jupiter. largest and most massive planet in the solar system contains almost ¾ of all planetary...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Jupiter. Largest and most massive planet in the solar system Contains almost ¾ of all planetary matter in the solar system. Explored in detail by several](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949efe44/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Jupiter
![Page 2: Jupiter. Largest and most massive planet in the solar system Contains almost ¾ of all planetary matter in the solar system. Explored in detail by several](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949efe44/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: Jupiter. Largest and most massive planet in the solar system Contains almost ¾ of all planetary matter in the solar system. Explored in detail by several](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949efe44/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
JupiterLargest and most massive planet in the solar systemContains almost ¾ of all planetary matter in the solar system.
Explored in detail by several space probes:
Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, Voyager 1, Voyager 2, Galileo
Most striking features visible from Earth: Multi-
colored cloud belts
Visual image
Infrared false-color image
![Page 4: Jupiter. Largest and most massive planet in the solar system Contains almost ¾ of all planetary matter in the solar system. Explored in detail by several](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949efe44/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Exploration of Jupiter
Previous Missions
Pioneer 10 & 11Voyager 1 & 2
![Page 5: Jupiter. Largest and most massive planet in the solar system Contains almost ¾ of all planetary matter in the solar system. Explored in detail by several](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949efe44/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Latest Jupiter Mission
Galileo (1995 - 2003)
![Page 6: Jupiter. Largest and most massive planet in the solar system Contains almost ¾ of all planetary matter in the solar system. Explored in detail by several](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949efe44/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Galileo Probe
What did it tell us?
What did we expect?
![Page 7: Jupiter. Largest and most massive planet in the solar system Contains almost ¾ of all planetary matter in the solar system. Explored in detail by several](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949efe44/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Jupiter’s Rotation
Jupiter is the most rapidly rotating planet in the solar system
Rotation period slightly less than 10 hr.
Centrifugal forces stretch Jupiter into a markedly oblate shape.
![Page 8: Jupiter. Largest and most massive planet in the solar system Contains almost ¾ of all planetary matter in the solar system. Explored in detail by several](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949efe44/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Jupiter’s Atmosphere
Jupiter’s liquid hydrogen ocean has no surface:
Gradual transition from gaseous to liquid phases.
Only very thin atmosphere above cloud
layers;
transition to liquid hydrogen zone ~ 1000 km below
clouds.
![Page 9: Jupiter. Largest and most massive planet in the solar system Contains almost ¾ of all planetary matter in the solar system. Explored in detail by several](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949efe44/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Jupiter’s Cloud layers• Haze (at the top)• Ammonia• Ammonium Hydrosulfide• Water (lowest observed layer)
What did the Probe find?
![Page 10: Jupiter. Largest and most massive planet in the solar system Contains almost ¾ of all planetary matter in the solar system. Explored in detail by several](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949efe44/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
At depth of 1 bar (Earth Sea level):
T = 130 K (-225 F), P=1 bar
Survived to a depth of 150 km:
T = 425 K (305 F), P=22 bars
Hotter and denser than expected
Ammonia and water layers were not detected
Wind velocities much greater (435 mph)
Chemically like Sun in terms of H, He, but a bit off in other elements
![Page 11: Jupiter. Largest and most massive planet in the solar system Contains almost ¾ of all planetary matter in the solar system. Explored in detail by several](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949efe44/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Jupiter’s AtmosphereThree layers of clouds:
1. Ammonia
(NH3) crystals
2. Ammonia hydrosulfide
(NH4SH)
3. Water crystals
Heating mostly from latent, internal heat
![Page 12: Jupiter. Largest and most massive planet in the solar system Contains almost ¾ of all planetary matter in the solar system. Explored in detail by several](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949efe44/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Observations of Jupiter from the Earth reveal clouds and atmospheric structures
Belts
Zones
![Page 13: Jupiter. Largest and most massive planet in the solar system Contains almost ¾ of all planetary matter in the solar system. Explored in detail by several](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949efe44/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The Cloud Belts of JupiterDark belts and bright zones.
