Female Reproductive Female Reproductive HormonesHormones

BIOCHEMISTRY DEPARTMENTBIOCHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT

Pituitary HormonesPituitary Hormones

Posterior pituitaryPosterior pituitary

Stores and releases 2 hormones that areStores and releases 2 hormones that are

produced in the hypothalamusproduced in the hypothalamus

o Antidiuretic hormone Antidiuretic hormone (ADHvasopressin)(ADHvasopressin)

o OxytocinOxytocin

OxytocinOxytocin

9 amino acid peptide produced primarily 9 amino acid peptide produced primarily by paraventricular nucleus and small by paraventricular nucleus and small amount by supraoptic nucleusamount by supraoptic nucleusTargets Uterus and mammary glandsTargets Uterus and mammary glandsContraction of pregnant uterusContraction of pregnant uterusStimulates contractions of the mammary Stimulates contractions of the mammary gland alveoligland alveoli Milk-ejection reflexMilk-ejection reflex

Pituitary HormonesPituitary Hormones

Anterior pituitaryAnterior pituitary

Prolactin Prolactin Growth Hormone (GH)Growth Hormone (GH) Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH) Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH) Luteinizing Hormone (LH)Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

PROLACTINPROLACTIN

Protein hormone of 199 amino acidsProtein hormone of 199 amino acidsIn females it stimulates milk production by In females it stimulates milk production by the mammary glandsthe mammary glands Release is inhibited in non-pregnant Release is inhibited in non-pregnant women women As estrogen and progesterone levels rise As estrogen and progesterone levels rise late in pregnancy it stimulates prolactin late in pregnancy it stimulates prolactin releasereleaseHyperprolactinaemia can cause menstrual Hyperprolactinaemia can cause menstrual problems in females and breast problems in females and breast enlargement in malesenlargement in males

Hypo-Pit-Gonadal AxesHypo-Pit-Gonadal Axes

An Overview

HORMONAL CONTROL OVER GONADAL FUNCTIONHORMONAL CONTROL OVER GONADAL FUNCTION

Hypothalamus(synthesizesGonadotropin releasinghormone)

GnRH

Anterior pituitary(synthesizes Gonadotropinsluteinizing hormonefollicle stimulating hormone)

Lh+fsh

Gonads -synthesizegonadal hormones

estrogens

androgens

Action of GnRHAction of GnRH

A system stimulation of phosphatidylinositol is GnRH A system stimulation of phosphatidylinositol is GnRH actionaction

GnRH binds to receptors in the cell membrane of the GnRH binds to receptors in the cell membrane of the gonadotropegonadotrope

Phospholipase C is activated catalyzes the hidrolysis of Phospholipase C is activated catalyzes the hidrolysis of PIPPIP2 2 to form DAG andto form DAG and IPIP3 3

DAG activates protein kinase C (PKC) which DAG activates protein kinase C (PKC) which phosphorylates specific proteinphosphorylates specific protein

It participate in the resulting secretory process to It participate in the resulting secretory process to transport LH and FSH to cell exteriortransport LH and FSH to cell exterior

IPIP3 3 stimulates of Castimulates of Ca2+ 2+ from calcium stroge particle from calcium stroge particle

cause increased stimulation of PKCcause increased stimulation of PKC

participates in exocytosis of LH and FSH from cellparticipates in exocytosis of LH and FSH from cell

Action of GnRHAction of GnRH

GONADOTROPINSGONADOTROPINS

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSHFollicle-stimulating hormone (FSH))

Target Ovaries and TestesTarget Ovaries and TestesStimulates the maturation of sperm and Stimulates the maturation of sperm and egg in the females causes the release of egg in the females causes the release of estrogenestrogen

GONADOTROPINSGONADOTROPINS

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Target Ovaries and TestesMale Production of testosterone

In females works with FSH to cause In females works with FSH to cause follicle development and then follicle development and then independently is responsible for independently is responsible for ovulation ovulation

Sex HormonesSex Hormones

Gonad and AdrenalGonad and Adrenal

EstrogenEstrogen

ProgesteroneProgesterone

DihydrotestosteroneDihydrotestosterone

TestosteroneTestosterone

Ovarian hormonesOvarian hormones

SteroidsSteroids

o 10487081048708EstrogensEstrogens

o 10487081048708AndrogensAndrogens

o 10487081048708ProgesteroneProgesterone

PeptidesPeptides

OVARIAN STEROID HORMONESOVARIAN STEROID HORMONES

1048708 1048708 Produced in both interstitial andProduced in both interstitial and follicular cellsfollicular cells

1048708 1048708 Derivatives of cholesterol (comingDerivatives of cholesterol (coming

from LDL-lipoproteins and de novofrom LDL-lipoproteins and de novo

synthesis)synthesis)

SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS

Chemical structure C18Chemical structure C18

SourceSource

follicular cellsfollicular cells

corpus luteumcorpus luteum

placentaplacenta

adrenal cortexadrenal cortex

adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)

ESTROGENESTROGEN

SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS

First step happens in mitochondriaFirst step happens in mitochondria

All the rest in smooth ERAll the rest in smooth ER

Reduction in number of carbon atomsReduction in number of carbon atoms

1048708 1048708 Estrogens are primarily synthesized inEstrogens are primarily synthesized in

granulosa cellsgranulosa cells

1048708 1048708 Androgens are primarily synthesized in Androgens are primarily synthesized in thecal cellsthecal cells

Estrogens in circulation

Estradiol

1048708 Secreted by the ovary

Estrone

1048708 Derived from peripheral conversion of

estradiol and androstenodione

Estriol

1048708 Liver metabolite of estrone

ESTROGENSESTROGENS

Transport in bloodTransport in blood Mostly carrier-bound (albumin sexMostly carrier-bound (albumin sex hormone-binding globulin)hormone-binding globulin)1048708 1048708 Two peaksTwo peaks

o 1048708 1048708 Before ovulationBefore ovulationo1048708 1048708 Mid-luteal peakMid-luteal peak

1048708 1048708 Levels much higher in the follicularLevels much higher in the follicular fluid than in the plasmafluid than in the plasma

Cytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormoneCytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormone

Translocates to nucleusTranslocates to nucleus

DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of the DNAthe DNA

Dimerization occursDimerization occurs Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2 Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2

half-siteshalf-sites

Stimulates transcription of particular genesStimulates transcription of particular genes

Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action

Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action

Metabolism Metabolism

Metabolized to glucuronides andMetabolized to glucuronides and

sulfatessulfates

1048708 1048708 Recycled in enterohepatic circulationRecycled in enterohepatic circulation

1048708 1048708 Excreted in urineExcreted in urine

Physiological Physiological

Reproductive systemReproductive system

o Development and maintenance of uterus Development and maintenance of uterus uterine tubesvagina external genitalia uterine tubesvagina external genitalia and breastsand breasts

o Cyclic changes in the endometrium Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix vaginacervix vagina

o Growth of the ovarian folliclesGrowth of the ovarian follicleso Motility of the uterine tubes uarrMotility of the uterine tubes uarr

Physiological Physiological

Reproductive systemReproductive system

o Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr excitability uarr breasts uarrexcitability uarr breasts uarr

o Female secondary sex characteristics Female secondary sex characteristics (fat deposits etc)(fat deposits etc)

o Estrous behavior in animals increased Estrous behavior in animals increased libido in humanslibido in humans

Physiological Physiological

MetabolismMetabolism

o Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle chicken etc)chicken etc)

o Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma cholesterol darrcholesterol darr

o Salt and water retention (by stimulating Salt and water retention (by stimulating angiotensin) rarr edemaangiotensin) rarr edema

Physiological Physiological

Other metabolicOther metabolic

o Maintenance of bone massMaintenance of bone mass

o Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)

ProgesteronProgesteron

The most distinctive hormone betweenThe most distinctive hormone between males and femalesmales and females

Chemical structure C21Chemical structure C21SourceSource1048708 1048708 c luteumc luteum1048708 1048708 placentaplacenta1048708 1048708 follicles (small amount)follicles (small amount)1048708 1048708 adrenal cortexadrenal cortex

TransportTransport

2 free2 free

80 albumin-bound80 albumin-bound

18 corticosteroid-binding protein 18 corticosteroid-binding protein (transcortin) -bound(transcortin) -bound

Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix and vagina

Breasts supports the secretory function during lactation

Inhibits LH secretion

Responsible for preparing the reproductive tract for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy

Physiological Physiological

Physiological Physiological

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin

o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males

InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH

ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES

FollistatinsFollistatins

o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion

Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor

o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge

POMC hormonesPOMC hormones

o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal

cells)cells)

Pituitary HormonesPituitary Hormones

Posterior pituitaryPosterior pituitary

Stores and releases 2 hormones that areStores and releases 2 hormones that are

produced in the hypothalamusproduced in the hypothalamus

o Antidiuretic hormone Antidiuretic hormone (ADHvasopressin)(ADHvasopressin)

o OxytocinOxytocin

OxytocinOxytocin

9 amino acid peptide produced primarily 9 amino acid peptide produced primarily by paraventricular nucleus and small by paraventricular nucleus and small amount by supraoptic nucleusamount by supraoptic nucleusTargets Uterus and mammary glandsTargets Uterus and mammary glandsContraction of pregnant uterusContraction of pregnant uterusStimulates contractions of the mammary Stimulates contractions of the mammary gland alveoligland alveoli Milk-ejection reflexMilk-ejection reflex

Pituitary HormonesPituitary Hormones

Anterior pituitaryAnterior pituitary

Prolactin Prolactin Growth Hormone (GH)Growth Hormone (GH) Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH) Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH) Luteinizing Hormone (LH)Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

PROLACTINPROLACTIN

Protein hormone of 199 amino acidsProtein hormone of 199 amino acidsIn females it stimulates milk production by In females it stimulates milk production by the mammary glandsthe mammary glands Release is inhibited in non-pregnant Release is inhibited in non-pregnant women women As estrogen and progesterone levels rise As estrogen and progesterone levels rise late in pregnancy it stimulates prolactin late in pregnancy it stimulates prolactin releasereleaseHyperprolactinaemia can cause menstrual Hyperprolactinaemia can cause menstrual problems in females and breast problems in females and breast enlargement in malesenlargement in males

Hypo-Pit-Gonadal AxesHypo-Pit-Gonadal Axes

An Overview

HORMONAL CONTROL OVER GONADAL FUNCTIONHORMONAL CONTROL OVER GONADAL FUNCTION

Hypothalamus(synthesizesGonadotropin releasinghormone)

GnRH

Anterior pituitary(synthesizes Gonadotropinsluteinizing hormonefollicle stimulating hormone)

Lh+fsh

Gonads -synthesizegonadal hormones

estrogens

androgens

Action of GnRHAction of GnRH

A system stimulation of phosphatidylinositol is GnRH A system stimulation of phosphatidylinositol is GnRH actionaction

GnRH binds to receptors in the cell membrane of the GnRH binds to receptors in the cell membrane of the gonadotropegonadotrope

Phospholipase C is activated catalyzes the hidrolysis of Phospholipase C is activated catalyzes the hidrolysis of PIPPIP2 2 to form DAG andto form DAG and IPIP3 3

DAG activates protein kinase C (PKC) which DAG activates protein kinase C (PKC) which phosphorylates specific proteinphosphorylates specific protein

It participate in the resulting secretory process to It participate in the resulting secretory process to transport LH and FSH to cell exteriortransport LH and FSH to cell exterior

IPIP3 3 stimulates of Castimulates of Ca2+ 2+ from calcium stroge particle from calcium stroge particle

cause increased stimulation of PKCcause increased stimulation of PKC

participates in exocytosis of LH and FSH from cellparticipates in exocytosis of LH and FSH from cell

Action of GnRHAction of GnRH

GONADOTROPINSGONADOTROPINS

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSHFollicle-stimulating hormone (FSH))

Target Ovaries and TestesTarget Ovaries and TestesStimulates the maturation of sperm and Stimulates the maturation of sperm and egg in the females causes the release of egg in the females causes the release of estrogenestrogen

GONADOTROPINSGONADOTROPINS

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Target Ovaries and TestesMale Production of testosterone

In females works with FSH to cause In females works with FSH to cause follicle development and then follicle development and then independently is responsible for independently is responsible for ovulation ovulation

Sex HormonesSex Hormones

Gonad and AdrenalGonad and Adrenal

EstrogenEstrogen

ProgesteroneProgesterone

DihydrotestosteroneDihydrotestosterone

TestosteroneTestosterone

Ovarian hormonesOvarian hormones

SteroidsSteroids

o 10487081048708EstrogensEstrogens

o 10487081048708AndrogensAndrogens

o 10487081048708ProgesteroneProgesterone

PeptidesPeptides

OVARIAN STEROID HORMONESOVARIAN STEROID HORMONES

1048708 1048708 Produced in both interstitial andProduced in both interstitial and follicular cellsfollicular cells

1048708 1048708 Derivatives of cholesterol (comingDerivatives of cholesterol (coming

from LDL-lipoproteins and de novofrom LDL-lipoproteins and de novo

synthesis)synthesis)

SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS

Chemical structure C18Chemical structure C18

SourceSource

follicular cellsfollicular cells

corpus luteumcorpus luteum

placentaplacenta

adrenal cortexadrenal cortex

adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)

ESTROGENESTROGEN

SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS

First step happens in mitochondriaFirst step happens in mitochondria

All the rest in smooth ERAll the rest in smooth ER

Reduction in number of carbon atomsReduction in number of carbon atoms

1048708 1048708 Estrogens are primarily synthesized inEstrogens are primarily synthesized in

granulosa cellsgranulosa cells

1048708 1048708 Androgens are primarily synthesized in Androgens are primarily synthesized in thecal cellsthecal cells

Estrogens in circulation

Estradiol

1048708 Secreted by the ovary

Estrone

1048708 Derived from peripheral conversion of

estradiol and androstenodione

Estriol

1048708 Liver metabolite of estrone

ESTROGENSESTROGENS

Transport in bloodTransport in blood Mostly carrier-bound (albumin sexMostly carrier-bound (albumin sex hormone-binding globulin)hormone-binding globulin)1048708 1048708 Two peaksTwo peaks

o 1048708 1048708 Before ovulationBefore ovulationo1048708 1048708 Mid-luteal peakMid-luteal peak

1048708 1048708 Levels much higher in the follicularLevels much higher in the follicular fluid than in the plasmafluid than in the plasma

Cytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormoneCytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormone

Translocates to nucleusTranslocates to nucleus

DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of the DNAthe DNA

Dimerization occursDimerization occurs Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2 Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2

half-siteshalf-sites

Stimulates transcription of particular genesStimulates transcription of particular genes

Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action

Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action

Metabolism Metabolism

Metabolized to glucuronides andMetabolized to glucuronides and

sulfatessulfates

1048708 1048708 Recycled in enterohepatic circulationRecycled in enterohepatic circulation

1048708 1048708 Excreted in urineExcreted in urine

Physiological Physiological

Reproductive systemReproductive system

o Development and maintenance of uterus Development and maintenance of uterus uterine tubesvagina external genitalia uterine tubesvagina external genitalia and breastsand breasts

o Cyclic changes in the endometrium Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix vaginacervix vagina

o Growth of the ovarian folliclesGrowth of the ovarian follicleso Motility of the uterine tubes uarrMotility of the uterine tubes uarr

