jp 3-52 doctrine for joint airspace control in the combat …95).pdf · • joint airspace control...

22 July 1995

Joint Pub 3-52

Doctrine forJoint Airspace Control

in the Combat Zone

PREFACE

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1. Scope

This publication provides broad doctrinalguidance for joint forces involved in the useof airspace over the combat zone. Thisairspace control is in the various operatingenvironments that might constitute the combatzone—foreign continent, high seas,amphibious objective area, littoral, or theNorth American Continent outside the UnitedStates. The combat zone described in thispublication applies to the broadestinterpretation of areas where combat forcesare required to conduct operations,including operations other than war. Forexample, it also includes areas such as thecommunications zone (COMMZ). Unlikeground forces, the inherent nature of airoperations mitigates strict compliance withterrestrial boundaries. Therefore, airspacecontrol in the combat zone integratestransitions from noncombat air traffic control.

2. Purpose

This publication has been prepared underthe direction of the Chairman of the JointChiefs of Staff. It sets forth doctrine andselected joint tactics, techniques, andprocedures (JTTP) to govern the jointactivities and performance of the ArmedForces of the United States in joint operationsas well as the doctrinal basis for US militaryinvolvement in multinational and interagencyoperations. It provides military guidance forthe exercise of authority by combatantcommanders and other joint forcecommanders and prescribes doctrine andselected tactics, techniques, and procedures

for joint operations and training. It providesmilitary guidance for use by the Armed Forcesin preparing their appropriate plans. It is notthe intent of this publication to restrict theauthority of the joint force commander (JFC)from organizing the force and executing themission in a manner the JFC deems mostappropriate to ensure unity of effort in theaccomplishment of the overall mission.

3. Application

a. Doctrine and selected tactics, techniques,and procedures and guidance established inthis publication apply to the commandersof combatant commands, subunifiedcommands, joint task forces, and subordinatecomponents of these commands. Theseprinciples and guidance also may apply whensignificant forces of one Service are attachedto forces of another Service or whensignificant forces of one Service supportforces of another Service.

b. The guidance in this publication isauthoritative; as such, this doctrine (or JTTP)will be followed except when, in the judgmento f t h e c o m m a n d e r, e x c e p t i o n a lcircumstances dictate otherwise. If conflictsarise between the contents of this publicationand the contents of Service publications, thispublication will take precedence for theactivities of joint forces unless the Chairmanof the Joint Chiefs of Staff, normally incoordination with the other members of theJoint Chiefs of Staff, has provided morec u r r e n t a n d s p e c i f i c g u i d a n c e .Commanders of forces operating as part of amultinational (alliance or coalition) military

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should evaluate and follow the multinationalcommand’s doctrine and procedures, whereapplicable.

WALTER KROSSLieutenant General, USAFDirector, Joint Staff

command should follow multinationaldoctrine and guidance ratified by the UnitedStates. For doctrine and procedures notratified by the United States, commanders

For the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff:

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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PAGE

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................. v

CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION

• General..................................................................................................................... I-1• Joint Airspace Control in the Combat Zone............................................................... I-2• Fundamental Considerations..................................................................................... I-2• Basic Principles......................................................................................................... I-4

CHAPTER IIGENERAL ORGANIZATION AND RESPONSIBILITIES

• General.................................................................................................................... II-1• Organization............................................................................................................ II-1• Airspace Control Plan.............................................................................................. II-4

CHAPTER IIIELEMENTS OF AIRSPACE CONTROL IN THE COMBAT ZONE

• Operational Area Considerations............................................................................ III-1• Planning for Airspace Control in the Combat Zone................................................ III-1• Peacetime to Combat Considerations..................................................................... III-2• Integration of Combat Zone Airspace Control and Air Defense Operations............ III-3• Methods of Airspace Control in the Combat Zone.................................................. III-4• Enemy Engagement Operations............................................................................. III-5

CHAPTER IVAIRSPACE CONTROL FOR SPECIFIED MISSIONS

• General.................................................................................................................. IV-1• Combat Zone Airspace Control in Amphibious Operations.................................... IV-1• Airspace Control in the Combat Zone During Military Operations

Other Than War (MOOTW)................................................................................ IV-1• Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)........................................................................ IV-5

APPENDIX

A Airspace Control Plan..................................................................................... A-1B Procedural Airspace Control Measures............................................................. B-1

Annex A Airspace Control Request Representative Format....................... B-A-1C References........................................................................................................ C-1D Administrative Instructions............................................................................. D-1

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GLOSSARY

Part I—Abbreviations and Acronyms................................................................... GL-1Part II—Terms and Definitions............................................................................ GL-3

FIGURE

I-1 Fundamental Considerations of Airspace Control in the Combat Zone........... I-3I-2 Basic Principles of Airspace Control in the Combat Zone............................... I-4II-1 Airspace Control Authority Responsibilities...................................................II-3II-2 Airspace Control Plan Considerations............................................................II-6III-1 Principles for Planning Airspace Control in the Combat Zone..................... III-1III-2 Airspace Control Procedures Characteristics................................................. III-3III-3 Maritime Airspace Sector Commander Coordination Responsibilities........... III-4III-4 Methods of Airspace Control........................................................................ III-5IV-1 Combat Zone Airspace Control in Amphibious Operations...........................IV-2IV-2 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) Airspace Control Considerations.............IV-5

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYCOMMANDER’S OVERVIEW

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Provides Fundamental Considerations and Basic Principlesfor Airspace Control in the Combat Zone

Covers General Organization and Responsibilities

Discusses the Elements of Airspace Control in the CombatZone

Covers Airspace Control for Specified Missions

Airspace control includes coordinating, integrating, andregulating airspace to increase operational effectiveness;however, the airspace control authority does not have theauthority to approve, disapprove, or deny combat operations.That is vested only in operational commanders. Airspacecontrol needs to provide a commander the operationalflexibility to employ forces effectively in a joint ormultinational campaign or operation.

The airspace of the combat zone is a crucial dimension of thebattlespace and is used by all components of the joint andallied forces to conduct assigned missions. A highconcentration of friendly surface, subsurface, and air-launched weapon systems must share this airspace withoutunnecessarily hindering combat power that is being appliedin accordance with the joint force commander’s (JFC)campaign or operation plan. The goal of combat zoneairspace control is to enhance air, land, maritime, andspecial operations force effectiveness in accomplishing theJFC’s objectives. Airspace control procedures must preventmutual interference from all users of the airspace, facilitateair defense identification, and safely accommodate andexpedite the flow of all air traffic in the theater of operations.

Airspace control increasescombat effectiveness bypromoting the safe,efficient, and flexible useof airspace with aminimum of restraintplaced upon the friendlyairspace users.

The primary objective ofairspace control is tomaximize the effectivenessof combat operationswithout adding unduerestrictions and withminimal adverse impact onthe capabilities of anyService or functionalcomponent.

Airspace Control in the Combat Zone

Fundamental Considerations

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The organizational form of the airspace control system mayvary depending on the assigned mission, the JFC’s conceptof operations, and assigned forces. The JFC normallydesignates a joint force air commander (JFACC). Becauseof the integrated relationship between airspace controlmeasures and air defense operations, air space controlauthority (ACA) and air defense commander (AADC)duties normally should be performed by the same person, whomay also be the JFACC.

The component commander advises the JFC on theemployment of component forces and the direction and controlof those forces. Subject to the authority of the JFC, eachcomponent commander within a joint force: (1) employs airdefense weapons systems in accordance with the principlesestablished in the Joint Pub 3-01 series, Joint Pub 3-04,“Doctrine for Joint Maritime Operations (Air),” establishedrules of engagement, and the area air defense plan; (2)coordinates and deconflicts the employment of assignedand attached forces with other subordinate commands asrequired by the operational situation; (3) provides airspacecontrol in areas designated by the ACA in accordance withdirectives and/or procedures in the airspace control plan (ACP);(4) forwards requests for airspace control measures to theACA in accordance with the ACP; (5) develops detailedairspace control instructions, plans, and procedures inaccordance with guidance in the ACP; and (6) providesnecessary facilities and personnel for airspace controlfunctions in assigned areas of operations and identify thesefacilities and personnel to the ACA for inclusion in the ACP.