Zones higher and cooler than belts; high-pressure regions of
rising gas.
![Page 14: Jupiter. Largest and most massive planet in the solar system Contains almost ¾ of all planetary matter in the solar system. Explored in detail by several](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949efe44/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
The Cloud Belts on JupiterJust like on Earth, high-and low-pressure
zones are bounded by high-pressure winds.
Jupiter’s Cloud belt structure has remained unchanged since humans began mapping them.
![Page 15: Jupiter. Largest and most massive planet in the solar system Contains almost ¾ of all planetary matter in the solar system. Explored in detail by several](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949efe44/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Clouds, clouds, cloudsRotation rate is about 10 hours
Differential Rotation (different parts rotate at different rates)
Produces turbulence, and storms
© Calvin Hamilton
![Page 16: Jupiter. Largest and most massive planet in the solar system Contains almost ¾ of all planetary matter in the solar system. Explored in detail by several](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949efe44/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
The Great Red Spot
8-year sequence of images of the Great Red Spot on Jupiter
Has been visible for over 400 years
Giant storm system similar to Hurricanes on Earth: Wind speeds of 430 km/h (= 270 miles/h)Changes appearance gradually over time
![Page 17: Jupiter. Largest and most massive planet in the solar system Contains almost ¾ of all planetary matter in the solar system. Explored in detail by several](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949efe44/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
The Great Red Spot
A storm that has been going on for nearly 400 years
2-3 x size of the Earth
![Page 18: Jupiter. Largest and most massive planet in the solar system Contains almost ¾ of all planetary matter in the solar system. Explored in detail by several](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949efe44/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
The History of Jupiter Formed from cold gas in the outer solar nebula, where ices were able to condense.
Rapid growth
Soon able to trap gas directly through gravity
Heavy materials sink to the center
In the interior, hydrogen becomes metallic (very good electrical conductor)
Rapid rotation → strong magnetic field
Rapid rotation and large size → belt-zone cloud pattern
Dust from meteorite impacts onto inner moons trapped to form ring
![Page 19: Jupiter. Largest and most massive planet in the solar system Contains almost ¾ of all planetary matter in the solar system. Explored in detail by several](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949efe44/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Jupiter’s Magnetic FieldMagnetic field at least 10 times stronger than Earth’s magnetic field.
Magnetosphere over 100 times larger than Earth’s magnetosphere
![Page 20: Jupiter. Largest and most massive planet in the solar system Contains almost ¾ of all planetary matter in the solar system. Explored in detail by several](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949efe44/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Aurorae on JupiterJust like on Earth, Jupiter’s magnetosphere produces aurorae concentrated in rings around the magnetic poles. ~ 1000 times more powerful than aurorae on Earth.
Particles producing the aurorae originate mostly from moon Io
![Page 21: Jupiter. Largest and most massive planet in the solar system Contains almost ¾ of all planetary matter in the solar system. Explored in detail by several](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949efe44/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Aurora requires a magnetic field
What’s Jupiter’s magnetic field like?
How is it produced?
![Page 22: Jupiter. Largest and most massive planet in the solar system Contains almost ¾ of all planetary matter in the solar system. Explored in detail by several](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949efe44/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Rock and Metal
Liquid MetallicHydrogen
Liquid Hydrogen
Molecular Hydrogen
![Page 23: Jupiter. Largest and most massive planet in the solar system Contains almost ¾ of all planetary matter in the solar system. Explored in detail by several](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949efe44/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Jupiter’s Ring System
![Page 24: Jupiter. Largest and most massive planet in the solar system Contains almost ¾ of all planetary matter in the solar system. Explored in detail by several](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949efe44/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Jupiter’s RingNot only Saturn, but all four gas giants have rings.
Jupiter’s ring: dark and reddish;
only discovered by Voyager 1
spacecraft.
