DINJII ZHUH GINJIKNAG WAN TR'I.t.TS~JJ

~~~---------~"= - ~------------ ----,

---.::-:.:;.:.;.=--- -

!

I',

GWICH'INJUNIOR DICTIONARY

I

(

~(1I

{I

\

DINJII ZHUH GINJIKNAGWAN TR'I.tTS~JJ

Compiled by Katherine PeterAlaska Native Language Cente~

As a Joint Project of theNational Bilingual Materials Development Center

and the Alaska Native Language Center

Printed by theNational Bilingual Materials Development Center

Rural Education AffairsUniversity of Alaska

2223 Spenard RoadAnchorage, Alaska 99503

Dr. Tupou L. Pulu, Director

Illustrated byJ. Leslie Boffa

,"y

GWI CH'INJUNIOR DICTIONARY

1/79/300

'::,'

.:. '

This work is being done pur su an t to Federal Grant#G007805056, Title VII, Office of Bilingual Edu-cation. It is reproduced in its. pr.esent form forfield testing only. All righfs, are,reserved. Al-though this publication was prapare~ pursuant to agrant from the U.S. office of Education, no offi-cial endorsement by the U.S.Offi~~ of Educationshould be -Ln f er r ed .':

INTRODUCTION{

INTRODUCTION

The Gwich I in language is spoken in the following villages inAlaska: Arctic Village, Birch Creek, Chalkyitsik, Circle, Fort Yukonand Venetie. This dictionary was written primarily for use in bilin-gual classrooms in those villages. It is by no means a complete lexi-

. {con of the Gwich'in language, but only a sampling of it. The purposeof the dictionary is to enable students to look up the Gwich I inequivalents of common conversational English words and phrases.Gwich I in speakers will be able to tell students other ways to saysome of these things, but we have tried to list here the simplest andmost usual words that people use to express their ideas in everydayspeech. The choice of content and format is discussed further on inthis Introduction.

1. OrthographyThe spelling system used in this dictionary is the present

Gwich'in practical orthography in the form now being used in Gwich'inreading materials for the schools and the general public. The charton the following page shows the alphabet. This spelling system wasdeveloped by Richard Mueller of the Summer Institute of Linguistics.

There are a few ~pecial topics that we should discuss briefly inconnection with using this alphabet.

A. Consonants Plus "y"Almost every consonant used in Gwich I in can be varied by com-

bining it with a "y" sound which comes between the consonant and thevowel tha t follows it. These consonant-pI us-y combinations (repre-sented Cy) have not been listed in the alphabet chart. because theyare regular in their occurrence.

B. Sounds with "r"Gwich I in has a

include the letternumber of in this writing

retroflex sounds,sounds thatare called

systemwhich"r". These

means that when a speaker makes the sounds, he curls the tip of histongue a little toward the back of his mouth. Compare the way you say

The Gwich'in Alphabet

Consonants

Stops and AffricatesPlainAspiratedGlottalized

FricativesVoicedVoiceless

SonorantsVoicedVoiceless

d dl ddh dz dr j gt tl tth tz tr ch kt I tl' tth' tsl trl ChI k'

v I dh z zhr zh ghf* 1 th s shr sh kh h

m n r ynh rh

*used only in loan words

Vowels **Long Short

High Front ii iHigh Back uu uMid Front ee eMid Back 00 0

Low Central aa a

** All vowels may also be nasalized, indicated in writing by a nasalhook (l) beneath the vowel letter(s).

II

the English words "read" and "seed" to understand how this works.Gwich'in retroflex sounds are clear and simple to wri te: r, dr, tr,tr', rh, shr, and zhr. The sounds represented by r, rh, and zhr needto be discussed, however.

The plain "r" is used in the present wri ting system for twoslightly different sounds. The first of these is the sound we hear inch'ara'aa 'we're eating'. This particular "r" comes from the soundtrio We continue to use the letter "r" to represent this sound whereit occurs previous to a stem in a word. The single letter "r" is alsoused at the end of a word to represent a similar sound, as in yahvir'he's boiling. it'. This stem-final r has appeared in some ANLCpublications written as zhr~ Under the present standardized system,

,stem-final voiced r is always written simply as r.

The other r sound tb~t occurs at the end of Gwich'in stems isvoiceless r, which is written rh, as in dzirh 'mitten'.

In the present writing system, shr and zhr should never appearat the end of a word. However, these two retroflex fricatives occurat the be qi.nni.nqtof stems in Gwich' in. The voiced one is zhr, and thevoiceless one shr , Say the words shrii 'knife' and zhrii 'only' to

l \

hear the difference. Stem-initial zhr was written with a plain r insomeANLC publications, as you may notice if you use these books.Under the standard writing system, the r sound at the beginning of astem is always written zhr or shr, not plain r.

C. Final "h"The letter h is always written at the end of a word following a

short vowel which is not followed by a consonant or a glottal stop.When a word ends in a long vowel, no h is written. To hear thedifference, say the-words shoh'bear' (short 0) and shoo 'happiness'(long 00).

D. Using the byphenThe hyphen (-) is currently being used in written Gwich'in for

the following purpose: to connect two or more words which incombination have a special meaning.

In.some Gwich'in-school materials being used today, noun phrases

III

like luk chao 'king salmon' and shah zhr~~~ 'black bear' are writtenluk-choo and shoh-zhraii. This was done because it was thought that" \ \

otherwise luk chao might be interpreted as' big fish', the litera 1meaning of the Gwich' in words. ('Black bear' is the same in bothGwich'in and English, of course.) There are some problems caused bythis practice, though, and we felt that the difficulties outweighedany possible benefits of continued use of this practice.

E. Spelling Loan WordsLoan words are words which have come into a language rather

recently from another language (for instance, from English intoGwich'in, or from Spanish into English), but which are used insentences as if they were native words. In Gwich' in conversationtoday, some English words which do not have simple Gwich'inequivalents are used in the midst of Gwich' in sentences. The rulethat has been adopted for Gwich'in school materials is to spell thesewords in the usual English way, rather than transcribing the soundsas a Gwich'in speaker says them. Thus, for example, although a personsaying the word "milk" in a Gwich' in sentence might pronounce it"milik," following the sound rules of Gwich'in, we would still writeit "milk." This helps children learning to spell both Gwich' in andEnglish, whereas spelling the loan words phonetically might verylikely confuse them about English -spelling. There are a fewexceptions to this rule when loan words have been in the Gwich' inlanguage for a long time and have been much changed from theiroriginal English pronunciation, for instance saloojik 'pancake' (froman old dialect Americanism "slapjack"), or tuuvit "twenty-five cents"(from the English colloquialism "two bits").

There is another group of loan words which came into theGwich'in language at an earlier time, during the last half of thenineteenth century. Most of these come from the French language as itwas spoken in Canada at that time. These words have become such awell known and common part of the Gwich' in .language that we spellthem as if they were native words. Indeed, most people today think ofthem as native words. Here are some examples: lidii 'tea' (from 'Iethe' ): mahs~' 'thank you' (from 'merci'); lavasdaa 'feast I (from 'la

IV

fete' ); faa 'fancy' (from 'fin'). Notice that there are two lettersin these words which only rarely occur in native Gwich' in words: mand f.

F. Nasalization of VowelsAll vowel sounds in Gwich' in may be pronounced in two ways:

\

plain, where the air used in producing the sound is directed throughthe mouth, and nasalized, where the air is directed through the nose.Nasalization is indicated in tqe Gwich'in spelling system by a markcalled the nasal hook ((). To hear the difference between a plain anda nasalized vowel, say vatoo Ihis cane' and too 'night'.

( t

There is a close relationship between nasalization of vowels andn following vowels. This is apparent in several of the more commonpatterns of dialect variation shown in entries in the dictionary. Forexample, in one dialect a speaker may say ninghyuk 'a long time', andin another dialect someone may say the same word niighyuk. Another

( (

area of variation is seen when n is dropped between two vowels in aseries of prefixes. The n leaves its effect as nasalization of theresulting vowel sound, as in these pairs:

git'eenaachii or gat'aachii,t - ." lL

she's leaning against it

ch'ineedzit or ch'eedzit,~ .

bumblebeeFinally, when a verb stern beg ins wi th nd or nj and is preceded by avowel plus h, the n sound from the verb stern is sometimes dropped andappears as nasalization of the preceding vowel. We see this in boththe words meaning lit shines':

ch'ahndit or ch'ahdit~ch'ahndok or chlahdok~

A few common words which are nasalized by older Gwich'inspeakers are beg inning to be said by younger speakers w it h a plainvowel and final n, perhaps because of the influence of Englishsounds. Younger .speakers may say laiin instead of l~~~ for 'dog', ortoon instead of too for 'nightl.

L L

v

G. ToneTone, the relative pi tch of the voice, affects the meaning of

Gwich'in words. Say, or listen to a Gwich'in speaker say, thefollowing pai rs of words: ch' izhin 'eagle', ch 'izhin (something'sbody); shih 'food', shih 'brown bear'. Without the accent marks whichwe have added, the written words look exactly the same, but they aresaid differently and mean very different things. Tone has not beenmarked in Gwich'in reading materials, nor in this dictionary. In mostcases, a Gwich'in speaker will automatically use the right tone as hereads a passage.

To assist the non-speaker of Gwich'in and the speaker who wantsto learn more about tone, ANLC has prepared a copy of this dictionarywi th the tones marked. Interested people can obtain a copy of thi sversion from ANLC.

2. DialectsPeople who speak Gwich'in know that Gwich'in people from other

parts of Gwich'in country speak a little differently from them.Gwich'in speakers in Old Crow in Canada have an even more differentway of speaking. Yet people from allover this area can understandeach other's slightly different ways of speaking. Such different butmutually understandable speech groups are called dialects.

Some entries in this dictionary .heve two similar forms of aGwich'in word separated by the word or. This indicates that the twowords are two ways of saying the same thing in two differentdialects. In these cases, the first entry is usually the way the wordis said by the compiler of this dictionary, Katherine Peter, who hasspent most of her time in Fort Yukon. The second entry may be anotherway tha t Mrs. Peter has heard people say the word, or it may havebeen added by Richard Mueller, consultant on the dictionary, as a waythat he has heard people say the word. The first entries, as a rule,represent the way the word is said by adults in Fort Yukon and othervillages where the Fort Yukon dialect, or one very similar, isspoken. The second entries usually represent the way the word is saidby some speakers in Arctic village and some older people in the othervillages. Sometimes the second entry shows how the word is said by

VI

children and young people. In a few cases, the second entry is an oldway of saying the word that only quite old people might use today. Anexample follows:

gwinzii gwahtsii or gwiizii gwahtsiil l l L

'he is adept'The first form is used in Fort Yukon, and the secondform is used by some people in Arctic village and someold people in the other villages. '

There are many variations from village to village in the way peoplemake a particular sound or pronounce a particular word. The teachershould be able to adapt to the way words in his or her own dialectare spelled in this dectionary.

3. Content and FormatAs noted above, this dictionary contains only a sampling of the

entire rich range of the Gwich' in language, but we have made aneffort to include as many simple and useful forms as possible. Thesubsections below, divided into discussions of nouns, verbs, andother kinds of words, describe the types of entries in the dictionaryand explain how the cited forms were chosen.

A. StemsBefore discussing various kinds of words, we should introduce

the term stem. In native Gwich' in words, the stem is almost alwaysthe final syllable of the word (although there are rare cases ofstems having two syllables). People who are learning Gwich'in shouldbe able to identify stems in order to understand how differentGwich'in words are derived.

B. NounsNouns are the words that name things: objects, persons, or

ideas. Some nouns are single words, like luk 'fish'. Others are "nounphrases" made up of a noun and one or more modifying words, like lukchoo 'king salmon' (or 'big fish'). These words can be the subject(doer of action) or the object (receiver of action) in sentences.

Some Gwich'in nouns are cited in the dictionary in the following

VII

dog: laii\ l l

These words are noun stems and can be used in the form given asindependent words in sentences. In this dictionary, only words whichcan be used without modification in a sentence are given on the sameline, immediately following the English word and a colon (:).

Some Gwich'in nouns cannot be used in sentences in their basicstem form, but need prefixes added before the stem to make complete,usable forms. Most of these nouns are always possessed. This meansthat the noun stem must be preceded by one of the possessive prefixeswith meanings such as 'my', 'your', 'his', 'her', 'its', 'their',etc. Here is an example of a noun that is always possessed.

stem: -gin 'arm'usable forms: shigin

niginvigindiiginnakhwagingoogin

'my arm''your arm''his arm'

format:fish: luk

'our arms''you guys' arms''their arms'

ch'igin 'its arm'digin 'his own arm'

The form of the word meaning 'arm' which is given in the dictionaryis vigin 'his arm' (the third person singular form). This practice isfollowed throughout the dictionary. Teachers can give students drillson the formation of possessed nouns with various prefixes. As ageneral rule, the following classes of nouns in Gwich'in must havepossessive prefixes: (1) parts of the body, (2) relatives, family,and friends, and (3) personal qualities and conditions (such as'spirit').

These same possessive prefixes are also used with nouns that canbe used in their basic stem forms. Often, however, the noun stemundergoes a change in sound when it is used in its possessed form.For "example:

Plain Stern Formtoh 'cane'

Possessed Formvatoo 'his cane'

VIII

tsuh 'feather' vitsuu 'its feather'laii 'dog' vilik 'his dog'\ l l

changes follow simple rules, but some, like theand possessed forms of 'dog' , must be learned by

Most of thesenon-possessedmemory.

Finally, some of the English nouns listed in this dLct iona ry

have no conversational Gwich'in equivalents. In everyday speech, mostmodern-day Gwich' in speakers would use the English words for theseobjects or ideas.. To make this dictionary useful for explainingunfamiliar English words, however, descriptive definitions inGwich'in have been given for some of these words. Examples are:

freight: k'eiich'ii kwaii vaa neerahaazhik ("things we travelaround with")

guarantee: k'eiich'ii ("if aiizuu j i '~ I.

gwit'ii neegwahahtsyaaL l.

thing is bad, it will be returned")The reader should be aware that these phrases would only be used inGwich'in conversation if the speaker wanted to explain the idea tosomeone who did not know the commonly used English word. Trying totranslate English sentences including these words by using thedescriptive phrases will result in awkward and unnatural Gwich'insentences.

A few nouns which are derived from verb forms are given at theend of the verb entry for tha t word. Therefore, the reader shouldlook through the verb entries for words which are used in English asboth nouns and verbs. For an example, look at the entry under 'whip'in the dictionary.

c. VerbsVerbs are the words which express the action, event, or state of

being that the sentence is telling about. The verb is the real centerof the Gwich' in sentence. You will see that many Gwich' in .verbsexpress the same idea that an entire English sentence composed of anoun, a verb, and other words is needed to translate.

The Gwich'in verbs given in this dictionary are only a samplingof the most basic verb forms that Gwich'in speakers and writers use.The examples in this dictionary were chosen as forms from which a

IX

Gwich'in speaker, writer, or student could build more complex forms.For the sake of simplici ty and consistency, whenever possible allverbs in the dictionary are given in the third person singular ('he','she', 'it') form.

The format for verb entries is as follows:English key word (usually a verb, sometimes just the most

important word in the English verb phrase)Gwich'in verb (usually in the third person singular)English translation of the Gwich'in verb givenExample:acquainted

yaandaiihe is acquainted with her

In this example, the English word 'acquainted' is the important idea,so the entry is alphabetized under that word. In the Gwich'in verb,the form cited translates as 'he (or she) is acquainted with her (orhim)', and the verb stem -ndaii expresses the idea of beingacquainted, or knowing.

Gwich'in verb stems are almost never used wi thout one or morepref ixes. Thisis why we have given usable forms, wi th pre fixes,rather than the verb stems themselves. The reader may usuallyidentify the verb stems, however, from the forms given. The Gwich'inverb stem always begins with a consonant (including Cy, Cw, or NC),and is followed by a long or short vowel, and mayor may not have aconsonant at the end. It is usually easy to find the stern of aGwich'in verb because the last syllable of the verb is the stem. Inone case there is a difficul ty. If the last syllable of the verbbegins with d or j immediately preceded by n, that n mayor may notbe part of the stem. Therefore, it is not always poss ible to te11from the form given in the dictionary whether the n belongs to thestern.

Another process that affects the apparent form of the verb sternis called stem-initial devoicing. This is a regular process wherein avoiced fricative at the beginning of a stem changes to its voicelesscounterpart when it is preceded by 1 or h immediately before thestem. (See the alphabet chart to identify the voiced fricatives and

x

their voiceless counterparts.) Following are some examples from thisdictionary:

XI

stem: -zhol yizhazhol 'she's blowing it up'yahshol 'she's blowing on it'

stem: -ghwaii naaghwaii 'it's thawing'neeyahkhwaii 'she's thawing it'

Verb Forms CitedYou wi 11 see that for some verbs in the d ict ionary, only one

form is given, while for others as many as six or eight different butrelated forms are given. When only one form is given, we have triedto give a form which is often encountered in speech and in elementaryreading materials. For some verbs, this is the imperfective, which wehave translated here with the English present progressive tense, 'heis __ ing', or where this would sound strange, wi th the Englishsimple present, 'he s'. Some times, however, the mos t commonlyoccurring (or only occurring) form of the verb is the perfective,which we have usually translated in this dictionary with the Englishsimple past, 'he __ ed', but sometimes by the English simplepresent. For many verbs, both the imperfective and the perfective aregiven. In some verbs, no d istinction is made between present andpast; some ",Gwich' in verbs lack perfective forms, others lackimperfectives. Most action verbs have both forms.

A verb form which frequently occurs in speech and readingmaterials but which has been omitted from this dictionary is thefuture, translated in English as "he will "or "he's going to______" The format of this junior dictionary series did not allow forthe inclusion of these forms, but the reader should be aware that thefuture stem is often quite different from the perfective andimperfective stem(s).

For some verbs, the same verb stem is given several times withdifferent prefixes or accompanying words to show how it can be useddifferent ways in conversation. Remember, again, this is only asampling of the ways Gwich'in verb stems can be used, not a completelisting of the full verbs that can be derived from stems.

Many words that are adjectives (descriptive words, like 'red',

jidii tsalsomething little

Sometimes two or more different Gwich'in verb stems appear underone English listing. This usually occurs when Gwich'in makes adistinction in meaning that English does not make. For example, inEnglish we use the same word, 'swim', to describe a person swimmingaround and a fish swimming around, but in Gwich'in we must say dinjiineehiivik and luk neehiilee. Because this kind of thing happensfairly often, be sure to read through all the entries under a given-- (

English listing to select the correct Gwich'in word for the idea youwant to express.

Another reason for giving different Gwich' in verbs under oneEnglish listing is that the Gwich'in verbs may be synonyms (mean thesame thing). This is usually the case when we have an entry of thefollowing form:

yak'aa hiltlee, also yak'aa haazhiihe attached him

The two Gwich'in forms are equally acceptable ways of saying the samething. They are so similar in meaning that we use the same Englishtranslation for both. (Notice that this is the way we use also; or

'big', 'pretty') in English are verb forms in their Gwich'intranslations. In this dictionary such words are alphabetizedaccording to the English adjective word, with the verbal Gwich'intranslation given below in the standard verb format. For example:

reddaatsikit is red

Some of these adjectival verbs (sometimes called neuter verbs) haveshorter forms used to modify nouns, much as English adjectives do,except that in Gwich'in these words always follow the noun, whereasin English they usually come before it. When this is the case, asecond listing with the word jidii 'something' is given, for example:

littlenatsalit is little

XII

'to handle', ,to'throw', 'roll',

means that the two forms are the ways of saying the same thing indifferent dialects.)

Sometimes you will see that a slight variation of the meaning ofthe verb (usually expressed by an adverb'in English) is expressed inGwich'in by a verb stem which is different, but related to, the basicstem. These slightly different forms are called aspectual variants.The Gwich'in language is rich in such forms, but only a sampling ofthem is given in the dictionary--the ones that you are most likely toencounter in ordinary speech or reading. We mention this only so thatthe reader will be aware of it and not be confused by the aspectualvariants that do appear here. An example is seen invariants, both of which show a progressive (goingperambulative (going around) stem in each pair:

ivyaa 'he's swimming (along)'neehiivik 'he's swimming around'aagal 'he's running (along)'neehaagak 'he's running around'

Another place where Gwich' in makes a distinction that Englishdoes not is in a few verbs which have different stems for singularand plural subjects. For a good example, look at the entry under theEnglish word ~. Notice that one Gwich'in stem is used to express theidea of one person going, and another stem for more than one person

the followingalong) and a

going. (The dual, used to express two people going, is not used muchin speech these days ,) The' existence of this distinction is anotherreason why it is important to look through all the entries to selectthe right word.

Finally, there is a group of Gwich'in verbs calledclassificatory verbs. These Gwich'in verbs express the idea of doingsomething to a certain kind of object. In English, we use the sameverb 'wear' for wearing any kind of clothing, and the same verb'throw' for throwing anything. In Gwich'in, however, various kinds ofclothing require their own special verbs, with entirely differentstems, meaning 'wear (a hat)', 'wear (shoes)', 'wear (a jacket)',etc. Different kinds of objects take their own special verbs meaning

-and 'wear'.For examples, see theWe have indicated the

'to throw',entries under

roll', etc.

XIII

XIV

class of obj ects for wh ich each verb stem appl ies by descr ibingeither the class, or an object typical of the class. For instance,under 'throw', you will see a number of objects listed in parantheses() after the translations. (Projectile) means that this particularstem applies to any object "designed for throwing", like a spear; (asmall thing, like a rock) means that this particular stem applies toany small heavy object; (a living thing) means a person or animal; (astick) means any long wooden object; (several things) means that thisstem applies to throwing more than one thing, for instance a handfulof rocks. Note especially that verbs in this category almost alwaysdistinguish between a single object and a plural object. The entriesin this dictionary are not complete for the entire Gwich' inclassificatory verb system, but they do show some of the mostcommonly used forms.

D. Other WordsBesides the various kinds of nouns and verbs discussed above,

the dictionary includes other kinds of words: postpositions, adverbs,interrogatives, interjections, pronouns, place names, and variousmodifying words. The format and content for these types of words arediscussed briefly below.

Postpositions serve much the same function as Englishpreposi tions. They appear after nouns, noun or verb phrases, orpossessive prefixes. They may be written as independent words in somecases, or they may appear "attached" to a prefix in other cases. Theyusually express direction,- location, or relative position. For a goodexample of postposi tions, see the entry under 'to', where we seethree different postpositions, -ts'a', -naa, and -ntl'ee, in theirusable forms, with different kinds of prefixes. We have tried to givethe most commonly used typical forms with postpositions. Thepossessive prefixes for postpositions are similar to those forpossessed nouns (see under Nouns for an example).

Many English preposi tions are used in a variety of phrases inconversation. We have given examples of some of these under theappropriate listing. For an example of the kinds of listing that can

Interrogatives is a general term for words used in askingquestions that require more of an answer than "yes" or "no." Theseare listed under their English equivalents, such as 'who', 'what','how', and so on, but examples of actual "que st Lons are not given inthis dictionary.

A few other kinds of words are included in the dictionary. Theseare words which have special functions in sentences. Words like lii'apparently' modify the 'flavor' of the entire sentence. Other words1ike dai' 'when' 1ink words or clause s to the re st of the sentence.

c L

The use of these words is properly the subject of a grammar, rather

xv

occur with an English preposition, see the entry under 'across' inthe dictionary.

Adverbs modify the idea expressed by the verb of a sentence.Many ideas expressed in English by independent adverbs are expressedin Gwich'in by verb prefixes, which are not listed separately in thisd i ct ionary. The adverbs tha tare 1isted are given simply followingtheir Englihs equivalents, for example:

now: juk

Pronouns are words that "stand in" for the names of people orobjects-- 'it', 'we', 'they', and so on. The function of pronouns inan Eng 1ish sentence 1ike 'he told him' can often be performed in aGwich'in sentence by parts of the verb: yahnyaa, where 'he' is"understood" and 'him' is represented by the first y. Where inde-pendent Gwich'in words equivalent to English pronouns exist, they aregiven as simple equivalents to their English form.

A few place names for important places in the Gwich' in regionare included, alphabetized under their "official" English name.Sometimes this just shows how a Gwich I in place name is correctlyspelled in Gwich' in, rather than the approximate spelling on themaps; or it may show the nat ive name for a place tha t Eng 1ishspeakers have renamed. There are, of course, hundreds, perhapsthousands, of place names in Gwich'in, which we hope will eventuallybe recorded for history.

XVI

than a dictionary, but they are included here to assist intranslation and language learning.

E. Other Points of FormatMany entries include two different Gwich'in words separated by

the English words or or also. Or means that the two Gwich'in wordsare different ways of saying what is basically the same word,modified by dialect differences or individual preference. Probablythese two forms would not be used interchangeably by the samespeaker. Also means that the two words are both Gwich'in equivalentsof the English listing. Either one might be used by a speaker,depending on personal preference or slight shades of meaning.Sometimes the words listed with also are a modern-day way of sayingsomething and an older way of saying the same thing.

The reader will notice that in the verb entries, some aretranslated 'he ' and some 'she Gwich'in does not make adistinction between masculine and femi~ine pronouns as English does.The alternative translations have been used to show children thisfact in applied form, and also to accustom them to using Englishpronouns correctly. It is also good for children, who may picture tothemselves the actions described in the examples, to imagine both menand women, boys and girls, as the actors in the sentences. Theteacher should probably explain, expecially to young child~en, thatthe Gwich' in verb translated 'he does it I can also mean 'she doe sit', and the verb translated 'she IS wal king' can also mean 'he'swalking'--in Gwich'in, but not in English.

F. A Note on the English GlossesIn general, we have tried to use everyday conversational English

words for the listings and translations in the dictionary. However,because some of the initial compilation was done from literarysources, there are some glosses which are not used in modern everydayEnglish. In most cases these are cross-referenced with a more usualEnglish word. There are also some specialized English words, withtheir specialized Gwich'in equivalents, which have been used intransla ting Engl ish-language reIigiou s litera ture into Gwich' in. We

have included these because religious translations have been impor-tant in the history of Gwich' in Li terature and continue to be pro-duced. The Gwich'in words that translate these specialized wordsusually also have a more general, non-religious meaning, which we

have tried to find out and include in the dictionary. However, thereader should be aware that there may be other, perhaps more correct,

English translations for the Gwich'in words in this dictionary. It isimposs ible in such a condensed forma t to give the kind of full,discursive definitions that some of the Gwich'in words require.