Subject to the authority and approval of the JFC, the ACAdevelops broad policies and procedures for airspace controland for the coordination required among units within the areaof responsibility/joint operations area (AOR/JOA). The ACAestablishes an airspace control system that is responsive tothe needs of the JFC, provides for integration of the airspacecontrol system with that of the host nation, and coordinatesand deconflicts user requirements. The ACA develops theACP and, after JFC approval, promulgates it throughout theAOR/JOA. Implementation of the ACP is through theairspace control order which must be complied with by allcomponents. Centralized direction by the ACA does not implyassumption of operational control or tactical control over anyair assets.

The joint forcecommander (JFC)normally designates a jointforce air componentcommander (JFACC), anairspace control authority(ACA), and an area airdefense commander(AADC). The ACA andAADC duties are normallyperformed by the sameperson who may also bethe JFACC.

Each componentcommander plans andexecutes a portion of thetotal air effort and interactswith other components.

The broad responsibilities ofthe ACA includecoordinating andintegrating the use of theairspace control area.

Organization

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Executive Summary

The airspace control planis approved by the JFC toestablish procedures forthe airspace control systemin the joint force area ofresponsibility/jointoperations area (AOR/JOA).

The Airspace Control Plan

The successful conduct of air defense operations requires theintegrated operation of all available air defense systems. Airdefense operations must be coordinated with otheroperations, both on and over land and sea. The responsibilitiesof the AADC are interrelated with those of the ACA.

The ACA prepares the ACP. The ACP must be tied to thearea air defense plan and coordinated with the other jointoperation plans because these documents together allow forthe conduct of operations along the range from fully capableand operating command and control systems to greatlydegraded command and control systems.

The ACP should be coordinated with representatives of thehost nation(s) in whose airspace the operations will take placeand with civil air activities that may occur in or near theairspace. Broad areas of concern for developing the ACPinclude familiarity with the basic operation plan, combinedwith knowledge of host-nation and multinational politicalconstraints, capabilities and procedures of military and civilair traffic control systems, and general locations of friendlyand enemy forces. The ACP needs to support an orderlytransition from peacetime operations to combat operations.The ACP should specify airspace control measures to beused in the AOR/JOA and how these measures will bepromulgated.

The ACP also should include fire support coordinationmeasures and all Service and functional component-uniqueairspace control measures and terms. The ACP should provideprocedures to fully integrate the resources of the militaryair traffic control (ATC) facility responsible for terminal-area airspace control. The area air defense plan needs to bewritten with detailed engagement procedures that are integralto the airspace control plan and operations in the combat zone.Combat zone airspace control and area air defense operationsneed to plan for operations in a degraded command, control,communications, and computers (C4) environment.Detailed engagement procedures and decentralized controlprocedures (as apply to air defense) are key to operations in adegraded environment. Air defense interface is critical toeffective combat zone airspace control. The geographicarrangement of weapons and the location of specific typesof air defense operations, as well as specific procedures foridentification of aircraft, are important factors to include inthe airspace control plan.

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Other key factors to consider are as follows: (1) proceduresthat include rules of engagement, disposition of air defenseweapon systems such as air defense fighters, air defenseartillery, surface-to-air missiles, and air defense command andcontrol operations; (2) air, land, and maritime situations inthe AOR/JOA such as existing equipment limitations,electronic warfare, and C4 requirements that may adverselyaffect adherence to the ACP; (3) anticipated restricted areasbased on initial deployment of friendly air, land, maritime,and special operations forces and bases; (4) existing air trafficcontrol areas, base defense zones, controlled or uncontrolledairspace, and overflight of neutral nations; (5) mission profiles,combat radii, and identification, friend or foe (IFF) or otheridentification capability of aircraft that will operate in theAOR/JOA; (6) enemy air defense weapons capabilities,deployment, and electronic attack and deception capabilities;(7) emergency procedures for aircraft experiencingdifficulties (to include IFF problems); (8) procedures for dayor night operations and for aircraft experiencing adverseweather; (9) procedures for en route and terminal-area ATCprocedures for aircraft transitioning to and from the battlearea that complement planned combat requirements; (10)procedures to support surge operations requiring highvolumes of air traffic; and (11) enemy offensive aircapabilities.

Peacetime airspace rules and organizations change duringactual conflict, and the nature of these changes is differentfrom theater to theater. During military operations other thanwar, normal airspace control and air defense operations maybe in place. The ACP needs to provide instructions totransition from peacetime to combat in simple, clear steps.Existing air defense structures may be overwhelmed by massedenemy attacks over small geographic areas.

Because airspace control and air defense would conflict andinterfere with each other if operating independently,prioritization and integration of each mission is essential.Airspace control procedures will be used to assist in aircraftidentification, facilitate engagement of enemy aircraft, andprovide safe passage of friendly aircraft.

Each AOR/JOA hasdiffering specificoperational requirementsfor airspace control.

JFCs should have anairspace control plan thatis continually updatedand a standing air controlorder to provide airspacecontrol in the event ofsurprise attack.

The airspace controlfunction must beperformed in closeconformity with airdefense operations.

Integration of Combat Zone Airspace Control and Air DefenseOperations

Peacetime to Combat Considerations

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Executive Summary

Enemy forces will attempt to degrade airspace controlcapabilities by direct attack and electronic measures directedagainst control nodes or other specific targets. Methods ofcombat zone airspace control under these conditions rangefrom positive control of all air assets in an airspace controlarea to procedural control of all such assets, with anyeffective combination of positive and procedural controlmeasures between the two extremes. Airspace control plansand systems need to accommodate these methods based oncomponent, joint, and national capabilities and requirements.The airspace control structure needs to be responsive toevolving enemy threat conditions and changing tacticalsituations.

These operations must be “seamless” in order to reduceuncoordinated simultaneous engagements, unengagedpenetrators, and fratricide. Combat zone airspace controland area air defense operations are inseparably linked in enemyengagement operations. Further, enemy engagementoperations are inextricably linked to the JFC’s overall campaignor operation plan. Some of the joint planning andcoordinating areas that must be considered are: jointengagement zone operations; fighter engagement zoneoperations; missile engagement zone operations; coordinationfor enemy engagement operations; and suppression of enemyair defenses.

A subordinate commander who has been assigned a portionof airspace by the ACA must coordinate with the ACA toensure unity of effort and minimal interference alongadjacent boundaries. The commander must also coordinatewith the ACA to agree on procedures for coordination offlight information, clearance of aircraft to enter and departthe airspace, and coordination of combat zone airspacecontrol services. Combat zone airspace control must also becoordinated during amphibious operations; military operationsother than war (MOOTW), including foreign internal defense,peace operations, antiterrorism, and other types of MOOTW;and while using unmanned aerial vehicles.

Methods of combat zoneairspace control rangefrom positive control of allair assets in an airspacecontrol area to proceduralcontrol of all such assets.

Engaging enemy airvehicles with friendly air,land, and maritime assetsis an important aspect ofbattle.

The ACA may assign aportion of airspace to asubordinate commanderto accomplish a specifiedmission.

Enemy Engagement Operations

Airspace Control for Specified Missions

Methods of Airspace Control in the Combat Zone

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CONCLUSION

This publication prescribes doctrine for joint airspace controlin the combat zone. The prescribed doctrine is broadly statedto fit a wide range of situations primarily involving the controlof airspace in areas where the use of combat forces is requiredto conduct joint or multinational operations. The basicpremise is to develop combat zone airspace control proceduresthat increase combat effectiveness by promoting the safe,efficient, and flexible use of airspace with a minimum ofrestraint placed upon the friendly airspace users. Emphasis isplaced on the close integration of airspace control and area airdefense operations.

“Gulf lesson one is the value of air power... we must retain combat superiorityin the skies.”

