and lecithin from egg yolk.

8. Identification of fatty acids and other lipids by TLC.

9. Determination of degree of unsaturation of fats and oils.

10. Isolation of lactose from bovine milk.

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11. Estimation of sugar by phenol sulphuric acid method.

12. Purification of extracellular enzyme (Protein).

13. Study of cell cytology using phase contrast microscopy.

14. Isolation of Chloroplasts.

15. Isolation of Mitochondria.

16. Preparation of Protoplast using lysozyme.

17. Study of cell membrane integrity using uptake of neutral red.

18. Egg inoculation and cultivating animal virus in embryonated egg.

19. Visit to research lab (Demonstration of Confocal & fluorescence Microscopy)

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Paper II: Molecular Genetics & Analytical Techniques I

Paper II: PGMB-102

Course Title Credits

Code

PGMB- Molecular Genetics & Analytical Techniques I (60L) 04

102

Unit I: (15L) 01Gene Expression & Regulation

1.1 Gene Expression

A. Transcription-

i- Classes of RNA.

ii- Transcription apparatus, template.

iii- Transcription process in prokaryotes

B. RNA molecules and processing-

i- Gene organization- colinearity of genes, introns & exons ii-

Post transcriptional processing- structure of mRNA, pre-

mRNA processing, addition of 5’cap, addition of Poly (A)

tail, RNA splicing, RNA editing.

iii- tRNAs- structure of tRNA, tRNA gene structure and

processing.

iv- rRNA gene structure & processing.

v- Ribosomes- 3D structure, polyribosomes

vi- Small RNA molecules- RNA interference, types,

processing & function of microRNAs.

C. Translation-

i- Genetic code- important features of genetic code.

ii- Mechanism of translation- charging of tRNA molecules,

initiation, elongation and termination, mRNA surveillance.

iii- Post translational modification of proteins iv-

Exon shuffling

1.2 Regulation of gene expression-

A. Control of gene expression in prokaryotes-

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i- Genes & regulatory elements

ii- Levels of gene regulation

iii- DNA binding proteins

iv- Operons- Lac operon and Lac mutations, trp operon

v- Antisense RNA molecules

vi- Riboswitches

B. Control of gene expression in eukaryotes-

i- Regulation through modification of gene structure- DNase

I hypersensitivity, histone modifications, chromatin

remodeling, DNA methylation.

ii- Regulation through transcriptional activators, Co-

activators & repressors, enhancers and insulators

iii- Regulation through RNA processing & degradation

iv- Regulation through RNA interference

v- Regulation of translation and modification of proteins.

Unit II: (15L) 01

Molecular tools for genetics, Population genetics

2.1 Molecular tools for genetics [9L]

A. Molecular tools for studying genes and gene activity

B. Use of recombinant DNA technology to identify human genes

(Huntington’s diseases, Cystic fibrosis), molecular diagnosis of human

diseases, human gene therapy)

C. Labeled tracers (autoradiography, phosphorimaging, liquid

scintillation counting, non-radioactive tracers)

D. Nucleic acid hybridization (Southern blots, DNA fingerprinting

&DNA typing with their forensic applications, Northern blots, in situ

hybridization), DNA sequencing (Sanger’s chain termination method,

Maxam Gilbert’s sequencing method), Restriction mapping, Site

directed mutagenesis

E. Mapping and quantifying transcripts (S1 mapping, primer extension,

run-off transcription)

F. Measuring transcription rates in vivo (Nuclear run – on transcription,

reporter gene transcription), Assaying DNA –protein interactions

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(filter binding, gel mobility shift, DNase and DMS footprinting,

knockouts)

2.2 Population genetics [6L]

A. Population and gene pool

B. Genotypic and Allelic frequencies

C. Calculation of Genotypic frequencies and Allelic frequencies for

autosomal and X linked loci

D. Problems –calculation of allelic and genotypic frequencies

E. Hardy-Weinberg Law, genotypic frequencies at HWE

F. Implications of the H-W Law

G. H-W proportions for multiple alleles

H. X-linked alleles

I. Testing for H-W proportions and problems

J. Genetic ill effects of in-breeding

K. Changes in the genetic structure of populations:

i. Mutation

ii. Migration and gene flow

iii. Genetic drift

iv. Natural selection

v. Simple problems based on the natural forces

L. Measuring genetic variation:

i. RFLP, DNA sequencing

ii. Protein electrophoresis

Unit III: (15L) 01

Advance Experimental Techniques in Biophysics

A. General Principles of Biochemical Investigation

B. Techniques: Introduction, Principles, Instrumentation and applications of:

i. ESR (Electron Spin Resonance)

ii. NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance)

iii. MS (Mass Spectroscopy)

iv. Radio- isotope Techniques

v. X-Ray Crystallography

vi. ICP-MS

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vii. Imaging Flow Cytometry: Amnis

viii. TEM

ix. FTIR

x. Exposure to softwares associated to Microscopy

Unit IV: (15L) 01

Chromatographic & Spectroscopic Techniques

A. Introduction, Principles, Instrumentation and applications of:

B. Filtration as a tool in Downstream Processing: Tangential Flow Filtration

C. Chromatographic Technique Filtration

i. High Performance Liquid Chromatography

ii. Gas Liquid Chromatography

iii. Gel Permission Chromatography

iv. IC-MS

D. Spectroscopic Techniques

i. Fluorescent Spectroscopy

ii. Flame Photometry

E. Electrophoretic Techniques

i. Two Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis

ii. Immuno-Electrophoresis

REFERENCES

1. Genetics: A Conceptual Approach, 3rd Edition by Benjamin Pierce.

2. Gene IX- Lewin.

3. Introduction to Spectroscopy

4. (Fifth Edition) by Pavia Lampman & Kriz.