Sometimes, to avoid repetition, we have written see after the

English listing, with a reference to the other English word underwhich the full Gwich'in information appears.

4. How This Dictionary Was Written

Katherine Peter, a speaker and writer of Gwich'in who has livedin both of the major Alaska Gwich' in dialect areas, compiled the

dictionary files, using both her own knowledge and an olderdictionary published in 1911 by Archbishop Robert McDonald. Most of

the old, non-current forms come from McDonald's dictionary. Acting asconsul tan ts and suggest ing add it ions to the dictionary files were

Jeff Leer, staff linguist at the Alaska Native Language Center, andRichard Mueller of the Summer Insti tute of Linguistics. The final

dec is ion on the inc Ius ion of a form has been Mrs.' Pe ter' s . JaneMcGary of ANLC wrote the Introduction and typed out the entries in

prepara tion for final typing at the Nat ional Bi 1ingual Mater ial sDevelopment Center where it was illustrated and made photoready.

Richard Mueller wrote the Guide to Reading Gwich'in.

XVII

GUIDE TO READINGGWICH'IN

GUIDE TO READING GWICH'IN

The Gwich I in alphabet is adapted to English as closelyas possible. Each letter in Gwich I in is meant to representone sound and always the same sound. It does not change likesome of the letters do in the English alphabet.

The CONSONANTS1. Consonants that are pronounced almost the same as inEnglish. The same letters are used in both languages:

Gwich'in (English EnglishSound Example Meaning) Equivalent

ch ch~~ (water) chewd dah (blood) daughterdr drin (day) drinkg git (glacier) geth han (river ) honeyj jidii (what) jetk kii (rock, stone) key1 lisil (salt) liftm mahs~' (thank you) maman nin (game animal) nightr laraa (money) rocks sal (star) salt,sh shat (scar) shutshr shri i (knife) shrewt too (night) toe" \.

tr trih (carrot-like food) treey Yahdii (Big Dipper) yearz iizuu (it is bad) zoo,,

2. Consonants thatdifferent places in

dz dzan

are 1ike Eng 1ish sounds, but occur inthe word than in English.(muskrat) It is similar to the "dz"

in the English word "adze"or the "ds" in "fads", but

1

it can occur at the begin-ning of words, which itdoes not do in English.

ts tsuk (marten) It is similar to the "ts"in the English word"cats", but it also canoccur at the beginning ofwords unlike English.

w kwaa (negative) It is the same as the "w"in the English "wolf", but

in the English word

it occurs only followingother consonants.

3. Consonants that are either like English sounds, but arespelled differently; or are different from English sounds,but are spelled with English letters.

dh Nindhaa? (Are you hot?) It is the same as the "th"in the English words "the"and "that".

v veenjit (for him) It is ~imilar to the "v"in the English word

but it is actual-"visit",

zh zheh (house)

ly a "b" made without com-pletely closing the lips.

It is the same as the "z"

"azure".

4. Consonants that are different from any English sounds.These are most easily described in terms of certain phoneticfeatures that they have in common.Friction The friction is indicated by the letter "h" after

the letter concernedddh ddhah (mountain)ghkh

ch'aghookhah

(egg)(pus)

2

tth t thar (fence)zhr azh~~~~ (it's black)

"1" ~ound The tong~e is in the same place as for the English"1" sound.

1 luk' (fish) Place your tongue in thesame place as if to make a"'I" sound, but instead ofvoicing the "1", just blowair out the sides of yourmouth.

(his knee-cap cartilage) It is similarto the "cl" in the English

t1 vi tlee

word "clock".(red squirrel) It is similar to the "gl"

in the English word"glad".

Catch-in-the2breath~ the catch-in-the-breath (glottallzation)is indi~~ted by theapost~ophe (') either by itselfor after the con~onan~ concerned.

dl 'dlak

(golden eagle)(birch bark)(cotton-wood tree)(grass)(fishwheel)(ground hog)(bone)

chi ch'izhin"k't'

k'iit'aa

tl't~1

tl'ootr'ilts lee

tth'ants'tth'

The VOWELSEnglish has a, great variety of spellings for vowels,

using various combinations for the same sound: one sound, forexample, occurs with different spellings in mood, group,fruit, blue, shoe, crew, do, and two~ Only ONE spelling willbe used for each Gwich'in vowel. Vowels may be either long orshort in duration, the long vowel being indicated by adoubling of the letter.

3

Gwich'inExamplevatslah

(EnglishMeaning)(his elbow)

VowelEngl ishEquivalentfather (beforeor "h")

a "'"

sofa (before otherconsonants)

aa (long) n j aa' (white-wingedscoter)(house) 11111

fathereight (beforeor "h")

zhe he

eddy (before otherconsonants)eightseed (before

e e (long) zhee (sky)(glacier) "'"i git

ii (long) gwiijiia vagho'00 (long) vaghoou luhuu (long) luu

or "h")sit (be fore otherconsonants)

(rock slide) seed(his teeth) go(its egg) go(d irt) spoon(ice) spoon

.vowels may be said with a nasalnasal iza tion Any of thequality. This nas aLi aat ion is marked by the comma(,) under the vowel concerned.

vowel Gwich'in Example (English Meaning)a chl:.lllnitsya' (shallow water)l

l

aa ts yah (northern flicker bi rd )l l l

ee van vee (lake"side)l l l l

ii nilii (meat)I. , .', ,00 .daa tsoo . .(mouse)\ l '~ c.,

u vyu h - (herring gull)I

uu gYl:.lll (worm)'" '"

4

DICTIONARY

abandonedkwank'itabandoned village or house

abdomenvazhrakhis abdomen

ablegadhanhe is able

above: see up

abundant

leii.. .. ..abundant (follows a noun)

accidentvigwiinjikHe had an accident (and gothurt)

accompany

yaa neehidikShe is accompanying him

according

gwik'itaccording to it

accordion: dehtly'aa ch'idlii..account (as in bookkeeping)

tr'igweechyaa

account

veh'anon account of him

accuse

yats'a gat'~~hjik or yats'a'gat'aahnjikhe accused him

achets'igwiidhak, also gwilts'ikit achesviki' ilts' i.khis head achesvagho' ilts'ikhis tooth aches

acquainted

yaandaiihe is acquainted with her

across

situated across, stationaryoonin, also yeeninacross over there

across, moving

oonduk daadhalacross there (an objectmoving along)

across on the other side ofsomething (for example, acrossa body of water)

duhts'aii or nduhts'aiiacross"'(a oody of water)

act (in a certain way)

jyahts'a' neehidiindikhe's acting like that

active

goodiindaii, also niinjikhe's active, busy

actually akhai' gaa

Shoh t'inchy'aa yuuny~~

5

akhai' gaa dinjikt'inchy'aa.He thought it was a bear butactually it was a moose.

addyineegwahjii orYineegwahnjii-he is adding to it

adept

nilee t'ah'inshe is adept (used only ofwomen and girls)ch'aadaiihe is adept (used only ofmen and boys)

gwinz~~ gwahtsii orgwt~z~~ gwahtsiihe or she is adept

adequate

it'ee t'agw~htsiiit is adequate

adhere

yaht' anit is adhering

adipose fin of fishluk tsyaaghak

admire

yinjii yihil'eehe admires her

admonish

yideegwaah'ee, alsogineeyahdaii or--gineey~hndaii-he is admonishing her

adopt

gii eenjit yuunjik, alsovigii yiheelyaa eenj~

yuunjikshe adopted him

adultch'anjaaan adult

dink'indhathe is adult, grown up

advantage

yich'itsyaa'e'she's taking advantage ofhim

advice

yinyaahe's'~iving advice to heryeiinya'

l

he gave advice to her (once)afraid

naajathe's afraid

y?-?jatshe's afraid of him

after, following a person(for example, on a trail)

Yik'ii, ,after him

yat~t~after him

after (in time) tl'ee..aii tl'ee,.after that, then

afternoon drin tl'an gehndaa

again chan

chan heeonce again

6

againstvit'ee yiin'aiiit is lying against it

against, in opposition to

yadaditl-{l-'eehe is against him

against the law gwinehts'i'

aged: see old

ago: also see past

neegwadadhat ch'ihIak dai'or neegwadadhat ch'ihIak'gweedhaa gwanaaa year agodeenaa dais,.long ago

agree

yaa Iii naadhan, also yik'itt'iindhan ----he agrees with her

agreeablegwik'it t'iindhanhe is agreeable with it

ahead also see before: infrontgwikii ahaa or kih ahaahe's'~alking-ahead of him

yehkii... .ahead of him

yehk~t t'iichy'aahe's ready ahead of time

aid gwats'a' tr'injiialso see help

ailment ts'ik

he's aiming at it

gwats'a' gwik'eegwandaiihe aims to do it

gwats'a' gwik'eegoonjikhe aimed to do it

airbornedaanaiiL" L. ... l-it is airborne

airplane neehiniit'ee

alas!it'ee nats'aateealas! too bad!

alder k'oh

alert

khach'oaa'ya'he's alert (looking forgame)

algae (green slime in water)tee tl<?h

alikenihk'it t'iichy'aathey (things) are alike

nihk'it t'igiichy'aathey (people) are alike

alive

gwandaiiaim he's alive

yats'a' yihil'ee all datthak also see every

7

allow amiable

gwits'ee y~~'yaashe doesn't allow himto do it

veeshroonchy'aahe is amiable

amid teealmost khaiinjii or

khanjii tl'oo teeamid the grass

alone thanammunition dink'ee kitalone

adah zhrii or adan zhrii, -. ~ <-he is alone, by hlmself

along (along a geographicalfeature, like a trail orriver)

gwinjikalong it (a river or trail)

amongoonjit dee'analong over there goo tee

among themalong (a long object, thelength of it) ancestoryaghaiialong it (for example, arope)

along the way yeedit gwidtt

gwats'an deedhaaone's ancestorviyehghan naiihis ancestors'

alongside see beside and (joining two nouns) haaalready ch'adai', also

gwiyehkttalso chan

John Mary haaJohn and Mary

and (joining two verbs or verbphrases) ts'a'

and so, and then aii ts'a'always khik

amazedand then (unexpectedly) akhai'veegwii'yaa

he is amazed (surprised) angel zhee kat gwich'in orzhee kak gwich'in orzheek'at gwich'invandaa t'igwiizhik

he is amazed (it's too muchfor him) anger ooch'oo, also shruk

amen, so be it gwik'it gooli' angry

8

zhyaats'ii••he is full\

vaa tr'agwahtleeanointing oil

·answergwidii ginkhii. ~an answer

yidii ginkhiihe answers him

yidt! ginhe'he answered him

ant neejii or neenjii

vik' Ii .gwanlii~~she is angryvik'ii goodlitshe got angryneehilts'iihe went away angry

anticipate see wait

neehaach'oohe is walking around angry

antler ch'iji'

animal nin

big animal ch'atthaii., .ankle

vakwaiichanhis ankle

anniversaryzhat neegwiidhatit is its anniversary

anxiousannoy

yaa ch'ats'aii nigwii'aii., ,also yaa ch'ats'~!tnigwiin'aiishe annoy~'him

geenjit tr'igwidiishe's anxious about it

any

anoint ch'ihlee~ ..anyonetr' i1tleehe is anointed valat

any of them, any part of it

9

apart niIih'an or nih'an yadadaa'eehe is~arguing with her

apparently Iii (follows verb)arise

appear

gwizhrii niinzhiihe appeared (in public, insight)

dak ninijiihe is arising (from sitting)

yits'a' idigwiiIkii~ ..she appeared to hImappoint

dak nidhikhinhe arose (from sitting)khakii'aiihe is arising (from lyingdown)

yideegwiiIktthe appointed her

khakee'aii. .. ..he arose (from lying down)

April Ch'ikee Zhrii orCh'ichee Zhrtt

arm

approach viginhis arm

yits'a' niinzhiihe approached it

nahgwan nahaiihe is approaching

approve armpitgwik'it t'iindhanhe approves of it

vigeehis armpit

apron ndoo neiit'aii~~ aromaArctic Village Vashraii R'oo

to ... '"' \." gwinzt~ gogwaatsanit has a good aroma

Arctic Village peopleNeets'it Gwich'in around (an area)

area gwa'anaround there

zhat gwa'anthat area, around there gwee'an

around heredzaa gwa'anthis area, around here yi'ee'an

way out around him or hergwineegoo'eean area around (outside) oo'ok

argue around (in a circle) vineeyinkhyuu

10

shrii nigwii'aiishe arranged it~

(right) around (here) gwindii arrowhead tal

around (its edge, rim)veelinaround its rim (for example,a oup, a bowl, or a drum)

around (in various directions)nihky' aa

artifact k'eiich'ii ninghitdai' iltsaii

L .. '" '" to.

as (therefore, just as) ts'a'(joins two verb phrases)

as if k'it

vineegoo'eethey are around him

as long as, how longdeegwithkhyuk

as soon as gogwithkhan laaascend

around (the bend) geendii

(be) around

vineedhi'eeit is around him

dak hiighithe is ascending, rising upin the air

arrangeashamed

shrii nigwii'aiishe is arranging it,getting it ready

oozhii dhidlitshe became ashamed

gishrii nahjii or gishriinahnjiihe is arranging them,putting them in ordergishrii naahjik or gishriinaahnjik ....he"arranged them

ashes kik luu or chik luu,also lat ts'TIl

arrive (in the fire) kikk'idikhe (one person) arrived

ashtray ts'eet'it luu k'ik

askk'eegii'oothey (two people) arrived ch'oaahkat

she is askingk'eenjikthey (more than two people)arrived

ch'oaahkatshe ~sked

k'eekokhe arrived in a boat (bypaddling)

yuaahkatshe is asking him

arrow k'i'yu~~hkatshe asked him

1 1

at that time: see then

adaa yahaa'eeshe is asking him toaccompany her

at this place: see here

adaa yihil'e'she asked him to accompanyher

at this time: see now

attach

yinkeeginkhiishe is asking him to come,summoning him

yineegwaljik, alsoyanky'aa neeyahtsiihe attaches it to it

yinkeeginhe'she asked him to come7summoned him

yagwaa'i'. . "It IS attached to it

neech'oaakatshe keeps asking

nihlagwaa 'i'they are attached

attackaspirin ki' ts'ik ch'oondaii

yak'aa hiltlee, alsoassemble hak'aa haazhii

he attacked himkhehlan dinjii ninjyaathe people assembled attempt

nihk'it teeyadanliihe's assembling it

gwik'ee gwandaiihe is attempting it

nihk'it teeyadaadliihe assembled it"

gwik'ee goonjikhe attempted it

assent gwik'ee neegwandakhe attempts it repeatedly

gwik'it t'iindhanhe assents (agrees) attention

gwik'it t'iinghya'he assented

yuulk'iishe is'paying attention tohim

assist

yits'inyaahe's assisting her

yuaahk'ish~'paid attention to him

attentiveyits'iinya'he assisted her geenjit ninjich'aadhat

he is att.entiveassociate attract

yaa nilftshe associates with her yuunaa'a'

it attracts him (againsthis will)at

at that place: see there1 2

audible yi'ee'anfar away, way over yonder

oolk'iiit is'audible away (from the river)

oondak, also yeendakaway from-the riverAugust Khii Zhrii or Khii

Zhrii, also Di'iIri" ,

aunt yi'eendakfar away from the river,far inlandveek'aii

his or her aunt away (separating from)autumn khaiits'a' or

khaiints'c:'yeeleeaway, separate from itgoolee haazhiihe outwalked them

avoidgwits'i' adak'aatiihe is avoiding"it away, avoidinggwits'i' adak'aati'....he avoided it

gwits'i'to avoid it

await also see wait awfulniyul'inshe is awaiting him tr'agwaanduu, also gwiiz~~

it's awfulniyuaa'ya'she awaited him awl tthah

awakegaandaii, also tr'iindhathe's awake

axe daa'aii, , "

gaanjikhe awoke

aware

gaandaiihe is aware

away (from speaker)

oo'an, also yee'anaway over there stone axe njah

gwa'anaway at a certain place

k'ii'an or ch'ii'anstraight away

1 3

backpack ohtsuu tr'eeghwaa.Bbabiche tl'il

tl'il ts'iknarrow babiche

ch'akwaih laii• • •wide babiche

baby tr'iinin tsal backfire

vats'an khach'aatalit's backfiring

backache

vit'ft gwilts'ik or vananilts'ikhe has a backache

backbone, spine ch'ananvananhis backbone (spine)

baby bottle tr'iinin t'ok tyah•vanan tth'anhis backbone (vertebrae)

babysit

tr'iinin haa kwank'it dhidiishe's babysitting

backwards

tthal giitl'iihe's going ba~kwards

bacon lagohshroo k'ehbachelor dinjii va1at kwaa

back (in back) see behind badback (to where it was before,

or back home) gwiiz~~it's bad (a situation)

oo'eeback~home, back there iizuu..

he's bad(toward the) back gwant'ii

L • bag ohtsuuL

zheh gwant't!the back of the house bail

back (of a person or animal)ch'it'ii

L •

chineeyahchiihe's bailing him out

vit'iihis b~ck

chineeyaahchiihe bail~d him out

14

bait tsan bandage gwatl'an darahchaa

bank (of land) tl'eedikkhY{lh tsanbait for a trapjal tsanbai t for a hook

bank (for money) laraa dehk'it

bare rock kih tr'uu

bake barefoot kwaiitry~h ehdan orkwaiidral ehdan

\ \~---barely nehshritbargain

niht'tt neegwigwihiliihe's bargaining with her

gwit'eh ch'ichy'aait's baking

niht'tt neegwagwahaazhikhe bargained with her

gwit'eh ch'ahchy'aashe's baking something

barge tr'ih choo

bark (as a dog)gwit'eh k'ika baking pan yikii

it's barkingbaking powder luh vaa niituu

baldyinkiiit barked

viki' kal gwanliihe's bald "

bark (of a tree)

I, , aat'oo aatr'iibirch barkts'ivii aach'uu or ts'iiviiaach'uuspruce bark

barrel labaarii

bashfuldinjii viki' kala bald person oozhii nilii

she's bashfulviki' kalhis bald head basin daatlih k'ik

basket khaii tY{lhbaste, sew with large stitches

gwaakala bald spot

ball nehkaii ninghit tthaa hatthak, alsoninghit tthaa hichikhe's basting itnehkaii haa tsee'in

he's playing with a ball1 5

bat (for hitting)

bathe

dak'a'aatryaahe's bathing

dik'eech'iltry~'he bathed

bath house gwizhitdik'eeraatryaa

bathroom dik'eeraatryaa zheh

batter luh niltraa

bawl out

ch'ats'a' t'iyahnyaahe's bawling her outch'ats'a' t'iyeiinya'he bawled her out

be

nilt:i-he is

inl~'he was (at one time)

jyaa dinchy'aahe, it is like that

jyaa dinchy'a'he, it was like that

gwik 'it gool i 'so be it!

beach teeghaii

beacon chiitaii gach'ahdrii,also 'aadrir~~eedaatth'aa....choo

bead naag~ti

beak ch' ihdi'

bear

black bear shoh zhraii., ,

brown bear, grizzly bearshih, also shih tthoo

bear (give birth)

tr'iinin di'ii, ,she bears a child

bear (carry)

gweeghwaahe is bearing a burden

bearberry dandaih

16

before (another, first)before he knew ityirahtee hee

ehkii.. ~

beard vidinghai'his (short) beard

become-

videezhoohis (long) beard

dhidlitit became

beat also see hitgoodlitthey became

gaayii yilts~:!-:!-he beat him (in a game)

bed dehk'itbee ch'eedzit or ch'ineedzit'" ..gwint'aii yaa leech'~~dhaa

she's beating it (with aspoon)yehk:!-:!-t'iizhik or yikt!t'iizhikhe beat him (to a place)

vidrii daadhakhis heart is beating beetle (water bug) chehtsi'

beautiful before (in location) see front

ndaa t'iichy'aashe's beautiful

before (in time) gwik:!-hd~:!-'

beaver tsee'

begch'oodiikwat he's begging

begin

gogwinin'?:!-~or gogwintt'?!tshe begangakaagwiighitit is beginning

because ofaii geenjitbecause of that

gakaagwiindhatit began

behind (location)oonii, also yeeniibehind (some distance)

beckon yi 'eeniifarther behind

ts'a' yahaatrak'" ..he beckons to her (toward) behind (for example,over one's shoulder) oonji'

1 7

behind (an obstacle t'itbehind (on a trail or road)

taii hee.~ ~

behind (his back) veetak~.(right) behind (a person)

vik'iitl'uuright behl~d him

belchvighik ahtr'aii tr'aadhakhe's belching

believegwik'injighitshe believesgwik'injiindhatshe believed

bell ch'iitsii laii

bellyvazhrakhis belly

belly-buttonvajoh k'ithis belly-button

belongings

vagwadalher belongings, property

below also see down, under(area below something) chan

vachanarea under tree, or at baseof cliff

belt thah

bench vakak daraadiibend

khatly'ah'ee•he's bending overnach'aghoo in'aii

, \, I,. L.he bent over doubleYitithkhwatshe's bending it (a stick)yiilkhwatsh~ bent it (a stick)yt:!-'aiihe's bending it (a toboggan)yaa'aiih~'b~~t it (a toboggan)ch'ilsaiiit is bent over or he ishunchbacked

han neegwadaa'eethere is a b~nd in the river

berry, berries jak

1 8

birthday vagwanlii drinc ,

berth (where one sleeps on aboat) tr'aachii dehk'ittr'ih choo kak''''

big

nitsiiit's big

beseech see begjidii choo

beside something big (choo followsnouns)

yits'aii, also veeghaiibesid~'him-- Big Dipper Yahdii

best bindvehji' gokwaa or v~hnji'gokwaait is the best

diyahchaahe's binding it

bet diyilchaahe bound it

yits'a' niinzhiihe bet him binoculars vazhak yahahchy'a'

Bethlehem star, also eveningstar sal cho-o--

\.