President George Bush

CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION

I-1

1. General

This publication prescribes doctrine forjoint airspace control in the combat zone.

a. The prescribed doctrine is broadly statedto fit a wide range of situations primarilyinvolving the control of airspace in areaswhere the use of combat forces is requiredto conduct joint or multinationaloperations. International agreements, enemyand friendly force structures and deployments,commanders’ concepts of operations, andoperating environments such as foreigncontinents, the high seas, and amphibiousobjective areas will necessitate differentspecific arrangements for joint airspacecontrol in the combat zone in a theater of waror in a subordinate theater of operations.However, the basic doctrine, ideas, andconcepts relating to joint airspace control inthe combat zone are intended to be universal.

b. Although space-based (exo-atmospheric) assets will play an important rolein the joint campaign or operation, combatzone airspace control in this publicationwill refer only to controlling airspace in theatmosphere. However, since future airspacecontrol also may involve the deconfliction ofspace operations over an existing joint forcearea of responsibility (AOR)/joint operationsarea (JOA) in support of a single joint forcecommander, the enduring principles ofcombat zone airspace control should apply,and evolutionary doctrinal development basedupon these principles should occur.

c. Doctrine in this publication isbroad in nature and is designed as aguide for airspace control by US forcesduring combat operations. Accordingly,unless specifically noted otherwise, theterm “joint force commander” (JFC)refers to the geographic combatantcommander and to the commanders ofsubordinate joint force commands(subordinate unified commands and jointtask forces) that may be established. Thispublication outl ines fundamentalprinciples, relationships, and broadoperational-level guidelines. It is notintended to l imit the authority andresponsibility of commanders over theirforces but is intended to provide basicframework upon which to build anairspace control system for an AOR/JOA.

d. Using current US national militaryobjectives and assigned missions as a baseline,the JFC develops AOR/JOA-specificconcepts for combat zone airspace controloperations to aid in accomplishing theseobjectives. Procedures to implement theseconcepts must take into consideration thelikelihood of multinational warfare. As such,they should consider the need for developingdoctrine and procedures to ensurecompatibility and interoperability of supportsystems and methods to handle potentialalliances and coalitions. US forcesparticipating in multinational operations alsomay be subject to command arrangements andauthorities established in internationalagreements.

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2. Joint Airspace Control in theCombat Zone*

* For the purposes of this publication, theterms “airspace control in the combat zone,”“combat zone airspace control,” and “airspacecontrol” are synonymous.

Combat zone airspace control increasescombat effectiveness by promoting the safe,efficient, and flexible use of airspace with aminimum of restraint placed upon thefriendly airspace users. Airspace controlincludes coordinating, integrating, andregulating airspace to increase operationaleffectiveness; however, the airspace controlauthority does not have the authority toapprove, disapprove, or deny combat

operations that is vested only in operationalcommanders. Combat zone airspace controlneeds to provide a commander the operationalflexibility to employ forces effectively in ajoint or multinational campaign or operation.

3. Fundamental Considerations

The basic principles of war and thecommander’s concept of operations are thecornerstone of operations. The primaryobjective of combat zone airspace controlis to maximize the effectiveness of combatoperations without adding undue restrictionsand with minimal adverse impact on thecapabilities of any Service or functionalc o m p o n e n t . O t h e r f u n d a m e n t a lconsiderations are shown in Figure I-1.

A safe, efficient, and flexible combat zone airspace control system must existwithin the Area of Responsibility prior to the onset of air operations.

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Introduction

FUNDAMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS OFAIRSPACE CONTROL IN THE COMBAT ZONE

The need for each Service or functional component within the joint force tooperate a variety of air vehicles and weapon systems, both high and lowspeed, rotary- and fixed-wing (manned and unmanned), within the combatzone airspace control area.

The need for each Service or functional component to use the airspace withmaximum freedom consistent with the degree of risk operationallyacceptable to the joint force commander.

The need for airspace control activities to be performed in congruence withair defense operations to integrate and synchronize surface-to-air defenseweapons and air defense aircraft for maximum effectiveness.

The need to discriminate quickly and effectively between friendly, neutral,and enemy air operations and vehicles.

The need for the combat zone airspace control system to be responsive tothe requirements of the joint force. The airspace control system needs to becapable of supporting high-density traffic and surge operations as may berequired by the joint force commander.

The need for close coordination and integration of surface force operations,supporting fires, air operations, air defense operations, special operations,and airspace control activities.

The need to accommodate US, host-nation, and multinational airspacecontrol activities within the joint combat zone.

Recognition of the saturation levels and limitations of airspace controlnetworks.

The need for temporary restrictive airspace control measures on certainareas of airspace to allow subordinate commanders total freedom ofoperations.

Detailed incorporation of coordinated offensive operations using electronicwarfare elements, strike aircraft, and cruise missiles to ensure that defensiveelements or procedures of the force do not unacceptably inhibit or degradeoffensive capabilities.

The need to ensure that the airspace control network remains survivable andeffective.

The need to provide maximum opportunities to employ deception measures.

The need to standardize communications data, format, and languagerequirements in multinational operations to reduce the possibility fordifferences in interpretation, translation, and application of airspace controlprocedures during multinational operations.

The capability to support day or night and all-weather operations.

Figure I-1. Fundamental Considerations of Airspace Control in the Combat Zone

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4. Basic Principles

The airspace of the combat zone is acrucial dimension of the battlespace and isused by all components of the joint andmultinational forces to conduct assignedmissions. A high concentration of friendlysurface, subsurface, and air-launched weaponsystems must share this airspace withoutunnecessarily hindering the application ofcombat power in accordance with the JFC’scampaign plan. The primary goal of combat

zone airspace control is to enhance air, land,maritime, and special operations forceeffectiveness in accomplishing the JFC’sobjectives. Basic principles of airspacecontrol in the combat zone are listed inFigure I-2 and described below.

a. The airspace control system supportingjoint force operations must be based on theprinciple of unity of effort . A coordinatedand integrated combat airspace control system(ACS) is essential to successful operations.

Unity of effort.

Reduce the risk of fratricide and balance those risks with therequirements for an effective air defense.

Close liaison and coordination among all airspace users.

Common combat zone airspace control procedures.

Procedural control needs to be uncomplicated.

A reliable, jam-resistant, and, where appropriate, securecommand, control, communications, and computers (C4)network.

Durable and redundant systems.

Responsive to evolving enemy threat conditions and to theevolving operation.

Service component air traffic controller training needs to beaugmented by combat-specific air traffic controltraining.

Flexibility and simplicity must be emphasized.

Capable of supporting day or night and all-weatheroperations.

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF AIRSPACECONTROL IN THE COMBAT ZONE

Figure I-2. Basic Principles of Airspace Control in the Combat Zone

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Introduction

b. A major reason for close coordinationbetween airspace control, air traffic control,and area air defense elements is to reduce therisk of fratricide and balance those riskswith the requirements for an effective airdefense. Identification requirements forairspace control must be compatible withthose for air defense. Combat zone airspacecontrol, air defense, military air traffic control,and support ing command, control ,communications, and computers (C4)procedures, equipment, and terminology needto be compatible and mutually supporting andshould be interoperable.

c. Close liaison and coordination amongall airspace users is necessary to promotetimely and accurate information flow tocombat zone airspace managers. The successof the campaign or operation plan may bedirectly related to the effectiveness of thisliaison and coordination.

d. Common combat zone airspacecontrol procedures within the joint forceAOR/JOA enhance the effectiveness of airoperations. These procedures need to allowmaximum flexibility through an effective mixof positive and procedural control measures.The control structure needs to permit closecoordination between land, maritime, specialoperations forces (SOF), and air operationsand allow rapid concentration of combatpower in a specific portion of airspace inminimum time.

e. Procedural control needs to beuncomplicated and readily accessible to allaircrews, air traffic controllers, air defenseweapons controllers, and airspace controllers.

f. The airspace control system in the combatzone must have a reliable, jam-resistant, and,where appropriate, secure C4 network.However, care must be exercised to avoid controlprocedures that rely heavily on voicecommunications. Emphasis should be placedon simple, flexible air traffic control schemes,

and “in the blind” procedures. Some provisionsalso need be made to decentralize control shouldcommunications become degraded. In thismanner, flexibility and battlefield responsivenessare preserved. Coordinated and detailed planningis required to ensure that communicationssystems and procedures are compatible amongall airspace managers and users.

g. Airspace control systems in thecombat zone need to be durable andredundant because they are likely to be primetargets for an attacker.

h. The airspace control structure in thecombat zone needs to be responsive toevolving enemy threat conditions and tothe evolving operation. The design,responsiveness, and procedures of theairspace control structure in the combatzone need to promote the rapid massing ofcombat power.

i. Airspace control functions in the combatzone rely on air traffic control resources, butthese functions are separate and distinct fromreal-time control of air vehicles and theterminal air traffic control environment.Service component air traffic controllertraining , which emphasizes military terminalair traffic control in peacetime conditions,needs to be augmented by combat-specificair traffic control training . Combat zoneairspace control procedures and personnelmust be exercised in peacetime to be effectivein combat.

j. Combat zone airspace control is acompromise between a wide variety ofconflicting demands for airspace use.Flexibil ity and simplicity must beemphasized throughout to maximize theeffectiveness of forces operating within thesystem.

k. Combat zone airspace control needs tobe capable of supporting day or night andall-weather operations.

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l. In summary, the combat zone airspacecontrol procedures must prevent mutualinterference from all users of the airspace,facilitate air defense identification, and safelyaccommodate and expedite the flow of all air

traffic in the theater of operations. Inaccomplishing these broad tasks, the basicprinciples of war and the JFC’s concept ofoperations remain the cornerstones ofoperations.

“Generally, management of the many is the same as management of thefew. It is a matter of organization.”

Sun Tzu

CHAPTER IIGENERAL ORGANIZATION AND RESPONSIBILITIES

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1. General

a. Consistent with existing provisions ofJoint Pub 0-2, “Unified Action Armed Forces(UNAAF),” JFCs organize assigned andattached forces to perform their assignedmission to their best abil ity. Theorganization of forces will depend on themission assigned, the manner in which themission is to be fulfilled, and the capabilitiesand strength of the component elements ofthe forces assigned. Consequently, theorganizational form of the airspace controlsystem may vary.

b. The following organizationalarrangements apply to combat zoneairspace control for joint forces. Whencircumstances dictate, appropriatemodification may be prescribed by the JFC.

2. Organization

The following descriptions of broadduties are central to effective airspacecontrol in the combat zone. Further,complete understanding of the role of the JFC,the joint force air component commander(JFACC), the component commanders, theairspace control authority (ACA), the areaair defense commander (AADC), and firesupport coordination agencies and the rolesthat they play in executing the JFC’scampaign or operation plan is essential.Other key combat zone airspace controldefinitions are addressed in the Glossary.

a. Joint Force Commander. Acombatant commander exerc isescombatant command (command authority)

and a subordinate JFC exercisesoperational control (OPCON) overassigned forces. The JFC normallyexercises OPCON over attached forces,unless otherwise specified in the establishingdirective. The JFC is responsible foremployment of forces assigned, attached, orotherwise made available to accomplish theassigned mission or objective according toguidance provided by the establishingc o m m a n d e r.K e y t o t h e J F C ’sresponsibilities is the development ofobjectives and priorities for the joint force.Objectives and priorities provide the basis forall subordinate and supporting plans,including the airspace control plan. Finally,the JFC provides authoritative directionto subordinate commanders that includesassigning objectives, priorities, and tasks. Forair operations, this includes general andspecific direction on the objectives andpriorities.

b. Joint Force Air ComponentCommander. The JFC will normallydesignate a JFACC, whose authority andresponsibilities are defined by the establishingJFC based on the JFC’s estimate of thesituation. The JFACC’s responsibilitiesnormally will include, but are not limitedto, planning, coordinating, allocating, andtasking based on the JFC’s concept ofoperations and air apportionment decision.Because of the integrated relationshipbetween airspace control measures and airdefense operations, ACA and AADC dutiesnormally should be performed by the sameperson, who may also be the JFACC.Normally, the JFACC will be the Servicecomponent commander who has the

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preponderance of the air assets to be used andthe ability to assume that responsibility.(For additional details on the organizationand functioning of a JFACC, see Joint Pub3-56.1, “Command and Control for Joint AirOperations.”)

c. Component Commanders. Thecomponent commander advises the JFC onthe employment of component forces andthe direction and control of those forces. Eachcomponent commander plans and executesa portion of the total air effort and interactswith other components. Subject to theauthority of the JFC, each componentcommander within a joint force:

• Employs air defense weapon systemsin accordance with the principlesestablished in the Joint Pub 3-01 series,Joint Pub 3-04, “Doctrine for JointMaritime Operations (Air),” establishedrules of engagement, and the area airdefense plan.

• Coordinates and deconflicts theemployment of assigned and attachedforces with other subordinate commandsas required by the operational situation.Coordination for combat zone airspacecontrol may be facilitated throughcollocation of key airspace control, airdefense, and fire support coordinationagencies. When collocation is notpossible, such facilities need to beconnected with appropriate securecommunications. Liaison personnelshould be exchanged. This coordinationis especially important during theplanning phases of an operation. It iscritical to provide proper resources forsurveillance and operational interfacesnecessary to ensure mutual support andunity of effort among all forces involvedin the operation.

• Provides airspace control in areasdesignated by the ACA in accordance

with directives and/or procedures in theairspace control plan (ACP). Beprepared to provide airspace control inother areas designated by the ACA whencombat or other factors degrade theairspace control system.

• Forwards requests for airspacecontrol measures to the ACA inaccordance with the ACP.

• Develops detailed airspace controlinstructions, plans, and procedures inaccordance with guidance in the ACP.These detailed instructions, plans, andprocedures need to be coordinated by theACA to ensure consistency with JFC-approved airspace control guidance andapproved in accordance with directivesand/or procedures in the ACP.

• Provide necessary facilities andpersonnel for airspace control functionsin assigned areas of operations andidentify these facilities and personnel tothe ACA for inclusion in the ACP.

d. Airspace Control Authority. TheJFC designates the ACA. The broadresponsibilities of the ACA includecoordinating and integrating the use of theairspace control area. Subject to theauthority and approval of the JFC, the ACAdevelops broad policies and procedures forairspace control and for the coordinationrequired among units within the AOR/JOA.The ACA establishes an airspace controlsystem that is responsive to the needs of theJFC, provides for integration of the airspacecontrol system with that of the host nation,and coordinates and deconflicts userrequirements. The ACA develops the ACPand, after JFC approval, promulgates itthroughout the AOR/JOA. Implementationof the ACP is through the airspace controlorder (ACO) which must be complied withby all components, as described in Joint Pub3-56.1, “Command and Control Doctrine For

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General Organization and Responsibilities

Joint Air Operations.” A key responsibilityof the ACA is to provide the flexibilityneeded within the airspace control systemto meet contingency situations that necessitaterapid employment of forces. Finally,centralized direction by the ACA does notimply assumption of operational control ortactical control over any air assets. Matterson which the ACA is unable to obtainagreement will be referred to the JFC forresolution. Airspace control authorityresponsibilities are summarized in Figure II-1.

e. Area Air Defense Commander(AADC). The JFC will normally designatean AADC. The successful conduct of airdefense operations requires the integratedoperation of all available air defense systems.Air defense operations must be coordinatedwith other operations, both on and overland and sea. The responsibilities of theAADC are interrelated with those of the ACA.Preferably, one individual will be assigned theresponsibilities of the AADC and the ACA.If, however, this is not the case, close

AIRSPACE CONTROL AUTHORITYRESPONSIBILITIES

Coordinate and integrate the use of the airspace controlarea.

Develop broad policies and procedures for airspace controland for the coordination required among units within thearea of responsibility / joint operations area.

Establish an airspace control system that is responsive tothe needs of the joint force commander, provides forintegration of the airspace control system with that of thehost nation, and coordinates and deconflicts userrequirements.

Develop the airspace control plan and, after joint forcecommander approval, promulgate it throughout the area ofresponsibility / joint operations area.

Provide the flexibility needed within the airspace controlsystem to meet contingency situations that necessitate rapidemployment of forces.

Centralized direction by the airspace control authority doesnot imply assumption of operational control or tacticalcontrol over any air assets.

Figure II-1. Airspace Control Authority Responsibilities

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coordination between the AADC and ACAis absolutely essential. The AADC developsthe area air defense plan and, after JFCapproval, promulgates it throughout the AOR/JOA. For a detailed discussion of the AADC,see Joint Pubs in the 3-01 series.

3. Airspace Control Plan

The ACP is approved by the JFC toestablish procedures for the airspacecontrol system in the joint force AOR/JOA. An example of the topics that shouldbe considered when developing an ACP isprovided in Appendix A, “Airspace ControlPlan.” The ACA prepares the ACP. TheACP must be tied to the area air defenseplan and coordinated with the other jointoperation plans because these documentstogether allow for the conduct of operationsalong the range from fully capable andoperating command and control systems togreatly degraded command and controlsystems. The ACP must considerprocedures and interfaces with theinternational or regional air trafficsystems necessary to effectively support airlogistics, augmenting forces, and JFCobjectives. As a consequence, the ACPshould be preplanned as much as possible

and be put in a simplified, understandableformat. Because the airspace control areanormally coincides with air defenseboundaries, coordination between combatzone airspace control and area air defenseoperations must be addressed.

a. The ACP should be coordinated withrepresentatives of the host nation(s) inwhose airspace the operations will take placeand with civil air activities that may occur inor near the airspace. There also should beclose planning and coordination betweenrepresentatives of both offensive anddefensive weapon systems of US andmultinational armed services.

b. Broad areas of concern for developingthe ACP include familiarity with the basicoperation plan, combined with knowledge ofhost and multinational political constraints,capabilities and procedures of military andcivil air traffic control systems, and generallocations of friendly and enemy forces.

c. The ACP needs to support an orderlytransition from peacetime operations tocombat operations. Such a transition couldoccur during a period of increasing tensionsor suddenly without much warning.

Airspace control activities must synchronize surface-to-air defense weaponsand air defense aircraft for maximum effectiveness.

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General Organization and Responsibilities

d. The ACP should specify airspacecontrol measures to be used in the AOR/JOA and how these measures will bepromulgated. The ACP also should includefire support coordination measures and allService and functional component-uniqueairspace control measures and terms.

e. The ACP should provide procedures tofully integrate the resources of the militaryair traffic control (ATC) facility responsiblefor terminal-area airspace control. ATCfacilities should be interfaced and linked withACS communications to form a system thatensures safe efficient flow of air trafficsupporting the combat effort while permittingmaximum combat flexibility.

f. The area air defense plan needs tobe written with detailed engagement

procedures that are integral to theairspace control plan and operations in thecombat zone. Combat zone airspacecontrol and area air defense operationsneed to plan for operations in a degradedC4 environment. Detailed engagementprocedures and decentralized control

procedures (as apply to air defense) arekey to operations in a degradedenvironment. Air defense interface iscri t ical to effective combat zoneairspace control. The geographicarrangement of weapons and the locationof specific types of air defense operations,as well as specific procedures foridentification of aircraft, are importantfactors to include in the airspace controlplan. Other key factors to consider arelisted in Figure II-2.

An effective airspace control plan must be integrated with air traffic controlfacilities to ensure a safe and efficient flow of combat aircraft.

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AIRSPACE CONTROL PLANCONSIDERATIONS

Procedures that include rules of engagement, disposition of airdefense weapon systems such as air defense fighters, air defenseartillery, surface-to-air missiles, and air defense command andcontrol operations.

Air, land, and maritime situations in the area of responsibility / jointoperations area such as existing equipment limitations, electronicwarfare, and C4 requirements that may adversely affect adherenceto the airspace control plan.

Anticipated restricted areas based on initial deployment of friendlyair, land, maritime, and special operations forces and bases.

Existing air traffic control areas, base defense zones, controlled oruncontrolled airspace, and overflight of neutral nations.

Mission profiles, combat radii, and IFF or other identificationcapability of aircraft that will operate in the area of responsibility /joint operations area.

Enemy air defense weapons capabilities, deployment, andelectronic attack and deception capabilities.

Emergency procedures for aircraft experiencing difficulties (toinclude IFF problems).

Procedures for day or night operations and for aircraftexperiencing adverse weather.

Procedures for en route and terminal-area air traffic controlprocedures for aircraft transitioning to and from the battle areathat complement planned combat requirements.

Procedures to support surge operations requiring high volumes ofair traffic.

Enemy offensive air capabilities. Additionally, the vulnerability ofdefensive counterair aircraft to enemy surface-to-air missiles andthe vulnerability of friendly surface-based air defenses to enemylong-range artillery are important planning and executionconsiderations.

Figure II-2. Airspace Control Plan Considerations

“Now those skilled in war must know where and when a battle will be fought.They measure the roads and fix the date. They divide the army and marchin separate columns. Those who are distant start first, those who are nearby,later. Thus the meeting of troops from far distances takes place at thesame time. It is like people coming to a city market.”

Tu Yu (735-812 AD)

CHAPTER IIIELEMENTS OF AIRSPACE CONTROL IN THE COMBAT ZONE

III-1

1. Operational AreaConsiderations

Each AOR/JOA has differing specificoperational requirements for combat zoneairspace control. These requirements mustbe determined as early as possible to beincorporated in the overall joint forceplanning effort. Political constraints, nationaland military air traffic control systems andprocedures, and the capabilities andlimitations of these systems are importantconsiderations. Rules of engagement,disposition of air defense weapons, fire supportplans, and procedures for identification of USand multinational aircraft are also importantitems that should be considered. Every jointforce is different, and the forces assignedwill have specific operational requirementsfor airspace.

2. Planning for AirspaceControl in the Combat Zone

The following broad principles ofplanning (see Figure III-1) are essential toeffective combat zone airspace control:

a. Support the Joint Force. The airspacecontrol system in the combat zone must beplanned and integrated to meet andcomplement the JFC’s campaign or operationplan.

b. Interoperability. Combat zone airspacecontrol needs to be exercised in both the multi-Service and in the multi-nation environments

in peacetime to operate effectively duringconflict. Planning for combat zone airspacecontrol must include planning forinteroperability of equipment, as well aspersonnel and terminology.

c. Mass and Timing. Planning for combatzone airspace control needs to include theaircraft traffic volume needed for theanticipated offensive operations and thetiming constraints placed on those operations.Planning also needs to be fully integrated with

PRINCIPLES FORPLANNING AIRSPACE

CONTROL IN THECOMBAT ZONE

Support the Joint Force

Interoperability

Mass and Timing

Unity of Effort

Integrated PlanningCycles

Degraded Operations

Figure III-1. Principles for PlanningAirspace Control in the Combat Zone

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the needs of air defense operations to respondquickly and with adequate force to enemyintrusion.

d. Unity of Effort. Proper liaison betweenjoint force components should be identifiedand exercised pr ior to host i l i t ies.Representatives from different componentsneed to integrate information flow throughoutthe system and provide expertise to thedesignated combat zone airspace controlauthorities.

e. Integrated Planning Cycles. Theairspace planning cycle should be integratedwith the planning cycle for the jointcampaign or operation plan. Input from allorganizations involved in the conflict mustbe consolidated, and the final airspace controlplan devised and disseminated to users in theACO. The ACP can be added as an appendixto the operations annex to the joint forceoperation plan.

f. Degraded Operations. Plans shouldanticipate the effects of electronic warfare andcommunications degradation on systemoperations. An effective combat zoneairspace control system needs to plan for thefull spectrum of communications from no

degradation to full degradation. Plans alsoshould consider the effects of weather anddarkness.

3. Peacetime to CombatConsiderations

Although strategic warning of conflict orwar probably will be available, it isimperative to be prepared for the firsthectic days of battle. Therefore, JFCs shouldhave an ACP that is continually updated bothin peacetime and throughout the evolutionof a campaign or operation and a standingACO to provide airspace control in the eventof surprise attack. Peacetime airspace rulesand organizations change during actualconflict, and the nature of these changes isdifferent from theater to theater. Duringmilitary operations other than war, normalairspace control and air defense operationsmay be in place. The ACP needs to provideinstructions to transition from peacetime

to combat in simple, clear steps. Existingair defense structures may be overwhelmedby massed enemy attacks over smallgeographic areas. These massed attacks maybe heavily supported by electronic andcommunications jamming. Once the scope

The E-3 Airborne Warning and Control System provides a long-range air pictureto theater commanders during the transition from peacetime to combat.

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Elements of Airspace Control in the Combat Zone

and nature of enemy massed operations aredetermined, friendly air defenses can bemassed within the AOR/JOA to counter theenemy threat.

4. Integration of Combat ZoneAirspace Control and AirDefense Operations

Because these two areas would conflict andinterfere with each other if operatingindependently, prioritization and integrationof each mission is essential. Ultimately, theairspace control function must beperformed in close conformity with airdefense operations. Airspace controlprocedures will be used to assist in aircraftidentification, facilitate engagement of enemyaircraft, and provide safe passage of friendlyaircraft.

a. Air defense units must be free to engagehostile aircraft within prescribed rules ofengagement. However, procedures mayneed to be established within the combatzone airspace control system to allowidentification of friendly aircraft, not causedelays in offensive operations, and preventfratricide. These procedures need to besimple to execute for both aircrews andground operations personnel and mayinclude visual, electronic, geographic, and/or maneuver means for sorting friend fromfoe. Air defense operations should not causedelays in air operations by creating anunnecessarily complicated or lengthy airroute structure. Likewise, airspace controlmeasures should not unduly restrain surface-to-air weapons systems so as to put them atincreased risk of enemy air attack.Characteristics of procedures used todeconflict in time and space, coordinate andintegrate the activities of all users of airspace(including fixed- and rotary-winged aircraft)are shown in Figure III-2.

b. Air defense systems might beoverwhelmed by massed enemy attacks across

PREVENT MUTUALINTERFERENCE

FACILITATE AIR DEFENSEIDENTIFICATION

SAFELY ACCOMMODATEAND EXPEDITE THEFLOW OF ALL AIRTRAFFIC IN THE AOR/JOA

ENHANCEEFFECTIVENESS INACCOMPLISHING THEJFC'S OBJECTIVES

PREVENT FRATRICIDE

AIRSPACE CONTROLPROCEDURES

CHARACTERISTICS

Figure III-2. Airspace Control ProceduresCharacteristics

limited geographic areas along the front.Therefore, highly flexible airspace controlprocedures need to be devised to anticipatethe perceived threat. The procedures shouldallow coordinated employment of air and landor maritime air defense systems against thethreat and use the inherent flexibility of airdefense airborne platforms to mass forces tomeet the enemy attackers. However, theproblem of separating friendly and enemyaircraft during the heat of battle andemploying land- or maritime-based airdefenses against these enemy elements is ahighly complex task.

c. In joint maritime operations, themobile air base and layered defense systemrepresented by aircraft carriers and theirsurface screening units create options other

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than airborne defense alone. Specificcontrol and defensive measures may differfrom those used in a land-based operation.The ACA may designate the maritimecommander as the control authority for aspecific airspace control area or sector for theaccomplishment of a specific mission. Themassing of maritime forces into a battle forceof combined arms (air, surface, andsubsurface) under a single commanderreduces the front to be defended, enhancesmutual support, and simplifies identificationand deconfliction of friendly aircraft andother air defense measures. To ensure unityof effort and minimal interference alongadjacent boundaries, the commanderresponsible for the maritime airspacesector should coordinate with the ACA onthe items listed in Figure III-3.

d. In joint operations composed ofadjacent maritime and land environments,specific control and defensive measures maybe a composite of those measures normallyemployed in each environment. The JFC forsuch operations needs to ensure detailedcoordination of control and defensivemeasures with the affected air, land, and

maritime commanders. The exchange ofliaison personnel at the joint force level willfacilitate coordination to ensure the following:

• Unity of effort and to minimizeinterference along adjacent boundaries.

• Agreement on procedures forcoordination of flight information,clearance of aircraft to enter and departthe adjoining airspace, and thecorresponding coordination of airspacecontrol services.

5. Methods of Airspace Controlin the Combat Zone

Enemy forces will attempt to degradeairspace control capabilities by direct attackand electronic measures directed againstcontrol nodes or other specific targets. Themethods of airspace control varythroughout the range of militaryoperations from war to MOOTW thatinclude both combat and non-combatactivities. The methods range frompositive control of all air assets in anairspace control area to procedural

MARITIME AIRSPACE SECTOR COMMANDERCOORDINATION RESPONSIBILITIES

Procedures for coordination of flight information.

Clearance of aircraft to enter and depart the maritimeairspace sector.

Procedures for assisting and coordinating with airspacecontrol elements that respond to adjacent or supportingcomponent commander.

Procedures for deconfliction of operations duringtransitional operations and during operations in overlappingairspace areas.

Figure III-3. Maritime Airspace Sector Commander Coordination Responsibilities

III-5


control of all such assets, with anyeffective combination of positive andprocedural control measures between thetwo extremes. Airspace control plans andsystems need to accommodate thesemethods based on component, joint, andnational capabilities and requirements.Full positive control would rely on radars,other sensors, identification, friend or foe(IFF)/selective identification feature (SIF),digital data links, and other elements of theair defense network C4 system to positivelyidentify, track, and direct air assets. Fullprocedural control would rely on previouslyagreed to and promulgated air space controlmeasures such as comprehensive air defenseidentification procedures and rules ofengagement, low-level transit routes(LLTR), minimum-risk routes (MRR),minimum-risk levels, aircraft identificationmaneuvers, fire support coordinationmeasures, and coordinating altitudes. Inany case, all missions remain subject to theACO. Figure III-4 summarizes bothmethods of airspace control. A list ofprocedural airspace control measures withan accompanying description, discussion ofuses, and considerations is contained inAppendix B, “Procedural Airspace ControlMeasures.” The airspace control structureneeds to be responsive to evolving enemythreat conditions and changing tacticalsituations. It is up to the JFC, through theACP, to decide the appropriate methodbased on the concept of operations.

6. Enemy EngagementOperations

Engaging enemy air vehicles with friendlyair, land, and maritime assets is an importantaspect of battle. These operations must be as“seamless” as possible and fully coordinated toensure all aspects of friendly combat powercontribute as fully as possible to the battle.This reduces uncoordinated simultaneous

METHODSOF

AIRSPACE CONTROL

FULL POSITIVECONTROL

POSITIVELY IDENTIFIES,TRACKS & DIRECTS AIRASSETS USING:

RADARS

OTHER SENSORS

IFF/SIF

DIGITAL DATA LINKS

OTHER ELEMENTS OFTHE COMMAND,CONTROL,COMMUNICATIONS,AND COMPUTERSYSTEM

FULL PROCEDURALCONTROL

RELIES ON PREVIOUSLYAGREED TO &PROMULGATEDAIRSPACE CONTROLMEASURES SUCH AS:

COMPREHENSIVE AIRDEFENSE ID PROCEDURES& RULES OF ENGAGEMENT

LOW LEVEL TRANSITROUTES

AIRCRAFT ID MANEUVERS

FIRE SUPPORTCOORDINATION MEASURES

COORDINATING ALTITUDES

MINIMUM RISK ROUTES

Figure III-4. Methods of Airspace Control

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engagements, unengaged penetrators, andfratricide. Combat zone airspace control andarea air defense operations are inextricablylinked in enemy engagement operations.Further, enemy engagement operations areinextricably linked to the JFC’s overall campaignor operation plan. The airspace control systemplays a key role in identifying friendly and enemyair vehicles and ensuring safe passage of friendlyaircraft throughout the AOR/JOA and incoordinating and disseminating informationthroughout the area air defense network. Reliablevoice and data communications, use of properjoint procedures, effective joint training andexercises, and exchange of liaison personnel arenecessary for information flow. Also, jointplanning and coordination are extremelyimportant and necessary to optimally deploy airdefense assets prior to the start of hostilities.

a. Joint Engagement Zone (JEZ)Operations. These operations involvemultiple air defense weapon systems of oneor more Service components, simultaneouslyand in concert, engaging enemy airpower inthe same airspace. However, successful JEZoperations depend on correctly identifyingfriendly, neutral, and enemy aircraft.Positive control may ensure that real-timeengagement taskings are based oncomprehensive situational awareness. Underprocedural control, all air defense systemsmust be capable of accurately discerningbetween enemy, neutral, and friendly airvehicles in a highly complex environmentbefore full joint engagement operations couldoccur. If these conditions cannot be met,separate zones for missile and fighterengagement should be established. JEZ,without effective command and control, isextremely difficult to implement. Inmaritime air operations, airspace control willtend toward procedural control, with aircraftbearing the burden of following promulgatedprocedures to avoid fratricide. Such anarrangement allows a layered series ofengagements by both friendly aircraft andsurface missile systems.

b. Fighter Engagement Zone (FEZ)Operations. These operations usually takeplace in airspace above and beyond theengagement ranges of surface-based (landand sea) and short-range air defensesystems and are an alternative engagementoperation if the detailed control aspects ofjoint engagement operations cannot be met.The principle of meeting the massed combatairpower of the enemy with comparable massto defeat enemy efforts is highly dependenton coordination and flexibility within theairspace control system in the combat zone.Under FEZ operations, surface-to-air missilesystems will not be allowed to fire weaponsunless targets are positively identified ashostile and assigned by higher authority, orunless they are firing in self-defense. FEZoperations offer great ability for the JFCto respond immediately with fighter assetsto an enemy air offensive regardless of itslocation. FEZ and missile engagement zone(MEZ) operations present the enemy with thedilemma of defending against two entirelydifferent weapon systems, greatly decreasingenemy survivability. FEZ operations withinthe airspace control area should not result inundue restraints on the ability of surface-basedair defense systems to engage the threat.

c. Missile Engagement Zone Operations.These operations are ideal for point defenseof critical assets, protection of maneuver unitsin the forward area, and area coverage of rearoperations. MEZ operations offer the JFCthe ability to meet the enemy with a high-and low-altitude, all-weather capability.Advanced surface-to-air missile systems havelong-range, high-firepower capability that canengage enemy aircraft beyond the forward lineof own troops (FLOT) or disrupt massedenemy air attacks prior to committing fighterassets. Properly employed, MEZ operationsare effective across the full range of airdefense operations and enemy threats.MEZ operations need to be designed tomaximize the full range and capabilities ofvarious systems. Finally, MEZ operations

III-7


within the airspace control area should notresult in undue restraints on the flexibility andability of friendly air assets to respond to thechanging enemy threat and should not resultin attacks on friendly assets.

d. Coordination for Enemy EngagementOperations. As discussed in Chapter II,“General Organization and Responsibilities,”subparagraph 2e, the ACA and the AADCare normally the same person. This isextremely important in order to maintain theflexibility needed for effectively meeting theenemy air threat. With this in mind, thefollowing general guidelines apply:

• When urgent or emergency combatsituations arise, the airspace controlauthority can authorize deviationsfrom establ ished policies andprocedures. In these exceptionalsituations, the airspace control authorityshould notify all affected air defenseassets and airspace users prior toauthorizing deviations. The JFC alsoshould be informed as soon as possible.

• When t h e c i rcumstances of acontingency situation necessitate therapid deployment and employment of

forces for which there are no approvedoperation plan or previously establishedairspace control plans, the ACA, whendirected by the JFC, will establish atemporary airspace control systemresponsive to immediate tactical oroperational requirements. As soon aspracticable, the ACA will implement theplanning and coordination requirementsto modify or adjust the system tomeet requirements of all componentsemployed in the joint force.

e. Combat Zone Airspace Control andIntegration of Friendly Electronic Warfareand Suppression of Enemy Air DefensesMeasures (SEAD). The JFC will integrateelectronic warfare and SEAD measures intothe overall plan. This integration coulddegrade the effectiveness of some combat zoneairspace control assets, degrade some of thepositive control aspects of the system, andreduce the capability to identify aircraft.Proper coordination by the ACA for the JFCwill allow procedural control measures to bedeveloped to compensate for this degradation.Thorough planning is required to precludeelectronic warfare efforts from undulydegrading air defense and airspace controlefforts.

When circumstances dictate, mobile factilities provide airspace control inthe combat zone.

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“The way of the warrior is to master the virtue of his weapons.”

Myamoto Mushaski,A Book of Five Rings

CHAPTER IVAIRSPACE CONTROL FOR SPECIFIED MISSIONS

IV-1

1. General

The ACA may assign a portion ofairspace to a subordinate commander toaccomplish a specified mission. Thisairspace control arrangement may be at thedirection of the JFC or implemented inaccordance with procedures contained in theACP. In this situation, the ACA maytemporarily designate a subordinatecommander as the control authority for thespecified airspace area. This designatedcommander must coordinate with the ACAto ensure:

a. Unity o f effort and minimizeinterference along adjacent boundaries.

b. Agreement on procedures forcoordination of flight information, clearanceof aircraft to enter and depart the airspace,

and coordination of combat zone airspacecontrol services.

2. Combat Zone AirspaceControl in AmphibiousOperations

See Figure IV-1.

3. Airspace Control in theCombat Zone DuringMilitary Operations OtherThan War (MOOTW)

Joint forces must be ready to undertakea variety of missions. Military operationsother than war are generally confined to aspecific geographic area and are oftencharacterized by constraints on the forces,weapons, and tactics employed and the levelof violence. Depending on the environment,

During amphibious operations, the Commander, Amphibious Task Force (CATF)controls all air operations and airspace control procedures in the AmphibiousObjective Area.

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COMBAT ZONE AIRSPACE CONTROL INAMPHIBIOUS OPERATIONS

For airspace control, the joint force commander (JFC) or higherauthority who orders the amphibious operation will assign to theCommander, Amphibious Task Force (CATF), who may be the JFC,an airspace of defined proportions, which will include theamphibious objective area (AOA).

All air operations and airspace control procedures in the AOA willbe under the control of the CATF, or designated CATFrepresentative, until the amphibious operation is terminated.

To ensure unity of effort in overall air operations, the CATF willcoordinate air operations within the defined airspace with thecommander responsible for airspace control in the surroundingarea when adjacent airspace control areas exist.

As conditions warrant and as control and coordination agenciesare established ashore, the CATF delegates the authority tocontrol and coordinate supporting arms to the Commander,Landing Force. At the discretion of the CATF, airspace controland the control of air operations in the AOA are passed to theCommander, Landing Force, if Marine Corps, or to a commanderof forces ashore who has the capability to control and coordinatesuch operations.

At the termination of the amphibious operation, the AOA will bedisestablished. Airspace control will be passed to the airspacecontrol authority designated for that area in accordance with theJFC's initiating directive.

Guidance on the coordination procedures required for aircraftproviding support into the AOA and amphibious task force aircraftproviding support outside the AOA must be established in theinitiating directive. Approved missions will be reflected in thestandard joint force air tasking order as described in the Joint Pub3-56 series of publications.

For specific details on airspace control in amphibious operations,refer to Joint Pub 3-02, "Joint Doctrine for AmphibiousOperations," and Joint Pub 3-02.1, "Joint Doctrine for LandingForce Operations."

Figure IV-1. Combat Zone Airspace Control in Amphibious Operations

mission, and location throughout the rangeof military operations, the degree of controlmay need to be rigorous and the rules ofengagement may be more restrictive. This

is especially true in a MOOTW environmentthat can transition quickly from combat tononcombat and back again and often hasconstraints on the forces, weapons,

IV-3


conduct of ATC activities. Any requiredchanges or waivers to nationalregulations, as well as problems thatresult from restrictions to militaryoperations, should be forwarded to theJFC and may be referred throughdiplomatic channels for resolution.

• Procedural airspace control plans andmeasures, such as weapons-free zones,base defense zones, low-level transitroutes, coordinating altitudes, andidentification requirements, may or maynot be required. Although the threat,friendly surface-to-air weapons systems,and density of friendly air operations arenot as significant a consideration in FIDas in higher intensity forms of combat,effective control of the airspaceremains as important as in any othermilitary operation . First considerationis given to national sovereignty and host-nation laws and procedures. If suchprocedures or capabilities are inadequateto support mil i tary operations,specialized training and/or ATC liaisonshould be conducted or host-nationcapabilities should be augmented byequipment, personnel, o r both.Augmentation is the least desirablecourse of action. Wherever possible,the host nation will likely solve itsproblems with its own resources, thusreinforcing its sovereignty.

• Airspace control in FID operationsprimarily focuses on providing airtraffic control services, coordinatingmilitary airspace requirements withhost-nation civil air operations, andintegrating and coordinating airoperations with ground activities. Airtraffic services may be expanded toprovide greater positive control ofairspace users.

b . Peacekeep ing Opera t i ons .Peacekeeping operations are military

tactics employed, and level of violence.Consequently, as a minimum, in MOOTWenvironments prone to such fluctuations, allair missions, including both fixed- and rotary-wing of all components, must appear on theappropriate air tasking order (ATO) and/or flight plan . In addition, all aircraft mustmonitor a common frequency and operateon designated IFF modes and codes, whichmust be appropriately checked prior tomission start. In cases of high density aircraftoperations, such as in a properly designatedhigh density airspace control zone (HIDACZ)or amphibious objective area (AOA),published on the ACO, aircraft may operatewithout an ATO mission number. This typeof rigorous control is necessary during suchMOOTW because the mix of friendly, enemy,and neutral aircraft and mission constraintsrequire the JFC to strictly control flights inthe AOR/JOA (e.g., peace operations). Nomatter what methods the JFC chooses,they need to be continually evaluated foreffectiveness and efficiency as theenvironment and mission change.

a. Foreign Internal Defense (FID).When supporting FID, the focus is to supportthe host nation in such a way that the hostnation becomes the primary agent in mostactions.

• Combat zone airspace control in FIDis based on air traffic regulations andcontrol of civil and military airspaceusers. In FID, the ATC system of thehost nation frequently provides theframework around which most of thecombat zone airspace control functiontakes place. A theater air control systemmay or may not be established. Theexisting airspace control system mayrequire some modification as the specificsituation requires.

• Bilateral and international agreementsoften establish regulatory guidanceaffecting the use of airspace and the

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operations undertaken with the consentof all major parties to a dispute, designedto monitor and facilitate implementationof an agreement and support diplomaticefforts to reach a long-term politicalsettlement. Peacekeeping forces areinterposed between two or morebelligerents. This force may be composedof international contingents.

• Terms of reference will governparticipation in the peacekeepingmission. They dictate how the airspacecontrol function is accomplished andestablish the policies and proceduresgoverning the use of airspace. Offundamental importance is that theairspace belongs to the belligerententit ies involved. Use of thatairspace by the peacekeeping force isgoverned by the terms of referencebetween the belligerents.

• Airspace control activities in thisenvironment are largely related toair traffic regulation and control.Special identification procedures and air

In military operation other than war, joint force command and control aircraft maybe required to conduct surface surveillance coordination and communications relaywithin the framework of the host nation’s air traffic control system.

traffic regulation may require that allflight operations be planned andcoordinated with the appropriate ATCsystems of the nations involved.Adherence to International CivilAviation Organization (ICAO)regulatory procedures must beconsidered.

c. Antiterrorism. A primary concern inantiterrorism lies in protecting personnel,units, and facilities from terrorist acts. Themeasures adopted and implemented bycommand directives dictate how airspacewill be used and the airspace controlfunction performed. Antiterrorismoperations will overlap all aspects of militaryoperations to some degree. Antiterrorismmeasures can have an impact on air trafficcontrol and on the operations of air terminals,aerial ports, airfields, and heliports. The useof restricted areas around sensitive facilitiesis commonplace.

d. Other Types of Military OperationsOther Than War. Joint forces may becalled on to participate in operations to

IV-5


resolve situations that involve US securityfor intelligence missions, raids, rescuemissions, or other limited uses of militaryforces. In these operations it may not bepossible to implement some of the airspacecontrol procedures described in thispublication. Joint forces may encounteropposing military forces when conductingthese missions whose capabilities andpotential for hostilities vary widely, so theairspace control function will have to varyaccordingly. Planning for these operations,however informal or brief, should include:

• Deconfliction between units and aircraftperforming the military mission and withother types of air traffic.

• Timely and effective implementationof appropriate airspace controlprocedures if hostilities ensue.

4. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAVs)

UAVs are operated in the airspace controlarea by each component of the joint force.The established principles of airspacemanagement used in manned flightoperations will normally apply to UAVoperations. The UAV is difficult to acquireand does not provide a clear radar signature,presenting a potential hazard to highperformance aircraft. Therefore, UAVoperations should be coordinated with allappropriate airspace control agencies toprovide safe separation of UAVs and mannedaircraft and prevent engagement by friendlyforces. UAV airspace control considerationsare shown in Figure IV-2. Specificinformation on UAVs can be found in JointPub 3-55.1, “JTTP for Unmanned AerialVehicles.”

UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE (UAV)AIRSPACE CONTROL CONSIDERATIONS

UAVs are launched from UAV launch and recovery sites,which may be either airfields, unimproved tactical fieldlocations, or flight decks afloat. They then climb to atransit altitude (normally above the coordinatingaltitude), fly to the UAV mission area, then return via theUAV transit altitude for recovery.

UAV operations should be addressed in the air controlplan and air control order and adhere to the proceduresestablished by the air control authority. As appropriate,UAV missions should be included in the air tasking orderand special instructions.

Because UAV missions can occur as preplanned orimmediate, this information must be disseminatedthrough the airspace control system in a timely manner.

Figure IV-2. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) Airspace Control Considerations

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APPENDIX AAIRSPACE CONTROL PLAN

A-1

1. Purpose

This appendix provides an example of thetopics that should be considered whendeveloping an airspace control plan.

2. Airspace Control Plan Topics

Every airspace control plan will be uniqueand must be based on the objectives of themilitary operations, the capabilities andshortcomings of both friendly and enemyforces, and the contributions and complexitiesintroduced by host-nation and multinationalforces, as well as the access required to theairspace by nonbelligerent aircraft. Airspacecontrol plan topics include:

a. Description of the conditions underwhich the guidance and procedures in theairspace control plan are applicable (e.g., theexercise, operation plan, operation order,military operation).

b. Description of the AOR/JOA withinwhich the airspace control plan applies.

c. Appointment of the ACA; location ofACA headquarters.

d. List of the capability that exists withinthe joint force and in the AOR/JOA to provideairspace control (ground sites, airbornecapability) and means of communicating withthose elements.

e. Description of the duties andresponsibilities of:

• The Airspace Control Authority.

• Each airspace user within the joint force(to include requirements for liaison toand coordination with the ACA).

• Each element used in the airspacecontrol system (site, facility, or airborneplatform).

f. Description of the interface between theACA, the AADC, and fire supportcoordination elements and the proceduresadopted to coordinate and deconflict airdefense and operational requirements.

g. Description of interface with the FederalAviation Administration, host-nation AirTraffic Control System, and/or ICAO.

h. Description of the interface between thetactical air control system(s) and the elementswithin those systems for air traffic control.

i. If operations include forces from othernations, description of the interfaces betweenUS and multinational forces to coordinate anddeconflict airspace requirements.

j. Plans to provide for continuity of airspacecontrol operations under degraded conditions(alternate headquarters, alternatives for keyradar or command and control nodes, andother required capabilities).

k. Description of the positive airspacecontrol measures and procedures for the jointforce.

l. Description of the procedures to propose,approve, modify, and promulgate eachprocedural airspace control measure availablefor use within the AOR/JOA (HIDACZ, JEZ,FEZ, MEZ, MRR, LLTR, coordinatingaltitude, air routes, corridors, restrictedoperations zones, and other appropriateprocedures).

m. Description of IFF/SIF procedures.

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Joint Pub 3-52

n. Description of orbit procedures.

o. