kanlaya-waterloo 04/23/02

Kanlaya-Waterloo 04/23/02

Some MT Approaches


Category Approach Advantages Disadvantages

Three Classic Strategies

Direct MT Simple approach.

Limited accuracy.

Interlingual MT Treat SL and TL separately. Difficulties in developing Interlingual system.

Transfer MT Less complexity in analysis and generation.

Information lost during the transfer process.

Language dependent.

Nonlinguistic Information Strategies

Example-Based MT

Translations come with scores which might be useful to a post editor.

Relies heavily on the availability of a large and diverse quality corpus which are not available for most

Statistics-Based MT

Apply statistical techniques in translation process.

languages.

Hybrid strategies Knowledge-Based MT

Interpreting the SL by reference to world knowledge.

Reasoning is complex. More suitable for paraphrase

than for translation.

Shake-and-Bake MT

SL and TL are associated via bilingual lexicon without a transfer module or interlingual.

Lack efficiency due to the generation process which tries all possibilities.

Direct MTSL-TL Dict

Simple Process BUT limited Accuracy

Word TreatmentSource Language Target Language

Transfer MT

More Accurate BUT Inadequate & Not Attractive To Multilingual System

SL Gram

AnalyzerSLSL

RepresentationTransfer

SL Dict

TL Representation

Generator TL

TL Gram

TL Dict

The Best Approach for Multilingual MT BUT Still an Ideal

Interlingual MTSL Gram

AnalyzerSL

SL-IL Dict

Generator TL

TL Gram

IL-TL Dict

IL


Translation Examples

SL: The Spirit is willing but the flesh is weak.

Russian English

The whisky is all right but the meat has gone bad.

The vodka is good but the meat is rotten.

The liquor is holding out all right, but the meat has

spoiled.

Paraphased : The mind is ready but the body is weak.


Some MT Approaches

Category Approach Advantages Disadvantages

Three Classic Strategies

Direct MT Simple approach.

Limited accuracy.

Interlingual MT Treat SL and TL separately. Difficulties in developing Interlingual system.

Transfer MT Less complexity in analysis and generation.

Information lost during the transfer process.

Language dependent.

Nonlinguistic Information Strategies

Example-Based MT

Translations come with scores which might be useful to a post editor.

Relies heavily on the availability of a large and diverse quality corpus which are not available for most

Statistics-Based MT

Apply statistical techniques in translation process.

languages.

Hybrid strategies Knowledge-Based MT

Interpreting the SL by reference to world knowledge.

Reasoning is complex. More suitable for paraphrase

than for translation.

Shake-and-Bake MT

SL and TL are associated via bilingual lexicon without a transfer module or interlingual.

Lack efficiency due to the generation process which tries all possibilities.

Advantages Disadvantages

+ accurate translation


Generate and Repair MT : A hybrid MT system

SLTranslation Candidate

SL,SL-TL Dict

Inappropriate TC

RI

TL

TCE

accept

accept

SL, TL Const.

Accuracy Simplicity Modularity Extendibility Multilinguality

SL Grammar & Lexicon

TL Const.

Repaired TC

TL Grammar & Lexicon

ALMTALMT TCE RI



SLTranslation Candidate

SL,SL-TL Dict

Inappropriate TC

RI

TL

TCE

accept

accept

SL, TL Const.



TL Const.

Repaired TC


ALMT



ALMTSLTranslation Candidate

SL,SL-TL Dict

Inappropriate TC

RI

TL

TCE

accept

accept

SL, TL Const.



TL Const.

Repaired TC



1.Analysis Lite MT : Generate a Translation Candidate (TC)

SL TC

Inflectional Analysis

SL Const.

Constraint Application

SL Dict

WordAsso Application

WordAsso

Word Ordering

Word Addition

TL Const. W-order KB

Word Treatment Word Selection Word Ordering

foundDict

look-up

SL-TL Dict

found


A mother duck hatches seven eggs in a nest.SL :

mother duck hatch seven egg plural in nest


mother duck hatches seven egg plural in nest

Word Selection

Word Addition

TC :

Dictionary Look-up & Inflectional Analysis

The word “ฟอง” is added to indicate the quantity of eggs”.

Word Ordering

แม� เปด กก เจ�ด ไข� ใน ร�ง เล��ยงด� ก�ม ค�ด

กระต��น เข�ามา ทำ"าร�ง จ�บกด

ลง เข�าไป

ผ�าล�น�นขาว

อย�าง

แม� เปด กก เจ�ด ไข� ใน ร�ง

แม� เปด กก เจ�ด ไข� ฟอง ใน ร�ง

แม� เปด กก ไข� เจ�ด ฟอง ใน ร�งKanlaya-Waterloo 04/23/02

แม� เปด กก ไข� เจ�ด ฟอง ใน ร�งSL :

แม� เปด กก ไข� เจ�ด plural ใน ร�ง


แม� เปด กก ไข� เจ�ด plural ใน ร�ง

Word Selection

Word Addition

TC :

Dictionary Look-up & Inflectional Analysis

Word Ordering

mother duck hatch egg seven in nest inne

r reed

mother duck hatch egg seven in nest

a mother duck hatches eggs seven in a nest

A mother duck hatches seven eggs in a nest.

inside


2.Translation Candidate Evaluation : Verify a TC

Semantic Comparison

SemanticCompariso

n

Analyzer

accept

accept

Translation result

TC with semantic differences info.

Semantic Extraction

TC

SL


SL Parsing

TL Parsing



HPSG…What ?

HPSG

An integrated theory of natural language syntax and

semantics.

A feature-based grammatical framework.

HPSG Key Features

Small number of rules and rich-information lexicon.

Unification-based constraints.

Language-independent principles.

HPSG…What and Why ?


SLTL


SL TL


SL: John talks about the broken spring.TC : จอห'น พ�ด เก�)ยวก�บ ฤด�ใบไม�ผล� ทำ�) ห�ก น��น

STRING: 0 จอห'น 1 พ�ด 2 เก�)ยวก�บ 3 ฤด�ใบไม�ผล� 4 · ทำ�) 5 ห�ก 6 น��น CATEGORY: phrase QSTORE ne_set_quant ELT quant DET the RESTIND nom_obj INDEX [0] ref IGENN neut INUM sg IPER per MODE reff RESTR ne_set_psoa ELT psoa NUCLEUS broken1 WORDASSO 13-8-5 INSTANCE [0] SURFACE ห�ก QUANTS e_list ELTS ne_set_psoa ELT psoa NUCLEUS season WORDASSO 2-4-3-2 INSTANCE [0] SURFACE ฤด�ใบไม�ผล� QUANTS e_list ELTS e_set ELTS e_set . . .

STRING: 0 john 1 talks 2 about 3 the 4 broken 5 spring 6 CATEGORY: phrase QSTORE ne_set_quant ELT quant DET the RESTIND nom_obj INDEX [0] ref IGENN neut INUM sg IPER per MODE reff RESTR ne_set_psoa ELT psoa NUCLEUS broken1 WORDASSO 13-8-5 INSTANCE [0] SURFACE broken QUANTS e_list ELTS ne_set_psoa ELT psoa NUCLEUS device WORDASSO 1-1-2-1-1-3-1-4 INSTANCE [0] SURFACE spring QUANTS e_list ELTS e_set ELTS e_set . . .

English Word Treatment Output Descriptionspring ÄÙãºäÁé¼ÅÔ (ryduubajmáajphlì),

2-4-3-2the season between winter andsummer

Ê»ÃÔ§ (sapring),1-1-2-1-1-3-1-4

an elastic device

¡ÃÐâ (kradòod),2-1-5-5-1

to move suddenly upward orforward

¹éÓ¾Ø(námphú),1-1-2-1-4-1

place where water comes upnaturally from the ground


3.Repair and Iterate : Repair a TC

TC with the semantic

differences info.Repair

Word Treatment Output

accept

accept

Translation resultTCEWord Ordering

Repaired

TC


SL : John talks about the broken spring.TC :จอห'น พ�ด เก�)ยวก�บ สปร�ง ทำ�) ห�ก น��น

STRING: 0 john 1 talks 2 about 3 the 4 broken 5 spring 6 CATEGORY: phrase QSTORE ne_set_quant ELT quant DET the RESTIND nom_obj INDEX [0] ref IGENN neut INUM sg IPER per MODE reff RESTR ne_set_psoa ELT psoa NUCLEUS broken1 WORDASSO 13-8-5 INSTANCE [0] SURFACE broken QUANTS e_list ELTS ne_set_psoa ELT psoa NUCLEUS device WORDASSO 1-1-2-1-1-3-1-4 INSTANCE [0] SURFACE spring QUANTS e_list ELTS e_set ELTS e_set . . . CONT psoa NUCLEUS talk2 WORDASSO 2-1-3-1-1

STRING: 0 จอห'น 1 พ�ด 2 เก�)ยวก�บ 3 สปร�ง 4 ทำ�) 5 ห�ก 6 น��น CATEGORY: phrase QSTORE ne_set_quant ELT quant DET the RESTIND nom_obj INDEX [0] ref IGENN neut INUM sg IPER per MODE reff RESTR ne_set_psoa ELT psoa NUCLEUS broken1 WORDASSO 13-8-5 INSTANCE [0]

SURFACE ห�ก QUANTS e_list ELTS ne_set_psoa ELT psoa NUCLEUS device WORDASSO 1-1-2-1-1-3-1-4 INSTANCE [0]

SURFACE สปร�ง QUANTS e_list ELTS e_set ELTS e_set . . . CONT psoa


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Ugly Duckling Thai Version


At a thicket. A mother duck hatches seven eggs in a nest .A duckling cracks an eggshell .Six eggshells are cracked .The seventh egg has the

biggest size .A mother duck tries to hatch the seventh egg . Finally the last egg cracks. A mother duck amazes when it sees the

duckling .However a mother duck accepts its child .An ugly duckling has gray feather .Other ducklings have yellow feather. A mother duck

leads seven ducklings swim. Seven ducklings walk after a mother duck .An ugly duckling walks the last .Cows and sheeps are eatting

grass.They make_fun_of an ugly duckling .An ugly duckling is sorry and peevish .An ugly duckling cries. Seven ducklings swim in a big

pond .An ugly duckling swims further than others .Six ducklings do not play with an ugly duckling .A pig and a hen banter an ugly duckling

.An ugly duckling cries again .An ugly duckling hides in a thicket .An ugly duckling escapes from a pond .It hopes that it will have a new

friend .An ugly duckling wanders lonely .An ugly duckling arrives at a swamp .A wild duck stares an ugly duckling .An ugly duckling lives

with a wild duck. In_the_morning a hunter arrives at a swamp .A hunter shoots. A wild duck escapes with fear .An ugly duckling loses from

a wild duck .An ugly duckling wanders again .An ugly duckling arrives at a cottage. An old woman lives in a cottage .An old woman feeds

a cat and a hen .An ugly duckling greets a cat and a hen. A black cat sees an ugly duckling .A black cat screams. An old woman hears a

sound .An old woman picks a bloom .An old woman hits an ugly duckling . An ugly duckling wanders again. Now an ugly duckling

grows .An ugly duckling grows. An ugly duckling flies high and far .An ugly duckling arrives at a stream .An ugly duckling sees a swan is

swimming .A duckling amazes in a beauty of a swan .An ugly duckling greets swans .An ugly duckling sees its shadow in water. It is a

shadow of a swan .Finally an ugly duckling meets a real parent .

English Translated Version


Conclusions

GRMT a novel approach to MT which generates accurate translations. consists of three major components, ALMT, TCE and RI. ALMT generates the TC by taking into account the differences

between languages (constraints) and the semantic relationship between

words. TCE an RI ensure an accuracy of the translation by verifying the syntax

and semantics of the TC and improving the quality of the TC if necessary.

Key features: Simplicity, Modularity, Extendibility and Multilinguality

EnglishThai MT system prototype

Knowledge-bases: English Dictionary, Thai Dictionary, EnglishThai Dictionary,

English (HPSG) grammar, Thai (HPSG) grammar,

English Lexicon, Thai Lexicon.


Suggestions/Comments

Thanks


kanlaya-waterloo 04/23/02

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