birch aatloo

birchbark k'iibetter

nizl.l.ilii\. ,

it's getting better

klii tr'ihbirchbark canoe

yandaa niztthe is better than her

k'ii tyithbirchbark basket

Birch Creek Village Deenduubetween

videetakin between (for example,between the pages of a book)goodeetakbetween them (two people orthings)

Birch Creek (river)K'eedootin Njik

bird chiitsal or tsiitsa1 ordziitsal

vataabeyond him

vak'aii or vitsehtakbetween his legs

beverage ch¥~ tee k'eiich'ii,t'arah'in tr'iinii

beyond

biscuit luhchy'aabib trliinin vat iltsuu bitch laii ts'i'

\. ....1 9

bite bleedneeyii'alhe's biting it (repeatedly)

vadaa gwanl:!-:!-he's bleeding

yaa'aahe bitit

blendnihtee yinjaashe blended it togetheryuun' al

he's biting on it, holdingit between his teeth blessing ch'eegQQzhr:!-:!-

black blindazhraiiit'sCblack

vaagweech'in kwaahe's blind (he can't see)dinjii dee ehdan or dinjiindee ehdanblind man

jidii zhraiisomethingC61ack

blackberry, crowberrydeenich'uh blink

black eye needoohaadhakshe's blinking

vindee gwaazhraii or vindeetr'anzhraii c,, __he has a"black eye

needoohiilnaiiI.. L,. ("she blinked

black out blister ch~~ dal or ch~~ ndalblizzard zhah haa gwint'aii

ahtr'aiivaa tQQ nagwaan~~~she blacked out

blackbird tsalchy'aa blockblacksmith ch'iitsii ahtsii yihdee gwaahtsaii

he blocked her"waybladdervalarh thaaits bladder

gihdee gwantsaiiit is ·blocked"~lfgihdee gwaahtsaiihe blocked·it offblade

veek' i'its blade blood dah

blame vadaahis blood

yats'a' gat'aahjik oryats'a' gat'~~hnjik--she blamed him

vinjik dahhe has a bloody nose

blanket ts'at

20

blossom

gwanzh~h khanilsh!!it (a plant) blossomed

blow

yahsholshe's blowing on it

yilsholshe blew on it

yizhazholshe's blowing it up,inflating ityizhiinzholshe blew it up, inflated it

iltaait got blown up (withexplosives)

yahtalhe's blowing it up (withexplosives)

blue

ch'ahtl'oo•it's bluevindee nahdrinhis eyes are blue (-drin isused only to describe-tEecolor of eyes, crystals, andother things that. can beseen through)

blueberry, blueberries jakch'ahtl'oo, also jak

bluff taih khaak'at..blush

naatsik naan~!tshe's blushing

board dachan chyah

boat tr'ih choo

body

vizhinhis body

bogberry, swamp cranberrydee tree jak

boil (cook)

daadlatit ~s boiling

yadaahdlatshe~s boiling it (as water)

yidiildlatshe "boiled ityahvirshe's cooking it by boiling

boil (on the skin) tr'oh

21

bold kheeyidantl'oohe's borrowing it

yinjiintl'oohe's bold kheeyadaatl'oo

he borrowed itbone tth'an

vatth'anhis bone

kheech'adanahotl'oohe borrowed some

bossbone tool for fleshing moose or

caribou hide nehtthaa yats'a' k'eegwaadhathis boss or he bosses him

book dEChtly'aa shikhehkwai'my boss, my leader

botfly, caribou fly ch'eedzitghoo or ch'~~dzit ghooblemishes in caribou hidemade by botflies ch'igy~'k' it

both nihlaa, also neekwaii.....ts'a'bookkeeper d~htlY'aa k'~~htii

boot dachan kwaiitryah botherborder tl'in yaa nigwii'aii

she's bothering herik tl'in.border of a garment bottomch'itl'inedging, edge gwitl'ee....the bottom

bore ty~h t'eebottom of a bucketyankaatii

he is boring a hole in it vitl'ee.. <-

on the bottom of ityankeeyingithe bored a hole in it, hepierced it bounce

born

vigwiliiit's being born

vigwiinli' or vag~Qlttshe was born

borrow zheech'ahahchukit's bouncing up and down

22

zheech'ihilchukit bounced up

k'it teech'aachukit bounces back

boundary tly'ah niint'aiibow k'iltai'

~ L

bow

yats'a' neekihaa'?!!be bowed down to him

bowl .k ' ik ghoo

bowstring k'iltai' tly'ah.~

box ch'ityahL

boy tsyaa tsal or chyaa tsal

boyfriendva'oodeeher boyfriend

braceyizhit ch'iintthaiihe braced it

brace (to drill with): vaagiitii tail

L •

bracelet gin nidiizhii

bracket fungus ch'idiikii orch'idiichii

braid

niltly'aait is braided

vikiighai' niltly'aaher hair is braided

yikiighai' nahtly'aahe is braiding her hair

yikiighai' niltly'aahe braided her hair

brain

vikiighaii or vichiighaiihis brain' •••

brake

gweetr'aahe's braking the sledgwintr'aahe braked the sledvaa tr'igw~~tr'aabrakeyagw??htr'aahe drags it (sled brake)on the snow

branch

any tree branch tthoochan

spruce branch ts'ivii aa orts'iivii aabranch with needles ah

brassiere rna' dhah

brave

yinjiintl'oohe's brave

bread luhchy'aa

break bridge, also fish trapneegwaatsaii

to. '" .. l,. '-leeyaahnaiihe's bre~king it (anything) ---

leeyi iln~tthe broke it (anything)khayizh\.l\.lhe is breaking it off (forexample, a tree branch)

khayinzhoohe broke'It off

luu hijiithe ice is moving

luu handaanaiithe ice is breaking up

luu handiilnaiithe ice broke cup

breakfast

vanh ch'a'aashe's eating breakfast

breast

varna' or vat'okher breast

breastbone

vizhuhchyaahis breastbone

breath

vizhiihis breath

breathe

dazhakhe's breathingeezhakhe breathed (once)

bride tr'oohaanjik

bridegroom dinjii goohaanjik

bridge of nose

vantsih nik'ii~ , ,the bridge of her nose

bright

ch'fhdit or ch'fhndit, alsoch'ahdok or ch'ahndokit (a thing) is'bright

ch'agwahdit or ch'agwahndit,also ch'agwahdok or 'ch'agwahndokit (an~area) is bright, welllit

?rine (salt water)t'at

lisil chu',

bring also see carryoolee yihiliihe brings them (back)

oo'ee yahaaliihe brought them (back)khadeegwin'aiihe brought it" (a subject) upyineegwahdaii oryineegw~hndaii--he brought him back to life

brittle

dad ha i iit's brittle

broom vaa geeleiilii

24

broth shih chl}' paintbrush vaa tr'agwavan

meat broth niltt chl}'fish broth luk ch~'

brush man naa'inbubble goghoh, also gokw'an

brother bucket ty?h

voondeehis older brothervachaahis younger brother

brother-in-law, alsosister-in-lawvaghwaiiher brother-in-law orhis/her sister-in-law

chuu tyahwater b~cket

bug nan gwatl'akvaa, ,his brother-in-law

Buhach k'ii ch'oondaiibuild also see make

brownatthooit is brown

gwaahk'iihe's building a fire

bruisegwiilk'inhe built a fire

tr'eeriilgwathe is bruised

bull moose ch'izhirbullet dink'ee kit

tr'eeYitlgwathe bruised him bully dinJ'ii ch'aahjat, ,

brush (bushes) trial or trial(in the) brush trial tee

bumblebee ch'~~dzit ghoo orch'ineedzit ghoo orch'eedzit ghoo

brush (thing to brush with) bumphairbrush vaa diiki'tr'ahshruk ganahotthat .

he bumped against itfloor brush, scrub brushvaa chanchyahk'eech'arahtryaa

gwilzhala bump (swollen place)

clothes brush vaa gwach'aakak geeleegwirihilii

yats'a' tr'ineekaiihe bumped into her

bun (hair) ch'iighoo

dagho' k'eech'ahtryaahe's brushing his teeth

bundle ch'aghwah25

gwach'aa ghwaha bundle of clothing

burden khwah

burn

dhichy'aait's burned (part of body)yilchy'aahe burned it (part of body)gwiichy'aaa burn (on the skin)yahk'anhe is burning it (a thing)yilk'inhe burned it (a thing)ak'anit is burning (a thing)

-burp

vizhit tr'eediitr'ak, alsovighik ahtr'aii tr'aadhakhe's burping

burst

nihk'iindlitit burst (for example, aballoon)

gwaa neeit burst into flames

buryyitsiihe's burying him

yaatsiihe buried him

business

yidraii lee t'ii'inWhat'he's doing is none ofhis business

busy

vigwitr'it gwanli~he's busy (has lots of workto do)

but gaa or g??, also g??

but then akhai'butcher

nah'aashe's butchering (an animal)

butcher knife shrii choo (alarge knife), also tly'ahshrii (a very sharp knife)

but, cig~rette buttts'eet'it ghan

butter aak'ii t'ok

butterfly neenahot'ii orneenoht'ii

c c

buttock tthaa tthai'~ '-

button iktsak

brass button oodahaiibuy

ch'ookwatshe's buying somethingyuukwatshe's buying it

yuunkwatshe bought it

by (see also beside, along)

26

by means of haa callby the fire ko' ts'a'• yuuzhrii

he is calling her (by name)by the help of k'iighai'

calmhaahchii kwaashe is calmc daaghwalthe weather is calm (thereis no wind)cabinet vizhit goodlii

cache camel ch'atthaii vaghangwanlii ..... ..raised open cache drah

campraised cache with housedehtsii niihaa

he's campingyitsiishe's caching it naahaa

he campedcamprobber, gray jay, Canada

jay ch'idin gwat'an

yaatsiishe cached it

cafeteria, coffee shoplagahfii tr'iinii zheh can ch'iitsii tyfh

Canadian Gwich'in DagQQcalendar shree drin

candle khwaii daak'a'

calico lagwad9?call cane toh

neeyuuzhrikhe is calling her(repeatedly)

vatoohis cane

yinkeeginkhiihe is calling for her

too'ichyaahe is walking along with acane

yinkeeginhe'he called for her neetoohiichik

he is walking around with acane

27

zhat natoo'eetinhe walked there with a cane

cankervighik gwilts'ikhe has a canker sore, coldsore

canoe tr'ihcanvas dohshroo daag?t~canvasback duck t'aaviicanyon danzhitcap

cap, hat ts'ehcap, covering for a con-tainer gwiideekat diin'aii

" ~_ l".. ,.

capableq ad hanshe is 'capable

capsizenaaghaahe capsized

car ch'iitsii khal

carcass ilchiitthai'~ ..... "" v

card, playing card lagarcard game lagarcardboard box d~htlY'aa ty?hcare

kwank'it dhidiihe's taking care of a place

careadak'aantiitake care of yourself!

carefulneenjikshe's careful

carelessrahtee gwaa'ee

L ..she's carelesscargo k'eiich'ii neehaazhikcaribou vadzaih

caribou moss, lichench'oo'eezhu'..

caribou leg skin ch'idree dhahcarpenter dachan ahtsiicarve

yeeshraahtsiihe's carving ityeeshreeltsaii, also yahjyaahe carved it'L

cat ninjii zhuucatch

yiky'anjikhe caught himyc;thtsithe caught him, grabbed him

28

yildroohe's catching it (in a trap)

Y{lhdroohe caught it (in a trap)

yaalai'he caught it (in a snare)

yit'eedhizhiihe caught up with her

daatleeit caught on fire

caulkgwideetit nanch'aahkithe's caulking (in betweenlogs)

gwideetit nanch'iilkithe caulked

cautiousneenjikshe's cautious

cave, den ch'a'anceiling oodak zheh gwizhit

cellar nan tsii k'it(tsii k'it were originallyunderground caches wherefood was stored at variousplaces during the summermigration)tsii il'aiishe stored~away food in thecellar, or underground cache

cemetery, grave tth'an k'itcenser (incense holder in the

church) leef{l~ ty~hcenter

gwatl'anthe center

teetl'anin the center

chain ch'iitsii niltly'aa,also ch'iitsii tly'ah

chair vak'at tl'eiidii

Chalkyitsik Jalgiitsik

change

ch'ijuk t'iizhikshe changed (becamedifferent)ch'izhii nanaazhiishe changed her clothesnihdeek'it nineegii'ooThey two are changing places

chapditr'iiit (skin) is chapped

charcoal ch'uh (also used todescribe the color of any-thing dark gray or black)

charge

yeech'adaatl'oohe's charging it, buying iton credit

charredtr'eedhik'init is charred

tr'eeyilk'inshe charred it

chaseyeehaahe~s chasing him

29

neeyahandikhe's chasing him aroundgeeleeyah~fzhithe chased him away

chicken, grousedaih tsal~~

daih, also~~

shihtth'an gwaahdalhis teeth are chattering(from the cold)

chatter

cheapdaatl'oo kwaait's cheap (not expensive)

cheekvanviltrilhis cheek

cherish chief kh~hkwaiichild tr'iinin

yeet'inchy'aahe cherishes her chill also see cold

chest nink'oo yahts'iishe's chilling it

vidrihts~-!-his chest, upper front ofbody

chimney vizhit khaiitr'ii-chin

chewvihd i'his chin

chip, piece broken offgadaan~~~wood chip traa kil

chisel ts'iigho', alsovaa dachan zhit gwarahtsii

choke

teeya'aashe's chewing it

ch'iildak or ch'iilndak~ l" '. \he choked

teeyin'alshe che wed it

chop

chickadee ch'idzigyaak khayadankyaahe's chopping it up

30

khayidiinkilhe chopped it up

gwizhr~t goo'~~!the sky is clear, cloudless

traa ikyaahe's chopping wood

nahk9', also nahdrinit is clear, transparent

traa inkilhe chopped wood

gwizhrii vaa nagwaanall, .. ..it is clear to him

chore (see also work) clear

digwitr'it t'agwah'inshe's doing her chores

gwahshrii gwa'an or.. .,gwashr~~ goo'~tt,-alsogwaagaka clear areaChristmas Christ vagwanl~~

drin, also drin tsal

church tr'iginkhii zhehtr'iginkhii niheehe's gone to church

clerk, writer ch'adantl'oo

clever

cigarette ts'eet'it tr'iilk'a'..

khan yinjihaadhakhe is clever, his mind isquick

clarify see explain cliff, steep place on mountainkii neekheehiil'ee...

claw, also a quick-temperedperson ch'ag~t! cliff, rock wall kii khy¥¥

climbclawyuudriihe is clawing ityaadraiihe clawed it (once)

dak geehaa or ndak geehaashe is climbing, walking upor using hands

cling

clay, mud luh ch'ant'at viyilt'anit clings to him

clean

geeshraih kwaa.....it's clean (not dirty)

yidiits'aiihe clings to him, hangs onto him

vitee gwihiljiiit is clean (for example,a bunch of berries--thereare no pieces of dirt in it)yitee eegwihiliishe's cleaning them(berries)

nililt'an, also nilildziithey cling together (twosheets of paper)

clock shree kaahchyaa orshree ka'ahchyaa

close

clear anganaahjik or angan~~hnjikshe ci~sed the door

31

dindee lagw~~htinshe closed her eyes

clumsy

hak'alshe closed her eyes andlooked away

vinleegwijyaashe's clumsy (alwaysdropping things)

coal (for fuel) kii daak'a'closet goodlii dehk'it

clot(hot) coal, glowing coal in

fire ko' daadrya'"'" L 10. L

gihdee vatlo'aanaiiit (blood) got clotted

coat ch'adak ik

dahnaghaaa blood clot, clotted blood

cobweb gwiteedrii vyaa orgwideedrii vyaa

coffee lagahfiicloth lagwad??

a piece of cloth gwach'aat'uu

coffin dinjii dachan ty~~coin laraa

clothing gwach'aa coldclothesline tly'ah gwach'aa

eenjit h??ht'aiigwiink'oothe weather is coldnink'ooit (an object) is coldgach'ak'oo andaiiit feels cold

gwiink'oo nagwaanaiiit got cold '"

vanli' nink'ooher hands are cold

cloud zhee k'ohidluu

cloudy she's cold

gwit'eh goo'aii, alsoneech'agw?h'ee

koh yaahkhwaiishe has a c;ld

club (for hitting) khah cold storage shih gwizhittr'ahtanyitroo ch'?hkhaa

he clubbed him over thehead

collapse

club (group of people) oo'an t'eehiilnaiihe collapsed, feil down

khehlak gogwahtsiithey're forming a club

gwizhit gwadaanaiiit (a building) 'collapsed,fell in

32

ch'ank'ah gwihiilkatit collapsed sideways

comfortable

collarshragwaadhanshe is comfortable

vighin noo'eehis collar, its collar

command (see also order)

collarbonek'eedeegwaadhathe commands

vaghwahgwat tth'anhis collarbone

commotion

colorshruk haa neehidiindikhe's making a commotion,acting crazy

yii'eeshe's coloring it communionyaa'eeshe colored it

ninjigwadhat OOn)11she is taking communion

ch'ii'eecoloring, something onecolors with

community hall dinjii datthakzheh

comb kiizhrukcompanion

vijyaahis companion, partner

\ vaagwich'iihis companion, roommate

compass nan shree kaahchyaa

combat see fight compassionate

come (see also go) zhuu t'iichy'aahe is compassionate

aanaii.. .. ..come here! compel

nihdeiinzhiihe came in (walking)vigwiliiit comes into existence

gwats'a' yanzhokshe is compelling herto do it

complain

deenee'atit came loose

vizhit dagwadhathe's complaining

geeleehiilnaii. \. "'" \.It came loosecomplete also see finish

ndaa gwaa'ai' niinzhiihe came'io"the end

gwikiileegoo'aiihe has completed (the job),he is done

33

ndaa naahjik, also giinjikhe completed (what he wasdoing)

comprehend see understand

condition

nats'aa dinchy'aahis condition, how he is

conceive

tr'iinin ts1a' haazhiishe has conceived (a child)

cone, spruce cone ts'iviidaadzal or ts'iivii daadzalor ts'iiVIi deedzal

confidence

yit'injy??hchy'aashe has confidence in him,depends on him

confront

vinin ts'a' gwandaa nadhathe confronts him, faces upto him

confuse

deehee'yaa gaandaii kwaashe is confused (doesn'tknow what to do)

connect

leeyad??hkhanhe is connecting itleeyidiilkhanhe conn~cted it

conscious

gaandaiishe is conscious

consent

aah~' nyaahe consents, says yes

considerate

yeeyinjyaa'aii......she is considerate of him

consolenayahkhyu'he consoles her

constipated

vizhit trya' tl'oo iltsaii.. .. .he is constipated

consume see eat, drink

contaminated

iiz\:1'2-dhidlitit became contaminated

content

vaa shroonchy'aashe is content

continue

k'idhizhiihe continued in the samedirection

convulsionnaadooshe is having a convulsionniildooshe had a convulsion

cook

vakahchy'aahe's cooking

vikilchy'aahe cooked

cookie luh gaii faa\. l \, .. 4P

cool

nink'ooit's cool

34

nik'i'it is cooling off

country nan

naak' i'it cooled off

nan kak or nan katin the country, on the land

nahk' i'he's cooling it

court (where trials are held)dinjii adoorahaadri' zheh

covercopper theetry~' gwakak diltsuucopy it is covering it

yik'it t'ii'inshe copies him, shecopies it

yakak dich'iltsuuhe has a cover on it

covercord, heavy string tl'oo choo

tly' ah gwats'a' dinjiighitshe covets it

corner gwats'atgwats'a' dinjeedhatshe coveted it (at one time)zheh ts'at

corner of the house cow aak' iicost cow moose dizhuu

deegwahtsii, alsodeegw~htl'oO ----its cost, also how muchdoes it co~

coyote zhoh tsal

crack

dak gahaajil or ndakgahaajil --its cost is rising

iltraii~ , ,it cracked, it is cracked

Yiltraii,,,he cracked itcotton, also popcorn

ch'agahaatsuu daakw'anit (thin ice) cracksluu ahtalthe ice is cracked

cottonwood t'aa

cough

akoohe is coughing, alsohe coughed

cracker luh g~tt

count

gweechyaashe's countinggwinchyaa or gwahaatinshe countea

35

crackle

k?' daatr'althe fire is crackling

k?' diltr'althe fire crackled (once)

crampkheech'ahaadhakshe has a cramp

kheech'ihiilnaiiL _ L

she had a cramp

cranberry, cranberries

highbush cranberriestrahkyaa or trahchyaa

lowbush cranberries natl'at

crane, sandhill crane jyahcranefly, (daddy longlegs)

k'ii choocrawl

ijilhe's crawling

crazy

nahkhiishe's crazy

creaselit'eeniitinit is creased, folded

create see make

Creator, God Nan Gwiltsaii" " "

creek k'99

crevice gwideetak gwatsal

crevice (in ground or ice)nihtr'eeltil or tan ahtal

crippled

nihidik kwaahe is crippled, he can'twalk

crisp

dadhaiiit's crisp

criticise

yeenjit gwinzt! ginkhii kwaashe criticises him, doesn'tsay anything good about him

crooked

ch'ilshraiiit's crooked

crooked knife vigwiitsii

cross niht'iida'ee

cross, angry

vik Iii gwanliihe's cross

cross-eyed

nihts'a' gw~~'inshe's cross-eyed

cross fox neegoo niilzhraii'- 10,. ~ .......

crosspiece (for boat orsnowshoes) ch'antah

crow deetry~'

crowbar vaa khagwadaranlii

36

current (in river) ninlaii~...

crowberry deenich'uh itreeshe's crying

crowd, many people dinjiigwanl!! intrii

she criedcrowd a mass of people

dinjii lid!!ltloocrowded

cube, small chopped pieces ofsomething k'eiich'ii natsalts'a' khadineet'uu

cup chunty~hgoo'aii kwaait is"~rowded, there's noroom

cupboard k'ik k'itcurious

cruelvitr'ee gwahg1t!!he's cruel

gaa'ooshandaii yindhan orgaashoandaii yindhanhe is curious about it

crumble curly

khayadanddhakhe is crumbling it

ch'ildralit's curly

khayadiinddhakhe crumbled it

currant, currants nee'yuu

daddhakit is crumbled curse

yaahkw'anshe crunches it

vidivee gooz~~ yuuny1t~he curses him, wishes himbad luck

crunch

yaahkw'anshe crunched it (once)

crush

curtain gwats'ooghaiineiinvyaa

crutch toh

yihtreegwaaht'anhe crushed~it .

crust, hard snow crust tsil

cry curveneegwadaahdii'" \, \". ""it (for example, a river)curves back, makes a bend

37

needeedanaho'aii., ..it is curved (sled, snowshoeand toboggan)

ch'aadzyaashe danced

cushion tsuhch'adzaha dance

custom, habit dinjii nats'aagwaa'~~

ch'adzah k'eech'igilika dance caller

cut dandruff kiizhalyit'iishe cuts it dangerous

yint'uushe cut it

gogw??jatit is dangerous, frightening

yaat'aashe cut it once

dangle

khayadant'iishe is cutting it intopieces

neets'aiiit is dangling

daring

khayadaant'uu....she cut it into piecesyinjii'iihe is da~ing, courageous

cute dark

neeshreedaahchy'aa....he's cutetoo gwanlii, also nahkhwal.... --it's dark (outside)

Dtoo gwilii, also nahkhaa,.. --it's getting dark

darkdamp

ilzhrooit is damp (a thing)

neetseekhaadaatl'ooit's pitch dark

gwilzhrooit is damp (a place)

azhraiiit is'dark (in color)

darkness, night t??dance pitch darkness tseekhah

ch'aadzaashe's dancing

Jdarken

gwaazhr?t~ gwahtsiihe's darkening it

daughter

viyeets'i'her daughter (woman's only)

38

viki' or vichi' hisdaughter (man's only)

daughter-in-law

neeyan'eehe deceives her

vaa shroonchy'aashe is delighted with it

neeyiin'akhe deceived her

viyeh'athis daughter-in-law (man'sonly)

December Veegwaadhat, alsoCh'atsal

vitseiiher daughter-in-law (woman'sonly)

decorate

nagwadaatsi'she is"decorating

dawnyahkeeit is dawning

Yilkaii~ ....it dawned

nigwidiiltsi'.she dec~rated

niyidaatsi'she i~"decorating it

day drinniyidiiltsi'.... .she decorated lt

nihkaa gehdaa or nihkaa~ -gehndaaday after tomorrow

decoy gwik'it tiltsi'

deduct

drin datthak or drin tthakall day

yalat noonjikhe deducted from it

k'ehdil~' gehnililday before yesterday

juk drin nijin t'oonchy'aa?what day is it?

deep

taahkhit or taahshit.... _ ....the water is deep

shree ineegwiilkii.. ..day the sun first rises inwinter, above the ArcticCircle

neediinghit or neediizhitit (a hole) IS deep ....

deer vadzaih tsal

defenddead

ilchii~ ..it (an animal) is dead

yak'anYililhe is defending her

niindhathe (a human) is dead

deadfall trap dehtin

yak' a iLnya 'he defended her

definitely lyaa gwik'it

deliberately shroondaiideaf person dziigwat

delightdeceive

39

delirious tr'igwidiishe is depressed, sad

gaandaii kwaahe is delirious, unconscious deprive

ch'ats'aii haazhriihe is d~ilrious, actingcrazy

yats'an yuunJllhe deprives him of it

demon ch'anky'aa iiz~~or ch'anky'aa iizuu

yats'an yuunjikhe deprived him of it

descenddemonstrate

nahaiishe is descendingyats'al gogwaahch'in

she is demonstratingit to her neiinzhii

she descendedyats1a' gogw~~hchY'a'she demonstrated it to her describe

den ch'a'an nats'aa giyiichy'a'geegwaandakhe described it

desert (place where there areno peOple) dinjii kwaagwa'an, also nan gwinjir

desert

denim tsaiidhah akhayuunyaahe desert~d him, left himbehinddent ch'ilvak

ch'iyilvakhe dented it

design see decorate

desire also see wantdentalium ch'atth'an

dentist ch'agho' nahtsiigeenjit dinjiighitshe desires it

despairdeny

zhy~~ t'igwinyaa nyaa,also danaakwaashe denies it

nashroolii kwaahe despairs

destroydepend angoodlit

it is destroyedyit'injy~~hchY'aahe depends on him anyiltsaii

L L ,

she destroyed itdepression zhak tr'agwahtsiidiaper tr'iinin k'il

40

ninghit or niighit.....--- ~~he is dylng

nindhat or niidhat~.he died

diarrhea zhrak ts'ik dipnet ah

die

different

ch'ijuk t'inchy'aait's different

dipperBig Dipper YahdiiLittle Dipper Yahdii Tsal

difficultgogwantrii, also goodhaiiit's difficu~things aredifficult

direction

digizhik k'ii'anin that direction

gwin'eeit is in that direction

gwik'it t'iindhari kwaahe disapproves of it

dirt luh, also gwajat

•• •• dirty.. .khagwighit or hagwighitshe's digging a hole

didziiit (a thing) is dirty

khagwindhat or hagwindhathe dug a hole

gwiidziiit (a place) is dirty

dimgeeshraih.. ..it is dirty, messy

gat~~ch'agw~~h'eeit is dim (for example,in a room)

disappear

k'igwaanaiihe disapp~.ired

dinner khaa ts'a' ch'ara'aa disappointdip

chuu ich'iikaiihe's dipping water

k'eegwiichy'aa geenjit shoonilii kwaashe'is disappointed aboutsomething

chuu ich'inkaiihe~dipped water

disapprove

41

disbelieve displaygwik'injighit kwaashe disbelieves it k'eiich'ii k'eech'aahtii~..she displayed things

discard disregardyeenjit ninjich'adhat kwaahe disregards him

oo'an yihiilnaii~ .. ~he discarded Itdiscouraged disrobe see undress

deehee'yaa gaandaii kwaashe is discouraged, confused dissatisfied

discover shoo diits'an ahtsii kwaahe makes us dissatisfied

gogwah'aiihe disc~~~red it distance g?hthee

a long distance andhatdiscussa short distance nahgwangeenjit yaa ginkhii

she discusses it with him distantdisease ts'ik ninghit

it is distantdisembarkdistastefultr'ih choo ts'an dahaii

he disembarks, gets outof a boat gitr'ii'ee

it is distasteful to himdish k'ik distressdishpan vizhit k'ik

k'eerahtryaa tr'igwidiishe is distressed

dislike divegitr'ii'eeshe dislikes it chi inzhi i

he divedyitr'ii'eeshe dislikes him chyahkhak

it (a bird) diveddisobey divide

gwik'eegwahthat kwaahe disobeyed him nihk'iyidanlii

she's dividing itdisplace nihk'iyidiinlii

she divided itch'adan niyin'aiihe displaced it"~

42

dizzy luh t'atstiff dough

vaagwanghaa, also naghaahe's dizzy down (on orin the ground)

do yi'eezhakfar down

yeezhakdown the hilloozhakdown (for example, in thecellar, downstairs)

k'iizhakstraight down

jyaa dii'inhe's doing that

jyaa diyah'inhe's doing that to it

zhakdhatfarther down

down (on or to the ground)jyaa dee'ya', also jyaadiizhik "he did that

oozheedown on the ground, down tothe ground"·

jyaa diyah'y~'he did that to it yi'eezhee

way down on the ground (forexample, from a mountaintop)

down there (an area)dock tr'ihchoo tinee'ol

doctor dinjii shrinilii

doctrine jidii geech'aro~~htan yeezhokdown there, below but notstraight downdog laii or laiin

" " "vilikhis dog

dog salmon khii or shii

oozhokin the area down there

down river

door gehdeiinvyaa, gehdeiintin oodi', also yeedi'downriver--

dot gohogwat down toward the river from thedoubt land" yeekit

lik'injyaa'eeshe is in doubt

down a steep slope drindii

down beyond the bend yeeneeditdough luh niltraa downhill from here yeetthan

down the hillluh niich'itwet dough, batter

43

ood~~, also yeed?edown the hill from above

neehotl'~!she dressed

down feathers ch'ikheetsin neeyitl'uushe is dressing him

draftneeyaa.tl'~~she dressed himgeediintr'aii

there is a draft drieddrag jidii gaih,

something driedyeelilhe's dragging it drift

zhah khadaak'ata snowdrift

driftwood (on the water)teelyaa

driftwood (on shore) daa'oldrink

yiiniihe is'drinking it

dragonfly tly'ah tr'andrawer vizhit goodlii

drawers ch'iyehzhak thaIdrawstring tIy'ah gwizhit

haat'aii,,

dread

g??jatshe dreads it

dream ch'iinii.,he is drinking (liquor)

gineiinlyaa or gininlyaahe is dreaming, also heis a shaman

yeeni'he d~ank it

dress ik ch'eeni'he drank (liquor)

dress, get dresseddrive

neetl' uushe is dressing gwanaY?~hkit

he drove it (a nail) in

44

car neehahkhal.she is driving a car

vanleet'eeyaan~!!she dropped it (a livingthing)

drop of liquid dil'illaii neehaazhik" ....she is driving dogs

drip drowndaa'ilit is dripping

teeniiniihe's drowningteenahoniihe drowned

drum (for music) sh~hdrum (for gas, oil)

ch'ityah choo. ---~~c:9dil'ilit dripped once

drillgogwaa'eethey are drilling,practicinggwanaatiihe's drilling a holegwanaatuuh~ drilled·'a hole drumstick (leg of a bird)

neet'ee dhoovaa giitiia drill drunk

drizzle ts'in zhroo ch'anahoni'drool he is drunk

vizhrik daa'ilhe is drooling

dry

dropdhagaiiit (~~"object) is dry

vanleeyaanaiishe droppedLit (anything,especially a round thing)

goog<t~~it (the weather) is dryyahgaiishe i~"drying itvanleeyinghaa

she dropped it (a stick) yilgaiishe dried itvanleeyiindak

she dropped it (clothobject)

45

dry fish luk gaih••half-dried dry fishvizhit alii

lukeagle ch'izhin or ch'izhin

choo, also tth'ak or tth'aktr'aatsan

split dry fish luknihtr' ee t'uu

ear

duck dats'anduckling dats'an gii, also

ch'izhuu tsoodull

tr'iigwatit is dull (not sharp) vidzee

his eardump earache

neeyanjaahe's dumping it vidzii gwilts'ik

she has an earacheneeyaanjaahe dumped it earwax

during gwiizhik vidzii t'oohis· earwax

dust luh, also gwajat earlydwarf dinjii tsal early in the morning vanh

dai'..dwelling tr'igwich'ttdynamite aatal early, ahead of other people

juu n?t! tthak ehk~~

E earn

eachkhanaandaiihe's earning a living

earth, land naneach, one by one ch'ihlakts'a' earth, dirt luheach, everyoneYiteegwaachy'aa

\. ~ ... \.