Physiological Physiological

Reproductive systemReproductive system

o Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr excitability uarr breasts uarrexcitability uarr breasts uarr

o Female secondary sex characteristics Female secondary sex characteristics (fat deposits etc)(fat deposits etc)

o Estrous behavior in animals increased Estrous behavior in animals increased libido in humanslibido in humans

Physiological Physiological

MetabolismMetabolism

o Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle chicken etc)chicken etc)

o Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma cholesterol darrcholesterol darr

o Salt and water retention (by stimulating Salt and water retention (by stimulating angiotensin) rarr edemaangiotensin) rarr edema

Physiological Physiological

Other metabolicOther metabolic

o Maintenance of bone massMaintenance of bone mass

o Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)

ProgesteronProgesteron

The most distinctive hormone betweenThe most distinctive hormone between males and femalesmales and females

Chemical structure C21Chemical structure C21SourceSource1048708 1048708 c luteumc luteum1048708 1048708 placentaplacenta1048708 1048708 follicles (small amount)follicles (small amount)1048708 1048708 adrenal cortexadrenal cortex

TransportTransport

2 free2 free

80 albumin-bound80 albumin-bound

18 corticosteroid-binding protein 18 corticosteroid-binding protein (transcortin) -bound(transcortin) -bound

Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix and vagina

Breasts supports the secretory function during lactation

Inhibits LH secretion

Responsible for preparing the reproductive tract for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy

Physiological Physiological

Physiological Physiological

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin

o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males

InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH

ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES

FollistatinsFollistatins

o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion

Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor

o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge

POMC hormonesPOMC hormones

o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal

cells)cells)

OxytocinOxytocin

9 amino acid peptide produced primarily 9 amino acid peptide produced primarily by paraventricular nucleus and small by paraventricular nucleus and small amount by supraoptic nucleusamount by supraoptic nucleusTargets Uterus and mammary glandsTargets Uterus and mammary glandsContraction of pregnant uterusContraction of pregnant uterusStimulates contractions of the mammary Stimulates contractions of the mammary gland alveoligland alveoli Milk-ejection reflexMilk-ejection reflex

Pituitary HormonesPituitary Hormones

Anterior pituitaryAnterior pituitary

Prolactin Prolactin Growth Hormone (GH)Growth Hormone (GH) Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH) Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH) Luteinizing Hormone (LH)Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

PROLACTINPROLACTIN

Protein hormone of 199 amino acidsProtein hormone of 199 amino acidsIn females it stimulates milk production by In females it stimulates milk production by the mammary glandsthe mammary glands Release is inhibited in non-pregnant Release is inhibited in non-pregnant women women As estrogen and progesterone levels rise As estrogen and progesterone levels rise late in pregnancy it stimulates prolactin late in pregnancy it stimulates prolactin releasereleaseHyperprolactinaemia can cause menstrual Hyperprolactinaemia can cause menstrual problems in females and breast problems in females and breast enlargement in malesenlargement in males

Hypo-Pit-Gonadal AxesHypo-Pit-Gonadal Axes

An Overview

HORMONAL CONTROL OVER GONADAL FUNCTIONHORMONAL CONTROL OVER GONADAL FUNCTION

Hypothalamus(synthesizesGonadotropin releasinghormone)

GnRH

Anterior pituitary(synthesizes Gonadotropinsluteinizing hormonefollicle stimulating hormone)

Lh+fsh

Gonads -synthesizegonadal hormones

estrogens

androgens

Action of GnRHAction of GnRH

A system stimulation of phosphatidylinositol is GnRH A system stimulation of phosphatidylinositol is GnRH actionaction

GnRH binds to receptors in the cell membrane of the GnRH binds to receptors in the cell membrane of the gonadotropegonadotrope

Phospholipase C is activated catalyzes the hidrolysis of Phospholipase C is activated catalyzes the hidrolysis of PIPPIP2 2 to form DAG andto form DAG and IPIP3 3

DAG activates protein kinase C (PKC) which DAG activates protein kinase C (PKC) which phosphorylates specific proteinphosphorylates specific protein

It participate in the resulting secretory process to It participate in the resulting secretory process to transport LH and FSH to cell exteriortransport LH and FSH to cell exterior

IPIP3 3 stimulates of Castimulates of Ca2+ 2+ from calcium stroge particle from calcium stroge particle

cause increased stimulation of PKCcause increased stimulation of PKC

participates in exocytosis of LH and FSH from cellparticipates in exocytosis of LH and FSH from cell

Action of GnRHAction of GnRH

GONADOTROPINSGONADOTROPINS

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSHFollicle-stimulating hormone (FSH))

Target Ovaries and TestesTarget Ovaries and TestesStimulates the maturation of sperm and Stimulates the maturation of sperm and egg in the females causes the release of egg in the females causes the release of estrogenestrogen

GONADOTROPINSGONADOTROPINS

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Target Ovaries and TestesMale Production of testosterone

In females works with FSH to cause In females works with FSH to cause follicle development and then follicle development and then independently is responsible for independently is responsible for ovulation ovulation

Sex HormonesSex Hormones

Gonad and AdrenalGonad and Adrenal

EstrogenEstrogen

ProgesteroneProgesterone

DihydrotestosteroneDihydrotestosterone

TestosteroneTestosterone

Ovarian hormonesOvarian hormones

SteroidsSteroids

o 10487081048708EstrogensEstrogens

o 10487081048708AndrogensAndrogens

o 10487081048708ProgesteroneProgesterone

PeptidesPeptides

OVARIAN STEROID HORMONESOVARIAN STEROID HORMONES

1048708 1048708 Produced in both interstitial andProduced in both interstitial and follicular cellsfollicular cells

1048708 1048708 Derivatives of cholesterol (comingDerivatives of cholesterol (coming

from LDL-lipoproteins and de novofrom LDL-lipoproteins and de novo

synthesis)synthesis)

SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS

Chemical structure C18Chemical structure C18

SourceSource

follicular cellsfollicular cells

corpus luteumcorpus luteum

placentaplacenta

adrenal cortexadrenal cortex

adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)

ESTROGENESTROGEN

SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS

First step happens in mitochondriaFirst step happens in mitochondria

All the rest in smooth ERAll the rest in smooth ER

Reduction in number of carbon atomsReduction in number of carbon atoms

1048708 1048708 Estrogens are primarily synthesized inEstrogens are primarily synthesized in

granulosa cellsgranulosa cells

1048708 1048708 Androgens are primarily synthesized in Androgens are primarily synthesized in thecal cellsthecal cells

Estrogens in circulation

Estradiol

1048708 Secreted by the ovary

Estrone

1048708 Derived from peripheral conversion of

estradiol and androstenodione

Estriol

1048708 Liver metabolite of estrone

ESTROGENSESTROGENS

Transport in bloodTransport in blood Mostly carrier-bound (albumin sexMostly carrier-bound (albumin sex hormone-binding globulin)hormone-binding globulin)1048708 1048708 Two peaksTwo peaks

o 1048708 1048708 Before ovulationBefore ovulationo1048708 1048708 Mid-luteal peakMid-luteal peak

1048708 1048708 Levels much higher in the follicularLevels much higher in the follicular fluid than in the plasmafluid than in the plasma

Cytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormoneCytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormone

Translocates to nucleusTranslocates to nucleus

DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of the DNAthe DNA

Dimerization occursDimerization occurs Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2 Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2

half-siteshalf-sites

Stimulates transcription of particular genesStimulates transcription of particular genes

Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action

Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action

Metabolism Metabolism

Metabolized to glucuronides andMetabolized to glucuronides and

sulfatessulfates

1048708 1048708 Recycled in enterohepatic circulationRecycled in enterohepatic circulation

1048708 1048708 Excreted in urineExcreted in urine

Physiological Physiological

Reproductive systemReproductive system

o Development and maintenance of uterus Development and maintenance of uterus uterine tubesvagina external genitalia uterine tubesvagina external genitalia and breastsand breasts

o Cyclic changes in the endometrium Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix vaginacervix vagina

o Growth of the ovarian folliclesGrowth of the ovarian follicleso Motility of the uterine tubes uarrMotility of the uterine tubes uarr

Physiological Physiological

Reproductive systemReproductive system

o Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr excitability uarr breasts uarrexcitability uarr breasts uarr

o Female secondary sex characteristics Female secondary sex characteristics (fat deposits etc)(fat deposits etc)

o Estrous behavior in animals increased Estrous behavior in animals increased libido in humanslibido in humans

Physiological Physiological

MetabolismMetabolism

o Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle chicken etc)chicken etc)

o Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma cholesterol darrcholesterol darr

o Salt and water retention (by stimulating Salt and water retention (by stimulating angiotensin) rarr edemaangiotensin) rarr edema

Physiological Physiological

Other metabolicOther metabolic

o Maintenance of bone massMaintenance of bone mass

o Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)

ProgesteronProgesteron

The most distinctive hormone betweenThe most distinctive hormone between males and femalesmales and females

Chemical structure C21Chemical structure C21SourceSource1048708 1048708 c luteumc luteum1048708 1048708 placentaplacenta1048708 1048708 follicles (small amount)follicles (small amount)1048708 1048708 adrenal cortexadrenal cortex

TransportTransport

2 free2 free

80 albumin-bound80 albumin-bound

18 corticosteroid-binding protein 18 corticosteroid-binding protein (transcortin) -bound(transcortin) -bound

Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix and vagina

Breasts supports the secretory function during lactation

Inhibits LH secretion

Responsible for preparing the reproductive tract for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy

Physiological Physiological

Physiological Physiological

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin

o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males

InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH

ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES

FollistatinsFollistatins

o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion

Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor

o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge

POMC hormonesPOMC hormones

o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal

cells)cells)

Pituitary HormonesPituitary Hormones

Anterior pituitaryAnterior pituitary

Prolactin Prolactin Growth Hormone (GH)Growth Hormone (GH) Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH) Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH) Luteinizing Hormone (LH)Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

PROLACTINPROLACTIN

Protein hormone of 199 amino acidsProtein hormone of 199 amino acidsIn females it stimulates milk production by In females it stimulates milk production by the mammary glandsthe mammary glands Release is inhibited in non-pregnant Release is inhibited in non-pregnant women women As estrogen and progesterone levels rise As estrogen and progesterone levels rise late in pregnancy it stimulates prolactin late in pregnancy it stimulates prolactin releasereleaseHyperprolactinaemia can cause menstrual Hyperprolactinaemia can cause menstrual problems in females and breast problems in females and breast enlargement in malesenlargement in males

Hypo-Pit-Gonadal AxesHypo-Pit-Gonadal Axes

An Overview

HORMONAL CONTROL OVER GONADAL FUNCTIONHORMONAL CONTROL OVER GONADAL FUNCTION

Hypothalamus(synthesizesGonadotropin releasinghormone)

GnRH

Anterior pituitary(synthesizes Gonadotropinsluteinizing hormonefollicle stimulating hormone)

Lh+fsh

Gonads -synthesizegonadal hormones

estrogens

androgens

Action of GnRHAction of GnRH

A system stimulation of phosphatidylinositol is GnRH A system stimulation of phosphatidylinositol is GnRH actionaction

GnRH binds to receptors in the cell membrane of the GnRH binds to receptors in the cell membrane of the gonadotropegonadotrope

Phospholipase C is activated catalyzes the hidrolysis of Phospholipase C is activated catalyzes the hidrolysis of PIPPIP2 2 to form DAG andto form DAG and IPIP3 3

DAG activates protein kinase C (PKC) which DAG activates protein kinase C (PKC) which phosphorylates specific proteinphosphorylates specific protein

It participate in the resulting secretory process to It participate in the resulting secretory process to transport LH and FSH to cell exteriortransport LH and FSH to cell exterior

IPIP3 3 stimulates of Castimulates of Ca2+ 2+ from calcium stroge particle from calcium stroge particle

cause increased stimulation of PKCcause increased stimulation of PKC

participates in exocytosis of LH and FSH from cellparticipates in exocytosis of LH and FSH from cell

Action of GnRHAction of GnRH

GONADOTROPINSGONADOTROPINS

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSHFollicle-stimulating hormone (FSH))

Target Ovaries and TestesTarget Ovaries and TestesStimulates the maturation of sperm and Stimulates the maturation of sperm and egg in the females causes the release of egg in the females causes the release of estrogenestrogen

GONADOTROPINSGONADOTROPINS

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Target Ovaries and TestesMale Production of testosterone

In females works with FSH to cause In females works with FSH to cause follicle development and then follicle development and then independently is responsible for independently is responsible for ovulation ovulation

Sex HormonesSex Hormones

Gonad and AdrenalGonad and Adrenal

EstrogenEstrogen

ProgesteroneProgesterone

DihydrotestosteroneDihydrotestosterone

TestosteroneTestosterone

Ovarian hormonesOvarian hormones

SteroidsSteroids

o 10487081048708EstrogensEstrogens

o 10487081048708AndrogensAndrogens

o 10487081048708ProgesteroneProgesterone

PeptidesPeptides

OVARIAN STEROID HORMONESOVARIAN STEROID HORMONES

1048708 1048708 Produced in both interstitial andProduced in both interstitial and follicular cellsfollicular cells

1048708 1048708 Derivatives of cholesterol (comingDerivatives of cholesterol (coming

from LDL-lipoproteins and de novofrom LDL-lipoproteins and de novo

synthesis)synthesis)

SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS

Chemical structure C18Chemical structure C18

SourceSource

follicular cellsfollicular cells

corpus luteumcorpus luteum

placentaplacenta

adrenal cortexadrenal cortex

adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)

ESTROGENESTROGEN

SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS

First step happens in mitochondriaFirst step happens in mitochondria

All the rest in smooth ERAll the rest in smooth ER

Reduction in number of carbon atomsReduction in number of carbon atoms

1048708 1048708 Estrogens are primarily synthesized inEstrogens are primarily synthesized in

granulosa cellsgranulosa cells

1048708 1048708 Androgens are primarily synthesized in Androgens are primarily synthesized in thecal cellsthecal cells

Estrogens in circulation

Estradiol

1048708 Secreted by the ovary

Estrone

1048708 Derived from peripheral conversion of

estradiol and androstenodione

Estriol

1048708 Liver metabolite of estrone

ESTROGENSESTROGENS

Transport in bloodTransport in blood Mostly carrier-bound (albumin sexMostly carrier-bound (albumin sex hormone-binding globulin)hormone-binding globulin)1048708 1048708 Two peaksTwo peaks

o 1048708 1048708 Before ovulationBefore ovulationo1048708 1048708 Mid-luteal peakMid-luteal peak

1048708 1048708 Levels much higher in the follicularLevels much higher in the follicular fluid than in the plasmafluid than in the plasma

Cytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormoneCytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormone

Translocates to nucleusTranslocates to nucleus

DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of the DNAthe DNA

Dimerization occursDimerization occurs Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2 Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2

half-siteshalf-sites

Stimulates transcription of particular genesStimulates transcription of particular genes

Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action

Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action

Metabolism Metabolism

Metabolized to glucuronides andMetabolized to glucuronides and

sulfatessulfates

1048708 1048708 Recycled in enterohepatic circulationRecycled in enterohepatic circulation