5. Principle of Instrumental Analysis by Skoog, Holler, Crouch- 6th Edition

6. Instrumental Methods of Analysis by Willard, Meritt, Dean, Settle- 7th Edition

7. Practical Biochemistry: Principles & Techniques by Keith Wilson and John Walker

8. Biophysics: Principles and Techniques by M.A.Subramanian

9. Biophysics by Vasantha Pattabhi, N.Gautham

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PRACTICALS: PGMBP- 102 (60 Contact Hrs)

List of practicals:

1. β galactosidase assay.

2. Problems on Population Genetics.

3. Restriction digestion.

4. Protein characterization by Electrophoresis (SDS PAGE).

5. Problems on Restriction Mapping.

6. Curing of Plasmid.

7. Visit to Chromatography & Spectroscopy Centre, SIES, Nerul.

8. Gas chromatographic separation of different mixtures.

9. HPLC separation of different formulations (herbal, plasma & modern drugs).

10. FTIR analysis of different products.

11. Elemental analysis using Flame photometry.

12. Estimation of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen & sulphur by CHNS Analyzer

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Paper III: Evolution, Ecology and Environmental Microbiology

Paper Code: PGMB-103

Course Title Credits

Code

PGMB- Evolution , Ecology and Environmental Microbiology (60L) 04

103

Unit I: (15L) 01

Evolution, Evolutionary Theory

1.1. Origin of Life

A. The Evolutionary Theory

i- Significance of evolutionary biology

ii- The scale of chemical and biological Evolution

iii- Evidence of organic evolution (Miller’s experiment)

iv- Ribosomal RNA analysis for tracing microbial evolution

v- Genetic basis of evolution

vi- Origin and evolution of RNA world

vii- Evolution of ribonucleo-protein

1.2 Theories of organic evolution

A. Study of Different theories

i- Lamarckism

ii- Darwinism

iii- Modern synthetic theory

iv- Germplasm theory

v- Mutation theory

B. Darwin’s theory

i- Facts that influences Darwin’s theory

ii- Pangenesis hypothesis

iii- Darwin-Wallace theory of natural selection

iv- Critical analysis of Darwinism

v- Neo-Darwinism

vi- Maturation of neo-Darwinism into Modern synthesis

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C. Mutation theory

i- Characteristics of mutation theory

ii- Advantages and objections

1.3 Selection in action

A. Types of selection

i- Directional

ii- Stabilizing

iii- Disruptive or diversifying

iv- Sexual selection

v- Group and Kin selection

B. Examples and types of Natural Selection

i- Melanism in moths or industrial melanism

ii- Resistance of insects to pesticides

iii- Antibiotic Resistance in bacteria

1.4 Evolution above species level

i. Adaptive radiation (Darwin finches, penguins, reptiles)

ii. Microevolution

iii. Macroevolution

iv. Mega evolution

Unit II: (15L) 01

Population Ecology and Species interaction

2.1 Population Ecology

A. Introduction to Ecology

i- Definition and Scope of Microbial Ecology

ii- Microbial ecology in twentieth century

iii- Relation of ecology with other branches

B. Kinds of ecosystem

i- Natural ecosystems

ii- Artificial ecosystems

C. Aquatic Ecosystem

i- Marine ecosystem

ii- Estuary ecosystem

iii- Coral reef ecosystem

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iv- Mangrove ecosystem

v- Freshwater ecosystem

D. Characteristics of Population

i- Intrinsic rate of natural increase

ii- Population growth form and concept of carrying capacity

iii- Population characteristics – Density, Natality, Mortality,

Dispersion, Age pyramids

2.2 Species interaction

A. Types of interactions

a) Interaction within single population

b) Interaction amongst diverse population

B. Interactions with plants

i- Rhizosphere

ii- Mycorrhizae

iii- Nitrogen fixation

a) Symbiotic (N2 fixing association between Rhizobia and

legumes)

b) Non leguminous N2 fixing mutualistic relations)

iv- interaction with aerial plant structure

Unit III: (15L) 01

Biotechnological Aspects of Microbial Ecology

3.1 Introduction : Biodegradation

a. Overall processes of Biodegradation

b. Contaminant structure

c. Genetic Potential

d. Bioavailability

A. Toxicity and Biodegradability

B. Environmental Factors affecting Biodegradation

i- Redox Condition

ii- Organic matter content

iii- Nitrogen

iv- Other (Temperature, pH, salinity and water activity)

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3.2 Microbial interactions with xenobiotics and inorganic pollutants &

their degradation

A. Pollutant source and type (Only tabular form)

B. Recalcitrant Hydrocarbons-

i. Synthetic polymers

ii. Pesticides

iii. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid

3.3 Microbial accumulation of heavy metals and Radio nucleotides

3.5 Biosensor: detection of pollutants

3.6 Bioremediation

i- Introduction

ii- Bioremediation – Efficacy Testing

iii- Side effect testing

iv- Approaches to bioremediation

a) Environmental Modification for Bioremediation

b) Microbial Seeding and bioengineering for removal of

pollutant

c) Sequential anaerobic-aerobic degradation

d) Addition of oxygen and other gases

e) Addition of surfactants

f) Addition of nutrients

Unit IV: (15L) 01

Waste Water Treatment Systems

4.1 Waste Water Treatment Systems

A. Introduction- Revision of Conventional Waste Water Treatment

B. Limitations of conventional treatment4.2.Advanced, Combined and Innovative wastewater treatment processes

i) Wastewater treatment system (unit process): Physical screening-

flow equalization, mixing, flocculation, flotation, sedimentation,

granular medium filtration, adsorption, removal of volatile organic

compound by aeration, Oxygen transfer, membrane filtration

process, Gas stripping , Distillation, Ion-Exchange for heavy metal

removal

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ii)Chemical unit process –chemical precipitation, phosphorus

removal, removal of heavy metal ,Disinfection – by using

chlorine , Ozone, UV, dechlorination

iii)Fundamentals of biological treatment- aerobic and anaerobic

suspended and attached growth processes

4.3Sludge Processing-Stabilization methods

a) Anaerobic digestion

b) Aerobic digestion

i. Production of class A biosolids from processed sludge

ii. Composting

iii. Lime and heat treatment

c) Removal of pathogens by sewage process (eg. Modern sewage

treatment plant)

i- Suspended cell sewage treatment

ii- Fixed film sewage treatment

4.4 Methods for determination of organic matter content of waste

water

A. Physical and Chemical Analysis

i- DO

ii- BOD

iii- COD

iv- Permanganate value (PV)

v- Total organic carbon vi-

Total suspended solids vii-

Total dissolved solids

viii-Volatile suspended solids

REFERENCES

1. Evolutionary biology – Mohan Arora

2. Microbial Ecology –Atlas and Bartha

3. Cell biology, Genetics, Molecular biology, Evolution –P. S. Verma V. K. Agarwal

4. Fundamentals of Ecology – Eugene p. Odum

24

5. Prescott, Hurley. Klein-Microbiology, 9th edition, International edition, McGraw Hill

6. Cell biology, Genetics Modern Industrial

7. Microbiology& Biotech.-Nduka Okafor

8. Wastewater Engineering- Mecalf & Eddy

9. Water supply and pollution control (6th)- Warren Viessman, Jr., Mark. J. Hammer

10. Biological Wastewater Treatment. Vol. 5. Activated Sludge and Aerobic Biofilm

Reactors. Marcos von Sperling. IWA Publishing. London, New York. © 2007 IWA

Publishing

11. Environmental biotech & Cleaner bioprocesses-Euenia J. Olguin, Gloria Sanchez,

Elizabeth Hernandex

12. Environmental Microbiology- Ian L Pepper, C P Gerba, Terry J Gentry

13. Environmental Microbiology- Maier, Pepper and Gerba

14. Water & waste water technology by Mark J Hammer, Mark J Hammer Junior

PRACTICAL (PGMBP 103) (60 Contact Hrs)

List of practicals:

1. Isolation of thermophiles from Hot water spring

2. Study of microbial interaction in-vitro (within single species and diverse population)

3. Soil analysis (Terrestrial ecosystem) - organic matter, calcium carbonate and chloride

estimation

4. Study of biofilm using staining technique

5. Waste water analysis

a. Estimation of nitrogen by Nessler’s method.

b. Manganese estimation by persulphate method.

6. Estimation of dissolved oxygen, BOD by Wrinkler’s method

7. Determination of COD

8. Determination of TS and MLSS.

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9. Ethanol production from various wastes.

References:

1. A. K. Shrivastava. APH Publishing, Jan‐2003.

2. Environmental Impact Assessment, R. R. Barthwal, New Age International, Jan‐2002.

3. Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment. 4th Edition. John Glasson,

RikiTherivel, Andrew Chadwick. Routledge (2012). 416 pages.

4. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water & Wastewater. 21st Edition. 2005.

APHA.AWWA.WEF

5. http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/2edvol3d.pdf

6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5395623/

26

Paper IV: : Medical Microbiology & Immunology-I

Paper Code: PGMB-104

Course Title Credits

Code

PGMB- Medical Microbiology & Immunology-I (60L) 04

104

Unit I: (15L)

Advances in Medical Microbiology: Part I 01

1.1 Scientific study of prominent & emerging diseases

1.2 Emerging Diseases: -

1.3 Detailed Study of following infections including Etiology,

Transmission, Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, Lab. diagnosis,

Prophylaxis, and Treatment: -

i. Legionellosis

ii. Chickengunia

iii. Helicobactor pylori : Gastroenteritis

iv. SARS

v. Leptospirosis

vi. Campylobacter : Gastroenteritis

Unit II: (15L)

Clinical Research and Modern diagnostics 01

2.1 Introduction to Clinical Research Concepts

2.2 Essential Characteristics of Clinical Research

2.3 Overview of Clinical Research Study Designs

2.4 Commercial identification systems & Automation

A. Nucleic acid based analytic methods for microbial identification

& characterization

2.5 Characterization of microbes beyond identification

2.6 Investigation of strain relatedness

2.7 Automation & advances in Molecular Diagnostic Instrumentation

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2.8 Diagnosis of Viral infections

Unit III: (15L) 01

Recent advances in Immunology: Immunobiology

3.1 Functional Anatomy & development of Immune System

A. Biology of Immune response

3.2 Immunoregulation

3.3 Immunogens & Antigen binding molecules & their detection

3.4 Antidrug Antibody interactions

3.5 Molecular basis of diversity of immunoglobulin molecules

3.6 Multigene organization of Ig genes

3.7 Variable-Region Gene Rearrangements

3.8 Mechanism of Variable-Region DNA Rearrangements

3.9 Generation of antibody diversity

3.10 Manipulations of the immune response

Unit IV: (15L) 01

Cancer Immunology

4.1 Nomenclature & Classification of tumors

A. Characteristics of tumor

4.2 Mechanism & Biology of invasion & Metastasis

A. Epidemiology & predisposition to cancer

4.3 Carcinogenesis:

A. Etiology & Pathogenesis of Cancer

B. Genetic mechanism of Cancer

C. Chemical Carcinogenesis

i. Tests for chemical carcinogenesis

4.4 Pathologic diagnosis of Cancer

4.5 Modern tools in diagnosis of Cancer

4.6 Cancer Immunotherapy

28

REFERENCES

1. General pathology & Pathology of Systems, 6th Edition, Deodhare

2. Essentials of Medical Microbiology, 4th edition , Bhatia

3. https://www.springer.com/cda/content/document/cda

4. Diagnostic Microbiology, 14th edition by Bailey & Scott’s

5. Medical Microbiology, Jawetz

6. Essentials of Medical Microbiology, 4th edition , Bhatia

7. Zinsser Microbiology

8. Kuby Immunology, 6th edition

9.