earthquake

eagernan daatratthere is an earthquake

geenjit dinjiighithe is eager, willing

ease

khalchi'he is ~ager, in a hurry

shragwaadhanhe is at e.ase , comfortable

46

east gach'aha'ak ts'aii... ... ...shrii eek'~'edge of a knife

Easter Christ ninilkhin drin,also nineegwaalii drin effort

easy dat'aii haa gwik'eegwandaiihe makes an effort.

vagwantrii kwaait's easy (to do) egg

eat

(bird) egg ch'aghoo

daghooit's laying eggs

eeghooit laid eggs

(fish) eggs, roe luk ky'~'

egg yolk ch'aghoo zhit atsoo

ya'aashe's eating it

yin'alshe ate it

yaajyaahe's eating them eight nihk'iidoo....yaajilhe ate them

ojak naajyaahe's eating berries

jak naajilhe ate berries

eclipseoecho dideezhuu diitth'ak

shree gwat'a'akthere is an eclipse

eddy k'inehdlaii.........elastic

edgenaadooit is elastic, stretchy

gwidikat the edge

elbow

veelinaround its edge

vats'ahhis elbow

47

enemy gwats'a' gwil'aii.. \. \.

elder, older person ch'anjaa encourage

gwats'a' yah'eehe encourages her

end

ndaa gwaa'ai'.,it ends, also the endendure

khaiinji' ch'iidhat gaanihk'it ahaahe endures, suffers butcontinues on

embarrassed

oozhii dhidlitshe is embarrassed energetic

emerge goodiindaiishe's energetic

khaiinzhiihe emerged, came up and out enjoyable

empty shoo yats'an ahtsiiit's enjoyable to him

vizhit gwihiljiiit's empty enough

neeyanjaa or neeyiinjaahe's emptying it

leiiplenty, enough

neeyaanjaahe emptied it

shrii t 'aachy' aait is enough, 'plenty

enragedenable

gadhan yahtsiishe enables her to do it

vik'ii gwanliihe is enraged'

enterenclosure

gwineetthal dhi'eeenclosure, enclosed area

nihdeiinzhiishe entered

gwizhit dha'aiienclosure, something in it

entire see whole

encompassentrance nihdeegwiidii

\. \.

envygwineegoo'eeit encompasses it yeenjit gwahtr'ii

he envies her \.\.48

equipment evening khaa

naraazhrii gwadalhunting equipment

ever, always khik

eraseevery datthak

everything jidii datthakgineegwahjiihe's erasing everyone juu datthak

gineegw{lhjikhe erased

everywhere ijin datthak,also nijin datthak

gineeyahjiihe's erasing it

every way nats'ahts'a'datthak

vaa gineegwarahjiian eraser

everyone of themgooteegw~~hchY'{l~

evil tr'agwaanduu

gineeY{lhjikhe erased it

ermine aviiiizuu.. ..he's evil

escape examine

gwidiinzhiishe excaped

yik'ahaanjiihe's examining it

Eskimo Ch'eekwaii yik'ihiljik or yikihilnjikhe examined it

excessvandaa t'agwaachy'aa

" ~ ~ L ~he has an excess, too many

exchangeniht'ii yihiliishe's"~xchanging them

nihk'it t'igiizhikthey're even vat'aii kwaa goodlit

she is exhausted

niht'tt yahaaliishe exchanged them

excrement trycc'

even excuse

googaa or goog~~, alsogoogaa reeeven though, even so

yeenjit oo'an gwahaadliihe excused him, pardoned him

exhausted

49

exhort neeyiiltthaashe ~~tinguished itch'ats'a' t'igwinyaa haa

gwik'it t'ii'in yahtsiihe exhorts him, scolds himto get him to do it

vaa neech'araahkyaa or~... -vaa neech'araahchyaaa fire exting~isher '

exit chigweedii.. , extractexpect khayingygll

he extracted itgeegooliishe is expecting it (tohappen) eye

geegonli'she expected itgeeyuuliishe is expecting her vindee

his eye, his eyesgeeyunlishe expected her eyebrow vineedooghai'

expensive eyelashes vineedooghai'daatl'ooit is expensive

eyeglasses ndee zhii

eyewitness dinjii gwaah'in~ ..geegwaandakexplain

yats'a' gach'agahliihe's explaining it to him Fyats'a' gich'igilliihe explained it to him

explode fable zhy~~ gwandak tr'ahtsiifaceadoo

it's exploding vinin, also vinya'his fac-e--

ildooit explodedyildoohe exploded it

fade

vich'izhriiit is fading

exterior, outside coveringgwa'oo~,

vich'inzhriiit faded

extinguish faintneey~~hkyaa or neey~~hchyaashe's extinguishing it

vizhii k'igwaanaiishe fainted ",

50

fair (acts justly, rightly) false teeth ch'agho ilts~~~falter.ya ts 'a' n izii....he's fair with him gatr'oaanyaa

she falters~ hesitates tospeakfair (light-skinned)

jidii dagaii......someone fair family

fair (good-looking) vizhehk'aa or vizheegwich'inhis familygwinz!! vigweech'in or

gw!!z!i ~igweech'inshe's ~alr famine datsan

Fairbanks Tanan fancy

faith nidiilgwaii or nidiiltsi'it's fancy

gwik'injighithe has faith far ninghit

fall (season) khaiits'a' orkhaiints'~'

ninghit heefar away

fall farewell gwinz!t naagoo'e'

neet'aanaiihe fell ......___ G:>l_V_

--=--e:. 5:.-::---naanaii.. " ..it (anything, expecially around object) fellneiinghaait (a stick) fellneiindakit (piece of cloth, a skin)fell farther, farther on

naatl'itit (granular substance, likesand or flour) fell

oondaaa little fartheryeendaafarther (in sight)teet'aanaii

he fell overboard yi'eendaamuch farthertaat'aanaii

he fell over something fast, quickly khankh~vaayidiiln~!!he fell asleep

fast (go without food)

false oots'itadaraagc:t!she's fasting

51

diyilchaahe's fastening it

gwintl'oo ch'ara'aa gwahtsiihe has a feast, holds afeast

idiriilgaii,..she fasted feast, old-time feast gwitil,also lavasdaa

fasten

feather tsuhfat, stout

down feathers ch'akheetsuu

February Ahtr'aii Shree Tsal,also Veegwaadhat

ak'ii, also vatthai' gwanliishe's f~ •. ~. feeble

fat ch'ik'eh vat'aii kwaahe is feeble

fatherfeed

viti'his or her father yiyah'aa

she feeds herfatigue

feelcheendakhe's fatigued yak'aandaii

he feels itfaucet ch~~ vizhit ninlaii

L L. " yik'eeljik or yik'eelnjikhe felt itfavorite

ts'?t~ yildiishe is his favorite

feel

fawn, calfveenjit gwinziihe feels good'"

(caribou) calf ch'igii,also daatsoo, also vadzaihgii tsal, ~iso-ch'izhuu tsoo

veenjit gwiizuuhe feels bad ....

(moose) calf ditsikveenjit gwiilalhe feels rotten

fear najatfeasible

female tr'ik, also ditr'ikshoh tr' ikfemale bear

gogwadhanit is feasible fence tthal

52

ferment deediyiinjaashe filled it

jak ch~' ahjat ilii .the wine Is fermenting ·filth see dirt

ferocious fin

yinjii'tthe is ferocious, has courage

vaghakits fin

fetch finally gohch'it, alsogohch'it dee

yinkeehaazhiishe fetched it find

fever ts'ik nindhaa yigw~h'at!he found it

fine, good

gwinzttit is fine

finger

fewvanleetth'akhis finger

nitsy?'they are few vanleets'ih vak

his little fingerfight

yaahkhw?:!-the is fighting with him

vanleedrilhis fingers (all four)

yaahkhwai' .h~'fought with him

vanchoohis thumb

fingernail

deediyinjaashe's filling it

g~hdaa tr'iinjikshe finished

nich'itsyahthathe is fighting

vanleegaii" '" L •his fingernall

nich'itsilthathe fought finish

niligiighanthey are fighting (orkilling each other)

yiinjiishe is finishing it

file, rasp gwik'ihyiinjikshe finished it

fillg~hdaa tr'iinjiishe is finishing

53

ndaa naahjik, also.... --giinjik, alsogwikiilee goo'aiishe is finished;'done

fist ts'ihgwatfit

fire k?'viYtlhtsiiit fits him, is big enoughfor him

fire, shootfive chihloonli or

ch'ihloanli'ch'ahahk'eehe is firing, shooting fixch'ihilk'eehe fired (once) shreeyilii

he's fixing itch'ahdoohe is shooting (again andagain)

shreeyinlikhe fixed it

firebrand, burning piece ofwood dachan tak daak'a'..

flame kwankyaaflank

fireside, around the firek?' eeghaii, also kQ' ts'a' vitsehk'aa

its flankfirmament, heaven gwanoiinjik

flashfirst tr'ookit or tr'ohkit

or tr'oochit aadrii haadhakit (a light) is flashingfish luk

fish camp luk tr'ahgtl~~deek'it

aadrii hiilnaiiit (a light)'fiashed once

fish drying rack drah vehgoo gwihiilnaii... L .........it flashed by hlm

fish eggs, roe luk ky'~' flatfish hole jal k'it ts'idiity'a'

it is flat'fisherman luk kee'infish hook jal jidii ts'ity'a'

something flatfish net chihvyaa flattenfish spear ch'eedaih.. .. ts'idiity'~' yahtsii

he flattens itfish trap neegw~~ts~t~fish wheel tr'il flatter

fishing pole J'al tai'.... oots'it haa deeyihiil'eeshe flatters her (praisesher deceitfully)

54

flee fold

geeleehilgikhe fled from them

lant'eeyantanshe's folding it

flesh lant'eeyaatinshe folded it

vat thai '."his flesh, its flesh follow

flimsydadlarit's flimsy, wobbly

flint tly'ah

yik'th ahaa, alsoyineehandikhe's following him

fondleyeezhuu t'iichy'aa, also

float yeedidizhinshe fondles italaait's floating food shih

floodfool dinjii nahkhii

niteeniheethere is a flood, it'sflooding

fool aroundyaa nigwii'aiihe's fooling around with it

floor chanchyah, alsodachan chyah

flour luh

footvakwai'his foot

flower gwanzhi' nidiilts'i' footprintfly (insect) daii, also

• L L

ch'itrin daii• L L

vik'thhis footprint

fly for eenjitneet'aait is flying

veenjitfor him

fly eggs ts'ahL geenjit

for it, in order for itto happenfoam gwagho'

fog ch'atr'al forearmfoggy

neech'agwith'eeit is foggy

viky'aahis forearm

55

forever khikvadhah kak azhraii tsal, ......ch'ahsakhe has freckles

forehead

vants'at·his forehead

fragile

dadhaiiit is fragile

foreman gwitr'it gwats'a'k'eegwaadhat

frame dachan gwik'it teedha'ee

forest, in the woodsdachan tee

freckles

forget freezeganaandeehe forgets

datanit is freezing

ginildee or ginilndeehe forgot-

ahotanit is frozen

forgive

yee oo'an gwahaadliishe forgave her

yah tanhe is freezing it

fork ch'iitsii gwal orch'iitsii gwal

yiltanhe froze it

forkedidluu .he is freezing

jilgooit (a'stick) is forked

former, formerly chy'??Fort Yukon Gwichyaa Zhee

freezer shih vizhit tr'ahtan

freight k'eiich'ii kwaii vaaneerahaazhik

frequently nihkhan

fortunate fresh alii

vigwil'inhe's fortunate

Friday ch'ihloonli' drin ordrin ch'ihloonli'

forward ndaa ts'a' fried bread luhchy'aa

four doo......sweet fried bread khwaiiluhchy'aa

fowl neehiniidal friend

arctic fox chiky'aafox neeg~Q valak, also vijyaa

his friend

friendly

56

zhuu t'iichy'aashe's friendly

fringe vitl'in tthakfrog neeghaiifrom ts'an

gwats'anfrom there

from, separating from -eelee

frownch'iilts'ik, also ch'~~ghwanshe'is frowning--

frozenahotan, also adhatanit is frozen

giveeleeseparating from them, awayfrom them

jidii tansomething frozenneedeedzeeit is half frozen

from the north yeenaa,, frustratedfrom up there yeed~~

frontgwaahkwaa t'ishi'in nyaahe'is frustrated, says it'sno use

gavehndaain front, at the head of the frylinegavehdokalong side of themgwad~ttin front of a building

front of the bodyvavathis front

yahchy'aashe's frying it

frost shroo yilchy'aashe fried it

frostygwilzhrooit is frosty

dhichy'aait's fried

frying pan friibanfrostbite

fugitivevakalky'\:l\:lhe has frostbite trIal inzhii

he is a fugitivefroth (on a liquid) dik

gwaghoh fulfill

gwaghoh vighik tr'aahtuuhe is frothing at the mouth

gwikiilee goo'aiishe fulfilled if'

57

fungus (on birch)or ch'idiichii

ch'idiikii

full

deedaa'ai'it is full

daats'eehe is gaping

garbage, trash oo'an rihiliifumes of smoke lat tsin

fun

shroonchy'aait's fun

furrydazhooit's furry

garden gwanzhth deek'it

futuregarment, outer garment

gwiyehdak naraatsuu

yeendaa ji'in the future

garter (for holding upstockings) dreechaa

Ggarter (for holding up sleeves)

gin nidiizhii

gas (fuel) ch~~ daak'a'

gag gas (in stomach)

neevat gwihijuuhe is gagging

vitsin ahtr'aiihe has gas in his stomach

nee vat gwahaajuuhe gagged

gall bladder

gash

yatthaii zhit gwahat'aahe gashes it

vatl'ooits gall bladder

gasp

game (something to play)vaa tseerii'in

nehshrit dazhakshe is gasping for breath

game (large animal)ch'atthaii

\. \. \.

gate, entrance nihdeegwiidii\. \.

gathergame warden tseedhah k'aahtii

\. \. lachan yihiliihe is gathering itlachan yahaadliihe gathered it

gap, crack nihk'it gwaanaii\. \. \.

gape, stare

5 8

gay, happyshragw~~hchylaashe is gay

gift ch1oozhii, also eehinjiiyats1a1 ch100zhii ahtsiishe gives him a gift

gauze, thin woven materialohotl1ii dri1

" "

giggle

ch1eiizhriishe" is gen~rous

tsuu naad10kshe1s giggling

girl nich'it tsa1generous

germ ts1ik tr1aah1in kwaa" "

ch1intsai1 kwaahe is g~~erous, not stingy

get see catch and gatherget up

dak nin1J11he is getting up (fromsitting)dak nidhikhinhe got up (from sitting) girlfriend

khakii1aiihe is getting up (fromlying)

va'oodeehis girlfriend

givekhakee1aiihe got ~p'(from lying) yintl'eeya'aii

he's giving it to herghost ch1anky1aagiant zhee choo, also dinjii

choo

yintl'eeyin'aii.. "he gave it to hergizzard ch1atr1ooglacier gitglad

shoo ni1iishe's gl~d

glass (as in a window)vinjyaa1yaa

glasses, eyeglasses ndee zhiired sun glasses to prevent

59

glimpseahaaone person is going, walking

snowblindness dachanneeghin k'ik or dachanneezhin ch'ik-

go

yaa gyuuhiljilhe caught a glimpse of it

haazhiione person went

glitter gee'altwo people are walking

ch'ahdit or ch'ahnditit glitters, it'is bright

gahaa'ootwo people went

vakak shree haadhakit glitters in the sunlight

geedaathree or more people arewalking

globe nan kak gwineegoo'ee gahaajilthree or more people wentgloomy

nichiintsii.. ,it is gloomy

NOTE: There are many verb formswh ich come from the se bas icverbs meaning one, two, ormore than two people going orwalking.glorify

deeyihiil'eehe glorifies him

go

glory, brightness ch'agw~hditor ch'agwahndit- ,

go out (a fire)

glove, gloves dzirhnikyaathe fire is going outnaatthaa

glow the fire went outch'agw~hdit or ch'agw~hnditit glows gone, absent

glue vaa lagwarahdzii hiljiihe is gone, absent

glutton gobbledavathe's a glutton

gnat k'iijol or ch'ihjol

yihiltoohe gobbled it up

gnawGod Vit'eegwaahchy'aa or~, -Vit'eegwijy~ahchY'aa

or Vit'eegwiJyahchY'aa-. ~yeegwiighooshe's gnawing on it godfather

yeegwaajilshe gnawed on it

ch¥¥ vats'an rahtsii dai.,viti'

60

his godfather, father atbaptism

gold laraa daatsik

good

nizii~~he is good

gwinzii~ ~it (abstract) is good

hil'ee kwaahe is no goodan dhidlitit is no good, worn out,broken

Good Friday Jesus giriltsakdrin

goodbye gwinzii naa goo'e'~~

goose khaih, also gwigeh, alsodeechy'ah

gospel gwandak nizii• L

gossip

ch'eeginkhiishe is gossiping

ch'eeginhe'she gossiped

yeeginkhiishe's gossiping about her

government diikt~ k'eegwaadhatgrab

Yilhtsithe grabbed it

gracious

zhuu t'iichy'aashe is gracious

gradual, slow

neenjikit is gradual

grandchild

vitseii or vicheiiher grandchild (woman'sgrandchild only)

vikyuii or vichuiihis grandchild (man'sgrandchild only)

grandfather

vitsiihis grandfather

grandmothervitsuuhis grandmother

grass tl'OO

short soft grass tl'oots'uu~.

grasshopper ch'ahahsak61

grateful greetmahsi' yindhanshe's grateful for it yanaazhii

she greets himgriefgrave, burial place tth'an

k' itgravel needdhak tr'igwidii

he is grievedgravel bar in river kih chyah

or chih chyah grind

gray teeyangh<;?<;?she is grinding it

aveeit is gray teey?-?-ghQQ

she ground itgray hair grizZly bear shih tthoo

vikii gaii~~~his gray hairgroan

gray wood, weatherbeaten woodlaavii

khaiitreehe groaned

grayling shriijaagroin

vidiviigraze his groin

yatak tr'iinzhiihe grazed him, brushedagainst him

ground, earth, land nan kakground hog, marmot ts'ee

grease khwaii ground squirrel tthaa ortthahgreasy

group liiljilaghwaii~ ......it is greasy grouse, spruce grouse d~fh

grebe teekwai' ruffed grouse treegwathorned grebe noktsik or

nootsik sharp-tailed grousech'ahtal

greedy chiinahthan growgreen dats'an tl'oo (literally

'duck's gall bladder')nahsh~~she's growing

green wood dachan daalii nilshiishe grew

62

yaahshiishe's growing it (a plant)

Yiilshii... Ii. .....

she grew itgush

chuu kheezhaawat~r is gushing outgrowl, growling noise, it is

growling ch'ooghwan

grudgegust giintr'aii

gut, intestinegwintl'eeya'aii gitr'ii'eehe grudges it vits'ik

its gutsyit'injyah'eehe has a grudge against him

grumble

gutter gweelah

guzzle

gwiyeezhak ginkhiihe grumbles, talks back

yihilgwarhe is guzzling it, gUlpingit down

guarantee k'eiich'ii 11ZUUj~' gwit'!t neegwahahtsyaa(If a thing is bad, it willbe returned) H

guard khach'oaa'ya' habit nats'aa gwaa'ii'" "

yeech'oaah'ya'he is gt~rding it

gwaa'iihe's in the habit of doingit

guardian gwak'aahtii (one whois taking ca~~ of something)

habitable, good to live in

guestgwakak tr'igwich'iigeenjit gwinzii v"

it is habitabledinjii yaa neech'a'aahis guest hail ch'anluh

guide ch'anluh haa ahtsinit's hailinggwee'aa

\,. ..y~E2'aahe's guiding himyiin'akhe guided him

small hail-like condensationappearing on clear morningsch'its'ik, also nahtryaht'igwii'in --

gull, seagull vyuh or vy~h

gum, pitch dzih

hair kiighai'

vikiighai'his hair

gun dink'ee yiki' khat'iishe's cutting his hairgunpowder dink'ee kwan

gunsmith dink'ee ahtsii yiki' khaiint'uushe cut his hair

63

hairbrush vaa diiki'tr'ahshruk

ndaa t'inchy'aahe's handsome

hairpin diiki' t'in'ee handy (see adept)half teetl'an nilee t'ah'in

she's handy, skillfulhalf dollar hoovit

half-heartedhang

deeyiltsuushe hung it (a cloth)gatr'agwaahlii

she's doi~g ithalf-heartedly yighyee ch'ahchaa

he hangs himhammer lavashrduu

happengwanaY{i{ihkithe hammered it in jyaa digwii'in

it happens like thathandjyaa digwiizhikit happened like that

happy

vanli'his hand

hand's-breadth

vanleechyahhis hand's-breadth

shoo niliihe's happy

hand-me-down (clothes)eeyihilii, also ndaaliyeelyaa

hard

dach'atit (something flexible)is hardhandkerchief k'ooneiit'aii

handle diLu 'it (a surface) is hard

hard to do see difficultvatai'.~its handle

yineehahdak or yineehahndakhe is handling it ..