Galileo spacecraft image of Jupiter’s ring, illuminated from behind
Composed of microscopic particles of
rocky material
Location: Inside Roche limit, where larger bodies (moons) would be destroyed by tidal forces.
![Page 25: Jupiter. Largest and most massive planet in the solar system Contains almost ¾ of all planetary matter in the solar system. Explored in detail by several](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949efe44/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Satellites of Jupiter
Currently 60+ known satellites - most
Most small asteroid-like, only a few km in size
4 largest satellites are the Galilean Satellites
Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto
![Page 26: Jupiter. Largest and most massive planet in the solar system Contains almost ¾ of all planetary matter in the solar system. Explored in detail by several](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949efe44/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
The Galilean Satellites
![Page 27: Jupiter. Largest and most massive planet in the solar system Contains almost ¾ of all planetary matter in the solar system. Explored in detail by several](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949efe44/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Io - The Volcanic World
![Page 28: Jupiter. Largest and most massive planet in the solar system Contains almost ¾ of all planetary matter in the solar system. Explored in detail by several](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949efe44/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: Jupiter. Largest and most massive planet in the solar system Contains almost ¾ of all planetary matter in the solar system. Explored in detail by several](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949efe44/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Io: Bursting EnergyMost active of all Galilean moons; no impact craters visible at all.
Over 100 active volcanoes!
Interior is mostly rock.
Activity powered by tidal interactions with Jupiter.
![Page 30: Jupiter. Largest and most massive planet in the solar system Contains almost ¾ of all planetary matter in the solar system. Explored in detail by several](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949efe44/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Surface features have changed since the Voyager spacecraft visited (1979) and the Galileo spacecraft’s observations (late 1990’s)
![Page 31: Jupiter. Largest and most massive planet in the solar system Contains almost ¾ of all planetary matter in the solar system. Explored in detail by several](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949efe44/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Continual volcanic eruptions
Why?
![Page 32: Jupiter. Largest and most massive planet in the solar system Contains almost ¾ of all planetary matter in the solar system. Explored in detail by several](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949efe44/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: Jupiter. Largest and most massive planet in the solar system Contains almost ¾ of all planetary matter in the solar system. Explored in detail by several](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949efe44/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Io has the highest density
Io has the fewest craters - youngest surface
Io is closest to Jupiter
And on the other side are the other 3 large satellites
Io is a victim of a tug of war (tidal heating) due to Jupiter and the other moons!
![Page 34: Jupiter. Largest and most massive planet in the solar system Contains almost ¾ of all planetary matter in the solar system. Explored in detail by several](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949efe44/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Jupiter’s Influence on its MoonsPresence of Jupiter has at least
two effects on geology of its moons:
1. Tidal effects: possible source of heat for interior of Ganymede
2. Focusing of meteoroids, exposing nearby satellites to more impacts than those further out.
![Page 35: Jupiter. Largest and most massive planet in the solar system Contains almost ¾ of all planetary matter in the solar system. Explored in detail by several](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949efe44/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Interactions with Jupiter’s MagnetosphereIo’s volcanoes blow out sulfur-rich gases
→ tenuous atmosphere, but gases can not be retained by Io’s gravity
→ gases escape from Io and form an ion torus in Jupiter’s magnetosphere.
→ Aurorae on Jupiter are fueled by particles from Io
![Page 36: Jupiter. Largest and most massive planet in the solar system Contains almost ¾ of all planetary matter in the solar system. Explored in detail by several](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949efe44/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Europa - The Ice World
![Page 37: Jupiter. Largest and most massive planet in the solar system Contains almost ¾ of all planetary matter in the solar system. Explored in detail by several](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949efe44/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Europa: A Hidden Ocean
Close to Jupiter → should be hit by many meteoroid impacts; but few craters visible.
→ Active surface; impact craters rapidly erased.
![Page 38: Jupiter. Largest and most massive planet in the solar system Contains almost ¾ of all planetary matter in the solar system. Explored in detail by several](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949efe44/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
The Surface of Europa
Cracked surface and high albedo (reflectivity) provide further evidence for geological activity.
![Page 39: Jupiter. Largest and most massive planet in the solar system Contains almost ¾ of all planetary matter in the solar system. Explored in detail by several](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949efe44/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: Jupiter. Largest and most massive planet in the solar system Contains almost ¾ of all planetary matter in the solar system. Explored in detail by several](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949efe44/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: Jupiter. Largest and most massive planet in the solar system Contains almost ¾ of all planetary matter in the solar system. Explored in detail by several](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949efe44/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Ice features that are slowly changing
Very few craters
Lower density than Io
Slightly older surface
![Page 42: Jupiter. Largest and most massive planet in the solar system Contains almost ¾ of all planetary matter in the solar system. Explored in detail by several](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949efe44/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: Jupiter. Largest and most massive planet in the solar system Contains almost ¾ of all planetary matter in the solar system. Explored in detail by several](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949efe44/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
The Interior of EuropaEuropa is too small to retain its internal heat → Heating mostly from tidal interaction with Jupiter.
Europa has a liquid water ocean ~ 15 km below the icy surface.
![Page 44: Jupiter. Largest and most massive planet in the solar system Contains almost ¾ of all planetary matter in the solar system. Explored in detail by several](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949efe44/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Ganymede - The Largest Moon
![Page 45: Jupiter. Largest and most massive planet in the solar system Contains almost ¾ of all planetary matter in the solar system. Explored in detail by several](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949efe44/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Ganymede: A Hidden PastLargest of the 4 Galilean moons. Rocky core
Ice-rich mantle Crust of ice
1/3 of surface old, dark, cratered; rest: bright, young, grooved terrain
Bright terrain probably formed through flooding when surface broke
![Page 46: Jupiter. Largest and most massive planet in the solar system Contains almost ¾ of all planetary matter in the solar system. Explored in detail by several](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949efe44/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
![Page 47: Jupiter. Largest and most massive planet in the solar system Contains almost ¾ of all planetary matter in the solar system. Explored in detail by several](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949efe44/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Light and Dark Terrain indicates some resurfacing
![Page 48: Jupiter. Largest and most massive planet in the solar system Contains almost ¾ of all planetary matter in the solar system. Explored in detail by several](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949efe44/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Lower Density
More craters, Less resurfacing
Older surface than Europa
![Page 49: Jupiter. Largest and most massive planet in the solar system Contains almost ¾ of all planetary matter in the solar system. Explored in detail by several](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949efe44/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
![Page 50: Jupiter. Largest and most massive planet in the solar system Contains almost ¾ of all planetary matter in the solar system. Explored in detail by several](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949efe44/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Callisto - The Cratered Moon
![Page 51: Jupiter. Largest and most massive planet in the solar system Contains almost ¾ of all planetary matter in the solar system. Explored in detail by several](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949efe44/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Callisto: The Ancient FaceTidally locked to Jupiter, like all of Jupiter’s moons.
Composition: mixture of ice and rocks
Dark surface, heavily pocked with craters.
No metallic core: Callisto never differentiated to form core and mantle.→ No magnetic field.
Layer of liquid water, ~ 10 km thick, ~ 100 km below surface, probably heated by radioactive decay.
![Page 52: Jupiter. Largest and most massive planet in the solar system Contains almost ¾ of all planetary matter in the solar system. Explored in detail by several](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949efe44/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Valhalla Impact Basin - rings extend out 1500 km
![Page 53: Jupiter. Largest and most massive planet in the solar system Contains almost ¾ of all planetary matter in the solar system. Explored in detail by several](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949efe44/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
![Page 54: Jupiter. Largest and most massive planet in the solar system Contains almost ¾ of all planetary matter in the solar system. Explored in detail by several](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949efe44/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Lowest Density
Most craters
Very little resurfacing
Oldest surface
![Page 55: Jupiter. Largest and most massive planet in the solar system Contains almost ¾ of all planetary matter in the solar system. Explored in detail by several](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d1a5503460f949efe44/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)