PRACTICAL (PGMBP 104) (60 Contact Hrs)

List of practicals:

1. Diagnosis for Leptospirosis: Spirochaete staining.

2. Identification of phage nucleic acid.

3. Immunoelectrophoresis of proteins – Human serum.

4. Cultivation of macrophage cell lines and study of cell viability

5. UV mutagenesis

6. Acridine orange mutagenesis

7. Ames test

8. Visit to ACTREC.

9. Visit to pathology laboratory. (Demonstration of rapid kit based identification system)

References

1. Principles of epidemiology in public health practices 3rd edition

(www.cdc.gov/training/products/ss1000)

2. Basic lab methods in medical bacteriology, WHO Geniva. 3. Medical laboratory

technology by Godkar.

3. Handbook of Epidemiology- W. Ahrens, I. Pigeot Springer- Verlag Berlin Herdelberg

(2005

4. Epidemiology for Public Health Practice- Robert H Friis& Thomas A. Sellers 3rd

edition- Jones & Bartlett publishers.

5. Textbook of preventive and Community medicine- Park & Park.

6. Infectious disease surveillance by Nikuchia Nikanatha Blackwell Publishing 2005

29

M.Sc. Part - I Microbiology Syllabus

SEMESTER 1I

Paper I: Advance Cell Biology and Virology-II

Paper Code: PGMB-201

Course Title Credits

Code

PGMB- Advance Cell Biology and Virology-II (60L) 04

201

Unit I: (15L) 01

Development And Differentiation

A. Basic concepts of development

i.Potency, commitment, specification, induction, competence,

determination and differentiation

ii.Morphogenetic gradients

iii.Cell fate and cell lineages

B. Gametogenesis, fertilization and early development

i. Production of gametes

ii. Cell surface molecules in sperm-egg recognition in animals

iii. Embryo sac development and double fertilization in plants

iv. Zygote formation

v. Cleavage

vi. Blastula formation

vii. Gastrulation: Vertebrate (Xenopus) model systems

viii. Embryogenesis

ix. Establishment of symmetry in plants

x. Seed formation and germination.

Unit II: (15L) 01

Cell communication and cell signalling

A. General Principles of Cell Communication

30

B. Cell signaling

i. Principles of Cell Signaling

ii. Hormones and their receptors

iii. Cell surface receptor

iv. Signaling through G-protein coupled receptors

v. Signaling through enzyme coupled receptors

vi. Signal transduction pathways

vii. Secondary messengers

viii. Regulation of signaling

ix. Signaling in plants

x. Bacterial chemotaxis

C. Cell Junctions and The Extracellular matrix

i. Cell Junctions

ii. Extracellular matrix of Animals

iii. Cell Matrix Junctions

iv. Plant Cell wall

Unit III: (15L) 01

Diversity of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic microbes

3.1 Archaea: Systematics, and occurrence, diversity, characteristic features,

significance and potential applications (eg. biochips, methane generation,

ultrafiltation membranes, production of PHB and PHA, desulphurization of coal

and crude oil, bioleaching of metals, enzymes, compatible solutes and others) of

different groups of archaebacteria (Crenarchaeota, Euarchaeota, Korarchaeota,

Nanoarchaeota).

3.2 Bacteria: Conventional and molecular systematics, and general discussion

on the occurrence, diversity, characteristic features, significance and potential

applications of various groups of bacteria according to Bergey’s Manual of

Systematic Bacteriology.

3.3 Fungal Systematics and diversity: Implications of molecular and

biochemical methods including rDNA analysis, RFLP, RAPD and other

31

fingerprinting techniques, fatty acids, polysaccharides and lipids and role of

secondary metabolites in systematics.

3.4 Fungal endophytes of tropical plants and their applications: Endophytic

fungi, colonization and adaptation of endophytes. Endophytes as latent

pathogens and biocontrol agents.

3.5 Mycorrhizal fungi: Diversity of endo and ecto mycorrhizal fungi. Biology of

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: signaling, penetration and colonization inside

roots, culturing and benefits, recent advances in the field of mycorrhiza.

3.6 Agriculturally important toxigenic fungi: Biodiversity, Chemical and

biological characterization of toxic metabolites, toxigenic fungi in sustainable

agriculture with special emphasis on biopesticides.

3.7 Secondary metabolites from fungi: Terpenes, Non-ribosomal peptides,

hydrophobins, peptaibols, indole alkaloids, detailed emphasis on polyketides.

3.8 Genomics and Biodiversity of yeast: Gene duplication leading to adaptation

and biodiversity, functional evolution, diversity in central metabolism, case of

aerobiosis/anaerobiosis, changes in regulatory circuits for adaptation to new

environments and physiology.

3.9 Antagonistic interactions in yeasts: Mycocinogeny and diversity of

mycogenic yeast strains, characteristics of mycocins, mode of action, genetic

basis of mycocinogeny, important mycocins, applications of antagonistic yeasts.

3.10 Biotechnological applications of yeasts: Yeasts as producers of bioactive

molecules such as pigments, lipids, organic acids and EPS, yeasts as probiotics,

yeasts in bioremediation, yeasts in alcoholic fermentations.

3.11 Algal diversity from morphology to molecules: Importance of algae in

production of algal pigments, biofuels, hydrogen production, important bioactive

molecules, role of algae in sustainable environment.

3.12 Culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches for

understanding microbial diversity in the environment: Understanding

microbial diversity in the environment by culture-dependent approaches and

32

their limitations, and by culture-independent molecular approaches (DNA

heterogeneity by reannealing denatured environmental DNA, ARDRA, analysis

of FAME profiles, measuring metabolic capabilities using BIOLOG microtitre

plates, using DNA probes and PCR primers, G+C analysis, slot-blot

hybridization of community DNA, and fluorescent in situ hybridization of intact

cells)

3.13 Microbial diversity in normal environments: Diversity of microbes in

terrestrial (agricultural and desert soils), aquatic (fresh water and marine),

atmospheric (stratosphere) and animal (cattle, termites, pests such as cockroach

and nematodes, and human being) and their potential applications

3.14 Microbial diversity in extreme environments: Occurrence, diversity,

adaptations and potential applications of oligotrophs, thermophiles,

psychrophiles, barophiles, organic solvent and radiation tolerants, metallophiles,

acidophiles, alkaliphiles and halophiles

01

Unit IV: (15L)

Advances in Virology-II

A. Viral Vaccines

i. Conventional vaccines -killed and attenuated

ii. Modern vaccines—recombinant proteins, subunit vaccine, DNA

vaccines, peptides

iii. Immunomodulators (cytokines)

iv. Vaccine delivery & adjuvants

v. Large scale manufacturing-QA/QC issues

vi. Animal models and vaccine potency testing

vii. Vaccine induced immune response and immune markers of

protection

viii. Interferons, designing and screening for antivirals, mechanisms of

action, antiviral libraries, antiretrovirals-mechanism of action &

drug resistance

ix. Anti-sense RNA, siRNA, miRNA, ribozymes, in-silico

approaches for drug designing

33

B. Virus-cell Interaction

i. Definition, structure and methods of discovery of viral receptors

(polio, herpes, VSV, HIV)

ii. Kinetics of receptor binding

iii. Cellular interactions—clathrin coated pits, lipid rafts, caveolae,

endocytosis and virus uncoating mechanisms

iv. Nuclear localization signals and nuclear pore transit, virus –

cytoskeletal interactions, chaperons

v. Replication sites and their characterization, IRES, replicons,

transport of viral proteins

vi. Host cell ‘shut off’, apoptosis, necrosis, stress response, alteration

of signaling pathways, cellular basis of transformation, types of

cenotaphic effects, ultrastructural cytopathology

REFERENCES

1. Gilbert Scott F. (2003) Developmental Biology. 7th Ed. Sinauer Associates Inc. Mass.

USA.

2. Muller W.A. (1997) Developmental Biology, Springler – Verlag, New York, Inc.

3. Wolpert Lewis. (1998). Principles of Development. Oxford University Press. Oxford.

4. Molecular biology of The Cell Bruce Alberts 4th Edition

5. Molecular biology of The Cell Bruce Alberts 6th Edition

6. Microbial Ecology: Fundamentals And Applications, 4/E Ronald M. Atlas Pearson

Education India, 1998

7. Antiviral Agents, Vaccines, and Immunotherapies. Stephen K. Tyring. Latest edition /

Pub. Date: October 2004. Publisher: Marcel Dekker.

8. Vaccines. Stanley A. Plotkin, Walter A. Orenstein. Latest edition / Pub. Date:

September 2003. Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences

9. Principles of Virology: Molecular Biology, Pathogenesis, and Control of Animal

Viruses. S. J. Flint, V. R. Racaniello, L. W. Enquist, V. R. Rancaniello, A. M. Skalka

Latest edition / Pub. Date: December 2003 Publisher: American Society

Microbiology.

10. Molecular Aspects of Host-Pathogen Interactions. Malcolm A. McCrae (Editor), J. R.

Saunders (Editor), C. J. Smyth (Editor), N. D. Stow (Editor) Latest edition / Pub.

Date: September 1997. Publisher: Cambridge University Press.

34

PRACTICAL (PGMBP 201) (60 Contact Hrs)

List of practicals:

1. Study on bacterial chemotaxis by Agar Plug assay

2. Chick embryonic stages – 18hour, 24hour, 36hour, 48 hour and 72 hour embryo

3. Temporary squash preparation of onion/garlic root‐tip cells to study stages of

mitosis.

4. Effect of growth promoters & inhibitors (one each) on plant growth

5. Estimation of soluble proteins in germinating and non-germinating seeds by

Lowry / Bradford’s method

6. Estimation of total amino acids in germinating and non-germinating seeds

7. Effect of temperature on cell viability in pollen grains/yeast using Trypan blue/

acetocarmine

8. Study of different types of chromosome banding techniques

9. Cytochrome C- oxidase activity in a developing chick embryo

10. Preparation of Liposomes

11. Isolation of Microorganisms from diverse environment and their identification by

conventional methods

12. Study of dimorphism in yeast

35

Paper II: Molecular Genetics, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics

Paper Code: PGMB-202

Course Title Credits

Code

PGMB- Molecular Genetics, Biostatistics & Bioinformatics (60L) 04

202

Unit I: (15L) 01

Applications and Ethics of Genetic Technology

1.1 Mapping Human Genes at the Molecular Level

A. RFLPs as Genetic Markers

B. Linkage Analysis Using RFLPs

C. Positional Cloning: The Gene for Neurofibromatosis

D. The Candidate Gene Approach: The Gene for Marfan Syndrome

E. Fluorescent in Situ Hybridization (FISH) Gene Mapping

1.2 Genetic Disorders: Diagnosis and Screening

A. Prenatal Genotyping for Mutations in the β- Globin Gene

B. Prenatal Diagnosis of Sickle-Cell Anemia

C. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Genetic Screening

D. DNA Microarrays and Genetic Screening

E. Genetic Testing and Ethical Dilemmas

1.3 Treating Disorders with Gene Therapy

A. Gene Therapy for Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCRID)

B. Problems and Failures in Gene Therapy

C. The Future of Gene Therapy: New Vectors and Target-Cell Strategies

D. Ethical Issues and Gene Therapy

1.4 DNA Fingerprints

A. Minisatellites (VNTRs) and Microsatellites (STRs)

B. Forensic Applications of DNA Fingerprints

1.5 Genome Projects Use Recombinant DNA technology

A. The Human Genome Project: An overview

B. The Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications (ELSI) Program

C. After the Genome Projects

36

1.6 Biotechnology is an Outgrowth of Recombinant DNA Technology

A. Insulin Production by Bacteria

B. Transgenic Animal Hosts and Pharmaceutical Products

C. Transgenic Crop Plants and Herbicide Resistance

1.7 Marshalling recombinant DNA technology to fight AIDS

Unit II: (15L) 01

Developmental Genetics

2.1 Developmental genetics [5L]

A. Cloning Experiments

B. The Genetics of Pattern Formation in Drosophila

C. Homeobox Genes in other Organisms

D. The Genetics of Flower Development in Arabidopsis

E. Programmed Cell Death in Development

F. Evo-Devo: The Study of Evolution and Development

2.2 The genetic control of animal development [10L]

A. Stem Cell Therapy: A Brave New World?

B. The Process of Development in Animals

i. Oogenesis and fertilization

ii. The Embryonic Cleavage Divisions and Blastula Formation

iii. Gastrulation and Morphogenesis

C. Genetic Analysis of Development in Model Organisms

i. Drosophila as a Model Organism

ii. Caenorhabditis as a model organism

D. Genetic Analysis of Development Pathways

i. Sex Determination in Drosophila

ii. Sex Determination in Caenorhabditis

E. Molecular Analysis of Genes Involved in Development

F. Maternal Gene Activity in Development

i. Maternal-Effect Genes

ii. Determination of the Dorsal-Ventral and Anterior-Posterior

iii. Axes in Drosophila Embryos

G. Zygotic Gene Activity in Development

37

i. Body Segmentation

ii. Specification of Cell Types

iii. Organ Formation

Unit III: (15L)

Biostatistics 01

A. Introduction

B. Sample and population – parameters, sampling techniques

C. Standard Deviation, Variance, Standard error

D. Coefficient of Correlation and Regression Analysis

E. Statistical Hypothesis testing – type 1, type 2 error, levels of significance

F. Parametric tests

i. Z test (Single mean/ Two mean)

ii. t-Test (Single mean, paired and unpaired)

G. Chi- Square test

H. Q-Test, F- Test

I. ANOVA

i. To evaluate standard error and interpretation of results of accuracy

and precision

J. Design of experiment

K. Non-parametric test – distribution free method, sign tests, Wilcoxon test,

Run test

L. SPSS & SAS

Unit IV: (15L) 01

Bioinformatics

A. Definition, aims, tasks and applications of bioinformatics.

i. Internet Basics: Connecting to internet, Email, FTP, www,

Difference between www and internet

B. Basic Cell, Molecular Biology & Biological Data Base:

i. Classification of databases – Raw and Processed Databases; Primary,

Secondary and Tertiary or Composite Databases; Structure and

Sequence Database

ii. Genome information resources:

38

C. Nucleic acid sequence Databases – EMBL, DDBJ, Gene Bank, GSDB,

Ensembl and Specialized Genomic Resources

D. Specialized Genomic Resources

i. Protein sequence Database - PIR, SWISS-PROT etc

E. Specialized Databases – Protein pattern/motifs databases, TrEMBL NRL

– 3D

F. Proteinstructureandclassificationdatabases

(CATH/SCOP/PROSITE/RINTS/BLOCKS/KEGG)

i. Protein structure visualization software

G. BLAST and Sequence alignment

i. BLAST and its type

ii. Retrieving sequence using BLAST

iii. Pairwise alignment

H. Identity and similarity alignment

I. Global and local alignment

J. Pairwise alignment

i. Multiple Sequence Alignment

K. Goal, computational complexity, manual methods, simultaneous methods,

progressive methods, databases of multiple alignment, secondary

database searching, analysis packages, MSA and phylogenetic trees

(analysis)

L. FASTA

M. Brief introduction to transcriptome, metabolomics, pharmacogenomics,

annotation

N. Docking

O. Patch dock, Z dock server, Docking using Hex

P. Protein-protein interaction

REFERENCES

1. Genetics: A Conceptual Approach, 3rd Edition by Benjamin Pierce

2. Gene IX- Lewin.

3. Introduction to Biostatistics, Ronald N. Forthfer, EunSul Lee.

39

4. Biostatistics – Foundation for Analysis in the Health Sciences, Wayne W. Daniel.

5. Methods in Biostatistics for Research workers & Medical Students, B. K. Mahajan,

7th edition.

6. Textbook of Biostatistics, A. K. Vashistha

7. Fundamentals of Biostatistics, Khan & Khanum.

8. Bioinformatics – Methods & Applications in Genomics, Proteomics & Drug

Discovery, S. C. Rastogi.