hard time

handsomevaa gwiizuu or vaagogwantriishe's having-a hard time

64

hardship gogwantrii

hay tl'oo

hazard gogw~~jathe adan

hardly, barely nehshrit orneeshrit

harness .l~~t tly'aa, laiintly'aa head

hare, rabbit geh viki'his head

harmheadache

giinjiihe harms it viki' ilts'ik

she has a headacheharmony

healyinjih ch'ihlakin harmony, of one mind neegwahshii

he heals his wound,he heals,it gets betterhasten

khalcht'he is hastening

neegwahshi'he he~led: got better

hat ts'eh neeyahshiihe heals him

vizhit teiits'iihe has heartburn

hate

gitr' ii leehate

neeyahshi'. .he healed him

hearyitr'ii'eehe hates him ch'iitth'ak

he hears, he can hearhaul

yeelilshe is hauling it

gwiitth'akhe hears something

haveyiitth'akhe hears it

yii'iihe has it

hearsay, what people aresaying akQQ digwinyaa~also jyaa digwinyaa «, (

hawk ch'akwaii chan ts'ik,also ch'azhralts'it, alsoch'iitr'an, also ch'ikee orch'ichee, also dzii ch~~ or.. '-'- --tSll choo or chii choo

heartvidriihis heart

heartburn

65

heathen k'eegwaadhat haandaiikwaa naii~~~

vihdee ch'aatth'akshe has the hiccups

heat gwadhah

neeY~{l-hkhyaashe's heating it

gatr'oaanyaahe hesitates to speak

.hiccup

heaven zhee kak or zhee kat hide (a skin) ch'adhah

heavy hide, concealnidiihe is heavy goh'it ch'aa'ii

h~'s hiding ~.heel

vakwaihtalhis heel

goh'it ch'aa'i'. .he hid

hell yeezhak ts'aii~ '- '-

g<;?h'itya'aiihe's hiding it

help goh'it yiin'aiih~ hid it ,•.

yits'inyaashe's helping him

high

yits'iinya'she helped him

high up (in the air)yeedak, also dakdhat

hem high up (on something)yeedee, also dehthat

needeeyadankaiishe's hemming it hill taih, .

hemorrhage

vizhit dahhe's hemorrhaging

her adan

here

right here dzaa or dzaa.. him adan

around here gwee,an hire

here and there anihlikyigooheekwat eenjit yah'eeshe hires her

hermit dinjii than gwandaii hit

hero dinjii yinjiintl'oo y i I kha ahe hit him (with a club or astick)hesitate

66

yi1gwathe hit him (with his fist)

dizheh gwak'at t'inchy'aashe's homesick

yaat'oohe's hitting it (with astick)

honestoots'it kwaa, also 1i'didliihe's honestyiilt'oo

he hit it once (with astick) honey ch'~~dzit sung~tt, also

ch'ineedzit sung?iihoarse honey-bucket try~' ty~h

hook, fish hook ja1daadi', also vighik kiigwaniiishe is·hoarse

holdyunta'he's'holding it, clutchingit

hoop neelvii... ...holehop

veeyiichy'a'it has a hole in it ch'ahtry~'

she's hoppinghole in ice, to fish through

ja1 k'itholiday ninjigwadhat drin

hopegwinkeedinjiighithe hopes.

hollow·horrible

vizhit khach'aado', alsovizhit gwihiljii: alSO--vizhit ch'akwaait's hollow

tr'agwaandyuuit's horrible

horse laii choo,... ...vighyaait (wood, tree) is hollow horsefly, big fly tl'uu

holy hose (stockings) sadooginshroodiinyaa• <it is holy

chuu vizhit......hose (water hose)neiinlaii

... ... L

home hospital i1ts'ik zhehvizhehhis home hot

homesick nindhaa or niidhaait's hot--(a pail of'water)

67

ninghyaa or niighyaait got hot .•

nindhaa or niidhaahe's hot-,-he'feels hot

hotel tr'ilch~~ zheh

hug

hound laii• • l

yee t'inchy' aashe hugs him(affectionately)

huge

house zheh or zhee

nitsiiit's huge

humble

khazhak t'iichy'aa, alsokhazhak diliihe is humble'khazhak t'eechy'a'he was humble

hunchback ch'aghanhungry

vizhit gwilts'ik, alsodintsinshe's hungry

hunt

naazhriihe's huntingnilzhriihe hunted

hunter dinjii naazhrii, alsoch'atthaii kee'in

l l ,

hurriedly_ khan gwichiihurry

khalchi'l

she's hurrying

68

skin house niivyaa zhehsod house kwanh

overnight house niihaa zhehhousefly daii, ..household zheh k'aa

how, in what way nats'aa, alsonats'ahts'a'

how long deegwilkhyuk ordeegwahkhyuk

however aii googaa

however, no matter how muchdeegw<tht1'oo

hoW much? deegw~htsii, alsodeegw~htl'oo

how many? daachy'aa'" ~ "'" "'"

howl

dak neenii'akit's howling

hurtts'iidhak, also ts'iindaiiit hurtsts'idiindhathe got hurt

vigwiinjikhe got hurt accidentally

husband

vakai'.-her husbandhush

khai' gwaachy'aathere is a hushkhai' aachy'aahe is hushed

hymn ch'ilik

IIshii .-ice luu

rotten ice luu ir

ice jam luu ladahojik

ice pick luu dzyah

ice skates ch'iit~iikwaiitryah

icicle ch~~ neehanhaii datan

idletr'agoodiinjikhe's idle

idol ch'ik'it tiltsi'

if ji' (follows verbs)

ignorantgaandaii ~waashe's ignorant

ignoreyadr~tt ch'aha'aii kwaahe's ignoring him

yadr~~~ ch'ahaa'aii kwaahe ignored him .~. .

illegitimate child nihloonjiikwaa gii naii~'" .

impatientvizhit gwihiichiihe's impatient

importantgwintsii veegoo'aiishe's important ..,-

in, inside, into a containeror similar object

vizhitin it

in a certain season hee,also dai'••

69

khaii heein winter, during winter inhabitant gwich'in

inhalekhaii dai'in wint~~, when it waswinter yaa haazhee

he inhaledincapable inherit

gad han kwaahe's incapable vats'an yaadlit

she inheritedincrease yats'an goonjik

she inherited it from herleii ilii......they are increasing injure

indeed Iyaa or I~~ or Ii' haa vigwiinjikhe is injured

individual (person) dinjiiteegw~~chy'~~ yiinjik

he injured himIndian, native dinjii zhuu

or dinjii zhuh inland, away from the riveroondak, also yeendakinlandyi'eendakfar inland

-inmate zheh gwaazhraii gwizhitgwich'ii ..'-,..L

inn (guesthouse) aakin eenjitzhehinsane

indicate see show nahkhii naanall, alsonaghaa daana.U:L

she is insane'"infant tr'iinin tsalinfected insect nan gwatl'ak

gwakat ch'iintratit is infected

inside

inflate see blow gwizhitinside, the inside of it

inhabit vizhitinside him, inside itgogwich'tt

they inhabit (an area) inside a long object

70

vazhakinside it (a long object)

intoxicated

inside outch'iniiniihe's getting intoxicated

an neeyid~~ht'anhe has it on inside out

ch'anahoni'..he is intoxicatedneeyid~~hkhyuuhe turned it inside out

intractable

needanahot'anit's inside out

viki' dach'atshe is intractable, stubborn

invisibleinsist vigweech'in kwaa

it is invisiblegwats'a' yanzhokshe insists that he do it invite

insole (worn inside on bottomof shoes) kwaiitl'eerilzhii

yankeeginkhiihe invites her (sends forher) .:~i., '

felt insole, foot wrappingtah aan~tt yahnyaa

he invites her (tells her tocome)instructor geech'oaahtan....

insulation, chinkingvaa tr'igwinya'..

inward parts, innards

intelligentvizhithis inward parts, hisinnards

vigwizh~ gwanliihe is intelligent iron (metal) ch'iitsii

intend iron (for ironing clothes)vaa ch'ikiri'ee

akoo dindhan.. ..she intends to do it irritate

interior of something gwizhit yik'ii gwahtsii, alsoshoo yahtsii kwaa----she irritates her, annoysherinterpret

lihteedeelyaahe is interpreting island njuu or juu

lihteediinliihe interpreted

itch

intestinesaghw?-'the itches

vits'ikhis intestines

inghw~'2-he itched

71

thok dha'aiiit (a round~object or bodyof water) is sitting byitself

gwahtr'iish~'s jealous

itself

Jesus, Our LordDiik'eegwaadhat

job gwitr'it

J join

jabbergooteiinzhiihe joined them, came up tothem

ninjich'adhat kwaa ts'a'ginkhii <

he's jabbering, talkingwithout thinking

joint (between bones)vatth'an k'it

jokejacket gwiyehdak naraatsuu dloo didlii

she's jokingdloo diinli'she joked

journey khaihtak

joy shroonchy'aajudge gadoohaadri'juice ch'ich\.l'

berry juice, wine jak chu'jail zheh gwaazhraii, also

ch' agwanzhih zhe!1i' --~jump

jam J'ak sungaii haa tr'ilvir, ~ c

hiltleehe jumped (once)

janitor zheh gwizhitshreegwilik haatlak

he's jumping (repeatedly)January tr'ookit shree nan,

also ahtr'aii shree choo,also ch'anjaa

June vanan ch'iighoojust

jawvihtth'anhis jaw

ky'aa'eehe is just, honest

jealous

72

Kkayak ch'eekwaii tr'iikeep

ts'an yaa'ii~.she's keeping ityak'{l{lhtiishe kept it

keg dachan tY{lh tsalherosene ch~~ daak'~'kettle tY{lh vizhit ch~~

tr'aahthal••key lid Iii.,

kickyikwiildhaiihe kicked it

kidneyvatr'oohis kidney

killyaahkhwaii.~,he's killing it (one thing)yiilkhwaiihe kill~d'it (one thing)yaghanhe's killing them (severalthings)yinghan

he killed them (severalthings)

kindzhuu t'iichy'aashe is kind

kind, sortjyaa dinch'iiit's that kind

kindling lirh dzikking k'eegwaadhat choo kitkingdom gook'eegwaadhatking salmon luk chaokin

valak naii, also yuahshii.'. -- ..naii.. ~,hlS kin, relativeskiss

Yc:{lts'u'he's kissing her

~\

yttlts'u'he kissed her

kitchen vakahchy'aa zhehkitten ninjii zhuu

73

kneadyaalandaiishe's kneading ityaalidhinjik or yaalaanjikshe kneaded it

kneevagwathis knee

kneelnikiigwah'eehe's kn~eling

knife shrii

table knife shrii veeghantr'iigwat

knit

ch'itl'uushe's knittingch'aatl'iishe knittedyitl'uushe's knitting ityaatl'ii

\. \.she knitted itvaa ch'iritl'uuknitting needle

knockganlaanaiihe's knockingganleeldhaiihe knocked

dak neeyiilnaiihe knocked it'~ver

knot (in rope) sh¥h or shuhknot (in wood) thoochanknow

gaandaiishe knows

knucklesvanleegwathis knuckles

Llabel k'eiich'ii kak gahochaalace gwach'aa ch'itseezh~'

gwich'inlace fat, caul fat

ch'itseezhu'lack

vaa ch'akwaa, also gehdant'iichy'aa ----he lacks, does not haveanything

ladder vizhit khwaadliiladle luu k'ik tail

\. ..large wooden ladle used toget snow and ice out ofmuskrat house fUU klik

lady, woman of high standinggwiyeh'at

lake vano

---=~::::::::=-- -

74

lame vik'iighai' girinkhiihis larynx

last khaiikoo'" .. '" ""khaltth'anshe's lame

lamp khwaii daak'~' ty~h late

land nan ninghyuk gaandaiihe's staying up late

land lately nahgwan gwanaa dai'• 4

needaanaiiit (pla~e; bird) landed later yeendaa ji'

laughlanding strip, airportnineech'iniidal dehk'it adlaa

he's laughingindlaahe laughed

language ginjihviginjikhis language

languish yeedlaahe's laughing at him

tr'iizhii yaahkhwaiishe is languishing;~lonelY yindlaa

he laughed at him

lantern vizhit khwaii daak'a' law jii nan kak tr'ad~~tl'oOvinjik gweedhaa (going bythe writings of the country)

lay see ~lay eggs see ~lazy

lapvantl'eehis lap

lard khwaiitr1agoodiinjikshe's lazy

large lead (metal) k'eiich'iiniigh99

nitsiiit's large lead

larynx YEC~'aahe's leading him75

leader gW~~'aa kit vatth'anhis leg

yin'akhe led him leg

leading, at the headkih, also kii. -_ .. legend gwandak ndaa Iireelyaa

leaf ch'at'an legging ch'idree thaIlendleak

vats'an ch'aa'ilit's leaking

geeyilhik or geeyilnjikhe lent it-,-loaned it

lean length agwahjyaa, also~ -dahjyaa•

git'eenaachii or gat'aahchii..... - "'t "''-she's leaning against It Lent Adaraagaii Zhit...

lean (skinny) lesson yeech'o~~htan

vatthai' kwaa...he's leanlest gwits'i' (follows verbs)let

leap

zhee haa tl akhe leaped

zhY{l? diy?hthanhe let it be

learnyiintrathe let it go

giky'anjiishe's learning

- letter d~htIY'aa

giky'anjikshe learned

least gwik'ee'itleather ch'adhahleave

hahaiihe's leaving

level

akhayuunY?{lhe left him, abondoned him

k'it dahotai'• •the land is levellice zhi'

left side tl'ohts'aii" ... ~ '"left-handed lick

tIohts'aii gwii'iiL '" ~ ~ ~ ~she's left-handed

yaht'okshe's licking it

76

yilt'okshe licked it

lid ty~h didiin'~t!lie (tell a lie)

oots'ithe's lying, telling a lie

lie (lie down)k'ilt'aiishe's lying downk'aat'aiishe laid .down

life gwandaiilift

zhee yahaa'aiihe's lifting itzhee yaha'~t!he lifted lt

light (shining)adriiit 1s lit, also a light

light (in weight)nidzikit's light, not heavyjidii dziksomething light

lighten, make light in weightnidzik yahtsiihe's lightening it, takingweight off

lighten, make lighter in colorat'oo yahtsii, alsoyich'ahshriishe's lightening it, makingit lighter in color

lightning nehtan kon, alsonehtan needoohaadhak----

likeyeet'iindhanhe likes it, himgeet'iindhanhe likes to do itshriyu~i-hchy'aahe likes him, as a friendyeet'inghya'he liked it, liked him

like, similar to k'itvik 'itlike himgwik'itlike thatgwik'it t'inchy'aahe's like that

limpneekhwaaha'akshe's limping

line, rope tly'ahling cod chehluklinger

khalchi' kwaa. ~he llngers, does not hurry

77

videevyaahis lips

vadhathis liver

lip

loadliquid chuu.. k'eiich'ii yakak dehlii

she's loading things on itliquorlisten

kwanchu'.loan

ch'oolk'iishe's listeningch'oaahk'i'she listened

geeyiljik or geeyilnjikhe loaned it to him

locate, find

yuulk'iishe's ilstening to him

yagw?h'?~~he located, found it

lock

yuaahk'i'•she listened to him gihdee ch'idiintinshe locked the door

litadriiit's lit, shining

loft oodak dachan chyahhaa gwilts~!!

log dachanlittle lonely

natsalit's little tr'iniinjik

he's lonely

jidii tsalsomething littlegwintsal or gwiitsal- ..a little bit

long

l~~! kwaaa little bit, not many

live (be alive)

jidii jyah or jidii njyahsomething long (an object)gwinjyaha long areaninjyaait (object) is long

gwandaiihe lives, is alive gwiinjyaa

it (area) is long

live, dwell (in a certainplace)

gwich'ii.. .he lives (at a certainplace)

d?hjyaahow long is it? (an object)deegw~hjyaahow long is it? (an area)

liver dahkhyuk•how long does it take?78

ninghit dai, also deenaa d?t'long ago ....

ninghyuk hee or n~~ghyuk heefor a long time

lookgwaah'inshe~s lookinggw??h'ya'she lookedyaah'inshe's looking at it

y??h'ya'she looked at it

loon daadzaii or deedzaii..... - .....

loosedahochaa kwaait is loose, not tiedneeya'athe looses it, unties it

lopsidedk'ah dha'aiiit~s lopsided

loseyaa tr'agw?hdaiishe lost it

lots gwintl'oo, also l~ttloud

gwintl'oo haahchikit is loud

louse zhi'love

yeet'indhan, alsoyeet'inchY'aa--she loves him

lowr:eeditithgwanIt (for example, a ceiling)is low

lowbush cranberry natl'atlucky

gwinzii vanzhit nagwaadhakhe's luckyvidivee gwiizuuhe's unlucky"

lumber, boards dachan chyahor dachan chyaa

lunch drin tl'an ch'ara'aalung

vidrihdokhis lung

lush, burbot chehluklust see wantlynx ninjii

79

men dinjii naii.. , .. match (for lighting fire) ko'..

M manner

mad (angry)jyaa t'igwi i 'inin this manner

vik'ii gwanlf!he's mad, angry

mansion zheh gwachoo

yik'ii gwahtsiihe's making him mad

mantle for gas lamplat ts'ih ohtsuu.

many leii.....maggot ts'ah, also gyuu

naahthal' ---- •. many times gwinl~!! or gwilinmap nan d~htlY'aaMarch Ch'izhin Zhrii or

Ch'izhin Zhrii.. .magic nagwahtsi', also shan

mailman d~htlY'aa neehaazhikmake mark

yahtsiihe's making it (one thing) yigwiilkii...

she marked it (a thing)yilts~!!he made it (one thing)yaghanhe's making them (severalthings)

gogwiilkt!she marked it (an area)

marmot ts'ee

marrow grease ch'izhee ghwai'yinghanhe made them (severalthings)

~ marry

yahahtsyaahe will make it

nilagoonjikthey got married

yeeheeghaahe will make them

nileegavahchii..he marries them (forexample, a preacher)

male (human) dinjiiyuunjikhe married her

male (animal) ch'izhir marten tsukmallardneet'ak choo marvel geech'i'inmama ch'ahan mask diinin k'it tiltsi'man dinjii mat chyah

manhood dinjii dink'indhat

80

match, be alike

nihk'it t'igiichy'aa, alsoligwigwiich'inthey match

mattress t'eiitin

May Gwiluu Zhr~t or GwiluuZhrii

maybe duulee, also shrooL L

me shiiL L

me too shant'ee

meal tr'a'aa

meanjyaa nyaathat is what he means

deiinyaa t'iinyaa?what do you mean?

mean, wicked see cruel

meat nilii, ~

dried meat, jerkygaih

L L

niliil L

raw meat nilii ch'ih\. , ,

medicine

Ill ...!:' 61Ji: -e'~.

.,e._ 'il:.v~ ~ ... _

4tova.c. -.- _

.. """'- .-

medicine man, shaman dazhan,also dinjii dazhan, alsogininlyaa

·meek

khazhak diliihe is meek

meetyadaazhii, also vadadoiizhiishe met her--

meeting (on purpose), to meet

yadat haazhiihe walked to meet him

meeting (accidentally)yak'at deedhizhii or yak'atdeenahokaiihe met him unexpectedly,ran into him

melt

• b

o

6

b

o

•

D

naaghwanit melted, it's thawed

neeyahkhwaiihe's melting it, thawing it

neey~hkhwanhe melted it, thawed it

yahtsuuhe's melting it (snow orgrease)

81

yuuzhriihe mentions him

yiltsuuhe melted it (snow orgrease)

viyinji'his mind

niigh<?<?it (metal) melted

mine shats'anminister ginkhii

y??hkh<?<?he's melting it (metal) mink chihdzuu

oaalitit melted away

mirage

memory see remembergineezhee gwaatthaka mirage is forming on thehorizon (from heat or cold)

mend

k'ineeyaahkaiishe's mending it

mirror vizhit needaraa'in orL Lvizhit needaraa'in

mention

yuunzhri'he mentioned him

mess

tr'agwaanjik, also tth~~ftr'agwaanjikit's a mess, it's messytthaii tr'agwaanjikgWiltsaii

L , ,she made a mess

mischievousvagwantiihe's mischievous

missmessenger neehii'ak yeeyahk'ee

he missed it (with his gun)midday, noon drin tl'an

yatl'anin the middle of it

yeey?hdak or yeey?hndakhe missed it (with an arrow)yeeyinkithe missed it (when he threwsomething at it)

middle tl'an

teetl'anin the middle yaa tr'agw?hdaii or yaa

tr'agw~hndaiihe missed it (something helost)milk t'ok, also rna'

Milky Way Sa' r r or Sa' IIL , yak'at t'inchy'aa

he misses hermind

82

mistaketehk'aa t'ii'inshe's making a mistaketehk'aa t'ee'ya'..she made a mistake

mite, little tiny thingk'eiich'ii natsal

mite (insect) zhi'

mitten dzirh

mixnihteeyinjyaahe's mixing it

nihteeyiinjaahe mixed it

moankhat'idiinyaashe's moaning

khat'idiinya'she moaned (once)

moccasins kwaiitryah

vakwaiitryaahis moccasins

.moccasin sole vakwaiitl'eeor kwaa'kaii'~..

moccasin top vakwaiichan

moccasin strings kwaiitryahtly'ah

mockyeetsigoolii or

yeetsuugooliihe is mocking him

modern juk gweedhaa

moistilzhrooit is moist

mold tsuh

iitsuuit's moldytsuh iliiit's getting moldy

Monday Orin Tl'~~, alsoOrin Ch'ihlak, alsoOrin Ts'an Ch'iEIaK

money laraamonth shree nanhmoon too oozhrii, also shree~~

moonlight tQQ oozhriich'ahdrii, also tQQ oozhrii

moose dinjikbull moose ch'izhir

83

tr'igwidiishe is mourning

cow moose dizhuu mountain ddhah

calf moose dazhoo tsoo mourn

mouse daatsoo..

yearling ditsik

mop vaa gach'arahtthaii

more than mouthch' andaamore than others (usedas an adverb)gwandaamore (used as an adverbor a noun)

vighikhis mouth

move see ~

more tth'aiineehidiindikhe's moving around (walking,or sitting and makingmovements)

morning vanhvanh dai'in the'~orning

much gwintl'oovery much gwiyeendaa

mortar and pestle ch'iitsiiteech'angh??

mud luh ch'ant'at

mosquito k'ii or ch'ihmultitude (many people) .dinjii

leii, also (a crowd) dinjiiIB.iji-l--

mosquito net k'ii dhahmumble

moss ny?-'needidzyahlaiihe's mumbling·moth gwatthat

mother murder

vahanhis mother

dinjii dilkhwaiihe murdered theLman

motion yats'a' gwik'itteegwahtsi'

mush

mound ilk'at, also khaak'atYEfEfzhaahe is mushing dogs

84

neeyahanzhokhe is mushing dogs around

yanayahkithe's nailing it to it

zhat niyiinzhithe mushed dogs to there

mushroom ch'iveedzee orch'ooveedzee

nail (finger or toe)

vanleeg~t~ or vag~tthis fingernail

music ch'iridlii his toenail vakwaiigaiiI. I. I.

muskrat dzan naked tsee'ehdan

muskrat house dzan kwan name

muskrat house near edge oflake nyuhkwan

voozhri'his nameyuuzhriishe calls him by name

yunzhri'she called him by name

oaazhriihe is named after

nap

N oozhok teeyihiilnaiiI. I. I.

he took a nap

nail (to hammer) gwatsaknapkin d~htlY'aa vaa diinanli'

ach'arahjii

gwanayahkithe's nailing it in

narrownits'ikit (an object) is narrowgwanay~hkit

he nailed it in gwints'ikit (an area) is narrow

85

nasal branch with needles ahdantsih zhit ginkhiishe is nasal in her speech,talks through her nose

native dinjii zhuu or dinjiizhuh

navel

vajoh k'ithis navel Negro Dinjii Zhraii

, < L

near neighbornahgwannearby vinee'ok

his neighbornear something neither one, none of them

ch'ihl~~ gaa kwaayeeghaiinear him nephew

(area) near geh'at vyuu, also vakhooher sister's sonnearly, almost khaiinjii

neck vitseii or vicheiiher brother's child

vak'ohhis neck vizh i'

his brother's sonnecklace (of beads)

diik'oh nidiinliinaagaii

L L L nervous

need daatratshe's nervous

yat'aahchy'aa, ... .he needs It nest, bird's nest ch'at'oh

gwat'~~hchY'aahe is in need

neeshraahchy'aahe is needy, poor

needte". tthah tsal.2£. tah tsalsmooth sewing needle.tthah.tsal oolaii

needle case tthah tsal dhah net .,sh~hvyaa;",'

neVerlyaa akwaa ,." \_,

86,",".~; . . -~ .-,

nevertheless aii gwiizhik,also googaa

new k 'eejit

nine vanchoo nak'aa zhakdhitin also vanchoo nak'aakwaa, also vanchoo ch'ihlakkwaa

New Year's Day Orin Choo nipple-[

next vat'ok ki'her nipple

aii gwats'aii.....the next one no akwaa

next year yeendaa neegwiidhat noise deegwintsai'.. .nibble noisy

teeya'aahe's nibbling on it

deegwintsai'it's noisy'

teeyin'alhe nibbled on it

none

nicegwihiljiithere is none, thereare none

niziiit's'nice noon drin tl'an

niece north

vitseii or vicheiiher brother's child

up north yeendak ts'aii.... ,

vyuu, also vakhooher sister's child

from the northyeenaa ts'aii~~ ~~~

vijuuhis brother's daughter

north wind yeenahjyaa ahtr'aii.. ..