1048708 1048708 Excreted in urineExcreted in urine

Physiological Physiological

Reproductive systemReproductive system

o Development and maintenance of uterus Development and maintenance of uterus uterine tubesvagina external genitalia uterine tubesvagina external genitalia and breastsand breasts

o Cyclic changes in the endometrium Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix vaginacervix vagina

o Growth of the ovarian folliclesGrowth of the ovarian follicleso Motility of the uterine tubes uarrMotility of the uterine tubes uarr

Physiological Physiological

Reproductive systemReproductive system

o Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr excitability uarr breasts uarrexcitability uarr breasts uarr

o Female secondary sex characteristics Female secondary sex characteristics (fat deposits etc)(fat deposits etc)

o Estrous behavior in animals increased Estrous behavior in animals increased libido in humanslibido in humans

Physiological Physiological

MetabolismMetabolism

o Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle chicken etc)chicken etc)

o Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma cholesterol darrcholesterol darr

o Salt and water retention (by stimulating Salt and water retention (by stimulating angiotensin) rarr edemaangiotensin) rarr edema

Physiological Physiological

Other metabolicOther metabolic

o Maintenance of bone massMaintenance of bone mass

o Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)

ProgesteronProgesteron

The most distinctive hormone betweenThe most distinctive hormone between males and femalesmales and females

Chemical structure C21Chemical structure C21SourceSource1048708 1048708 c luteumc luteum1048708 1048708 placentaplacenta1048708 1048708 follicles (small amount)follicles (small amount)1048708 1048708 adrenal cortexadrenal cortex

TransportTransport

2 free2 free

80 albumin-bound80 albumin-bound

18 corticosteroid-binding protein 18 corticosteroid-binding protein (transcortin) -bound(transcortin) -bound

Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix and vagina

Breasts supports the secretory function during lactation

Inhibits LH secretion

Responsible for preparing the reproductive tract for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy

Physiological Physiological

Physiological Physiological

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin

o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males

InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH

ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES

FollistatinsFollistatins

o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion

Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor

o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge

POMC hormonesPOMC hormones

o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal

cells)cells)

PROLACTINPROLACTIN

Protein hormone of 199 amino acidsProtein hormone of 199 amino acidsIn females it stimulates milk production by In females it stimulates milk production by the mammary glandsthe mammary glands Release is inhibited in non-pregnant Release is inhibited in non-pregnant women women As estrogen and progesterone levels rise As estrogen and progesterone levels rise late in pregnancy it stimulates prolactin late in pregnancy it stimulates prolactin releasereleaseHyperprolactinaemia can cause menstrual Hyperprolactinaemia can cause menstrual problems in females and breast problems in females and breast enlargement in malesenlargement in males

Hypo-Pit-Gonadal AxesHypo-Pit-Gonadal Axes

An Overview

HORMONAL CONTROL OVER GONADAL FUNCTIONHORMONAL CONTROL OVER GONADAL FUNCTION

Hypothalamus(synthesizesGonadotropin releasinghormone)

GnRH

Anterior pituitary(synthesizes Gonadotropinsluteinizing hormonefollicle stimulating hormone)

Lh+fsh

Gonads -synthesizegonadal hormones

estrogens

androgens

Action of GnRHAction of GnRH

A system stimulation of phosphatidylinositol is GnRH A system stimulation of phosphatidylinositol is GnRH actionaction

GnRH binds to receptors in the cell membrane of the GnRH binds to receptors in the cell membrane of the gonadotropegonadotrope

Phospholipase C is activated catalyzes the hidrolysis of Phospholipase C is activated catalyzes the hidrolysis of PIPPIP2 2 to form DAG andto form DAG and IPIP3 3

DAG activates protein kinase C (PKC) which DAG activates protein kinase C (PKC) which phosphorylates specific proteinphosphorylates specific protein

It participate in the resulting secretory process to It participate in the resulting secretory process to transport LH and FSH to cell exteriortransport LH and FSH to cell exterior

IPIP3 3 stimulates of Castimulates of Ca2+ 2+ from calcium stroge particle from calcium stroge particle

cause increased stimulation of PKCcause increased stimulation of PKC

participates in exocytosis of LH and FSH from cellparticipates in exocytosis of LH and FSH from cell

Action of GnRHAction of GnRH

GONADOTROPINSGONADOTROPINS

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSHFollicle-stimulating hormone (FSH))

Target Ovaries and TestesTarget Ovaries and TestesStimulates the maturation of sperm and Stimulates the maturation of sperm and egg in the females causes the release of egg in the females causes the release of estrogenestrogen

GONADOTROPINSGONADOTROPINS

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Target Ovaries and TestesMale Production of testosterone

In females works with FSH to cause In females works with FSH to cause follicle development and then follicle development and then independently is responsible for independently is responsible for ovulation ovulation

Sex HormonesSex Hormones

Gonad and AdrenalGonad and Adrenal

EstrogenEstrogen

ProgesteroneProgesterone

DihydrotestosteroneDihydrotestosterone

TestosteroneTestosterone

Ovarian hormonesOvarian hormones

SteroidsSteroids

o 10487081048708EstrogensEstrogens

o 10487081048708AndrogensAndrogens

o 10487081048708ProgesteroneProgesterone

PeptidesPeptides

OVARIAN STEROID HORMONESOVARIAN STEROID HORMONES

1048708 1048708 Produced in both interstitial andProduced in both interstitial and follicular cellsfollicular cells

1048708 1048708 Derivatives of cholesterol (comingDerivatives of cholesterol (coming

from LDL-lipoproteins and de novofrom LDL-lipoproteins and de novo

synthesis)synthesis)

SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS

Chemical structure C18Chemical structure C18

SourceSource

follicular cellsfollicular cells

corpus luteumcorpus luteum

placentaplacenta

adrenal cortexadrenal cortex

adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)

ESTROGENESTROGEN

SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS

First step happens in mitochondriaFirst step happens in mitochondria

All the rest in smooth ERAll the rest in smooth ER

Reduction in number of carbon atomsReduction in number of carbon atoms

1048708 1048708 Estrogens are primarily synthesized inEstrogens are primarily synthesized in

granulosa cellsgranulosa cells

1048708 1048708 Androgens are primarily synthesized in Androgens are primarily synthesized in thecal cellsthecal cells

Estrogens in circulation

Estradiol

1048708 Secreted by the ovary

Estrone

1048708 Derived from peripheral conversion of

estradiol and androstenodione

Estriol

1048708 Liver metabolite of estrone

ESTROGENSESTROGENS

Transport in bloodTransport in blood Mostly carrier-bound (albumin sexMostly carrier-bound (albumin sex hormone-binding globulin)hormone-binding globulin)1048708 1048708 Two peaksTwo peaks

o 1048708 1048708 Before ovulationBefore ovulationo1048708 1048708 Mid-luteal peakMid-luteal peak

1048708 1048708 Levels much higher in the follicularLevels much higher in the follicular fluid than in the plasmafluid than in the plasma

Cytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormoneCytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormone

Translocates to nucleusTranslocates to nucleus

DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of the DNAthe DNA

Dimerization occursDimerization occurs Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2 Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2

half-siteshalf-sites

Stimulates transcription of particular genesStimulates transcription of particular genes

Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action

Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action

Metabolism Metabolism

Metabolized to glucuronides andMetabolized to glucuronides and

sulfatessulfates

1048708 1048708 Recycled in enterohepatic circulationRecycled in enterohepatic circulation

1048708 1048708 Excreted in urineExcreted in urine

Physiological Physiological

Reproductive systemReproductive system

o Development and maintenance of uterus Development and maintenance of uterus uterine tubesvagina external genitalia uterine tubesvagina external genitalia and breastsand breasts

o Cyclic changes in the endometrium Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix vaginacervix vagina

o Growth of the ovarian folliclesGrowth of the ovarian follicleso Motility of the uterine tubes uarrMotility of the uterine tubes uarr

Physiological Physiological

Reproductive systemReproductive system

o Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr excitability uarr breasts uarrexcitability uarr breasts uarr

o Female secondary sex characteristics Female secondary sex characteristics (fat deposits etc)(fat deposits etc)

o Estrous behavior in animals increased Estrous behavior in animals increased libido in humanslibido in humans

Physiological Physiological

MetabolismMetabolism

o Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle chicken etc)chicken etc)

o Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma cholesterol darrcholesterol darr

o Salt and water retention (by stimulating Salt and water retention (by stimulating angiotensin) rarr edemaangiotensin) rarr edema

Physiological Physiological

Other metabolicOther metabolic

o Maintenance of bone massMaintenance of bone mass

o Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)

ProgesteronProgesteron

The most distinctive hormone betweenThe most distinctive hormone between males and femalesmales and females

Chemical structure C21Chemical structure C21SourceSource1048708 1048708 c luteumc luteum1048708 1048708 placentaplacenta1048708 1048708 follicles (small amount)follicles (small amount)1048708 1048708 adrenal cortexadrenal cortex

TransportTransport

2 free2 free

80 albumin-bound80 albumin-bound

18 corticosteroid-binding protein 18 corticosteroid-binding protein (transcortin) -bound(transcortin) -bound

Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix and vagina

Breasts supports the secretory function during lactation

Inhibits LH secretion

Responsible for preparing the reproductive tract for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy

Physiological Physiological

Physiological Physiological

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin

o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males

InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH

ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES

FollistatinsFollistatins

o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion

Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor

o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge

POMC hormonesPOMC hormones

o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal

cells)cells)

Hypo-Pit-Gonadal AxesHypo-Pit-Gonadal Axes

An Overview

HORMONAL CONTROL OVER GONADAL FUNCTIONHORMONAL CONTROL OVER GONADAL FUNCTION

Hypothalamus(synthesizesGonadotropin releasinghormone)

GnRH

Anterior pituitary(synthesizes Gonadotropinsluteinizing hormonefollicle stimulating hormone)

Lh+fsh

Gonads -synthesizegonadal hormones

estrogens

androgens

Action of GnRHAction of GnRH

A system stimulation of phosphatidylinositol is GnRH A system stimulation of phosphatidylinositol is GnRH actionaction

GnRH binds to receptors in the cell membrane of the GnRH binds to receptors in the cell membrane of the gonadotropegonadotrope

Phospholipase C is activated catalyzes the hidrolysis of Phospholipase C is activated catalyzes the hidrolysis of PIPPIP2 2 to form DAG andto form DAG and IPIP3 3

DAG activates protein kinase C (PKC) which DAG activates protein kinase C (PKC) which phosphorylates specific proteinphosphorylates specific protein

It participate in the resulting secretory process to It participate in the resulting secretory process to transport LH and FSH to cell exteriortransport LH and FSH to cell exterior

IPIP3 3 stimulates of Castimulates of Ca2+ 2+ from calcium stroge particle from calcium stroge particle

cause increased stimulation of PKCcause increased stimulation of PKC

participates in exocytosis of LH and FSH from cellparticipates in exocytosis of LH and FSH from cell

Action of GnRHAction of GnRH

GONADOTROPINSGONADOTROPINS

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSHFollicle-stimulating hormone (FSH))

Target Ovaries and TestesTarget Ovaries and TestesStimulates the maturation of sperm and Stimulates the maturation of sperm and egg in the females causes the release of egg in the females causes the release of estrogenestrogen

GONADOTROPINSGONADOTROPINS

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Target Ovaries and TestesMale Production of testosterone

In females works with FSH to cause In females works with FSH to cause follicle development and then follicle development and then independently is responsible for independently is responsible for ovulation ovulation

Sex HormonesSex Hormones

Gonad and AdrenalGonad and Adrenal

EstrogenEstrogen

ProgesteroneProgesterone

DihydrotestosteroneDihydrotestosterone

TestosteroneTestosterone

Ovarian hormonesOvarian hormones

SteroidsSteroids

o 10487081048708EstrogensEstrogens

o 10487081048708AndrogensAndrogens

o 10487081048708ProgesteroneProgesterone

PeptidesPeptides

OVARIAN STEROID HORMONESOVARIAN STEROID HORMONES

1048708 1048708 Produced in both interstitial andProduced in both interstitial and follicular cellsfollicular cells

1048708 1048708 Derivatives of cholesterol (comingDerivatives of cholesterol (coming

from LDL-lipoproteins and de novofrom LDL-lipoproteins and de novo

synthesis)synthesis)

SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS

Chemical structure C18Chemical structure C18

SourceSource

follicular cellsfollicular cells

corpus luteumcorpus luteum

placentaplacenta

adrenal cortexadrenal cortex

adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)

ESTROGENESTROGEN

SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS

First step happens in mitochondriaFirst step happens in mitochondria

All the rest in smooth ERAll the rest in smooth ER

Reduction in number of carbon atomsReduction in number of carbon atoms

1048708 1048708 Estrogens are primarily synthesized inEstrogens are primarily synthesized in

granulosa cellsgranulosa cells

1048708 1048708 Androgens are primarily synthesized in Androgens are primarily synthesized in thecal cellsthecal cells

Estrogens in circulation

Estradiol

1048708 Secreted by the ovary

Estrone

1048708 Derived from peripheral conversion of

estradiol and androstenodione

Estriol

1048708 Liver metabolite of estrone

ESTROGENSESTROGENS

Transport in bloodTransport in blood Mostly carrier-bound (albumin sexMostly carrier-bound (albumin sex hormone-binding globulin)hormone-binding globulin)1048708 1048708 Two peaksTwo peaks

o 1048708 1048708 Before ovulationBefore ovulationo1048708 1048708 Mid-luteal peakMid-luteal peak

1048708 1048708 Levels much higher in the follicularLevels much higher in the follicular fluid than in the plasmafluid than in the plasma

Cytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormoneCytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormone

Translocates to nucleusTranslocates to nucleus

DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of the DNAthe DNA

Dimerization occursDimerization occurs Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2 Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2

half-siteshalf-sites

Stimulates transcription of particular genesStimulates transcription of particular genes

Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action

Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action

Metabolism Metabolism

Metabolized to glucuronides andMetabolized to glucuronides and

sulfatessulfates

1048708 1048708 Recycled in enterohepatic circulationRecycled in enterohepatic circulation

1048708 1048708 Excreted in urineExcreted in urine

Physiological Physiological

Reproductive systemReproductive system

o Development and maintenance of uterus Development and maintenance of uterus uterine tubesvagina external genitalia uterine tubesvagina external genitalia and breastsand breasts

o Cyclic changes in the endometrium Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix vaginacervix vagina

o Growth of the ovarian folliclesGrowth of the ovarian follicleso Motility of the uterine tubes uarrMotility of the uterine tubes uarr

Physiological Physiological

Reproductive systemReproductive system

o Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr excitability uarr breasts uarrexcitability uarr breasts uarr

o Female secondary sex characteristics Female secondary sex characteristics (fat deposits etc)(fat deposits etc)

o Estrous behavior in animals increased Estrous behavior in animals increased libido in humanslibido in humans

Physiological Physiological

MetabolismMetabolism

o Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle chicken etc)chicken etc)

o Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma cholesterol darrcholesterol darr

o Salt and water retention (by stimulating Salt and water retention (by stimulating angiotensin) rarr edemaangiotensin) rarr edema

Physiological Physiological

Other metabolicOther metabolic

o Maintenance of bone massMaintenance of bone mass

o Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)