9. Bioinformatics – Sequence & Genome Analysis

10. Bioinformatics by C. S. V. Murthy.

11. Bioinformatics – A Practical Approach, Shui Ging Ye.

PRACTICAL (PGMBP 201) (60 Contact Hrs)

List of practicals:

1. Visit ATC lab(Demonstration of normal cells & Cancer cell lines)

2. Determination of Phagocytic index.

3. Phage assay

4. Isolation of host range mutants

5. Gene cloning in bacteria.

6. 2D Gel Electrophoresis.

7. Problems on bioinformatics

8. Problems on biostatisitcs

40

Paper III: Molecular Evolution

Paper code: PGMB-203

Course Title Credits

Code

PGMB- Molecular Evolution (60L) 04

203

Unit I: (15L) 01

Molecular Evolution

1.1 Molecular Evolution

A. Introduction

B. Study of Molecular Evolution

i- Driving forces behind evolutionary process

ii- Effects of various molecular mechanism on structure of genes,

proteins, genomes

iii- Dynamics of genes in populations (Changes in allele

frequency)

iv- Natural selection (codominance, Dominance, Overdominance,

underdominance)

v- Random genetic drift

vi- Patterns and modes of substitutions (Evolutionary change in

nucleotide sequence, proteins and DNA sequence, Sequence

alignment, rates of nucleotide substitution)

vii- Variation of evolutionary rates within genes

viii- Molecular evolution of Proteins (Examples: insulin,

hemoglobin, cytochrome C)

ix- Evolution by Transposition

x- Genome evolution

xi- Molecular phyllogenetics- phyllogenetic trees

xii- Molecular clocks

xiii- Rates of evolution in mt DNA

Unit II: (15L) 01

Marine Ecosystem

41

2.1 Study of marine ecosystem

A. Physical and chemical characteristics of marine water

B. Marine communities

i- Marine microbial flora

ii- Study of halophiles

iii- Aquatic mos. in the news

iv- Giant marine bacteria

C. Deep sea hydrothermal vents

D. Marine microorganisms and their roles in changing ocean

E. New images of marine microorganisms

F. Coral Reefs as a specialized oceanic ecosystem

G. Mangroves and its ecological values

i- Mangroves management

ii- Endangered mangrove coastlines

Case study of – Bioremediation of

A. Marine oil pollution- Exxon Valdes Alaskan oil spill

Unit III: (15L) 01

Industrial and Biomedical Waste Management

3.1 Industrial Waste Management

A. Introduction to Industrial waste management

i. Objectives of industrial waste management

B. Constituents of industrial waste, classification of industrial waste

C. Treatment and disposal of effluent

i- Lagoons (oxidation ponds)

ii- Spraying

iii- Land filling

iv- Incineration

v- In Sewers

vi- Composting process

vii- Analidic conversion

vii- Eutrophic fermentation

viii- Decolourisation of industrial waste

42

D. Wealth from waste

i. Waste utilization from fruit & vegetable industry in India

ii. Waste from fermentation industry & it’s use as feedstuff &

fertilizers

iii. Dairy waste treatment, disposal & reuse

iv. Waste from chemical processing & allied industries

E. Waste minimisation in textile industry

3.2 Biomedical Waste Management

A. Introduction

i- What is biomedical waste

ii- Constituents of Biomedical waste

B. Classification of Biomedical waste

C. Steps of Biomedical waste Management

D. Transportation and storage, transportation at final disposal site

E. Disposal of biomedical waste

Unit IV: (15L) 01

Environmental Impact Assessment And Auditing

4.1 Environmental Impact Assessment

A. Introduction

i- What is Environmental Impact Assessment

ii- Legal Policy & Institutional framework

iii- National legislations

B. EIA

i- Goals

ii- EIA Guiding principles

iii- Initial environmental examination

iv- General procedure

v- EIA Cycle

vi- Impact analysis, prediction and Significance of Impact

vii- Mitigation and Impact Management

viii- Effective EIA follow up

4.2 Environmental Auditing

43

A. Introduction

i- What is Environmental Auditing

B. Objectives of EA

C. Steps involved in Environmental Auditing

i- Pre-audit activities

ii- Site activities

iii- Post –audit activities

iv- EA Cycle

v- Place of EIA and EA in project cycle

D. Methodologies for predicting Impact in an EIA – Batell Method

(Water resource development, Ecology, Pollution, Aesthetics & human interest)

E. Procedures for carrying out EIA and EA

REFERENCES

1. Fundamentals of Molecular evolution –Dan Graur

2. i-genetics A Molecular approach- P.J.Russel,3rd edition Introduction To Spectroscopy

3. Environmental microbiology –R. Maier, L. Pepper, C. Gerba

4. https://en.m.wikipedia.org

5. http://www.eai.in/ref/ae/wte/typ/clas/india_industrial_wastes.html

6. https://orkustofnun.is/gogn/unu-gtp-sc/UNU-GTP-SC-05-28.pdf

7. https://www.soas.ac.uk/cedep-demos/000_P508_EAEMS_K3736-

Demo/unit1/page_14.html

8. http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/V9933E/V9933E02.html

9. http://nemc.or.tz/uploads/publications/en1466684871-EIA%20PROCEDURE.pdf

10. Cell biology ,Genetics, Molecular biology, Evolution –P. S. Verma V. K. Agarwal

11. Environmental Biotechnology, Gareth M Evans & Judith C Furlong.

12. Wealth from Waste, S. C. Bhatia

13. Textbook of Biotechnology, R. C. Dubey

14. Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment. 4th Edition. John Glasson, Riki

Therivel, Andrew Chadwick. Routledge (2012

15. Environmental Impact Assessment. A. K. Shrivastava. APH Publishing, Jan 2003.

16. . Environmental Impact Assessment R R Barthwal New Age International, Jan 2002.

17. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308294194_Biomedical_waste_and_its_ma

nagement.

44

PRACTICAL (PGMBP 203) (60 Contact Hrs)

List of practicals:

1. Study of Marine microflora

2. Isolation of halophiles from salt pan/ sea water sample

3. Study of organisms from Mangrove sample

4. Setting up a laboratory experiment to assess degradability of synthetic waste water.

5. Enrichment & isolation of pesticide degraders

6. Enrichment & isolation of chitin degraders

7. Enrichment & isolation of cellulose degraders

8. Estimation of pesticide

9. Pollutant analysis :

a. Chromium estimation

b. Estimation of nitrate by phenol disulphonic acid method

c. Estimation of sulphate by turbidimetric method

d. Estimation of oil & grease by partition gravimetric method.

e. Estimation of chloride by argentometric method

10. Microbial Conversion of Vegetable Wastes for Bio fertilizer Production

11. EIA of industrial Waste Water Treatment Plant and preparation of facts report

References:

1. A. K. Shrivastava. APH Publishing, Jan‐2003

2. M.Sc. Journal 2004

3. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242270073_Environmental_Impact_Assess

ment_of_the_Waste_Water_Treatment_Plant_for_City_of_Skopje for EIA

4. APHA for assessing degradability of synthetic waste water

45

Paper IV: Medical Microbiology & Immunology-II

Paper Code: PGMB-204

Course Title Credits

Code

PGMB- Medical Microbiology & Immunology-II (60L) 04

204

Unit I: (15L) 01

Advances in Medical Microbiology :Part II

A. Emerging Diseases:-

Detailed Study of following infections including Etiology, Transmission,

Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, Lab. diagnosis, Prophylaxis, and

Treatment.

i. Dengue

ii. Listeriosis

iii. VRE (Vancomycin Resistant enterococci)

iv. Hepatitis non A

v. Swine flu

vi. Conditions caused by prions

Unit II: (15L) 01

Transplantation Immunology

A. Immunologic Basis of Graft Rejection

B. Clinical Manifestations of Graft Rejection

C. General Immunosuppressive Therapy

D. Specific Immunosuppressive Therapy

E. Immune Tolerance to Allografts

F. Clinical Transplantation

Unit III: (15L)

Clinical Immunology 01

A. Immunity to infection – immune mechanisms to intracellular and extra-

cellular infectious agents (with examples of bacterial, protozoan and

parasitic infections, strategies for vaccine development)

B. Immunodeficiency disorders (pathophysiology, diagnosis and prognosis)

46

–

i. Infective disorders: HIV-AIDS, Herpes infections

ii. Non-infective disorders: Phagocytic deficiencies, humoral

deficiencies, T-cell deficiencies, and combined deficiencies,

complement deficiencies

C. Hypersensitivity disorders (pathophysiology, diagnosis and prognosis)

i. Asthma

ii. Systemic Lupus Erythematous (SLE)

iii. Myasthenia gravis

D. Therapeutic aspects in immunopathology

i. Chemotherapy

ii. Strategies for immunotherapy (cytokine and vaccine therapy)

iii. Stem cell therapy

Unit IV: (15L) 01

Experimental Immunology

A. Experimental Animal Models

B. Cell Culture Systems

C. In vitro systems –

i. Kinetics of antigen antibody reactions

ii. Hemolytic plaque assay

iii. ELISPOT assay

iv. ELISA & Multiplexing Technology

v. Functional assays for phagocytosis

D. In vivo systems – Experimental animals in immunology research

i. Inbred animal strains ii. Transgenic animals

REFERENCES

1. Clinics in laboratory medicine, Emerging Infections and their causative agents. September

2004 vol. 24 no. 3.

2. Textbook of Microbiology 8th edition 2009-Ananthnarayan & Paniker-University press.

47

3. Textbook of clinical trials- editors David Machim, Simson Day & Sylvan Green-John

Wiley & Sons.

4. Management of Data in Clinical Trials- Eleanor McFadden M.A. - John Wiley & Sons.

5. Clinical Trials- Issues and Approaches- Edited by Stanley H. Shapiro, Thomas A.

LouisMarcel Dekker Inc. New York.

6. Immunology- Kuby 6th edition W. H. Freeman and company- New York.

7. The Elements of immunology- Fahim Khan- Pearson Education.

PRACTICAL (PGMBP 104) (60 Contact Hr)

List of practicals:

1. SRID: For detection of immune deficiency and Complement deficiency.

Immunodeficiency disorders (pathophysiology, diagnosis and prognosis)

2. Collection of human blood & separation of mononuclear cells by ficoll hypaque

density gradient centrifugation.

3. CD4 lymphocyte count for AIDS

4. Study of virulence factors-Phagocytosis & Phagocytic index

5. ELISPOT assay

6. ELISA

References

1. Clinics in laboratory medicine, Emerging Infections and their causative agents. September

2004 vol. 24 no. 3.

2. Textbook of Microbiology 8th edition 2009-Ananthnarayan &Paniker-University press.

3. Textbook of clinical trials- editors David Machim, Simson Day & Sylvan Green-John

Wiley & Sons.

4. Management of Data in Clinical Trials- Eleanor McFadden M.A. - John Wiley & Sons.

5. Clinical Trials- Issues and Approaches- Edited by Stanley H. Shapiro, Thomas A. Louis

Marcel Dekker Inc. New York.

6. Immunology- Kuby 6th edition W. H. Freeman and company- New York.

7. The Elements of immunology- FahimHalim Khan- Pearson Education.

48