northern lights yakaih oryak~th, also zheek~th

night too.. .. nose

vants~hhis nose

nostrilvantsih zhit, also vinjikhis nostril

last night k'ehd~t' khaaor k "ehdai' too" "" '" '-

not kwaa

nimble do not! shr9'

didrikshe's nimble, quick

notch (in a log) khagwaakil

87

nasaldantsih zhit ginkhiishe is nasal in her speech,talks through her nose

native dinjii zhuu or dinjiizhuh

navelvajoh k'ithis navel

nearnahgwannearby

near somethingyeeghaiinear him

(area) near geh'atnearly, almost khaiinjiineck

vak'ohhis neck

necklace (of beads) naag~ttdiik'oh nidiinlii

need

yat'aahchy'aa, ... .he needs Itgwat'~~hchY'aahe is in needneeshraahchy'aahe is needy, poor

needJ-e tthah tsalor tah tsal' '-,

smooth sewing, needle,tthah .,tsalooIa ii..

needle case tthah tsal dnahneedle of spruce tre'~"ah~gat

branch with needles ah

Negro Din]'ii Zhraii, , L

neighborvinee'okhis neighbor

neither one, none of themch'ihlee gaa kwaa

L ...

nephewvyuu, also vakhooher sister's sonvitseii or vicheiiher brother's childvizh i 'his brother's son

nervousdaatratshe's nervous

nest, bird's nest ch'at'oh

ne t ,ch:i:hvyaanever 'lyaa akwaa

r" , .." \

86, ',,"','

nevertheless aii gwiizhik,also googaa

new k 'eejit

nine vanchoo nak'aa zhakdhitin also vanchoo nak'aakwaa, also vanchoo ch'ihlakkwaa

New Year's Day Orin Choo nipple

next vat'ok ki'her nipple

aii gwats'aiithe next one' no akwaa

next year yeendaa neegwiidhat noise deegwintsai'...nibble noisy

teeya' aahe's nibbling on it

deegwintsai'it's noisy'

teeyin' alhe nibbled on it

none

nicegwihiljiithere is none, thereare none

niziiit's'nice noon drin tl'an

niece northvitseii or vicheiiher brother's child

up north yeendak ts'aii.. ,.from the northyeenaa ts'aii

L L L L ~vyuu, also vakhooher sister's child north wind yeen~hjyaa ahtr'aii

northern lights yakaih oryak~th, also zheek~th

vijuuhis brother's daughter

night too.. , nosevants;ihhis nose

nostrilvantsih zhit, also vinjikhis nostril

last night k'ehd?~' khaaor k "ehdai' too

" "" '" '"not kwaa

nimble do not! shr<;>,

didrikshe's nimble, quick

notch (in a log) khagwaakil

87

{

gwihiljii, also ch'akwaathere's nothing

it is obscure to him, hedoes not understand it

nothing

obscure (hard to see)November Divii Zhrii or

Divii Zhrii., gwinZ!f gwik'it teeyahchy'a'kwaait is obscure to him, hecan't see it wellnow (at the time or place

referred to previously)it'ee or t'ee, also akoo- ,. thah zhit dha'aii....it is obscure, barely

visiblenow (today, at the presenttime) jukjuk drinnow, these days

observe

juk gweendaanowadays

gwik'aahtiihe is'observing it

nude tsee'ehdanyak'aahtii••he is observing him

numb obtain see ~

ahkhiiit's numb

occur see happenoccupy

number ch'eechyah gwidehk'it dhidiishe is occupying a placenurse ilts'ik k'aahtii•• ocean chuu choo......

o ochre tsaih

oak dachan lirOctober Vadzaih Zhrii or

Vadzaih Zhr;i.;i.

oar taa'aii.. \. \.

odor see smell

oatmeal, mush ch'atloo odorlessvagwaatsan kwaaobedient it is odorless

gwik'ee gwahthathe is obedient,' he obeysgwik'ee gwilthathe was obedient, he obeyed

often nihkhanoffering

obscure (hard to understand)yintl'ee y~hjii oryintl'ee y~hnjii--she offers it to him

gwinzff gwik'it teedziiil'ee kwaa yintl'ee yahjik or

yintl'ee y~hnjik--she offered it to him88

oil, lubricating greasekhwaii vaa tr'agwahtlee

ch'ihlee••one person

yahtleehe's oiling it

ch'ihlak nilii tslal. ."one at a tIme

yiltleehe oiled it

khehlanin one place

old ch'ank'aa or ch'ank'ah.. -one side, one of a pairch'ajatit (a thing) is old dakwai' ch'ank'aa

one of his own f~etjidii jatsomething old

nishin y??hchtthe is very old, elderly

onion tl'oo drik

shin yaahkhwittthe is getting old

old man dyit?hch'i' or dthch'i'

only zhrii or zhrii, also~ ,spelled rii or rii, ,

open

gich'idiintinthe door is open or sheopened the doorold woman shaaghan or

shyaaghan yideekat ch'idiin'aiishe opened it (a c~~)_on, upon, on top of kak

or kat yideekat ch'idiin'atshe opened it (a sack)dak yuunjikshe's opening it (a window)

open place in river teeddhaa

teekaton the (surface of) thewaternan kat or nan kakon the ground, on the landgwakakon top of a pile

opening in forest gwahshrii,also geeyi ichy I a I •

once ch'ihlok opening in building geegwiidiiL "

one opposegwadadaa'ee• •he opposes itch I ihlak

one thing 89

outside, outdoors chiitaii,~.

yadad{l{l'eehe opposes him

other side, far sidenduhts'aii

... ~ \. \.

opposite, across and facinggoots'ii goots'a' gwaa'ee. ,,0pposlte them, facing them

other side, reverse sidech'angw{lhts'?~t

otter tryahor ouch ava' or avaa

(one thing) or (another)haa jidii shrit out there, out in an area

Lidii lagahfii haa jidiishrit yindhan?Do you want tea or coffee?

oo'okright out there

(do one thing) or (theother)akoo, '-

yee'okout there, out that way

out in the open, out on water

Chiitaii k'eehindik akoo'- . '-zhee gwizhihindyaa.

Are you going to walkoutside or stay inside?

oondaa, also yeendaaout there

outdoors chiitaii, '- .order (as from a catalog) outhouse trya' zheh,

yinkeeginkhiishe's ordering it

yinkeeginhe'she ordered it

order, give orders

k'eedeegwaadhathe's giving orders outside a container tY{lh

ohts'aii or va'ooL 4. ... 'I. _ ~ '-yats'a' k'eedeegwaadhat

he's giving orders to him ohts'aii or va'oo~utsid~\.i~ ~~order, put in order

gishrii nahjii or gishriinahnjiishe's putting them in order

outside of something, outersurface

gishrii naahnjik, ,she put them in order

va'oo,.its outside

ornament nidiiltsi', .orphan chiitee

chiinzhiishe went outside

outsider oonduk gwich'in90

outside, out in the statesOonduk p

oval, egg-shaped ch'aghoo k'itteedha'ee pack

over see also ~

(passing) overyataaover him, passing over him

over there

khwaha pack, a backpack

yeeghwaahe's packing itneeyihiighokhe's packing it around

paddle, oar taa'aii.~.oo'at, also yee'atover there

akwaahe's paddlingover the edge

yidikover its edge aadraa

he's paddling very fast,paddling hardover yonder gehdit

overflow pail tyah vizhit chuu. , ...teeraazhik

gwak'at tanhaiithe water is overflowing

gwak'at taahaii\,... ~~"the water overflowed

pain

vashraan'eeshe has a pain

owe paint vaa gwiivan

yits'a' gaandaiihe owes it to him

gwavanhe's painting

owl, great horned owlvi'iidzee

gwaavanhe painted it

ownyavanhe's painting it

vats'anhis own yaavan

he painted itowner dinjii gwats'a'

k'eegwaadhat, alsodinjii vats'an-chTinlii....

pair neekwaii nihk'itt'iichY'~ac

pale

naat'ooshe is pale

91

{

palm of onefs hand yehgoo haazhiishe passed her

vintl'ee, also vanleeghyahthe palm of his hand pass (in mountains) nihtak

pan k' ik past

pancake saloojik, alsoshaghan tr'ildha-a---

geetaa goodhatit is in the past

panic gweedhaa gwanaa, alsoch'adai' gwanaathe pastkhan vizhit najat aanaii

~ " "he panics

pant, be short of breath pasture ch'atthaii ch'a'aadehk' it' ,,khahozhiishe's panting

pat

pants, trousers thaIgwakathe's patting

gwinkathe pattedyakathe's patting ityinkathe patted it

patchpaper, book d~htlY'aa yeekat ch'aahkaii, also

yeekaa ch'aahkaiishe's patching itpardon

yee oo'an gwahaadliihe pardoned him yeekat ch'aahkai', also

L L \. Lyeekaa ch'aahkai'she patched"it'"parent yehghan

viyehghanhis parents

path gwin'ee, also taii orta iin\. ~~

part gwalat pattern gwik'it tilt'uu

partner pay

vijyaahis partner

gookwathe's paying

party shroonchy'aa gwaatsii goonkwathe paid

pass yuukwathe's paying it

92

yuunkwathe paid it

peace tsin ehdantsin ehdan ginliithey are at pea~~

tsin ehdan goo'aiiit is peaceful '"

peak zhee t'in'ee

peekgikhyaatthaiishe's peekinggikhiltthaiishe peekedyikhyaatthaiishe's peeking at her

yikhiltthaiishe peeked at her

peel

yadhah geelee hiliihe's peeling it (pulling thepeeling off)yadhah geelee haadliihe peeled it (pulled thepeeling off)yinee thaht'iihe's peeling it (cutting thepeeling off)

yinee thalt'uuhe peeled it (cut thepeeling off)

pelt nin dhah

pencil d~htlY'aa t~f'

pencil sharpener d~htlY'aatail tsii vaa neegwarahtsii

\. t. '" l.

people d in j i I naii,~.pepper lageevir

perfect

gwit'igwin'ee kwaait's perfect

perfume leef~~ or tleefaa

peril see danger

person dinjiiperspire

zhyaaghyaahe is perspiring

zhttlghyaahe perspired

pick ch'aghwarh

pick

ch'aahtsii..she's picking berries

ch'iiltsaiishe'picked'berries

piece

valata piece of it

93

pierceyeech'inzhaahe pierced it (once)yinanch'atthaiihe is piercing it repeatedlyyinanch'aatthaiihe pierced it repeatedlyyeey~hkaiihe pierced, stabbed himwith it

pig lagohshroo or lagohshr??

pike iltinpillow tsuhpilot bread lUhg~~~pimples khach'aagitpinch

yaats'akshe pinched heryuuts'iishe's pinching heryuunts'akshe's holding it pinched

pink thah zhit dahotsikpipe (for smoking)

ki' ts'eet'it

pipe (for water)lidhi'ee chuu eenjit, ,

pistol nilee dink'ee, alsodink'ee tsal

pit gwiiltin.. ~

pitch, spruce gum dzihpitcher chuu vizhit dhak~itpitiful

tr'agwaanduu viyiichy'a'also gwiizu~ viyiichy'a'ne-Tooks pitiful

pity

yeenjit zhuut'iichy'aashe has pity on her

place -k'it, also deek'itdeek'it, also gwideek'itits placeahk' ita butchering place

place

zhat niyin'aiihe placed it'there (onething)zhat niinliihe placed them there(several things)

plain (flat land) nan chyahplain (straight, true)

k'igwaa'eeit is straight

94

plainly gwanlii• Lit is plentiful, they are

plentifulgwizhr~~ ginkhiihe speaks plainly

pliers ch'iitsii vaa tr'on'alplan

gwik~h d~!' yinjigwahtsikshe's making a plan

pluck

yanjoohe's plucking it

gwik~h d~~' yinjigwilts~t~she made a plan yaanjoo

he plucked itplane (for planing wood, or

hides) vaa gwiighw~?yaghwaahe's planing it

pocket tseet'it

point (of land) gwitsttpoint (of an object)

yinghw??he planed it vitsii

its pointplane (that flies) see

airplane point with finger

plank dachan chyah yats'a' tth'eehil'eehe pointed at him

gwanzhih~plantgwats'a' tth'eehil'eehe pointed at it (a place)plastic, transparent plastic

ch'idril vinju' gweech'in

plate k' ik

play

tsee'inhe's playing

tsee'ya'he played

yaa geegwaazhiihe is playing with it

poison nin ch'oondaiipleat poke with a stick

yahkyukshe's pleating it yagwat

he's poking ity?hkyukshe pleated it yuugit

he's poking at itplentiful

95

yaagwathe poked it

valata portion of it

pole dachan njyah positive

policeman, marshal ch'izhir lyaa gaandaiihe is positive, knows forcertainpolite

adaa neenjihiidhakshe is polite

possible

pollutegogwadhanit is possible

tth~!t tr'agwaanjiktr'agwahtsiihe's polluting it

post dachan gwinin riitthaiipot ty~h

pond teeltinpotato, also Indian potato

trihpoor

neeshraachy'aashe's poor

potlatch lavasdaa

neeshraahchy'aa gwil~i.tpoor thing

vikeech'ahchy'aahe's having a potlatch

popcorn ch'agahaatsuupouch for tabacco ts'eet'it

dhah

porch gwad~tt zheh pour

porcupine ts'it neeyiinjaahe's pouring it out

..~

neeyaanjaahe poured it out

poverty gehdan t'oonchy'aa

powder, gunpowder dink'ee kwanpraise

deeyihiil'eeshe is praising him

prayporcupine quill ts'it ch'oo khagidiinjii

he is prayingporridge, mush loh tloo

portage theetaa khagideedi'he prayed

portion

96

preachginkhii gwaandakhe is preaching

zhyaa t'ii'inshe\s pretending

zhyaa gwik'it t'ii'inadaa~ii

< <

she pretendedginkhii gwildakhe preached pretty

precious ndaa t'inchy'aa, alsozu' nilii, ' '-she's prettydaatl'oo

it is precious

pregnant jidii z'2-'nil~~something pretty

tr'iinin haa ahaashe is pregnant prevent

tr'injaa vizhit tr'iinina pregnant woman

gwits'i' gok'aahtiihe prevents it'

prepare previously gwehkt~ d~t,also gwats'a' dai'-- '-'

shrigwiliihe is preparing pride khashreel'aii.. , ,

shrigwinlikhe prepared priest ginkhii

shriyiliihe's preparing it

principal geech'oaahtan kitgwikit nilii ","

shriyinlikhe prepared it

prison zheh gwaazhraii, alsoch'agwanzht~ deek~it

present, at this place private

dzaa t'inchy'aa, alsozhat t'inchy'aahe is present

nan kak dinjii geeroaah'y~'private property

present, gift eehinjiiprobably, maybe

duuleedohlii or.. ..

probably, I think shrgg

probationzhee gwaazhr~tt heedyaagwits'i' vik'eer~~htiihe is on probation

profit

pretendgwats'an gaayii gwahtsiishe profited from it

97

promise punishkheenideech'idee'aii

L l lhe promised yagw~~hsh!i-she is punishing her

promote YigwiilshiiI,. It. L. ,

she punished herndaa gineeyihilchiishe promoted him II pup laii tsal

L l l

prompt

oohilzhii, ,he is prompt, always ready

promptly, quickly khan

protect

yak'anyaal ,

he is protecting himpupil (student) geero~~htanyak'aiiny~'

he protected him pupil (of eye)

vindee azhraiithe pupil oi"~is eye

proudkhadak dilii

l lshe is proud of herself purchaseyashoo ah1t!she is proud of him yuukwat

he is purchasing itkhashreel'aii

l , l

she is proud, conceited yuunkwathe purchased it

provoke pure see sacred, holyzhiy~?hts'iihe is provoking him shroodiiny?f'

he, she, it is purezhiyaahts'ii or zhiY~!lts'iihe p~ovoked hIm vitee gwihiljii

it is pure, has noimpurities in itptarmigan daag?? or daaky'~?

~• pus khah

pushL

I..C-I..c-

an yaahjik or an yaahnjikshe p~shed her (slowly)an y~?htratshe pushed her (quickly)

98

put ch'oaahkathe's asking a question

zhat niyin'aiihe put it (one thing) there yuaahkat

he's asking her a questionzhat niyintinhe put it (a stick) there yuC(-C(-hkat

he asked her a questionzhat niyaahtinhe put i~'(a bag) there quick khan, also juk zhat

zhat niyinkaiihe put it (something in acontainer) there

quick-tempered person ch'agaii......quickly khan

niyinliihe put them (severalobjects) there

quietkhai' gwaachy'aait is quiet

Q khai' aachy'aa, alsohaahchii kwaahe is quiet

qualify quill ts'it ch'oo

gadhanshe qualifies, she can do it

uit

quarrelakhagoonyaashe quit ••

ch'ats'a' t'iny~C(-he is quarreling

quiver

ch'ats'a' tiyahnyC(-C(-he's quarreling with him

daatrathe is quivering, tremblingdiltrathe quiveredch'ats'a' t'iinyC(-'

he quarreled quiver (case for arrows)k'i' dhahch'ats'a' t'iyeiinya'

he quarreled with himquarrelsome

dak t I inchy' aashe is quarrelsome

quarter, twenty-five centstuuvit

queen gwiyeh'at chooquestion

99

Rrabbit geh

rabbit trail geh ta", t~·rackgwakak dagoodliiradiant

ch'ahdit or ch'ahnditit is radiant ...

rag gwach'aa ch'aaragged

vak'at dach'aach'aahe is ragged

rain tsinahtsinit's raining

{lhtsinit rained

rainbow shreevyaa

circular rainbow around sunshree neech'iilt'aii orshree neech'iit'aii, alsozhee v~~ neech'{l~khyu-u---

raincoat tsin ik

raise

dink'iyahkhitshe's raising him (a child)

dink'iyahthatshe rai~ed him

dak n't~hjikshe raised her hand

zheeyahaa''t~~she raised it (one object)

raisin jak g?~h

ram shizhrin, also vijii'ee,also datsok, also datsoktsal

rancid

tr'aakaii• ~ L l •It's rancId, tastes badahjat~ .It's rancid, rotten

rare (not fully cooked)gwintsal ach'iiit's rare (meat)

rare (hard to find)

vagwantrii, also khikvagwanlii kwaa-it's ra~e

raspberry ts'eenach'ok, alsodeenakal

raven deetrya'...

100

raw, not cooked aii geh'an< < ,for that reason

ach'ii~~it is raw recall

razor dinghaii shrii ganaandaiishe recalls it

reach, get to a placeganaanjikshe recalled itk'idik

he reached it (by walking,by air or other) receive

reach, with hand yuunjikhe received it

yuuhaanjikhe reached for it recently nahgwan dai'

~ L

k'iiljik or k'iilnjikhe reachea-out his hand

recipe vikeerahchy'aa geenjitdanahotl'oo

read recite

d~htIY'aa kak ginkhiishe is reading

gwik'it teech'igikhiishe is reciting it

d~htIY'aa yakak ginkhiishe is reading it

gwik'it teech'aqaaheeshe recited it

readyrecollect see recall

recommendtr'iileeit's ready yeenjit gwinzt! ginkhii

he recommends himtr'iilee idiIjik or tr'iileeidiInjik ,~he is ready rectum

Yehkii t'iichy'aa, ,he's ready for it

vatthalhis rectum

redreally Iyaa or Ii' haa or Iaa

daatsikrear it is red

gwit'ttthe rear of it

refrigerator shih vizhitnink'oo

gehjit or gehnjittowards~he'rear

refuse

reasonakwaa nyaashe refuses

nats'aa geh'anfor what reason?

13.kwaayahnyaashe refuses him

101

regard shragwaadhanshe is relievedgeenjit ninjich'adhat

he regards it, thinksabout it release

yinjihil'eehe has a high regard for him

yiinjikhe released him

reliableregret

jaghaii shi'in gwintl'ooyindhanshe regrets it

lyaa vit'injir??hchy'aanizii

< <he is reliable

reindeer vadzaih veerely

gWit'injy??hchy'aahe relies on it

remain

zhat t'inchy'aahe is remaining thereakhai' dooch' ithe is remaining there(permanently)

remainder ants'a'tr'ooniindhat

rejoice remedy shrineegwilii, alsoch'oondaii shreegwilii

shragw??hchy'aahe rejoices remember

shragw??hchy'a'he rejoiced

ganaandaiishe remembers it

relativeganaanjikshe remembered it

yuahshtthis relative

yanaandaiishe rememb~r~ him

valakhis relative or friend

yanaanjikshe remembered it

relieve remind

ch'ihl~~ neeyahshiishe relieves her, takesher place at a job

gineeyahdaii or<gineeyahndaii

he rem~nds him of it

gineey~hjik or gineeyahnjikhe reminded him of it<

102

removegeelee yahaa'aii...she removed it (one thing)

geelee yihighitshe is removing it (dirt)

geelee yahaadhatshe removed it (dirt)geelee yahaadlii or geeleehaadliishe removed them (severalthings)

renew

k'eejit neegwahtsiihe is renewing it

geenjit doozhri' needaatl'oohe is renewing it (a sub-scription)

repair

shreeyiliishe is repairing it

shreeyinlikshe repaired it

repay

gwit'ii neegwahtsii... "he repays it (for example,a favor)

gwit'tt neegwilts~!the repaid it (a favor)

neegookwathe repays it (pays it back)

neegwankwathe repaid it (paid it back)

repeatchan akoo dinyaa or changwik'it'teenich'igijiishe repeated it

repentgwats'an k'ineenjidiighithe repents of it, is sorryfor itgwats'an k'ineenjidahodhathe repented of it

replygwidii ginkhiishe i~ replying

yidii ginkhii,.she is replying to him

report

geegwaandakhe is reporting

yeegwaandakhe is reporting it

request

yinkeeginkhiishe is requesting it

yinkeeginhe'she requested it

rescue see save

resembleyik'it t'inchy'aait resembles it, is like it

yik'it vigweech'init resembles it, also heresembles him, looks likehim

reserve

103

dehk'it gwil'aii, ,,she reserves a seat

reward

reside gwit'ii veeneegaholit, ,he gets his reward

gwich'iihe resides

rhubarb, wild rhubarbts'iigyuu

gwinch'i'he resided rib

resolve vitsikhis rib

shrideegwiiliishe resolves it (a conflict) rice daatsoo trin, ~

respect rich, wealthy

yeeyinjihil'eehe respects him

hil'eeshe is rich

respond see reply rich, greasy (food)

rest aghwaii, , ,it is rich, it is greasy

naazhiishe is resting riddle gwizhii ideeridlii

restaurant ch'ara'aa zheh orch'a'ah zhee or ch'a'aa zheh

yats'a' gwizhii ididliihe's telling him a riddle

return yats'a' gwizhii idiinli'he told him a riddle

k'inidikhe returned ride

gwintl'ineeyin'aii,, ,he returned it, gave it backtr'ihchoo neeyihahchikhe's riding in a boat

revenge If!t neeyihahchikhe's riding on a dogsledairplane neeyihahchikhe's riding in an airplane

gwit'tt neegwiltsaiihe took revenge, avenged it

reverse ridge geek'ii. '.lihts'eediyaa'aiishe reverses'it;Lturns itover

ridgepole kik haa'eerifle dink'ee choo, also

dink'eech'angw'C-hts''C-~.:bthe reverse side right, correct

revolver dink'ee tsal, alsonilee dink'ee nizii t'inchy'aa

it's'right104

right side shreets' aiiL L L

ch~¥ dak t'ii'in, alsodak liteehaa

... to.. ••the water 1S r1s1ng

\,

right away gogwahkhan

right-handed

gach'ahaa'aiithe sun is rising

shreets'~~~ gwii'~~she's right-handed

gahaa'~~~the sun rose

rind, peelvadhahits rind

rival dinjii ghai'gwahtsii

naa'ai'L L

river hanring (for finger) nileetth'ak

road taii gwichyaaL L L

roar

ch'and~ii didliiit is roaring

roastring (as a bell),

daalaiiit's ringing

gwit'eh yahchy'aashe's roasting it

dillaiiit rang

gwit'eh yilchy'aashe roasted it

ripgwit'eh k'ika roasting pan

leeyilch'aashe ripped it (in one place)

roasting stick jOl

robnihtr'iyingYll¥she ripped it apart yats'an ch'an'tt or

yeech'an'tthe's robbing himripe

diniizhrt'it is ripe

yats'an ch'~~'~~ oryeech'~?-'tthe robbed him

rise robe ik gwiyehdak naraatsuu

nidhikhinhe rose (from sitting)

robin shruh

rock, stone kii or chiikhakee'aiihe roseLl~rom lying down) rock, move back and forthnaatuu, also deed~~tuuit (bread)lS rising .

tly' ah ch' ahv aL:it's rocking back and forth

105

roll ..~ oJ •

vak'at tl'eedii kak tly'ahch'arahvala rocking chair

root

roe, fish eggs luk ky'~'•

daadhalit (a small thing) isrollingzhat naanaiiit rolledLi:here vaghaii

its rootneehaadhakit's rolling around ts'ivii ghaii or ts'iivii

ghaiispruce rootyaahthal

he's rolling it along rope tly'ahneeyahaahthakhe's rolling it aroundzhat niy??hn~~~he rolled it thereneedineetalit (a large thing or person)is rolling over, or rollingaroundzhat naatuuit rolled there

heavy rope tl'oo chohtl y' ah

neediil tuuL Lhe rolled over (in his

sleep)yahtalhe's rolling it (a largething) along

rose khoh kak ch'at'an orkhoh t'an

rotahjatit is rotting

zhat niyaahtuuhe rolledLit there

ithjatit rotted, it is rotten

neeyahaahtaahe's rolling it around

yahjatshe is rotting it, lettingit rot

roof zheh gwikii t'ik y?hjatshe rot ted itroom zheh an nagohdtt

videhk'it goo'aiithere is room ~~~ him

rotten ice luu ch'aarotten fish niitsil

106

rotate' yakak gandaiishe is rubbing him withlinimentnihdeek'it neegaazhik

they rotate them, cha~gethem around ruff needi' noo'eenihdeek'it nineegiidalthey rotate, change places

rug see mat

rule vinjik gweedhaaneedaadhal,,it rotates, goes around rule, command

yats'a' k'eegwaadhathe rules him, also aruler

rough, coarse

gwiitr'uuit (an area) is rough

ditr'uuit (a thing) is rough

rough, uneven

gwiighwarit (an area) is rough

daghwarit (a thing) is rough

ruler, straightedge vaagoohiidri'

rumble

gwadC(C(dt'it is rumbling

rumor ginjih lideediidaa

run

round ghoo aagalhe is running

ch' iighooit is round neehaagak

he is running aroundjidii ghoosomething round zhat naagik

he ran thererow a boat

dat '00he is rowing

eetthalit (an animal) is runningheadlong, galloping

int' 00he rowed

nagaadratthey are running it (arabbit) down

row, linerust tsuh

nihghai' gihid~tlzhiithey are in a row

rub

yaa landaiishe is rubbing it

yaa laanjikshe rubbed it

107

Tsalvation ch'eegwahshiisand needdhak, also khih

or sheihsack <?htsuusacred shroodiinyaa

sap dachan ch~'Satan Gwats'a' Gwil'aii

L , •sadsatisfy

shoo nilii kwaa, alsovizhit t~~ideegoiichY'aahe is sad

shoo yats'an ahtsiiit satisfies him

sail tr'ihchoo kak ninvyaa Saturday Orin Ts'a', also OrinNihk'iitik or Orin TS'anNihk'iitiksail, throw

yihiiltr'ilL ,

he sent it (a flat object)sailing

saucer chuntyah tl'ee dhitinL

savesalmonberry nakal yahshii

he's saving himsalmon

yahshiihe saved himyeendaa geenjit thokniyin'aiihe saved'it for later

savior dinjii ahshiiking salmon luk chao saw dachan veiit'iisilver salmon, dog salmonkhii or shii

gwit'iihe's sawing

winter silver salmonnehdlii gwint'uu

he sawedsalt lisil or nisil yit'ii

he's sawing itsalt shaker lisil ty?h ornisil ty?h yint'uu

he sawed itsawdust traa ddhak or dachan

dalsay

ahnyaahe says

108

jyaa nyc:~he says that

scarf, long mufflerkhin neiit'aii

yahny~~he says to him

yeiiny~'he said to him

diyahny~c:himhe says to him or about

diyeiinyc:'himhe said to him or about

varahny~~we say, so they say

scab lit

scale (of fish) luk gyuuyahgyuuhe is scaling it, takingthe scales off it

scarf, head scarf kifneiit'aii

yilgyuuhe scaled it

scatter

scalpshrihteeyaadliishe scattered it

vikiidhahhis scalp

school geech'aro~~htan zhehscissors ~h'iitsii da'al

scar shat scoldscarce ch'ats'a' t'iyahnyaa

he's scolding himleii kwaa, also gwi'itg~~handak --they are scarce, alsoit is scarce

scorngeetsigooliishe scorns itscare

naajathe's scared

yeetsigooliishe scorns her

Yit~jathe's scared of it

scrape

Yc:ithjathe's scaring him

yadhoohe's scraping it (witha metal or rock scraper)

yihilkhaahe scared him

yindhoohe scraped it (with a metalor rock scraper)

109 ~

yaghw??he's scraping it (with ascraper made from a file)

gwik'it yiindoohe screwed it in

yinghwaahe scraped it (with ascraper made from a file)

vaa gwik'it gwarandooa screwdriver

scrub

yahdziihe's scraping it (with acaribou leg bone scraper)

chanchyah k'eech'ahtryaashe's scrubbing the floor

y?hdziihe scraped it (with acaribou leg bone scraper)

chanchyah k'eech'iltryaashe scrubbed the floor

sea chuu choo.,

yahtthaiihe's scraping it, fleshingit (with a moose leg bonescraper)

seagull vyuh or vyuh

seal, stick together

liyahdziishe is sealing ityahtthaii

he scraped it, fleshed it(with a moose leg bones c r a pe r )

liyildziishe sealed it

sCLatch seam k'eekaihnjik

seat vakak daraadii orvakak raadii

se cr e t

nagwaah'iihe h~s a'~ecret

sl:?eyatr'athe's scratching ityaatr'athe scratched it

Yi:0h'inshe.sees it

']waah'insh~'sees, she is seeing, sheis lookinggwahantr'ak

he makes a scratch on itwith his fingernails yaah'ya'

she saw itscream

hiitl'uushe's screaming

se~ds ch'andii, ,seek, search for

screw yankantii, alsoyankeegwaah'Inhe is se~king him·gwi k 'it yandoo

he's screwing it in110

yankeiinti', alsoyankeegw??h'y~he sought for hIm

seem see resemble

seize

y~htsitshe seized it

sell.

ch'ookwat yahtsiihe's selling it

ch'ookwat yiltsaiihe sold it ,,\

send

yahah'eeshe is Bending heryihil Ie'she sent her

sense

gikY'anjik·he sensed it

yiky'anjikhe sensed him

separate, separatelynih'an

separate, put apart

nihts'an tr'iyahchy'aahe separated them

September Dinjik Zhrii orDinjik Zhrii

\. ,servant

vitsyaa, also ch'ak'eiindakor ch'ak'aiindakhis servant, a servant

serve

yeenjit gwitr'it t'agwah'inshe serves her

nahkhai' deech'antsit orkhee deech'antsitserve y6urself!

set also see put, place

neech'a'aiithe sun is setting

neech'in'aiithe sun set'

settle

k'iizhak niinzhiihe settled down

zhat akhai' dooch'ithe settled there, stayedthere to live

settlement kwaiik'it

seven ch'its'iheets'iineekwaii or ch'its'iteets'iineekw~il. L"

\ .. \

sew. . .

k'eeyaahkaii·she's sewing it

k'eeyiilkai'she sewed'it

sewing machine ch'iitsiik'aahkaii

shadeshree gwant'thin the shade

1 11

shadowvagwank' oh .his shadow

shake

yaahthakhe's shaking it

shallow

t~~hgwan, also chuu nitsya'the water is shallow ~

shaman dazhan, also dinjiidazhan, also gininlyaapowerful shaman dazhantl'oo

shame oozhii

shameless oozhii ehdanshare

yalat yantl'~htsitshe shared (food) with her

sharp

jiininit's sharp

shave

dideezhoo khat'iihe's shaving

dideezhoo khaiint'uuhe shaved

shavings, wood shavingsaazhruk

shawl narooljik or naroolnjik,also lishil or-rishyal

she adan

sheath for knife shrii dhah

shed, lose hairkhajiiit is sheddingkhaiinjikit shed

shed, small buildinggwitr'it t'igwii'in zheh

sheefish shryah

sheep divii

shelf gwakak dagoodlii

shell, empty shotgun shellvihtr'ii

shell, eggshell ch'aghohtth'an

shell, parka shell parkie dhah

shelter gwizhit tr'igwich'~~

shelter of a tree ts'iviichan or ts'iivii chan

shepherd divii k'aahtii~ L

112

shield dinjii vigwiheendalgwits'i' dakak t'iy?hthan

shin

ch'ahahk'eehe's shooting

yahahk'eehe's shooting it

vidreetth'an

shineyiilk'eehe shot it

ch'~hdit or ch'ahndit, alsoch'ahdok or ch'ahndok~ - ...it shines

yu??hk'eehe shot at it

gishreen'?!!the sun is shining

ship tr'ih choo choo

ch'ahdoohe is shooting (repeatedly)

ch'ahdooLhe shot (repeatedly)

shirt ch'azhak ik shoot (with bow and arrow)

ch'ahahdakhe's shooting

yahahdakhe's shooting it

yildakhe shot it

shiver yuahjiihe's shooting at it

diinyaahe's shivering yuaahdak

.. Lhe shot at itshoe dachan kwaiitryah or

kwaiitryah shore teev~~, alsoteeghaii

shoestring kwaiitryah tly'ah short

shop, place where one makesthings k'eiich'ii rahtsiizheh

nagwanit (a thing or an area)is short

shoot (with natsalhe (a person) is short

shortening, lard khwaiishoulder

vaghwahgwathis shoulder

113

shoutazhralshe's shoutingkhaiinzhraashe shouted

shove see pushshow

gwik'eech'aahtiihe's showing itgwik'eech'iiltiihe showed it LL

gwik'eeY~{ihtiihe's showing it to himgwik'eeYi-i-1ti-i-he showed it to him

shrew ligweetthaa ordloogweetthaa ordloo'eetthaa

shrill

gWllnin ts'a' ginkhiishe talks in a shrill voice

shrinknatsal yahtsiihe's shrinking itnoolghwanit shrank

shrivelnavaghwan aan~t-tit shriveled updhatr'alit shriveled up from heatyiltr'alhe made it shrivel, scorchedit

shy

oozhii niliiL Lshe is shy

sick

ilts'ikhe's sick

sickness ts'ikside

njuh ts'aiion this ~idenduh ts'aii

L L Lon the other sidevank'aahis sidevits'ii

L Lon the other side of himsieve vinju' ch'irinjyaasift

gwinju' yihinjyaashe's sifting itgwinju' yahaanjaashe sifted it

sighhaazheehe sighs

sight tr'agwaah'inL L

sign vaa garagwaahkiisilent

deegwaahnY{i{iit is silent

11 4

ch'ahtry?'she's skipping

silk seelik six nihk'iitik or nik'iitik

silver salmon khii or shii size

tr'agwaanduu gwahtsiishe is sinning

vahtsii~it's her size, it's bigenough for her

sin tr'agwaanduu

sinew k'ihskates, ice skates ch'iitsii

kwaiitryah

sing skeleton dinjii tth'an

ch'idlii or ch'iiliihe's singing

skillful see adept

ch'iinli'he sang

nilee t'ah'inshe is skillful (used onlyfor women and girls)

singe skin ch'adhah, also dhah

yikhyaashe's singeing it

tanned skin ch'adhah inghii

yaakhyuushe singed it

untanned skin, rawhidech'adhah Iii

sinkskin house, old-time tenthouse niivyaa zheh

chalakit's sinking

skin, take skin off

chiinlitit sank

yineethalch'aahe skinned it (an animal)

sinker chehkiiskin scraper deeddhoo, also

nehtthaa, also ch'iky'aa,also ch'anghwah

sisterveejiihis older sister

skin stretcher ch'izhitteii'ee

skinny, small aroundvijuuhis younger sister

dhidiihe's sitting

vatthai' kwaa, also ak'ii~~ --kwaa, also dhagaiihe (a person) is'skinnysitnits'ikit (a pole or rope) isskinny

skip, hop

11 5

skip, pass over

yataa gwihiilnaiihe skipped it <',

skip, skim a rock

yahaahtr'ilhe's'skipping it (a rock)yihiiltr'ilhe skipped it (a rock)

skirt tl'ehthaa

skull

vikii tth'anhis skull

sky zhee

zhee kakin the sky

slant

khagw?~hty,:'it is slanted

slap

yant'anshe's slapping hery??h t'anshe slapped her

slave ch'ik'eiindak orch'ik'aiindak

-:sled kh a j

sled brake vaa tr'agw~}tr'aasleep

dhich 'i~he's sleeping

incht'he slept

sleeping bag ts'atvizheeri i '00

sleepy

vah tr'iyuulchi'she's sleepy ..

sleet da'antloo

sleeve ch'ivit

vivitits sleeve, his sleeve

slender see skinnyslice

didril ts'a' gadant'iihe's slicing it

didril ts1a' gidiint'uuhe sliced it

slick

goojaiiit's slick

slide

aajalhe's sliding

naadzikhe slid there

slimy

gootl'uuit's slimy

11 6

sling, gun sling dink'eetly'aa

natsalit is small

slingshot kii tly'ah

slip

jidii tsalsomething small

small (in stature) zhuugiljaiihe slipped geh zhuu

small rabbitganaajakhe keeps slipping smash

slipper kwaiitryah khadiyaahkhiihe's s~ashing it to pieces

slippery khadiyaahnaii.... L ... L I".he smashed it to piecesgoojaii

it's slippery yihtree ch'agw~~ht'anhe's smashing it flat, orhe smashed it flat

sliver gwat'ach'aatr~t!slobber

vighik shrik tr'iniihaiihe slobbers

yihtree ch'igwiilt'anhe smashed them flat

smearslop pail chuu iizuu vizhit

neeriinjaa gwakak neeyahaatl'akshe's smearing it on it

slope khagwaahtya'~~ , smellon top of a slope khagohd~t

yahtsanhe's smelling itslough ch'iti'ih nitil'ee...

slow y~htsanhe smelled it

khalchi' kwaashe's slow vagwaatsan

it smellsslowly khai' ts'a', also

neenjik smile

slurp adlaashe's smiling

ch' ihi Lukhe slurps indlaa

she smiledsly

smoke latninjigwaazhiishe is sly

small tsalvalatits smoke

1 1 7

smokehole thah zhit khaiitr'iisrokehouse (for smoking s~ins)

ch'iitthoo zhehsmokehouse (for drying)

ch'agccth zhehsmother

lat yaahkhwcctthe smothered, was overcomeby smoke

smooth, evengoolaii or oolaiiit is smooth, it is even

smooth, soft to the touchnitl'uuit (a thing) is smoothgwintl'uuit (an area) is smooth

smooth, resolveshrideegwinlikhe smoothed things over

snack shih tsalsnake gy~\.lsnare gyahsnarl

ch'ooghwanit's snarling

sneakch'aa'yaa."-he's sneakingnee ch 'ahaa' ikhe's sne~king around

sneerch'ccccghwanhe sneers

118

sneeze

yah'ooshe's sneezingyil'ooshe sneezed

sniff, snifflehitsikhe's sniffling

snipe teeghaiits'il, alsozheezhyah, also deenjyaa,also dil

snorech'ahkhokhe's snoringch'ahkhok•he snored

snout ch'antsihsnow zhah ..' .~'".' . '. . . t : .' ....,

... t·.··· '#

hard, crusted snow tsilloose ice-crystal snow,"corn snow" tsaih ghyaa ortsaih zhyaa

fine powdery snow zhah t'ator chat t'at

nichigwiilzhiihe sobs

hard ice snow gwiluu sober

wet snow da'antloo gaaniindaiishe is sober

new snow chat sod tl'oo nan haa nihteesoft fluffy snow zhah tsuudrifted snow zhahkhadaak'at....

sod house kwanhsoft and light (like down)

blowing snow tsil haatlit

snowblindditsuuit's soft

neeghin yaahkhwaiihe's snowblind .....

soft, pliable (like a skin)

nitl'uuit's soft

snow bunting, snowbirdgwigeh zhuu soil nan

snowflake zhah tsuu soldier nivee t'ah'insnowshoe aih sole

place where foot rests onsnowshoe ch'akwaih Iaii..... ..

vakwaii tl'ee....the sole of his foot

ch'akwaih yalaii.. L."he is lacing snowshoes solid, sturdy

ch'akwaih yaalaiihe laced snowsh~es

datai'it,~"'solid, it's sturdy

soaksolid, tightly woven

neeyahtraashe's soaking it

Iatth~t~ niichy'aait's solid (for example,tightly woven cloth)

neeyiltraashe soaked it solid, not rotten

soap daatlih vizhit d~hjat kwaait (wood) is solid

face soap vaa neech'araaJ'ii.. L. some lat

soar valatsome of itneedeedhaa

it (a bird) is soaring something k'eiich'ii ork'aiich'ii

sob1 19

sometimes geetak

somewhere, some place t'ohlii. .. .. to

son

vigii tsyaahis son or her son

vidinji'his son (man's son only)vizhuuher son (woman's son only)

son-in-law

veedeenyaaher son-in-law (woman'sonly)

vichiikai' or vikiikai'.~ - .,his son-in-law (man's only)song ch'ilik

soon nahgwansoot lat ts'ih

sore gwil ts I. Lk (also see hurt)sorrow tr'igwidiisoul

vanky'<t<this soul

sound ch'iihaahchiksoup sl)ih.tloosour

tr'aakaii.,.it's sour

space

dehk'it tr'agoonadhakthere is a space for it

spank

120

yahtriihe is spanking himyahtriih~ span~ed him

sparkko' ch'ahahsaks~arks are flying out (froma fire)

sparkle

ch'ahdit or ch'ahnditit ~parkles •

sparrow neek'ik or neech'ikspatter, splatter

chuu ch'ahshoo......she spatters water

speak (also see ~)

yats'a' ginkhiihe speaks to her

yats'a' ginhe'he spoke to her

spear toh

fish spear ch'eedaih.,speech girinkhii, also

ginjiriitrakginkhiihe is making a speechginjiitrakhe makes a speech, so loudthat people around thecamp can hear him in theirtents

.spider gwiteedrii orgwideedrii

spiderweb gwiteedrii vyaa it is spotted, has spots onit

spill spot, suddenly seeneeyaanjaashe spilled it niyiil1in

he spotted itspine ch1anan spouse see husband, wife

vananhis spine sprain

spiritdakwaiichan khahkathe sprained his ankle

vanky1aahis spirit spread

spityahtleehe spreads it with oil

hizhreehe1s spitting

haazhreehe spat

yiltleehe spread it with oil

dhatsathe has his legs spread apart

splash

chl.ll.lch1ahshooshe1s splashing water

splint dachan dril gaatl1iic ..

dna k t a i 'he has his legs spread andheld up

spring (season) shreenyaaor shreeny??-

splinter see sliver

splitspring (coiled metal)

ch1iitsii neelv~i

nihtr1eeyahkyaahe1s splitting it

spring (where water comes out)k1ahjik tr1idiinlaii ork1ahnjik tr1idiinlali--

... l,.. ......

nihtr1eeyilkilhe split it

spoil

spring, reboundk1it teech1ilchukit sprang back

iizuu dhidlitit spoiled, went bad

k1it teech1aachukit sprang back (repeatedly)

spoon saban

spoon, old-time wooden spoonluu k1ik

spruce tree ts1ivii orts1iivii

spruce hen daih.. ..spot also see place spruce roots khaii

nidiilg~aii121

yaagwat hilghaahe stabbed him he was startled, gave a

start

square, carpenter's squarevaa goohiidri'

squeeze

yihtrandak or yihtrindakshe's squeezing ityihtreiinjikshe squeezed it

squirrel

tree squirrel dlak

ground squirrel tthaa ortthah

stab

staff, walking stick tohstagger

vineech'ahaakakshe staggers

stain

vakak ch'ii'eh eegoho'aiiit has a stain on it LLL

stairs dagohdttstake

danan kak dachan gwanandatthaiihe's staking his land

stalk

vachanits stalk, its trunk

stand

nadhathe is standingnigiilzhiithey are standing

122

tr'agwahdaiiL L L

he can't stand itstar sa' or sa'L

stareyinich'idiintiishe's staring'at her

start

neeyihiltuuhe started ix (a machine)

startle

yihilkhaahe startled him

starve

vihdigiihe's starvingvihdeiingaiihe starved"

stay

zhat t'inchy'aashe's staying there

steal

ch'an'iiL Lhe's stealing

ch'aa'iihe ~toie

stearn teedhahzhraa, alsochuu diit'eerakak

\.. \..

steambath kiidhah zhee

steel ch'iitsiisteep

gwiidlanit's steep

steer still, yet tth'aii, alsonihk'it

triih ak'ahdak or. _.tr'ih akahndakhe's steering the canoe

stinggwiik'akit (an insect) stings

stingystem

vachanits st-em ch'intsai' or ch'eiintsai'~. - .'he's stIngy

stepstink

daa'alshe's stepping ~lonq(slowly)

gwiiz~~ vagwaatsanit stinks

yakak cieena~'<1ashe is stepping on it stir

oondaa hiil 'yUllshe took <1 st0P

Y<1a leech'~~dhaanhe'n stirring it

yakak dii l'yulJshe stepped on it (once)

y~u Icech'oocihaanho stirr.ed'it

stern tr'ih t t " i 'ntitch also see sew

stew nilii gwanzhJh h~och'atloh

tthaa hatthak or. tthaahichikhe took a stitch in it

stick gal stomach also see bellystick, make it adhere vavat

his stomachgiyaht'anhe's sticking it on vazhrak

his stomach (belly)giyilt'anhe stuck it on vitri I

his large stomach (belly)giJt'anit's sticking to it stomachache

stiff vazhrak ilts'ikshe has a stomachachek' idohotcli'

it is stiff stone kiiiIk'ooit (a co rp se ) iss t iff stop

still, quiet hehdikh~ stopped (walking)

hindii kwaashe is still

123

akhagoony~~he stopped (what he wasdoing)

cook-stove, with oveavizhit vikeech'ichy'aa

ginkhii kwaa!stop talking!

khoiindik, alsok'eehidhindikstop it!

store ch'ookwat zhehstormy

dryaahtsai'\-- "" -.. c..it IS stormy

stovepipe ch'iitsiighikstow

khehlan niyiiliihe's stowing them awaykhehlan niyinliihe stowed them away

straight

story gwandak k'igwaa'eeit's straight

gwaandakshe's telling a story k'ii'an or ch'ii'an

straight-ro thereyaa gwaandakshe's telling her a story strain

geegwaandakshe's telling a story aboutit

cheedaandakhe strained himself

stoutdant'it gwiht!lgaahe strained his back

nikiiit is stout

stranger aakin

straw tl '00

jidii kiisomething stout stream k'ahjik or k'ahnjik

dahkii,how stout is it?

strength

stovevat'aiihis strength

cast-iron stove ch'iitsii stretch

124

nindaiiit (a'~ope) is stretchedtight

haats'itit stretches

geedoodaatan,~he's studying

hilts'itit stretched

geedoodiiltin< <he studied

stretch stuff

kheegwiitikshe stuffed herself

yahahts'it or yahaahts'itshe stretches it (forexample, clothing)

yizhit ch'ahky'uuhe stuffed ityihilts'it or yihiilts'it

- «she stretched ityizhit teech'atthaiihe's stretching it (a skin)

stuffyvinjik ch'adaagwathe has a stu~~y nose

yizhit teech'intthaiihe stretched it

stumble

strikeneehadaahtalshe is·stumbling around

yinleeldhaiihe struck him

stump

'"

string tly'ah

string, put on a string

ch'an'yuushe's stringing beads stump 'on ground ch'achanch'aa'yuushe'strung beads (uprooted) stump ch'aghat

strips of hide tthak sturdy

strong datai'it 15 sturdy

nint'aii, also vagw~~ht?~'he is stro~ stupid

datai', ,.it is strong, hard to break

vigwizhi' kwaahe is stupid

stubborn stutter

viki' dach'atshe's stubborn

ch'aganjikshe stutters

student geero~~htan suck

study yaht'okhe is sucking on it

125

suddenly khan, alsodiirahtee

tr'int'uushe had surgery

suddenly, unexpectedlyvarahtee

yit'iishe is performing surgery onher

suds daatlih t'at yint'uushe performed surgery on hersugar sungaii

'- '- '-

surprise veegwii'yaa

surveyor nan gwak'aahtii, l

suspect

yats'a' nagooliihe suspects him

yats'a' nagwinli'he suspected him

suspenders deeghat diit'aiisummer shin swallow (bird) khy~htsoo or

shy~htsooswallow

sun drin oozhrii, alsoshree

Sunday Drin Zhit, alsoNeegwaazhii Drin~Neeraazhii Drin

yahahjii or yahahnjiishe~s swaIIowing it

sunglasses ndeezhii yihildak or yihilndak,also yihiITleeshe swallowed it

sunglasses to prevent snow-blindness dachan neeghink'ik or dachan neezhin ch'ik

swamp gweelah

supper khaa ch'ara'aaswan daazhraii

l , L

sweatkhaa ch'a'aahe's eating supperkhaa ch'a'alhe ate supper

zhy?-~ghyaahe's sweatingzht~lghyaahe sweated

surface ohts'aii\. L l \. sweep

surface of water gwidikgeelee ch'iitan

surgery she's sweepingtr'it'iishe is having surgery

geelee ch'aahtinshe swept

126

yeelee ch'iitanshe's sweeping it

avalit's swinging

yeelee ch'aahtinshe swept it

tly'ah val k'ita swing

sweet swollen

akaii,,,it is sweet

ilzhalit is swollen

swell syrup k'ii ch\:l'

azhalit's swelling up Tilzhalit swelled up

swift also see fast, quicktable vakaa'aaor vakaii'aa,

also vakak ch~ra'aa orvakak ch'ii'aa

chuu nint'aiithe'water, current is swift

swim

ivyaahe (a person) is swimming

tail~

----'~~-~-- ."-~-vitsi' or vitsi',its tail

neehiivikhe is swimming around take

zhat niinvii or zhat niiviihe swam there- ,.,.".cyuunj iihe's taking it

neehiileeit (a fish) is swimmingaround

yuunjikhe took it

zhat niinlii or zhat niiliic ,it swam there

zhyaa yits'i' ch'oonjiihe t~ok it from him (withoutasking or paying)

tale gwandakswing

yahv aL: .she is swinging it

talk

ginkhiishe's talkingy{ihval

she swung -i ~""" yaa ginkhiishe's talking with her

127

ginhe'she talked

tarry

yaa ginhe'she talked with her

zhat t'inchy'aahe tarries there, lingers

task gwitr'itgwiyeezhak ginkhiihe's talking back, beingimpudent

tassel gwitsii dhidlii

tastetall

nitsiihe is tall, it is tall

yalaiishe's tasting it

tallowyaalaiishe tasted it

ch'ik'eh ghwai' vik'it vagwaandaiiit tastes like ittamegwinzii vagwaandaiiit tastes goodgiyagwah'ee

she is taming itgiyagwah'i'she talned'it

gwiiz~~ vagwaandaii ortr'aakaiiit tastes bad

tan tattooyahkhiihe's tanning it yadaahtoo

he's'tattooing his faceyidiiltoohe tattooed his face

y~hkhiihe tanned it

tangle tea lidii or lidii, ,nadanohochaait is tangled teach

nidiyaahchaashe t~~gles it

geeyuaahtanshe's'teaching her

nidiyiilchaashe t~~gled it

yeeyuaahtanshe's'teaching her about itgeeyuultinshe taught her

datth'akit is tangledjidii tth'aksomething tangled

yeeyuultinshe taught her about it

tar dzih zhraiil. \. l..

teacher qeech'oaahtan- L ,

tarpaulin, tarp gwakakhaat'aii

teapot lidii tyah,

128

tear temporarily (for example, whiletraveling) khaihtak

leeyahch'aahe's tearing it ten ch'ihloaatin

leeyilch'aahe tore it

tend

tearsyak'aahtiishe'~'tending it

vineetreechu',his tears, teardrops

yik I eel.tiishe t~nded it

tent zheh gwadhah

~ ------>:tease

zhiyaahts'iishe's teasing her

terrifyvizhit najat aanallhe's terrifiedteeth

vagho'his teeth

test

tellthank you mahsi'

yak'ahaanjiishe's testing it, examiningit

yik'ihiljik or yik'ihilnjikshe tested it

thankfulyaa gwaandakhe's telling him (a story) mahsi' yindhan

he is thankfulyahnyaahe's telling him, he tellshim (anything)

mahsi' yinghya'he was thankf~l

temple Thanksgiving h~~' gwintl'andeerii'aii drin or khai', ,gwintl'eegwada'aiivintl'eek'aa or vanleek'aa

his temples' (side of head)

129

zhikthat J11 naii., ,

these people

thataii or allthat-one:Ctnat occurrence

thermometer (oral)diiyeerah'ee, also ts'iknindhaa'vaa k'arahaanjii

these

yaagha' or yaaghatthat ~ne-,-someone (alreadyreferred to) jii kwaii

these thingsthaw they, them geedan

naaghwaiiit is thawing thick (large through the

middle)naaghwanit thawed

di itiiit's'thick

neeyahkhwaiishe's thawing it

jidii ditt'something thick

neey~hkhwanshe thawed it thick (dense, tangled)

theater nagwaatsi' zheh ornagwarahtsi' zheh

trial tth'akthick brush

there also see up, down, over,around

thief ch'an'ttthigh

zhatthere (a place referred tobefore)

vitsyaahis back thigh muscle

zhat gwats'a'to there

vits~hk'iihis front thigh muscle

zhat gwats'anfrom there

thighbone, femur

izhik zhatright there

vadhahghwaahis thighbone

thimble nileetth'aii'eeoonjitover there vanleetth'aii'ee

her thimbleizhik or zhikright there

thin also see skinny

thermometer (for outsidetemperature) ch'ak'oh vaak'araandal

didrilit's very thinjidii drilsomething thin (like a pieceof paper)

130

think vihdaiihis throat

ninjich'adhathe's thinking vihdaii gwilts'ik~, \.he has a sore throatninjich'aadhathe was thinking throb

gininjich'ahthathe's thinking about it

vizhit kich'ii'akit is throbbing (with pain)

gininjich'ahthathe was thi~king about it

through

jyaa yuunyaathat's what'he was thinkingabout him

gwinju'through an opening, alsothrough something trans-parent

yindhanhe thought (something)

thirsty

gwankatthrough something solid,for example a wall

throwchuu dahliishe's thirsty gwach'aa oo'an hiljil

she threw away the clothesthis jii yahatthak

she's throwing it (aprojectile)yahaakitshe threw it (projectile)

thorn khoh

those

aii nallthose'people yihiiln~t~

she threw it (a small thing,like a rock)aii kwaii

those things

thrash t'eeyihiilnaiishe threw it~(a livingthing)yihilkhaashe threw it (a stick)

khadiyaahkhaa,,he's thrashing it, alsohe thrashed it

thread khaiindoo or khaiindoo~ l.. I~ ~ L l.- I.. .. yihiljil

she threw them (severalthings)

thud

threaten

y~~hjatshe threatens her, alsoshe threatened her gich'iildo'

it made a'thudthree tikthroat

131

thumb oozhii niliishe's timid: bashfulvanchoo

his thumb gatr'oaanyaashe's timid, afraid to askthunder nahtan

tinglenagwahtan.it is thundering vakak tr'agoots'ii k'it

t'igwii'inhe's tinglingThursday Drin Doo, also Drin

\ \Ts'an Drin Doo,. \

thus jyaa tip

tick vitsii, \its tIpshree kaahchy'aa ndaaleekwalthe watch is ticking

tip, fall overkhataanaanaii

L , ,

it tipped overtickleyahjokhe's tickling him

khataaneey~~hn~tthe tipped it over

tiptoeyahjokLhe tickled him neech'ahaa'ik

she's tiptoeingticklishajokshe's ticklish

zhat nich'iil'ttshe tiptoed there and back

tide chuu choo titL ..

tired

tie cheendakhe's tired

diyahchaahe's tying itdiyilchaahe tied it

yiiltaiiL L ..

he's tired of eating it(the same thing)

to ts'a'tight

yats'a'to him, toward himiltl'at

it's tight (a tight fit)tilt

gwats'a'to there, to here

k'ah niyin'aiihe L til ted ie'

k'iinaastraight to

timid yintl'eeto him (when givingsomething to him)

132

tobacco ts'eet'ittoboggan dach~~val or dachan

valor dachaaval

toevakwaiits'athis toe vagho'

his toothvakwaiidrilhis toes (all five) toothachevakwaiits'at choohis big toe vagho' ilts' ik

she has a toothachetoenail toothpick diigho' deetak vaa

nich'iridiitthaiivakwaiigaii~ ~"his toenail toptoday juk drin khagohdii

on top of a slopetogether (in a group) khehlok

together (in one place)khehlan

vakakon top of it (a thing)

toilet trya' zheh.. gwakakon top of it (an area)

toilet paper tsit tormenttomorrow nihkaa kh~ttjich'iyahtthattongue he is tormenting him

vikyaa or vichyaahis tongue

khaiijich'iyiltthathe'-tormented him

toss also see throwtonight juk khaa, also juk t??

tonsil lihk'eeyahaahthakshe's tossing it back andforth (with someone else)zheeyahaahthakshe's tossing it up in theair

vihdaii koohis t~nsil

too, also chan

too much tr'ikhit zheeyihiilnaiishe tossed it"up in the airtool vaa gwitr'it t'igwii'in

touchtooth

yidiiniihe touched him

133

towyeelilshe's towing the boatneeyihiluu·she's towing it aroundzhat niyinluushe towed it there

toward see totowel dohshrootoy tr'iinin yaa geegwaazhii

traceyik'it teech'adhathe is tracing ityik'it teech'aadhathe traced it

trackvik'thhis tracksyahkaahe's tracking itniY't'thkw<ttthe tracked it thereniyahkeehe'~ tracking it along

tradenihlach'agookwatthey are trading

134

nihligiyuukwatthey are trading ityich'ookwathe's trading with himyiyuukwathe's trading it with himyit'ii yahaa'aii

~ ~ ~ ~ Lhe traded it with himyilanjee niinzhiihe traded places with him

trader ch'ookwattrail, path taii or taiinL L ,

toboggan trail chuuluu orchuuluh

trail, track see tracktransfer

ch'adan gwats'a' niyaahchiihe transferred him LL 'L

translatelihteedeelyaashe's translatinglihteediinliishe translated

transparentnahdrinit is transparent, it istranslucent

trap khyahl

deadfall trap dehtinfish trap gwatral, alsoda'andlee

trap

yildroohe caught it in a trap

y?-hdroohe trapped it

tript'oohlii niheehe~~ t~king a tripkhyah dhidlii, also khyah

t'ah'in ~he's trapping

travel

t'oohlii noozhiihe~took"'a trip

khaihtak neehidik, alsonihky'aa neehidikhe's traveling

trip, stumble

yit'akwaanaii.. ~she tripped over it

traveler khaihtak gwahtsii

tree dachantrot (animal)

aatlaait's trotting along

neehaatlakit's trotting around

birch tree aat'oo

cottonwood tree t'aa

spruce tree ts'ivii orts'iivii

zhat nantleeit trotted there

trout neerehjik or neerahnjikor neetrrahnji~

truelyaa t'igwinyaait's truelit didliihe's true (keeps his word)

truly lyaa, also lit haa, alsolaa~.

alder k'oh trunk (of a tree)willow k'aii vachan

tremble its trunktrust

daatratshe is trembling yit'injy~~hchY'aa

she trusts himtrial ch'aroaahkat

trytrim

yeeshreegwaht'iihe's trimming it

gwik'eegwandaiihe's trying

yeeshreegwaht'uu.he trimmed~it

gwik'eegoonjikhe tried

135

yik'eegwandaiihe's trying it lihts'eeyadankhyuu

he is turning it inside outyik'eegoonjikhe tried it y??hkyaa

he's turning it off (fire)yiiltthaa

l "he turned it offtub daatlih tyah..

lihts'eeyadan'aiihe's turning it overlihts'eeyadaa'aiihe turned it~o~~~

tusk ch'atth~~f choo gho'Tuesday Drin Neekwaii, also

Drin Ts'an Drin Neekwaii~ '- c

tussock on tundra, "nigger-head" tl'oo hanshyah

tug-of-war twenty neekwat daatin orneekwaii daatin orneekwaatintly'ah haa nihts'ii gahandak

• '- t.they're havIng a tug-of-wartwice neekwat

tundra ts'ivii kwaa orts'iivii kwaa twine chihvyaa tthal

tunnel nan t'eh gwizhitgweedii

l l

twins naach'intwist

turkey dath chooturn also see roll yahantii

she's twisting ityahantiihe's turning it (a knob) yahaatuu

sheltwisted ityah'2-?tuuhe turned it (a knob)

two neekwaiil ~ ~

neeyadan'aiihe's turning it around uneeyadaa'aiihe tur~edlit around uglynaanaii

l l l

he turned into (some-thing else)

tSY't~hchY'aait's ugly

unbelievableshah naanaiiit became'~lbear gwik'injirighit kwaa

it's unbelievablelihts'eeyad??khyuuhe turned it inside out

136

uncle also di'ik neetr'iltsuushe's undressing

vee'iihis/her uncle (mother'sbrother)

dagwach'aa neetr'ilzhii ordagwach'aa nilzhii, alsodi'ik neetr'iltsuushe undressedvitii

his/her uncle (father'sbrother) uneasy

unclear shragwaadhan kwaahe's uneasy

gwinzii gaandaii kwaait's ~~clear to her unexpectedly geegwaroolii kwaa

uncomfortable unexpectedly to himvarahtee

gwinzii tthaii naadlii kwaahe's ~ncomfortable unhappy

undecided shoo nilii kwaa, alsoshragwaah~hY'aa kwaa

C C

she is unhappylihk'injyaa'eeshe's undecided

unharnessunder

gwit~ee or gwit'ehunderneath

laii tly'ah ts'an tr'ahchiihe's unharnessing the dog

vit'ehunder it

l~ii tly'ah ts'an tr'aahchiihe unharnessed the do~c C'

unimportantchuu zhit.. ..under water gwat'agw~~hchY'aa kwaa

it's unimportantunderpants _ ch'iyehzhak thal,

also ch'aghohchan thal (longbloomers)

unintelligent

undershirt gwit'eh naraatsuuvigwizh~' kwaashe's unintelligent

understand also see hear uniquevik'it t'inch'ii gwanliiC ...kwaait is unique

gwik'it teedzii'il'eehe understandsyiihtth'akhe understands him unison

underwear ch'iyehzhak gwach'aa nihlaain unison, all at one time

undress universe nan kak zhee kakhaa datt::.hakdagwaach'aa neetr'aazhii,

137

unknowingly khadeetak...... up (in sight, but not withinreach)unload

gwizhit tr'igwiliihe's unloading

oodeeright up there

gwizhit tr'igwiinl'iihe unloaded

yeedeeup, upstairs, where it canbe reached by walking

unmanageable dehtthatupward, up that wayvagwantrii kwaa·

it is unmanageable yi'eedee or yeeneedeefarther upunoccupied

gwizhit tr'igwich'f~ kwaait (a place) is unoccupied

up (higher in elevation, insight)

unravel oodakhigher up, on the ground

neeya' atshe's unraveling it yeedak

straight up, also north ofhereneeyin'at

she unravelled it yi'eedakfar up, up in the air

up in the sky zhee zhitk'iizhak gwich't~ kwaa, alsogwiriz~t nagwaak'it kwaahe is unsettled

unsteady

vadlarh daadhalit is unsteady ~,e...---........-

~.::-/::,:::--~;----=--~~

--=-=--~--V~untiedeeyan'atshe's untying it

up from the riverdeeyiin'atshe untied it oonjit

up there, away from theriverdeeneendak

it came untieddahochaa kwaait is untied, loose

yeeneenjitway up that way, from theriver

unwary uphill, toward speakerkhach'oaa'ya' kwaa,he is unwary

k'iikyaapointi~g straight uphill

138

upriver yat'~~hchY'aahe is using it

oonji' or han nji'upriver used, accustomed

(from) upriver yeenii ts'aii'- '- l-

yagwaa'i' or yigwaa'~'he is used to it (person oranimal), he learned ituppermost dak gwaa'ai'

....... l.. '-

upright gogwaa'eehe is used to it

k'iidak dha'aii'- < ~it is upright

k'iidak dhidiihe is sitting upright

usual

gohju'as usual

uproot utensils, cooking equipmentjidii vaa vikeerahchy'aadatthakgwanzh~h khahch'aa

she uprooted the plantuterus

upside down

ch t i j uk dha'aii'- l- l-

it is upside down

vats'ather uterus

lihts'eeyid~~'~~~he turned it upside down vupstream see upriver

upward k'iidak vacation

(moving or extending) upwardk'iizhaa

'- ..gwitr'it ts'an naazhiihe's taking a vacation

urge vain see also proud

gwats'a' yah'eeshe urges her to do it

in vain, there is no needfor it gw~~hkwaa

urinatein vain, for nothing zhy~~

alarhe is urinating

in vain, without successkhy¥'

valley nihtakdhalarhe urinated valuable, useful

urine larh vaghaii gweedhaait is valuable, useful

us diikhwan

use139

Venetie Viihtaii01. (,. L 1,.. \,. w

valuable, expensivedaatl'ooit is valuable, expensive

videezhuu ts'ikhis high-pitched voice

vanishvideezhuu kiihis deep, hoarse voice

vanity khadak dilii~ L

haahchikhe is using his voice,making sounds with histhroat

k'igwaanaii..,she vanished

vapor teedhahzhraa vomit

vegetable gwanzhih tr'a'aal

neekwaiihe's vomiting

veinvits'uuhis vein

neehokwaiihe vomited

ventilator vizhit khaiitr'iivest ik vivit kwaa, also

ch'idreeghaa ikwade

village kwaiik 'ithandeehaahe's wading along

villagers gwich'in naii• , l

visiblevigweech'inhe is visible

visityeeniheeshe is visiting her

neehanhidikhe's wading around

yeenoozhiishe visited her

wager

vocal cordsnihts'a' naga'oothey're making a wager

vachaahis vocal cords

yits'a' nahaiihe's making a wager

voice wagon ch'iitsii khalwailvideezhuu

his voice gwintl'oo itreeshe's wailing

140

waist walrus ahvyaa, also ch~~ch'atthaii~~~

vadhaa k' ithis waist

wait

nagol'inhe's waiting

nagwaa'y~'he waited

niyul'inhe's waiting for him

want

niyuaa'y~'he waited for him

yiyindhanshe wants it

wakeyiyiinghyit'he wanted it

khakii'aiishe's waking up

war ch'aghan or ch'eeghan

ch'eeghan gahtsiithey are making warkhakee'aii~ , ,

she woke upwarehouse gwadal zheh

walk also see ~warm

ahaahe's walking along nindhaa

he is warm, also it is warm(a thing, or-a-person)

gwiindhaait is warm (weather)

warnyideegwaah'ee

L L

she's warning her

yideegwaah'e'L L

she warned her

warrior niveh t'ah'inneehidikhe's walking around wart shyah

washzhat niinzhiihe walked there ch'ik'eech'ahtryaa

he's washing clotheswall zheh gwikhy~~

141

yik'eech'ahtryaahe's washing it

we diikhwanweak

ch'ik'eech'ahtryaahe washed clothes vat'aii kwaa

she is weakwash basin vizhit

neech'araajii, alsodaatlih k~ik

vagwaahtai' kwaal' ..she IS weak, feeble

wealthywashboard vakakch'ik'eerahtryaa, alsovakak ch'agar~hdair--- valaraa gwanlt!, also hil'ee

he is wealthywashtub daatlih tyah, weaponwatch, wristwatch shree

kaahchyaa vakheeghanhis weapon

watch weargwak'~~htiishe's watching

. -. ~.'-niyaazhiihe's wearing it (any kindof clothing)gwik'eeltt~

she watched niyaatsuuhe's wearing it (a coat,shirt, et c ,)yak'aahtii

she'~"watching ityik'eeltt!she watched it

yizhoo'yuuhe's wearing it (pants,socks, shoes, etc.)

khayuaa'Y?-'she is watching out for him yizhiiljik or yizhiilnjik

he's wearing-them (gloves)water ch1!1J

niyaa'aiihe's wearing it (hat, cap)waterfall neeteiinlaii.... ~~

waterhole chuu k'it.. ~ niyuuljik or niyuulnjik,also nooljik or noolnjikhe's wearing it (a scarfor shawl)

water pail chuu tyah- ~ ,

wave. titwave

an iliiit's wearing outan dhidlitit wore out, it is worn out

zhee dahdaii or zheedahndaiihe's waving his hand

weasel avii, also charzhee diljik or zhee dilnjikhe waved his hand weave see knit

142

web, spiderweb gwiteedrii vyaaor gwideedrii vyaa

what jidii

wedijiinow what?, what next?

goonjii.he weds wheeze

yuunjiihe weds her

daadloohe's wheezing

wedge dachan vaanihtr'eerahkyaa

when nijinni j in dai I

~ t,when (in the past)old-time wedge, stone wedgenjah nijin ji'

when (in the future)Wednesday Orin Ts'~n orin Tikalso Orin Tik whenever nijin d?~' gaa

week drin deetit where nijinweep nijin gwats1an

from where ..itreeshe is weeping nijuk

to whereintriishe wept where it goes (its location)

videek'it or videhk'itweighyik'eech'agwahdiihe's weighing it

whetstone, sharpener tly'ah

which one? jidii shrityik'eech'igwildiihe weighed it which way ni]uk ts I aii

.... L

west neech'a'ak ts'aii, also.. L "-

yeed i I

while gwiizhik

wetaii gwiizhikwhile that (was happening)

iltraa or niltraait's wet

whimperidizhit itreeit's whimperingnilk'al, also chuu'ir-- ..it's soaking wet whip

whale ahvyaa, also ch~~ch'atthaii

'" \. t

yahtriihe's whipping it

wharf tl'eedik y?htriihe whipped it

143

laii viitriia'dog whip white hair kii gaii,,,

whirlpool viki' daagaiishe has whlt~ hair

strong whirlpool ch~¥ iljat white man vaanoodlitweak whirlpool k'inehdlaii

, L Lwhittle

whirlwind ahtr'aii vii gwahjyaahe's whittlingwhiskers

vidinghai'his whiskers

yahjyaahe's whittling it

who juuwhisper

who? juu dee?daadzitshe's whispering whole

whistle datthak dilii, ,it is wholeyahshuu

he's whistling why jaghaiiy?hshuuhe whistled

wide

yuuzhuua whistle

nichyaait (a thing) is widegwiinchyaait (an area) is widewhite

dagaiisom~thing white

jidii chyahsomething wide

daagaiiit's'~hite dahchyaa?

how wide is it?whitefish luk daagaii

L L L widow tr'injaa vakai' nindhatL ,

lake whitefish neeghan wife

cisco whitefish chihshoo va'athis wife

round whitefish khaltai'L. L kiighai'wig naraa'aiiL. , ,small whitefish ch'ootsik,

also treeluk wigglewhite fox ch'iky'aa idiljik kwaa or khehlan

idil nj ik kwaa-she is wiggling, restless

144

wild neech'ahantr'alhe's winking (repeatedly)

oo'ok dachan tee gwandaiiit is wild

wilderness trial zhit, alsonan gwinjir

wild rhubarb ts'iigyuu

willing -gwik'it t'iindhanhe's willing to do it

neech'ahaatr'alhe winked C

willow k'aii winter khaii

dried willows k'il midwinter khaii tl'an

win wipe

gaayii ch'ahtsii, also ilwinshe wins

yach'ahjii or yach'ahnjiishe's wipingit

wind ahtr'aii yach'ahjik or yach'ahnjikshe wiped i~ ~

north wind yeenahjyaaahtr I ai i or y'eenahnjyaaahtr'aii -

giyahjii or giyahnjiishe's wipIng it off it

east wind yeenihjyaaahtr'aii or yeenihnjyaaahtr'aii

giy~hjik or giy?hnjikshe wiped it off it

wire ch'iitsii gyahwest wind yeedihjyaaahtr'aii or yeedihnjyaaahtr'aii -

wisdom gwizhih

vigwizhi'his wisdomsouth wind, Chinook wind

yeenihjyaa ahtr'aii dhaa oryeenihnjyaa ahtr'aii dhaa- wise

window vinjyaa'yaa vigwizhi' gwanliihe is wise cc

wine jak chu ' wishwing ch'ats'an geenjit dinjiighit

she wishes (for somethingto happen)vats'an

its wing

wink yats'a' dinjiighitshe wishes for him

with haa

145

vaawith him gwitr'it t'agwah'in

he's workingjidii haawi th what gwitr'it t'agw~h'y~'

he workeddiihaawith us khai' aachy'aa

he's not workingwithered

dhagaiiL ....it is withered

neiilii kwaahe's hard-working

world nan kak or nan katwobbly worm gy~tI

dadlarit is wobbly

wolf zhoh c=--)~--~wolverine nahtryah or nahtryaa

or nehtryaawoman tr'injaa wornwomb

vats'ather womb

an dhidlitit is worn out

worrywonderful

geech'igwi'init's wonderful

ginjyaahchii. ~... .he 1S worry1ngworse

wood traa, also dachan

piece of firewood traadeet'uu

gwandaa 11ZUUit is worse

worshiprotten wood ch'iitthoo deeyihiil'ee

he worships himdry fibrous rotten woodzhoh trin deeyahaah'e'

he wor~hipped himwoodpecker dachan kyaa ordachan chyaa wound

word ginjih

viginjikhis words

yiinjikshe wounded it

work gwitr'itvigwiinjikshe is wounded

146

woven also see weave ch'adantl'oohe's writing

ohotl'ii~,it is woven ch'adaatl'oo,,

he wrotewrap

yatl'an dach'ahchaahe's wrapping it

yadantl'oohe's writing it

yadaatl'oohe ~~ote ityatl'an dich'ilchaa

he wrapped itwriter ch'adantl'oo

wrestle wrongyaa t'aii t'ah'inhe's wrestling with him

tehk'aa, gwit'igwin'eeit's wrong, there is some-thing wrong

wring. ,

vit'igwin'eehe's wrong, there's some-thing wrong with him

yang??, also neeyang??she's wringing it

y~~g??, also neey~~g?Qhe wrung it

wrinkle ych'ildralit's wrinkled yarn ohotl'ii zhok, ,ch'iyahdralhe's wrinkling it,curling it

yawn

ch'iyildralhe wrinkled it

wrist, forearm

viky'aahis wrist

wristwatch shree kaahchyaa orshree kaahchyaa tsal vah iilts'ee

she is yawningwrite

year neegwiidhat orneegwadadhata year ago neegwadadhatch'ihlak dai' orneegwadadh~t chlihlakgweedhaa gwan~~

147

year before last hee dai'.. vigiihis/its youngyell

azhralhe's yelling

geh giia young rabbit

inzhralhe yelled

Yukon River Yukon Gwinjik

yellow

atsooit's yellow

yellow jacket, hornetch'eedzit ts'ik••

yes aaha'.

yesterday k'ehdai'..yet tth'aii hee

yoke vaa chuu teeraazhik'- .

yolk, egg yolk ch'aghoo zhitatsoo

yonder yeendaa ninghit kwaa

you (one person) nan or nanh

you (more than one person), youguys nakhwan

young also see offspring

jidii k'eejitsomething young

148

•

~al IJ.* .,o.~~... ~;; -- PflaI Materials Development Center

Rural Education AffairsUniversity of Alaska2223 Spenard RoadAnchorage, Alaska

........ Aleut • • ...... Aleut • D_'I... • Gwtcll'ln • Inuplal • Lo_ Korullon • S111et1an Yup'lk • .~ • Upper KueIlollwllll • u.... T_