ProgesteronProgesteron

The most distinctive hormone betweenThe most distinctive hormone between males and femalesmales and females

Chemical structure C21Chemical structure C21SourceSource1048708 1048708 c luteumc luteum1048708 1048708 placentaplacenta1048708 1048708 follicles (small amount)follicles (small amount)1048708 1048708 adrenal cortexadrenal cortex

TransportTransport

2 free2 free

80 albumin-bound80 albumin-bound

18 corticosteroid-binding protein 18 corticosteroid-binding protein (transcortin) -bound(transcortin) -bound

Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix and vagina

Breasts supports the secretory function during lactation

Inhibits LH secretion

Responsible for preparing the reproductive tract for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy

Physiological Physiological

Physiological Physiological

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin

o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males

InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH

ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES

FollistatinsFollistatins

o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion

Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor

o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge

POMC hormonesPOMC hormones

o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal

cells)cells)

An Overview

HORMONAL CONTROL OVER GONADAL FUNCTIONHORMONAL CONTROL OVER GONADAL FUNCTION

Hypothalamus(synthesizesGonadotropin releasinghormone)

GnRH

Anterior pituitary(synthesizes Gonadotropinsluteinizing hormonefollicle stimulating hormone)

Lh+fsh

Gonads -synthesizegonadal hormones

estrogens

androgens

Action of GnRHAction of GnRH

A system stimulation of phosphatidylinositol is GnRH A system stimulation of phosphatidylinositol is GnRH actionaction

GnRH binds to receptors in the cell membrane of the GnRH binds to receptors in the cell membrane of the gonadotropegonadotrope

Phospholipase C is activated catalyzes the hidrolysis of Phospholipase C is activated catalyzes the hidrolysis of PIPPIP2 2 to form DAG andto form DAG and IPIP3 3

DAG activates protein kinase C (PKC) which DAG activates protein kinase C (PKC) which phosphorylates specific proteinphosphorylates specific protein

It participate in the resulting secretory process to It participate in the resulting secretory process to transport LH and FSH to cell exteriortransport LH and FSH to cell exterior

IPIP3 3 stimulates of Castimulates of Ca2+ 2+ from calcium stroge particle from calcium stroge particle

cause increased stimulation of PKCcause increased stimulation of PKC

participates in exocytosis of LH and FSH from cellparticipates in exocytosis of LH and FSH from cell

Action of GnRHAction of GnRH

GONADOTROPINSGONADOTROPINS

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSHFollicle-stimulating hormone (FSH))

Target Ovaries and TestesTarget Ovaries and TestesStimulates the maturation of sperm and Stimulates the maturation of sperm and egg in the females causes the release of egg in the females causes the release of estrogenestrogen

GONADOTROPINSGONADOTROPINS

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Target Ovaries and TestesMale Production of testosterone

In females works with FSH to cause In females works with FSH to cause follicle development and then follicle development and then independently is responsible for independently is responsible for ovulation ovulation

Sex HormonesSex Hormones

Gonad and AdrenalGonad and Adrenal

EstrogenEstrogen

ProgesteroneProgesterone

DihydrotestosteroneDihydrotestosterone

TestosteroneTestosterone

Ovarian hormonesOvarian hormones

SteroidsSteroids

o 10487081048708EstrogensEstrogens

o 10487081048708AndrogensAndrogens

o 10487081048708ProgesteroneProgesterone

PeptidesPeptides

OVARIAN STEROID HORMONESOVARIAN STEROID HORMONES

1048708 1048708 Produced in both interstitial andProduced in both interstitial and follicular cellsfollicular cells

1048708 1048708 Derivatives of cholesterol (comingDerivatives of cholesterol (coming

from LDL-lipoproteins and de novofrom LDL-lipoproteins and de novo

synthesis)synthesis)

SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS

Chemical structure C18Chemical structure C18

SourceSource

follicular cellsfollicular cells

corpus luteumcorpus luteum

placentaplacenta

adrenal cortexadrenal cortex

adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)

ESTROGENESTROGEN

SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS

First step happens in mitochondriaFirst step happens in mitochondria

All the rest in smooth ERAll the rest in smooth ER

Reduction in number of carbon atomsReduction in number of carbon atoms

1048708 1048708 Estrogens are primarily synthesized inEstrogens are primarily synthesized in

granulosa cellsgranulosa cells

1048708 1048708 Androgens are primarily synthesized in Androgens are primarily synthesized in thecal cellsthecal cells

Estrogens in circulation

Estradiol

1048708 Secreted by the ovary

Estrone

1048708 Derived from peripheral conversion of

estradiol and androstenodione

Estriol

1048708 Liver metabolite of estrone

ESTROGENSESTROGENS

Transport in bloodTransport in blood Mostly carrier-bound (albumin sexMostly carrier-bound (albumin sex hormone-binding globulin)hormone-binding globulin)1048708 1048708 Two peaksTwo peaks

o 1048708 1048708 Before ovulationBefore ovulationo1048708 1048708 Mid-luteal peakMid-luteal peak

1048708 1048708 Levels much higher in the follicularLevels much higher in the follicular fluid than in the plasmafluid than in the plasma

Cytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormoneCytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormone

Translocates to nucleusTranslocates to nucleus

DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of the DNAthe DNA

Dimerization occursDimerization occurs Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2 Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2

half-siteshalf-sites

Stimulates transcription of particular genesStimulates transcription of particular genes

Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action

Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action

Metabolism Metabolism

Metabolized to glucuronides andMetabolized to glucuronides and

sulfatessulfates

1048708 1048708 Recycled in enterohepatic circulationRecycled in enterohepatic circulation

1048708 1048708 Excreted in urineExcreted in urine

Physiological Physiological

Reproductive systemReproductive system

o Development and maintenance of uterus Development and maintenance of uterus uterine tubesvagina external genitalia uterine tubesvagina external genitalia and breastsand breasts

o Cyclic changes in the endometrium Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix vaginacervix vagina

o Growth of the ovarian folliclesGrowth of the ovarian follicleso Motility of the uterine tubes uarrMotility of the uterine tubes uarr

Physiological Physiological

Reproductive systemReproductive system

o Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr excitability uarr breasts uarrexcitability uarr breasts uarr

o Female secondary sex characteristics Female secondary sex characteristics (fat deposits etc)(fat deposits etc)

o Estrous behavior in animals increased Estrous behavior in animals increased libido in humanslibido in humans

Physiological Physiological

MetabolismMetabolism

o Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle chicken etc)chicken etc)

o Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma cholesterol darrcholesterol darr

o Salt and water retention (by stimulating Salt and water retention (by stimulating angiotensin) rarr edemaangiotensin) rarr edema

Physiological Physiological

Other metabolicOther metabolic

o Maintenance of bone massMaintenance of bone mass

o Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)

ProgesteronProgesteron

The most distinctive hormone betweenThe most distinctive hormone between males and femalesmales and females

Chemical structure C21Chemical structure C21SourceSource1048708 1048708 c luteumc luteum1048708 1048708 placentaplacenta1048708 1048708 follicles (small amount)follicles (small amount)1048708 1048708 adrenal cortexadrenal cortex

TransportTransport

2 free2 free

80 albumin-bound80 albumin-bound

18 corticosteroid-binding protein 18 corticosteroid-binding protein (transcortin) -bound(transcortin) -bound

Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix and vagina

Breasts supports the secretory function during lactation

Inhibits LH secretion

Responsible for preparing the reproductive tract for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy

Physiological Physiological

Physiological Physiological

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin

o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males

InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH

ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES

FollistatinsFollistatins

o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion

Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor

o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge

POMC hormonesPOMC hormones

o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal

cells)cells)

Action of GnRHAction of GnRH

A system stimulation of phosphatidylinositol is GnRH A system stimulation of phosphatidylinositol is GnRH actionaction

GnRH binds to receptors in the cell membrane of the GnRH binds to receptors in the cell membrane of the gonadotropegonadotrope

Phospholipase C is activated catalyzes the hidrolysis of Phospholipase C is activated catalyzes the hidrolysis of PIPPIP2 2 to form DAG andto form DAG and IPIP3 3

DAG activates protein kinase C (PKC) which DAG activates protein kinase C (PKC) which phosphorylates specific proteinphosphorylates specific protein

It participate in the resulting secretory process to It participate in the resulting secretory process to transport LH and FSH to cell exteriortransport LH and FSH to cell exterior

IPIP3 3 stimulates of Castimulates of Ca2+ 2+ from calcium stroge particle from calcium stroge particle

cause increased stimulation of PKCcause increased stimulation of PKC

participates in exocytosis of LH and FSH from cellparticipates in exocytosis of LH and FSH from cell

Action of GnRHAction of GnRH

GONADOTROPINSGONADOTROPINS

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSHFollicle-stimulating hormone (FSH))

Target Ovaries and TestesTarget Ovaries and TestesStimulates the maturation of sperm and Stimulates the maturation of sperm and egg in the females causes the release of egg in the females causes the release of estrogenestrogen

GONADOTROPINSGONADOTROPINS

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Target Ovaries and TestesMale Production of testosterone

In females works with FSH to cause In females works with FSH to cause follicle development and then follicle development and then independently is responsible for independently is responsible for ovulation ovulation

Sex HormonesSex Hormones

Gonad and AdrenalGonad and Adrenal

EstrogenEstrogen

ProgesteroneProgesterone

DihydrotestosteroneDihydrotestosterone

TestosteroneTestosterone

Ovarian hormonesOvarian hormones

SteroidsSteroids

o 10487081048708EstrogensEstrogens

o 10487081048708AndrogensAndrogens

o 10487081048708ProgesteroneProgesterone

PeptidesPeptides

OVARIAN STEROID HORMONESOVARIAN STEROID HORMONES

1048708 1048708 Produced in both interstitial andProduced in both interstitial and follicular cellsfollicular cells

1048708 1048708 Derivatives of cholesterol (comingDerivatives of cholesterol (coming

from LDL-lipoproteins and de novofrom LDL-lipoproteins and de novo

synthesis)synthesis)

SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS

Chemical structure C18Chemical structure C18

SourceSource

follicular cellsfollicular cells

corpus luteumcorpus luteum

placentaplacenta

adrenal cortexadrenal cortex

adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)

ESTROGENESTROGEN

SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS

First step happens in mitochondriaFirst step happens in mitochondria

All the rest in smooth ERAll the rest in smooth ER

Reduction in number of carbon atomsReduction in number of carbon atoms

1048708 1048708 Estrogens are primarily synthesized inEstrogens are primarily synthesized in

granulosa cellsgranulosa cells

1048708 1048708 Androgens are primarily synthesized in Androgens are primarily synthesized in thecal cellsthecal cells

Estrogens in circulation

Estradiol

1048708 Secreted by the ovary

Estrone

1048708 Derived from peripheral conversion of

estradiol and androstenodione

Estriol

1048708 Liver metabolite of estrone

ESTROGENSESTROGENS

Transport in bloodTransport in blood Mostly carrier-bound (albumin sexMostly carrier-bound (albumin sex hormone-binding globulin)hormone-binding globulin)1048708 1048708 Two peaksTwo peaks

o 1048708 1048708 Before ovulationBefore ovulationo1048708 1048708 Mid-luteal peakMid-luteal peak

1048708 1048708 Levels much higher in the follicularLevels much higher in the follicular fluid than in the plasmafluid than in the plasma

Cytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormoneCytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormone

Translocates to nucleusTranslocates to nucleus

DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of the DNAthe DNA

Dimerization occursDimerization occurs Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2 Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2

half-siteshalf-sites

Stimulates transcription of particular genesStimulates transcription of particular genes

Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action

Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action

Metabolism Metabolism

Metabolized to glucuronides andMetabolized to glucuronides and

sulfatessulfates

1048708 1048708 Recycled in enterohepatic circulationRecycled in enterohepatic circulation

1048708 1048708 Excreted in urineExcreted in urine

Physiological Physiological

Reproductive systemReproductive system

o Development and maintenance of uterus Development and maintenance of uterus uterine tubesvagina external genitalia uterine tubesvagina external genitalia and breastsand breasts

o Cyclic changes in the endometrium Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix vaginacervix vagina

o Growth of the ovarian folliclesGrowth of the ovarian follicleso Motility of the uterine tubes uarrMotility of the uterine tubes uarr

Physiological Physiological

Reproductive systemReproductive system

o Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr excitability uarr breasts uarrexcitability uarr breasts uarr

o Female secondary sex characteristics Female secondary sex characteristics (fat deposits etc)(fat deposits etc)

o Estrous behavior in animals increased Estrous behavior in animals increased libido in humanslibido in humans

Physiological Physiological

MetabolismMetabolism

o Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle chicken etc)chicken etc)

o Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma cholesterol darrcholesterol darr

o Salt and water retention (by stimulating Salt and water retention (by stimulating angiotensin) rarr edemaangiotensin) rarr edema

Physiological Physiological

Other metabolicOther metabolic

o Maintenance of bone massMaintenance of bone mass

o Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)

ProgesteronProgesteron

The most distinctive hormone betweenThe most distinctive hormone between males and femalesmales and females

Chemical structure C21Chemical structure C21SourceSource1048708 1048708 c luteumc luteum1048708 1048708 placentaplacenta1048708 1048708 follicles (small amount)follicles (small amount)1048708 1048708 adrenal cortexadrenal cortex

TransportTransport

2 free2 free

80 albumin-bound80 albumin-bound

18 corticosteroid-binding protein 18 corticosteroid-binding protein (transcortin) -bound(transcortin) -bound

Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix and vagina

Breasts supports the secretory function during lactation

Inhibits LH secretion

Responsible for preparing the reproductive tract for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy

Physiological Physiological

Physiological Physiological

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin

o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males

InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH

ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES

FollistatinsFollistatins

o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion

Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor

o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge

POMC hormonesPOMC hormones

o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal

cells)cells)

Action of GnRHAction of GnRH

GONADOTROPINSGONADOTROPINS

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSHFollicle-stimulating hormone (FSH))

Target Ovaries and TestesTarget Ovaries and TestesStimulates the maturation of sperm and Stimulates the maturation of sperm and egg in the females causes the release of egg in the females causes the release of estrogenestrogen

GONADOTROPINSGONADOTROPINS

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Target Ovaries and TestesMale Production of testosterone

In females works with FSH to cause In females works with FSH to cause follicle development and then follicle development and then independently is responsible for independently is responsible for ovulation ovulation

Sex HormonesSex Hormones

Gonad and AdrenalGonad and Adrenal

EstrogenEstrogen

ProgesteroneProgesterone

DihydrotestosteroneDihydrotestosterone

TestosteroneTestosterone

Ovarian hormonesOvarian hormones

SteroidsSteroids

o 10487081048708EstrogensEstrogens

o 10487081048708AndrogensAndrogens

o 10487081048708ProgesteroneProgesterone

PeptidesPeptides

OVARIAN STEROID HORMONESOVARIAN STEROID HORMONES

1048708 1048708 Produced in both interstitial andProduced in both interstitial and follicular cellsfollicular cells

1048708 1048708 Derivatives of cholesterol (comingDerivatives of cholesterol (coming

from LDL-lipoproteins and de novofrom LDL-lipoproteins and de novo

synthesis)synthesis)

SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS

Chemical structure C18Chemical structure C18

SourceSource

follicular cellsfollicular cells

corpus luteumcorpus luteum

placentaplacenta

adrenal cortexadrenal cortex

adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)

ESTROGENESTROGEN

SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS

First step happens in mitochondriaFirst step happens in mitochondria

All the rest in smooth ERAll the rest in smooth ER

Reduction in number of carbon atomsReduction in number of carbon atoms

1048708 1048708 Estrogens are primarily synthesized inEstrogens are primarily synthesized in

granulosa cellsgranulosa cells

1048708 1048708 Androgens are primarily synthesized in Androgens are primarily synthesized in thecal cellsthecal cells

Estrogens in circulation

Estradiol

1048708 Secreted by the ovary

Estrone

1048708 Derived from peripheral conversion of

estradiol and androstenodione

Estriol

1048708 Liver metabolite of estrone

ESTROGENSESTROGENS

Transport in bloodTransport in blood Mostly carrier-bound (albumin sexMostly carrier-bound (albumin sex hormone-binding globulin)hormone-binding globulin)1048708 1048708 Two peaksTwo peaks

o 1048708 1048708 Before ovulationBefore ovulationo1048708 1048708 Mid-luteal peakMid-luteal peak

1048708 1048708 Levels much higher in the follicularLevels much higher in the follicular fluid than in the plasmafluid than in the plasma

Cytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormoneCytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormone

Translocates to nucleusTranslocates to nucleus

DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of the DNAthe DNA

Dimerization occursDimerization occurs Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2 Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2

half-siteshalf-sites

Stimulates transcription of particular genesStimulates transcription of particular genes

Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action

Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action

Metabolism Metabolism

Metabolized to glucuronides andMetabolized to glucuronides and

sulfatessulfates

1048708 1048708 Recycled in enterohepatic circulationRecycled in enterohepatic circulation

1048708 1048708 Excreted in urineExcreted in urine

Physiological Physiological

Reproductive systemReproductive system

o Development and maintenance of uterus Development and maintenance of uterus uterine tubesvagina external genitalia uterine tubesvagina external genitalia and breastsand breasts

o Cyclic changes in the endometrium Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix vaginacervix vagina

o Growth of the ovarian folliclesGrowth of the ovarian follicleso Motility of the uterine tubes uarrMotility of the uterine tubes uarr

Physiological Physiological

Reproductive systemReproductive system

o Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr excitability uarr breasts uarrexcitability uarr breasts uarr

o Female secondary sex characteristics Female secondary sex characteristics (fat deposits etc)(fat deposits etc)

o Estrous behavior in animals increased Estrous behavior in animals increased libido in humanslibido in humans

Physiological Physiological

MetabolismMetabolism

o Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle chicken etc)chicken etc)

o Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma cholesterol darrcholesterol darr

o Salt and water retention (by stimulating Salt and water retention (by stimulating angiotensin) rarr edemaangiotensin) rarr edema

Physiological Physiological

Other metabolicOther metabolic

o Maintenance of bone massMaintenance of bone mass

o Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)

ProgesteronProgesteron

The most distinctive hormone betweenThe most distinctive hormone between males and femalesmales and females

Chemical structure C21Chemical structure C21SourceSource1048708 1048708 c luteumc luteum1048708 1048708 placentaplacenta1048708 1048708 follicles (small amount)follicles (small amount)1048708 1048708 adrenal cortexadrenal cortex

TransportTransport

2 free2 free

80 albumin-bound80 albumin-bound

18 corticosteroid-binding protein 18 corticosteroid-binding protein (transcortin) -bound(transcortin) -bound

Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix and vagina

Breasts supports the secretory function during lactation

Inhibits LH secretion

Responsible for preparing the reproductive tract for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy

Physiological Physiological

Physiological Physiological

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin

o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males

InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH

ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES

FollistatinsFollistatins

o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion

Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor

o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge

POMC hormonesPOMC hormones

o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal

cells)cells)

GONADOTROPINSGONADOTROPINS

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSHFollicle-stimulating hormone (FSH))

Target Ovaries and TestesTarget Ovaries and TestesStimulates the maturation of sperm and Stimulates the maturation of sperm and egg in the females causes the release of egg in the females causes the release of estrogenestrogen

GONADOTROPINSGONADOTROPINS

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Target Ovaries and TestesMale Production of testosterone

In females works with FSH to cause In females works with FSH to cause follicle development and then follicle development and then independently is responsible for independently is responsible for ovulation ovulation

Sex HormonesSex Hormones

Gonad and AdrenalGonad and Adrenal

EstrogenEstrogen

ProgesteroneProgesterone

DihydrotestosteroneDihydrotestosterone

TestosteroneTestosterone

Ovarian hormonesOvarian hormones

SteroidsSteroids

o 10487081048708EstrogensEstrogens

o 10487081048708AndrogensAndrogens

o 10487081048708ProgesteroneProgesterone

PeptidesPeptides

OVARIAN STEROID HORMONESOVARIAN STEROID HORMONES

1048708 1048708 Produced in both interstitial andProduced in both interstitial and follicular cellsfollicular cells

1048708 1048708 Derivatives of cholesterol (comingDerivatives of cholesterol (coming

from LDL-lipoproteins and de novofrom LDL-lipoproteins and de novo

synthesis)synthesis)

SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS

Chemical structure C18Chemical structure C18

SourceSource

follicular cellsfollicular cells

corpus luteumcorpus luteum

placentaplacenta

adrenal cortexadrenal cortex

adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)

ESTROGENESTROGEN

SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS

First step happens in mitochondriaFirst step happens in mitochondria

All the rest in smooth ERAll the rest in smooth ER

Reduction in number of carbon atomsReduction in number of carbon atoms

1048708 1048708 Estrogens are primarily synthesized inEstrogens are primarily synthesized in

granulosa cellsgranulosa cells

1048708 1048708 Androgens are primarily synthesized in Androgens are primarily synthesized in thecal cellsthecal cells

Estrogens in circulation

Estradiol

1048708 Secreted by the ovary

Estrone

1048708 Derived from peripheral conversion of

estradiol and androstenodione

Estriol

1048708 Liver metabolite of estrone

ESTROGENSESTROGENS

Transport in bloodTransport in blood Mostly carrier-bound (albumin sexMostly carrier-bound (albumin sex hormone-binding globulin)hormone-binding globulin)1048708 1048708 Two peaksTwo peaks

o 1048708 1048708 Before ovulationBefore ovulationo1048708 1048708 Mid-luteal peakMid-luteal peak

1048708 1048708 Levels much higher in the follicularLevels much higher in the follicular fluid than in the plasmafluid than in the plasma

Cytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormoneCytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormone

Translocates to nucleusTranslocates to nucleus

DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of the DNAthe DNA

Dimerization occursDimerization occurs Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2 Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2

half-siteshalf-sites

Stimulates transcription of particular genesStimulates transcription of particular genes

Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action

Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action

Metabolism Metabolism

Metabolized to glucuronides andMetabolized to glucuronides and

sulfatessulfates

1048708 1048708 Recycled in enterohepatic circulationRecycled in enterohepatic circulation

1048708 1048708 Excreted in urineExcreted in urine

Physiological Physiological

Reproductive systemReproductive system

o Development and maintenance of uterus Development and maintenance of uterus uterine tubesvagina external genitalia uterine tubesvagina external genitalia and breastsand breasts

o Cyclic changes in the endometrium Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix vaginacervix vagina

o Growth of the ovarian folliclesGrowth of the ovarian follicleso Motility of the uterine tubes uarrMotility of the uterine tubes uarr

Physiological Physiological

Reproductive systemReproductive system

o Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr excitability uarr breasts uarrexcitability uarr breasts uarr

o Female secondary sex characteristics Female secondary sex characteristics (fat deposits etc)(fat deposits etc)

o Estrous behavior in animals increased Estrous behavior in animals increased libido in humanslibido in humans

Physiological Physiological

MetabolismMetabolism

o Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle chicken etc)chicken etc)

o Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma cholesterol darrcholesterol darr

o Salt and water retention (by stimulating Salt and water retention (by stimulating angiotensin) rarr edemaangiotensin) rarr edema

Physiological Physiological

Other metabolicOther metabolic

o Maintenance of bone massMaintenance of bone mass

o Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)

ProgesteronProgesteron

The most distinctive hormone betweenThe most distinctive hormone between males and femalesmales and females

Chemical structure C21Chemical structure C21SourceSource1048708 1048708 c luteumc luteum1048708 1048708 placentaplacenta1048708 1048708 follicles (small amount)follicles (small amount)1048708 1048708 adrenal cortexadrenal cortex

TransportTransport

2 free2 free

80 albumin-bound80 albumin-bound

18 corticosteroid-binding protein 18 corticosteroid-binding protein (transcortin) -bound(transcortin) -bound

Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix and vagina

Breasts supports the secretory function during lactation

Inhibits LH secretion

Responsible for preparing the reproductive tract for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy

Physiological Physiological

Physiological Physiological

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin

o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males

InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH

ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES

FollistatinsFollistatins

o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion

Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor

o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge

POMC hormonesPOMC hormones

o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal

cells)cells)

GONADOTROPINSGONADOTROPINS

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Target Ovaries and TestesMale Production of testosterone

In females works with FSH to cause In females works with FSH to cause follicle development and then follicle development and then independently is responsible for independently is responsible for ovulation ovulation

Sex HormonesSex Hormones

Gonad and AdrenalGonad and Adrenal

EstrogenEstrogen

ProgesteroneProgesterone

DihydrotestosteroneDihydrotestosterone

TestosteroneTestosterone

Ovarian hormonesOvarian hormones

SteroidsSteroids

o 10487081048708EstrogensEstrogens

o 10487081048708AndrogensAndrogens

o 10487081048708ProgesteroneProgesterone

PeptidesPeptides

OVARIAN STEROID HORMONESOVARIAN STEROID HORMONES

1048708 1048708 Produced in both interstitial andProduced in both interstitial and follicular cellsfollicular cells

1048708 1048708 Derivatives of cholesterol (comingDerivatives of cholesterol (coming

from LDL-lipoproteins and de novofrom LDL-lipoproteins and de novo

synthesis)synthesis)

SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS

Chemical structure C18Chemical structure C18

SourceSource

follicular cellsfollicular cells

corpus luteumcorpus luteum

placentaplacenta

adrenal cortexadrenal cortex

adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)

ESTROGENESTROGEN

SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS

First step happens in mitochondriaFirst step happens in mitochondria

All the rest in smooth ERAll the rest in smooth ER

Reduction in number of carbon atomsReduction in number of carbon atoms

1048708 1048708 Estrogens are primarily synthesized inEstrogens are primarily synthesized in

granulosa cellsgranulosa cells

1048708 1048708 Androgens are primarily synthesized in Androgens are primarily synthesized in thecal cellsthecal cells

Estrogens in circulation

Estradiol

1048708 Secreted by the ovary

Estrone

1048708 Derived from peripheral conversion of

estradiol and androstenodione

Estriol

1048708 Liver metabolite of estrone

ESTROGENSESTROGENS

Transport in bloodTransport in blood Mostly carrier-bound (albumin sexMostly carrier-bound (albumin sex hormone-binding globulin)hormone-binding globulin)1048708 1048708 Two peaksTwo peaks

o 1048708 1048708 Before ovulationBefore ovulationo1048708 1048708 Mid-luteal peakMid-luteal peak

1048708 1048708 Levels much higher in the follicularLevels much higher in the follicular fluid than in the plasmafluid than in the plasma

Cytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormoneCytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormone

Translocates to nucleusTranslocates to nucleus

DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of the DNAthe DNA

Dimerization occursDimerization occurs Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2 Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2

half-siteshalf-sites

Stimulates transcription of particular genesStimulates transcription of particular genes

Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action

Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action

Metabolism Metabolism

Metabolized to glucuronides andMetabolized to glucuronides and

sulfatessulfates

1048708 1048708 Recycled in enterohepatic circulationRecycled in enterohepatic circulation

1048708 1048708 Excreted in urineExcreted in urine

Physiological Physiological

Reproductive systemReproductive system

o Development and maintenance of uterus Development and maintenance of uterus uterine tubesvagina external genitalia uterine tubesvagina external genitalia and breastsand breasts

o Cyclic changes in the endometrium Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix vaginacervix vagina

o Growth of the ovarian folliclesGrowth of the ovarian follicleso Motility of the uterine tubes uarrMotility of the uterine tubes uarr

Physiological Physiological

Reproductive systemReproductive system

o Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr excitability uarr breasts uarrexcitability uarr breasts uarr

o Female secondary sex characteristics Female secondary sex characteristics (fat deposits etc)(fat deposits etc)

o Estrous behavior in animals increased Estrous behavior in animals increased libido in humanslibido in humans

Physiological Physiological

MetabolismMetabolism

o Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle chicken etc)chicken etc)

o Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma cholesterol darrcholesterol darr

o Salt and water retention (by stimulating Salt and water retention (by stimulating angiotensin) rarr edemaangiotensin) rarr edema

Physiological Physiological

Other metabolicOther metabolic

o Maintenance of bone massMaintenance of bone mass

o Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)

ProgesteronProgesteron

The most distinctive hormone betweenThe most distinctive hormone between males and femalesmales and females

Chemical structure C21Chemical structure C21SourceSource1048708 1048708 c luteumc luteum1048708 1048708 placentaplacenta1048708 1048708 follicles (small amount)follicles (small amount)1048708 1048708 adrenal cortexadrenal cortex

TransportTransport

2 free2 free

80 albumin-bound80 albumin-bound

18 corticosteroid-binding protein 18 corticosteroid-binding protein (transcortin) -bound(transcortin) -bound

Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix and vagina

Breasts supports the secretory function during lactation

Inhibits LH secretion

Responsible for preparing the reproductive tract for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy

Physiological Physiological

Physiological Physiological

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin

o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males

InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH

ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES

FollistatinsFollistatins

o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion

Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor

o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge

POMC hormonesPOMC hormones

o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal

cells)cells)

Sex HormonesSex Hormones

Gonad and AdrenalGonad and Adrenal

EstrogenEstrogen

ProgesteroneProgesterone

DihydrotestosteroneDihydrotestosterone

TestosteroneTestosterone

Ovarian hormonesOvarian hormones

SteroidsSteroids

o 10487081048708EstrogensEstrogens

o 10487081048708AndrogensAndrogens

o 10487081048708ProgesteroneProgesterone

PeptidesPeptides

OVARIAN STEROID HORMONESOVARIAN STEROID HORMONES

1048708 1048708 Produced in both interstitial andProduced in both interstitial and follicular cellsfollicular cells

1048708 1048708 Derivatives of cholesterol (comingDerivatives of cholesterol (coming

from LDL-lipoproteins and de novofrom LDL-lipoproteins and de novo

synthesis)synthesis)

SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS

Chemical structure C18Chemical structure C18

SourceSource

follicular cellsfollicular cells

corpus luteumcorpus luteum

placentaplacenta

adrenal cortexadrenal cortex

adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)

ESTROGENESTROGEN

SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS

First step happens in mitochondriaFirst step happens in mitochondria

All the rest in smooth ERAll the rest in smooth ER

Reduction in number of carbon atomsReduction in number of carbon atoms

1048708 1048708 Estrogens are primarily synthesized inEstrogens are primarily synthesized in

granulosa cellsgranulosa cells

1048708 1048708 Androgens are primarily synthesized in Androgens are primarily synthesized in thecal cellsthecal cells

Estrogens in circulation

Estradiol

1048708 Secreted by the ovary

Estrone

1048708 Derived from peripheral conversion of

estradiol and androstenodione

Estriol

1048708 Liver metabolite of estrone

ESTROGENSESTROGENS

Transport in bloodTransport in blood Mostly carrier-bound (albumin sexMostly carrier-bound (albumin sex hormone-binding globulin)hormone-binding globulin)1048708 1048708 Two peaksTwo peaks

o 1048708 1048708 Before ovulationBefore ovulationo1048708 1048708 Mid-luteal peakMid-luteal peak

1048708 1048708 Levels much higher in the follicularLevels much higher in the follicular fluid than in the plasmafluid than in the plasma

Cytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormoneCytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormone

Translocates to nucleusTranslocates to nucleus

DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of the DNAthe DNA

Dimerization occursDimerization occurs Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2 Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2

half-siteshalf-sites

Stimulates transcription of particular genesStimulates transcription of particular genes

Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action

Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action

Metabolism Metabolism

Metabolized to glucuronides andMetabolized to glucuronides and

sulfatessulfates

1048708 1048708 Recycled in enterohepatic circulationRecycled in enterohepatic circulation

1048708 1048708 Excreted in urineExcreted in urine

Physiological Physiological

Reproductive systemReproductive system

o Development and maintenance of uterus Development and maintenance of uterus uterine tubesvagina external genitalia uterine tubesvagina external genitalia and breastsand breasts

o Cyclic changes in the endometrium Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix vaginacervix vagina

o Growth of the ovarian folliclesGrowth of the ovarian follicleso Motility of the uterine tubes uarrMotility of the uterine tubes uarr

Physiological Physiological

Reproductive systemReproductive system

o Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr excitability uarr breasts uarrexcitability uarr breasts uarr

o Female secondary sex characteristics Female secondary sex characteristics (fat deposits etc)(fat deposits etc)

o Estrous behavior in animals increased Estrous behavior in animals increased libido in humanslibido in humans

Physiological Physiological

MetabolismMetabolism

o Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle chicken etc)chicken etc)

o Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma cholesterol darrcholesterol darr

o Salt and water retention (by stimulating Salt and water retention (by stimulating angiotensin) rarr edemaangiotensin) rarr edema

Physiological Physiological

Other metabolicOther metabolic

o Maintenance of bone massMaintenance of bone mass

o Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)

ProgesteronProgesteron

The most distinctive hormone betweenThe most distinctive hormone between males and femalesmales and females

Chemical structure C21Chemical structure C21SourceSource1048708 1048708 c luteumc luteum1048708 1048708 placentaplacenta1048708 1048708 follicles (small amount)follicles (small amount)1048708 1048708 adrenal cortexadrenal cortex

TransportTransport

2 free2 free

80 albumin-bound80 albumin-bound

18 corticosteroid-binding protein 18 corticosteroid-binding protein (transcortin) -bound(transcortin) -bound

Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix and vagina

Breasts supports the secretory function during lactation

Inhibits LH secretion

Responsible for preparing the reproductive tract for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy

Physiological Physiological

Physiological Physiological

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin

o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males

InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH

ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES

FollistatinsFollistatins

o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion

Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor

o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge

POMC hormonesPOMC hormones

o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal

cells)cells)

Ovarian hormonesOvarian hormones

SteroidsSteroids

o 10487081048708EstrogensEstrogens

o 10487081048708AndrogensAndrogens

o 10487081048708ProgesteroneProgesterone

PeptidesPeptides

OVARIAN STEROID HORMONESOVARIAN STEROID HORMONES

1048708 1048708 Produced in both interstitial andProduced in both interstitial and follicular cellsfollicular cells

1048708 1048708 Derivatives of cholesterol (comingDerivatives of cholesterol (coming

from LDL-lipoproteins and de novofrom LDL-lipoproteins and de novo

synthesis)synthesis)

SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS

Chemical structure C18Chemical structure C18

SourceSource

follicular cellsfollicular cells

corpus luteumcorpus luteum

placentaplacenta

adrenal cortexadrenal cortex

adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)

ESTROGENESTROGEN

SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS

First step happens in mitochondriaFirst step happens in mitochondria

All the rest in smooth ERAll the rest in smooth ER

Reduction in number of carbon atomsReduction in number of carbon atoms

1048708 1048708 Estrogens are primarily synthesized inEstrogens are primarily synthesized in

granulosa cellsgranulosa cells

1048708 1048708 Androgens are primarily synthesized in Androgens are primarily synthesized in thecal cellsthecal cells

Estrogens in circulation

Estradiol

1048708 Secreted by the ovary

Estrone

1048708 Derived from peripheral conversion of

estradiol and androstenodione

Estriol

1048708 Liver metabolite of estrone

ESTROGENSESTROGENS

Transport in bloodTransport in blood Mostly carrier-bound (albumin sexMostly carrier-bound (albumin sex hormone-binding globulin)hormone-binding globulin)1048708 1048708 Two peaksTwo peaks

o 1048708 1048708 Before ovulationBefore ovulationo1048708 1048708 Mid-luteal peakMid-luteal peak

1048708 1048708 Levels much higher in the follicularLevels much higher in the follicular fluid than in the plasmafluid than in the plasma

Cytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormoneCytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormone

Translocates to nucleusTranslocates to nucleus

DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of the DNAthe DNA

Dimerization occursDimerization occurs Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2 Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2

half-siteshalf-sites

Stimulates transcription of particular genesStimulates transcription of particular genes

Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action

Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action

Metabolism Metabolism

Metabolized to glucuronides andMetabolized to glucuronides and

sulfatessulfates

1048708 1048708 Recycled in enterohepatic circulationRecycled in enterohepatic circulation

1048708 1048708 Excreted in urineExcreted in urine

Physiological Physiological

Reproductive systemReproductive system

o Development and maintenance of uterus Development and maintenance of uterus uterine tubesvagina external genitalia uterine tubesvagina external genitalia and breastsand breasts

o Cyclic changes in the endometrium Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix vaginacervix vagina

o Growth of the ovarian folliclesGrowth of the ovarian follicleso Motility of the uterine tubes uarrMotility of the uterine tubes uarr

Physiological Physiological

Reproductive systemReproductive system

o Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr excitability uarr breasts uarrexcitability uarr breasts uarr

o Female secondary sex characteristics Female secondary sex characteristics (fat deposits etc)(fat deposits etc)

o Estrous behavior in animals increased Estrous behavior in animals increased libido in humanslibido in humans

Physiological Physiological

MetabolismMetabolism

o Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle chicken etc)chicken etc)

o Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma cholesterol darrcholesterol darr

o Salt and water retention (by stimulating Salt and water retention (by stimulating angiotensin) rarr edemaangiotensin) rarr edema

Physiological Physiological

Other metabolicOther metabolic

o Maintenance of bone massMaintenance of bone mass

o Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)

ProgesteronProgesteron

The most distinctive hormone betweenThe most distinctive hormone between males and femalesmales and females

Chemical structure C21Chemical structure C21SourceSource1048708 1048708 c luteumc luteum1048708 1048708 placentaplacenta1048708 1048708 follicles (small amount)follicles (small amount)1048708 1048708 adrenal cortexadrenal cortex

TransportTransport

2 free2 free

80 albumin-bound80 albumin-bound

18 corticosteroid-binding protein 18 corticosteroid-binding protein (transcortin) -bound(transcortin) -bound

Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix and vagina

Breasts supports the secretory function during lactation

Inhibits LH secretion

Responsible for preparing the reproductive tract for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy

Physiological Physiological

Physiological Physiological

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin

o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males

InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH

ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES

FollistatinsFollistatins

o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion

Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor

o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge

POMC hormonesPOMC hormones

o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal

cells)cells)

OVARIAN STEROID HORMONESOVARIAN STEROID HORMONES

1048708 1048708 Produced in both interstitial andProduced in both interstitial and follicular cellsfollicular cells

1048708 1048708 Derivatives of cholesterol (comingDerivatives of cholesterol (coming

from LDL-lipoproteins and de novofrom LDL-lipoproteins and de novo

synthesis)synthesis)

SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS

Chemical structure C18Chemical structure C18

SourceSource

follicular cellsfollicular cells

corpus luteumcorpus luteum

placentaplacenta

adrenal cortexadrenal cortex

adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)

ESTROGENESTROGEN

SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS

First step happens in mitochondriaFirst step happens in mitochondria

All the rest in smooth ERAll the rest in smooth ER

Reduction in number of carbon atomsReduction in number of carbon atoms

1048708 1048708 Estrogens are primarily synthesized inEstrogens are primarily synthesized in

granulosa cellsgranulosa cells

1048708 1048708 Androgens are primarily synthesized in Androgens are primarily synthesized in thecal cellsthecal cells

Estrogens in circulation

Estradiol

1048708 Secreted by the ovary

Estrone

1048708 Derived from peripheral conversion of

estradiol and androstenodione

Estriol

1048708 Liver metabolite of estrone

ESTROGENSESTROGENS

Transport in bloodTransport in blood Mostly carrier-bound (albumin sexMostly carrier-bound (albumin sex hormone-binding globulin)hormone-binding globulin)1048708 1048708 Two peaksTwo peaks

o 1048708 1048708 Before ovulationBefore ovulationo1048708 1048708 Mid-luteal peakMid-luteal peak

1048708 1048708 Levels much higher in the follicularLevels much higher in the follicular fluid than in the plasmafluid than in the plasma

Cytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormoneCytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormone

Translocates to nucleusTranslocates to nucleus

DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of the DNAthe DNA

Dimerization occursDimerization occurs Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2 Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2

half-siteshalf-sites

Stimulates transcription of particular genesStimulates transcription of particular genes

Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action

Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action

Metabolism Metabolism

Metabolized to glucuronides andMetabolized to glucuronides and

sulfatessulfates

1048708 1048708 Recycled in enterohepatic circulationRecycled in enterohepatic circulation

1048708 1048708 Excreted in urineExcreted in urine

Physiological Physiological

Reproductive systemReproductive system

o Development and maintenance of uterus Development and maintenance of uterus uterine tubesvagina external genitalia uterine tubesvagina external genitalia and breastsand breasts

o Cyclic changes in the endometrium Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix vaginacervix vagina

o Growth of the ovarian folliclesGrowth of the ovarian follicleso Motility of the uterine tubes uarrMotility of the uterine tubes uarr

Physiological Physiological

Reproductive systemReproductive system

o Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr excitability uarr breasts uarrexcitability uarr breasts uarr

o Female secondary sex characteristics Female secondary sex characteristics (fat deposits etc)(fat deposits etc)

o Estrous behavior in animals increased Estrous behavior in animals increased libido in humanslibido in humans

Physiological Physiological

MetabolismMetabolism

o Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle chicken etc)chicken etc)

o Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma cholesterol darrcholesterol darr

o Salt and water retention (by stimulating Salt and water retention (by stimulating angiotensin) rarr edemaangiotensin) rarr edema

Physiological Physiological

Other metabolicOther metabolic

o Maintenance of bone massMaintenance of bone mass

o Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)

ProgesteronProgesteron

The most distinctive hormone betweenThe most distinctive hormone between males and femalesmales and females

Chemical structure C21Chemical structure C21SourceSource1048708 1048708 c luteumc luteum1048708 1048708 placentaplacenta1048708 1048708 follicles (small amount)follicles (small amount)1048708 1048708 adrenal cortexadrenal cortex

TransportTransport

2 free2 free

80 albumin-bound80 albumin-bound

18 corticosteroid-binding protein 18 corticosteroid-binding protein (transcortin) -bound(transcortin) -bound

Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix and vagina

Breasts supports the secretory function during lactation

Inhibits LH secretion

Responsible for preparing the reproductive tract for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy

Physiological Physiological

Physiological Physiological

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin

o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males

InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH

ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES

FollistatinsFollistatins

o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion

Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor

o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge

POMC hormonesPOMC hormones

o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal

cells)cells)

SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS

Chemical structure C18Chemical structure C18

SourceSource

follicular cellsfollicular cells

corpus luteumcorpus luteum

placentaplacenta

adrenal cortexadrenal cortex

adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)

ESTROGENESTROGEN

SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS

First step happens in mitochondriaFirst step happens in mitochondria

All the rest in smooth ERAll the rest in smooth ER

Reduction in number of carbon atomsReduction in number of carbon atoms

1048708 1048708 Estrogens are primarily synthesized inEstrogens are primarily synthesized in

granulosa cellsgranulosa cells

1048708 1048708 Androgens are primarily synthesized in Androgens are primarily synthesized in thecal cellsthecal cells

Estrogens in circulation

Estradiol

1048708 Secreted by the ovary

Estrone

1048708 Derived from peripheral conversion of

estradiol and androstenodione

Estriol

1048708 Liver metabolite of estrone

ESTROGENSESTROGENS

Transport in bloodTransport in blood Mostly carrier-bound (albumin sexMostly carrier-bound (albumin sex hormone-binding globulin)hormone-binding globulin)1048708 1048708 Two peaksTwo peaks

o 1048708 1048708 Before ovulationBefore ovulationo1048708 1048708 Mid-luteal peakMid-luteal peak

1048708 1048708 Levels much higher in the follicularLevels much higher in the follicular fluid than in the plasmafluid than in the plasma

Cytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormoneCytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormone

Translocates to nucleusTranslocates to nucleus

DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of the DNAthe DNA

Dimerization occursDimerization occurs Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2 Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2

half-siteshalf-sites

Stimulates transcription of particular genesStimulates transcription of particular genes

Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action

Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action

Metabolism Metabolism

Metabolized to glucuronides andMetabolized to glucuronides and

sulfatessulfates

1048708 1048708 Recycled in enterohepatic circulationRecycled in enterohepatic circulation

1048708 1048708 Excreted in urineExcreted in urine

Physiological Physiological

Reproductive systemReproductive system

o Development and maintenance of uterus Development and maintenance of uterus uterine tubesvagina external genitalia uterine tubesvagina external genitalia and breastsand breasts

o Cyclic changes in the endometrium Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix vaginacervix vagina

o Growth of the ovarian folliclesGrowth of the ovarian follicleso Motility of the uterine tubes uarrMotility of the uterine tubes uarr

Physiological Physiological

Reproductive systemReproductive system

o Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr excitability uarr breasts uarrexcitability uarr breasts uarr

o Female secondary sex characteristics Female secondary sex characteristics (fat deposits etc)(fat deposits etc)

o Estrous behavior in animals increased Estrous behavior in animals increased libido in humanslibido in humans

Physiological Physiological

MetabolismMetabolism

o Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle chicken etc)chicken etc)

o Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma cholesterol darrcholesterol darr

o Salt and water retention (by stimulating Salt and water retention (by stimulating angiotensin) rarr edemaangiotensin) rarr edema

Physiological Physiological

Other metabolicOther metabolic

o Maintenance of bone massMaintenance of bone mass

o Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)

ProgesteronProgesteron

The most distinctive hormone betweenThe most distinctive hormone between males and femalesmales and females

Chemical structure C21Chemical structure C21SourceSource1048708 1048708 c luteumc luteum1048708 1048708 placentaplacenta1048708 1048708 follicles (small amount)follicles (small amount)1048708 1048708 adrenal cortexadrenal cortex

TransportTransport

2 free2 free

80 albumin-bound80 albumin-bound

18 corticosteroid-binding protein 18 corticosteroid-binding protein (transcortin) -bound(transcortin) -bound

Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix and vagina

Breasts supports the secretory function during lactation

Inhibits LH secretion

Responsible for preparing the reproductive tract for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy

Physiological Physiological

Physiological Physiological

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin

o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males

InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH

ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES

FollistatinsFollistatins

o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion

Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor

o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge

POMC hormonesPOMC hormones

o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal

cells)cells)

Chemical structure C18Chemical structure C18

SourceSource

follicular cellsfollicular cells

corpus luteumcorpus luteum

placentaplacenta

adrenal cortexadrenal cortex

adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)adipose tissue (DHEA rarr androstenedione rarrE1)

ESTROGENESTROGEN

SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS

First step happens in mitochondriaFirst step happens in mitochondria

All the rest in smooth ERAll the rest in smooth ER

Reduction in number of carbon atomsReduction in number of carbon atoms

1048708 1048708 Estrogens are primarily synthesized inEstrogens are primarily synthesized in

granulosa cellsgranulosa cells

1048708 1048708 Androgens are primarily synthesized in Androgens are primarily synthesized in thecal cellsthecal cells

Estrogens in circulation

Estradiol

1048708 Secreted by the ovary

Estrone

1048708 Derived from peripheral conversion of

estradiol and androstenodione

Estriol

1048708 Liver metabolite of estrone

ESTROGENSESTROGENS

Transport in bloodTransport in blood Mostly carrier-bound (albumin sexMostly carrier-bound (albumin sex hormone-binding globulin)hormone-binding globulin)1048708 1048708 Two peaksTwo peaks

o 1048708 1048708 Before ovulationBefore ovulationo1048708 1048708 Mid-luteal peakMid-luteal peak

1048708 1048708 Levels much higher in the follicularLevels much higher in the follicular fluid than in the plasmafluid than in the plasma

Cytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormoneCytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormone

Translocates to nucleusTranslocates to nucleus

DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of the DNAthe DNA

Dimerization occursDimerization occurs Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2 Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2

half-siteshalf-sites

Stimulates transcription of particular genesStimulates transcription of particular genes

Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action

Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action

Metabolism Metabolism

Metabolized to glucuronides andMetabolized to glucuronides and

sulfatessulfates

1048708 1048708 Recycled in enterohepatic circulationRecycled in enterohepatic circulation

1048708 1048708 Excreted in urineExcreted in urine

Physiological Physiological

Reproductive systemReproductive system

o Development and maintenance of uterus Development and maintenance of uterus uterine tubesvagina external genitalia uterine tubesvagina external genitalia and breastsand breasts

o Cyclic changes in the endometrium Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix vaginacervix vagina

o Growth of the ovarian folliclesGrowth of the ovarian follicleso Motility of the uterine tubes uarrMotility of the uterine tubes uarr

Physiological Physiological

Reproductive systemReproductive system

o Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr excitability uarr breasts uarrexcitability uarr breasts uarr

o Female secondary sex characteristics Female secondary sex characteristics (fat deposits etc)(fat deposits etc)

o Estrous behavior in animals increased Estrous behavior in animals increased libido in humanslibido in humans

Physiological Physiological

MetabolismMetabolism

o Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle chicken etc)chicken etc)

o Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma cholesterol darrcholesterol darr

o Salt and water retention (by stimulating Salt and water retention (by stimulating angiotensin) rarr edemaangiotensin) rarr edema

Physiological Physiological

Other metabolicOther metabolic

o Maintenance of bone massMaintenance of bone mass

o Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)

ProgesteronProgesteron

The most distinctive hormone betweenThe most distinctive hormone between males and femalesmales and females

Chemical structure C21Chemical structure C21SourceSource1048708 1048708 c luteumc luteum1048708 1048708 placentaplacenta1048708 1048708 follicles (small amount)follicles (small amount)1048708 1048708 adrenal cortexadrenal cortex

TransportTransport

2 free2 free

80 albumin-bound80 albumin-bound

18 corticosteroid-binding protein 18 corticosteroid-binding protein (transcortin) -bound(transcortin) -bound

Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix and vagina

Breasts supports the secretory function during lactation

Inhibits LH secretion

Responsible for preparing the reproductive tract for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy

Physiological Physiological

Physiological Physiological

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin

o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males

InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH

ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES

FollistatinsFollistatins

o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion

Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor

o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge

POMC hormonesPOMC hormones

o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal

cells)cells)

SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS

First step happens in mitochondriaFirst step happens in mitochondria

All the rest in smooth ERAll the rest in smooth ER

Reduction in number of carbon atomsReduction in number of carbon atoms

1048708 1048708 Estrogens are primarily synthesized inEstrogens are primarily synthesized in

granulosa cellsgranulosa cells

1048708 1048708 Androgens are primarily synthesized in Androgens are primarily synthesized in thecal cellsthecal cells

Estrogens in circulation

Estradiol

1048708 Secreted by the ovary

Estrone

1048708 Derived from peripheral conversion of

estradiol and androstenodione

Estriol

1048708 Liver metabolite of estrone

ESTROGENSESTROGENS

Transport in bloodTransport in blood Mostly carrier-bound (albumin sexMostly carrier-bound (albumin sex hormone-binding globulin)hormone-binding globulin)1048708 1048708 Two peaksTwo peaks

o 1048708 1048708 Before ovulationBefore ovulationo1048708 1048708 Mid-luteal peakMid-luteal peak

1048708 1048708 Levels much higher in the follicularLevels much higher in the follicular fluid than in the plasmafluid than in the plasma

Cytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormoneCytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormone

Translocates to nucleusTranslocates to nucleus

DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of the DNAthe DNA

Dimerization occursDimerization occurs Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2 Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2

half-siteshalf-sites

Stimulates transcription of particular genesStimulates transcription of particular genes

Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action

Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action

Metabolism Metabolism

Metabolized to glucuronides andMetabolized to glucuronides and

sulfatessulfates

1048708 1048708 Recycled in enterohepatic circulationRecycled in enterohepatic circulation

1048708 1048708 Excreted in urineExcreted in urine

Physiological Physiological

Reproductive systemReproductive system

o Development and maintenance of uterus Development and maintenance of uterus uterine tubesvagina external genitalia uterine tubesvagina external genitalia and breastsand breasts

o Cyclic changes in the endometrium Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix vaginacervix vagina

o Growth of the ovarian folliclesGrowth of the ovarian follicleso Motility of the uterine tubes uarrMotility of the uterine tubes uarr

Physiological Physiological

Reproductive systemReproductive system

o Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr excitability uarr breasts uarrexcitability uarr breasts uarr

o Female secondary sex characteristics Female secondary sex characteristics (fat deposits etc)(fat deposits etc)

o Estrous behavior in animals increased Estrous behavior in animals increased libido in humanslibido in humans

Physiological Physiological

MetabolismMetabolism

o Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle chicken etc)chicken etc)

o Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma cholesterol darrcholesterol darr

o Salt and water retention (by stimulating Salt and water retention (by stimulating angiotensin) rarr edemaangiotensin) rarr edema

Physiological Physiological

Other metabolicOther metabolic

o Maintenance of bone massMaintenance of bone mass

o Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)

ProgesteronProgesteron

The most distinctive hormone betweenThe most distinctive hormone between males and femalesmales and females

Chemical structure C21Chemical structure C21SourceSource1048708 1048708 c luteumc luteum1048708 1048708 placentaplacenta1048708 1048708 follicles (small amount)follicles (small amount)1048708 1048708 adrenal cortexadrenal cortex

TransportTransport

2 free2 free

80 albumin-bound80 albumin-bound

18 corticosteroid-binding protein 18 corticosteroid-binding protein (transcortin) -bound(transcortin) -bound

Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix and vagina

Breasts supports the secretory function during lactation

Inhibits LH secretion

Responsible for preparing the reproductive tract for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy

Physiological Physiological

Physiological Physiological

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin

o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males

InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH

ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES

FollistatinsFollistatins

o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion

Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor

o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge

POMC hormonesPOMC hormones

o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal

cells)cells)

Estrogens in circulation

Estradiol

1048708 Secreted by the ovary

Estrone

1048708 Derived from peripheral conversion of

estradiol and androstenodione

Estriol

1048708 Liver metabolite of estrone

ESTROGENSESTROGENS

Transport in bloodTransport in blood Mostly carrier-bound (albumin sexMostly carrier-bound (albumin sex hormone-binding globulin)hormone-binding globulin)1048708 1048708 Two peaksTwo peaks

o 1048708 1048708 Before ovulationBefore ovulationo1048708 1048708 Mid-luteal peakMid-luteal peak

1048708 1048708 Levels much higher in the follicularLevels much higher in the follicular fluid than in the plasmafluid than in the plasma

Cytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormoneCytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormone

Translocates to nucleusTranslocates to nucleus

DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of the DNAthe DNA

Dimerization occursDimerization occurs Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2 Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2

half-siteshalf-sites

Stimulates transcription of particular genesStimulates transcription of particular genes

Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action

Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action

Metabolism Metabolism

Metabolized to glucuronides andMetabolized to glucuronides and

sulfatessulfates

1048708 1048708 Recycled in enterohepatic circulationRecycled in enterohepatic circulation

1048708 1048708 Excreted in urineExcreted in urine

Physiological Physiological

Reproductive systemReproductive system

o Development and maintenance of uterus Development and maintenance of uterus uterine tubesvagina external genitalia uterine tubesvagina external genitalia and breastsand breasts

o Cyclic changes in the endometrium Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix vaginacervix vagina

o Growth of the ovarian folliclesGrowth of the ovarian follicleso Motility of the uterine tubes uarrMotility of the uterine tubes uarr

Physiological Physiological

Reproductive systemReproductive system

o Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr excitability uarr breasts uarrexcitability uarr breasts uarr

o Female secondary sex characteristics Female secondary sex characteristics (fat deposits etc)(fat deposits etc)

o Estrous behavior in animals increased Estrous behavior in animals increased libido in humanslibido in humans

Physiological Physiological

MetabolismMetabolism

o Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle chicken etc)chicken etc)

o Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma cholesterol darrcholesterol darr

o Salt and water retention (by stimulating Salt and water retention (by stimulating angiotensin) rarr edemaangiotensin) rarr edema

Physiological Physiological

Other metabolicOther metabolic

o Maintenance of bone massMaintenance of bone mass

o Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)

ProgesteronProgesteron

The most distinctive hormone betweenThe most distinctive hormone between males and femalesmales and females

Chemical structure C21Chemical structure C21SourceSource1048708 1048708 c luteumc luteum1048708 1048708 placentaplacenta1048708 1048708 follicles (small amount)follicles (small amount)1048708 1048708 adrenal cortexadrenal cortex

TransportTransport

2 free2 free

80 albumin-bound80 albumin-bound

18 corticosteroid-binding protein 18 corticosteroid-binding protein (transcortin) -bound(transcortin) -bound

Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix and vagina

Breasts supports the secretory function during lactation

Inhibits LH secretion

Responsible for preparing the reproductive tract for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy

Physiological Physiological

Physiological Physiological

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin

o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males

InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH

ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES

FollistatinsFollistatins

o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion

Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor

o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge

POMC hormonesPOMC hormones

o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal

cells)cells)

ESTROGENSESTROGENS

Transport in bloodTransport in blood Mostly carrier-bound (albumin sexMostly carrier-bound (albumin sex hormone-binding globulin)hormone-binding globulin)1048708 1048708 Two peaksTwo peaks

o 1048708 1048708 Before ovulationBefore ovulationo1048708 1048708 Mid-luteal peakMid-luteal peak

1048708 1048708 Levels much higher in the follicularLevels much higher in the follicular fluid than in the plasmafluid than in the plasma

Cytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormoneCytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormone

Translocates to nucleusTranslocates to nucleus

DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of the DNAthe DNA

Dimerization occursDimerization occurs Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2 Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2

half-siteshalf-sites

Stimulates transcription of particular genesStimulates transcription of particular genes

Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action

Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action

Metabolism Metabolism

Metabolized to glucuronides andMetabolized to glucuronides and

sulfatessulfates

1048708 1048708 Recycled in enterohepatic circulationRecycled in enterohepatic circulation

1048708 1048708 Excreted in urineExcreted in urine

Physiological Physiological

Reproductive systemReproductive system

o Development and maintenance of uterus Development and maintenance of uterus uterine tubesvagina external genitalia uterine tubesvagina external genitalia and breastsand breasts

o Cyclic changes in the endometrium Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix vaginacervix vagina

o Growth of the ovarian folliclesGrowth of the ovarian follicleso Motility of the uterine tubes uarrMotility of the uterine tubes uarr

Physiological Physiological

Reproductive systemReproductive system

o Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr excitability uarr breasts uarrexcitability uarr breasts uarr

o Female secondary sex characteristics Female secondary sex characteristics (fat deposits etc)(fat deposits etc)

o Estrous behavior in animals increased Estrous behavior in animals increased libido in humanslibido in humans

Physiological Physiological

MetabolismMetabolism

o Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle chicken etc)chicken etc)

o Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma cholesterol darrcholesterol darr

o Salt and water retention (by stimulating Salt and water retention (by stimulating angiotensin) rarr edemaangiotensin) rarr edema

Physiological Physiological

Other metabolicOther metabolic

o Maintenance of bone massMaintenance of bone mass

o Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)

ProgesteronProgesteron

The most distinctive hormone betweenThe most distinctive hormone between males and femalesmales and females

Chemical structure C21Chemical structure C21SourceSource1048708 1048708 c luteumc luteum1048708 1048708 placentaplacenta1048708 1048708 follicles (small amount)follicles (small amount)1048708 1048708 adrenal cortexadrenal cortex

TransportTransport

2 free2 free

80 albumin-bound80 albumin-bound

18 corticosteroid-binding protein 18 corticosteroid-binding protein (transcortin) -bound(transcortin) -bound

Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix and vagina

Breasts supports the secretory function during lactation

Inhibits LH secretion

Responsible for preparing the reproductive tract for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy

Physiological Physiological

Physiological Physiological

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin

o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males

InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH

ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES

FollistatinsFollistatins

o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion

Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor

o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge

POMC hormonesPOMC hormones

o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal

cells)cells)

Cytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormoneCytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormone

Translocates to nucleusTranslocates to nucleus

DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of the DNAthe DNA

Dimerization occursDimerization occurs Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2 Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2

half-siteshalf-sites

Stimulates transcription of particular genesStimulates transcription of particular genes

Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action

Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action

Metabolism Metabolism

Metabolized to glucuronides andMetabolized to glucuronides and

sulfatessulfates

1048708 1048708 Recycled in enterohepatic circulationRecycled in enterohepatic circulation

1048708 1048708 Excreted in urineExcreted in urine

Physiological Physiological

Reproductive systemReproductive system

o Development and maintenance of uterus Development and maintenance of uterus uterine tubesvagina external genitalia uterine tubesvagina external genitalia and breastsand breasts

o Cyclic changes in the endometrium Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix vaginacervix vagina

o Growth of the ovarian folliclesGrowth of the ovarian follicleso Motility of the uterine tubes uarrMotility of the uterine tubes uarr

Physiological Physiological

Reproductive systemReproductive system

o Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr excitability uarr breasts uarrexcitability uarr breasts uarr

o Female secondary sex characteristics Female secondary sex characteristics (fat deposits etc)(fat deposits etc)

o Estrous behavior in animals increased Estrous behavior in animals increased libido in humanslibido in humans

Physiological Physiological

MetabolismMetabolism

o Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle chicken etc)chicken etc)

o Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma cholesterol darrcholesterol darr

o Salt and water retention (by stimulating Salt and water retention (by stimulating angiotensin) rarr edemaangiotensin) rarr edema

Physiological Physiological

Other metabolicOther metabolic

o Maintenance of bone massMaintenance of bone mass

o Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)

ProgesteronProgesteron

The most distinctive hormone betweenThe most distinctive hormone between males and femalesmales and females

Chemical structure C21Chemical structure C21SourceSource1048708 1048708 c luteumc luteum1048708 1048708 placentaplacenta1048708 1048708 follicles (small amount)follicles (small amount)1048708 1048708 adrenal cortexadrenal cortex

TransportTransport

2 free2 free

80 albumin-bound80 albumin-bound

18 corticosteroid-binding protein 18 corticosteroid-binding protein (transcortin) -bound(transcortin) -bound

Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix and vagina

Breasts supports the secretory function during lactation

Inhibits LH secretion

Responsible for preparing the reproductive tract for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy

Physiological Physiological

Physiological Physiological

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin

o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males

InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH

ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES

FollistatinsFollistatins

o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion

Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor

o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge

POMC hormonesPOMC hormones

o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal

cells)cells)

Mechanisms of ActionMechanisms of Action

Metabolism Metabolism

Metabolized to glucuronides andMetabolized to glucuronides and

sulfatessulfates

1048708 1048708 Recycled in enterohepatic circulationRecycled in enterohepatic circulation

1048708 1048708 Excreted in urineExcreted in urine

Physiological Physiological

Reproductive systemReproductive system

o Development and maintenance of uterus Development and maintenance of uterus uterine tubesvagina external genitalia uterine tubesvagina external genitalia and breastsand breasts

o Cyclic changes in the endometrium Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix vaginacervix vagina

o Growth of the ovarian folliclesGrowth of the ovarian follicleso Motility of the uterine tubes uarrMotility of the uterine tubes uarr

Physiological Physiological

Reproductive systemReproductive system

o Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr excitability uarr breasts uarrexcitability uarr breasts uarr

o Female secondary sex characteristics Female secondary sex characteristics (fat deposits etc)(fat deposits etc)

o Estrous behavior in animals increased Estrous behavior in animals increased libido in humanslibido in humans

Physiological Physiological

MetabolismMetabolism

o Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle chicken etc)chicken etc)

o Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma cholesterol darrcholesterol darr

o Salt and water retention (by stimulating Salt and water retention (by stimulating angiotensin) rarr edemaangiotensin) rarr edema

Physiological Physiological

Other metabolicOther metabolic

o Maintenance of bone massMaintenance of bone mass

o Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)

ProgesteronProgesteron

The most distinctive hormone betweenThe most distinctive hormone between males and femalesmales and females

Chemical structure C21Chemical structure C21SourceSource1048708 1048708 c luteumc luteum1048708 1048708 placentaplacenta1048708 1048708 follicles (small amount)follicles (small amount)1048708 1048708 adrenal cortexadrenal cortex

TransportTransport

2 free2 free

80 albumin-bound80 albumin-bound

18 corticosteroid-binding protein 18 corticosteroid-binding protein (transcortin) -bound(transcortin) -bound

Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix and vagina

Breasts supports the secretory function during lactation

Inhibits LH secretion

Responsible for preparing the reproductive tract for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy

Physiological Physiological

Physiological Physiological

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin

o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males

InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH

ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES

FollistatinsFollistatins

o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion

Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor

o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge

POMC hormonesPOMC hormones

o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal

cells)cells)

Metabolism Metabolism

Metabolized to glucuronides andMetabolized to glucuronides and

sulfatessulfates

1048708 1048708 Recycled in enterohepatic circulationRecycled in enterohepatic circulation

1048708 1048708 Excreted in urineExcreted in urine

Physiological Physiological

Reproductive systemReproductive system

o Development and maintenance of uterus Development and maintenance of uterus uterine tubesvagina external genitalia uterine tubesvagina external genitalia and breastsand breasts

o Cyclic changes in the endometrium Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix vaginacervix vagina

o Growth of the ovarian folliclesGrowth of the ovarian follicleso Motility of the uterine tubes uarrMotility of the uterine tubes uarr

Physiological Physiological

Reproductive systemReproductive system

o Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr excitability uarr breasts uarrexcitability uarr breasts uarr

o Female secondary sex characteristics Female secondary sex characteristics (fat deposits etc)(fat deposits etc)

o Estrous behavior in animals increased Estrous behavior in animals increased libido in humanslibido in humans

Physiological Physiological

MetabolismMetabolism

o Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle chicken etc)chicken etc)

o Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma cholesterol darrcholesterol darr

o Salt and water retention (by stimulating Salt and water retention (by stimulating angiotensin) rarr edemaangiotensin) rarr edema

Physiological Physiological

Other metabolicOther metabolic

o Maintenance of bone massMaintenance of bone mass

o Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)

ProgesteronProgesteron

The most distinctive hormone betweenThe most distinctive hormone between males and femalesmales and females

Chemical structure C21Chemical structure C21SourceSource1048708 1048708 c luteumc luteum1048708 1048708 placentaplacenta1048708 1048708 follicles (small amount)follicles (small amount)1048708 1048708 adrenal cortexadrenal cortex

TransportTransport

2 free2 free

80 albumin-bound80 albumin-bound

18 corticosteroid-binding protein 18 corticosteroid-binding protein (transcortin) -bound(transcortin) -bound

Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix and vagina

Breasts supports the secretory function during lactation

Inhibits LH secretion

Responsible for preparing the reproductive tract for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy

Physiological Physiological

Physiological Physiological

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin

o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males

InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH

ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES

FollistatinsFollistatins

o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion

Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor

o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge

POMC hormonesPOMC hormones

o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal

cells)cells)

Physiological Physiological

Reproductive systemReproductive system

o Development and maintenance of uterus Development and maintenance of uterus uterine tubesvagina external genitalia uterine tubesvagina external genitalia and breastsand breasts

o Cyclic changes in the endometrium Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix vaginacervix vagina

o Growth of the ovarian folliclesGrowth of the ovarian follicleso Motility of the uterine tubes uarrMotility of the uterine tubes uarr

Physiological Physiological

Reproductive systemReproductive system

o Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr excitability uarr breasts uarrexcitability uarr breasts uarr

o Female secondary sex characteristics Female secondary sex characteristics (fat deposits etc)(fat deposits etc)

o Estrous behavior in animals increased Estrous behavior in animals increased libido in humanslibido in humans

Physiological Physiological

MetabolismMetabolism

o Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle chicken etc)chicken etc)

o Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma cholesterol darrcholesterol darr

o Salt and water retention (by stimulating Salt and water retention (by stimulating angiotensin) rarr edemaangiotensin) rarr edema

Physiological Physiological

Other metabolicOther metabolic

o Maintenance of bone massMaintenance of bone mass

o Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)

ProgesteronProgesteron

The most distinctive hormone betweenThe most distinctive hormone between males and femalesmales and females

Chemical structure C21Chemical structure C21SourceSource1048708 1048708 c luteumc luteum1048708 1048708 placentaplacenta1048708 1048708 follicles (small amount)follicles (small amount)1048708 1048708 adrenal cortexadrenal cortex

TransportTransport

2 free2 free

80 albumin-bound80 albumin-bound

18 corticosteroid-binding protein 18 corticosteroid-binding protein (transcortin) -bound(transcortin) -bound

Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix and vagina

Breasts supports the secretory function during lactation

Inhibits LH secretion

Responsible for preparing the reproductive tract for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy

Physiological Physiological

Physiological Physiological

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin

o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males

InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH

ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES

FollistatinsFollistatins

o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion

Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor

o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge

POMC hormonesPOMC hormones

o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal

cells)cells)

Physiological Physiological

Reproductive systemReproductive system

o Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr Pregnancy uterine muscle mass uarr excitability uarr breasts uarrexcitability uarr breasts uarr

o Female secondary sex characteristics Female secondary sex characteristics (fat deposits etc)(fat deposits etc)

o Estrous behavior in animals increased Estrous behavior in animals increased libido in humanslibido in humans

Physiological Physiological

MetabolismMetabolism

o Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle chicken etc)chicken etc)

o Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma cholesterol darrcholesterol darr

o Salt and water retention (by stimulating Salt and water retention (by stimulating angiotensin) rarr edemaangiotensin) rarr edema

Physiological Physiological

Other metabolicOther metabolic

o Maintenance of bone massMaintenance of bone mass

o Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)

ProgesteronProgesteron

The most distinctive hormone betweenThe most distinctive hormone between males and femalesmales and females

Chemical structure C21Chemical structure C21SourceSource1048708 1048708 c luteumc luteum1048708 1048708 placentaplacenta1048708 1048708 follicles (small amount)follicles (small amount)1048708 1048708 adrenal cortexadrenal cortex

TransportTransport

2 free2 free

80 albumin-bound80 albumin-bound

18 corticosteroid-binding protein 18 corticosteroid-binding protein (transcortin) -bound(transcortin) -bound

Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix and vagina

Breasts supports the secretory function during lactation

Inhibits LH secretion

Responsible for preparing the reproductive tract for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy

Physiological Physiological

Physiological Physiological

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin

o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males

InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH

ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES

FollistatinsFollistatins

o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion

Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor

o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge

POMC hormonesPOMC hormones

o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal

cells)cells)

Physiological Physiological

MetabolismMetabolism

o Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle Protein metabolism anabolism- (in cattle chicken etc)chicken etc)

o Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma Lipid metabolism LDL darr plasma cholesterol darrcholesterol darr

o Salt and water retention (by stimulating Salt and water retention (by stimulating angiotensin) rarr edemaangiotensin) rarr edema

Physiological Physiological

Other metabolicOther metabolic

o Maintenance of bone massMaintenance of bone mass

o Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)

ProgesteronProgesteron

The most distinctive hormone betweenThe most distinctive hormone between males and femalesmales and females

Chemical structure C21Chemical structure C21SourceSource1048708 1048708 c luteumc luteum1048708 1048708 placentaplacenta1048708 1048708 follicles (small amount)follicles (small amount)1048708 1048708 adrenal cortexadrenal cortex

TransportTransport

2 free2 free

80 albumin-bound80 albumin-bound

18 corticosteroid-binding protein 18 corticosteroid-binding protein (transcortin) -bound(transcortin) -bound

Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix and vagina

Breasts supports the secretory function during lactation

Inhibits LH secretion

Responsible for preparing the reproductive tract for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy

Physiological Physiological

Physiological Physiological

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin

o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males

InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH

ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES

FollistatinsFollistatins

o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion

Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor

o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge

POMC hormonesPOMC hormones

o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal

cells)cells)

Physiological Physiological

Other metabolicOther metabolic

o Maintenance of bone massMaintenance of bone mass

o Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)Clotting factor synthesis uarr (rarr thrombosis)

ProgesteronProgesteron

The most distinctive hormone betweenThe most distinctive hormone between males and femalesmales and females

Chemical structure C21Chemical structure C21SourceSource1048708 1048708 c luteumc luteum1048708 1048708 placentaplacenta1048708 1048708 follicles (small amount)follicles (small amount)1048708 1048708 adrenal cortexadrenal cortex

TransportTransport

2 free2 free

80 albumin-bound80 albumin-bound

18 corticosteroid-binding protein 18 corticosteroid-binding protein (transcortin) -bound(transcortin) -bound

Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix and vagina

Breasts supports the secretory function during lactation

Inhibits LH secretion

Responsible for preparing the reproductive tract for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy

Physiological Physiological

Physiological Physiological

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin

o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males

InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH

ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES

FollistatinsFollistatins

o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion

Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor

o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge

POMC hormonesPOMC hormones

o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal

cells)cells)

ProgesteronProgesteron

The most distinctive hormone betweenThe most distinctive hormone between males and femalesmales and females

Chemical structure C21Chemical structure C21SourceSource1048708 1048708 c luteumc luteum1048708 1048708 placentaplacenta1048708 1048708 follicles (small amount)follicles (small amount)1048708 1048708 adrenal cortexadrenal cortex

TransportTransport

2 free2 free

80 albumin-bound80 albumin-bound

18 corticosteroid-binding protein 18 corticosteroid-binding protein (transcortin) -bound(transcortin) -bound

Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix and vagina

Breasts supports the secretory function during lactation

Inhibits LH secretion

Responsible for preparing the reproductive tract for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy

Physiological Physiological

Physiological Physiological

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin

o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males

InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH

ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES

FollistatinsFollistatins

o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion

Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor

o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge

POMC hormonesPOMC hormones

o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal

cells)cells)

TransportTransport

2 free2 free

80 albumin-bound80 albumin-bound

18 corticosteroid-binding protein 18 corticosteroid-binding protein (transcortin) -bound(transcortin) -bound

Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix and vagina

Breasts supports the secretory function during lactation

Inhibits LH secretion

Responsible for preparing the reproductive tract for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy

Physiological Physiological

Physiological Physiological

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin

o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males

InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH

ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES

FollistatinsFollistatins

o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion

Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor

o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge

POMC hormonesPOMC hormones

o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal

cells)cells)

Cyclic changes in the endometrium cervix and vagina

Breasts supports the secretory function during lactation

Inhibits LH secretion

Responsible for preparing the reproductive tract for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy

Physiological Physiological

Physiological Physiological

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin

o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males

InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH

ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES

FollistatinsFollistatins

o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion

Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor

o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge

POMC hormonesPOMC hormones

o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal

cells)cells)

Physiological Physiological

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin

o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males

InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH

ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES

FollistatinsFollistatins

o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion

Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor

o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge

POMC hormonesPOMC hormones

o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal

cells)cells)

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxinRelaxin

o 1048708 1048708 Relaxes pelvic jointsRelaxes pelvic jointso 1048708 1048708 Softens and dilates cervixSoftens and dilates cervixo 1048708 1048708 Sperm mobility - in malesSperm mobility - in males

InhibinInhibino 1048708 1048708 Selective inhibitory control of FSHSelective inhibitory control of FSH

ActivinActivino 1048708 1048708 Selective stimulaton of FSHSelective stimulaton of FSHo 1048708 1048708 Cell differentiationCell differentiation

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES

FollistatinsFollistatins

o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion

Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor

o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge

POMC hormonesPOMC hormones

o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal

cells)cells)

OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESOVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES

FollistatinsFollistatins

o 1048708 1048708 Inhibit FSH secretionInhibit FSH secretion

Gonadotropin surge attenuating factorGonadotropin surge attenuating factor

o 1048708 1048708 Prevents premature LH surgePrevents premature LH surge

POMC hormonesPOMC hormones

o 1048708 1048708 Vasopressin and oxytocin (in lutealVasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal

cells)cells)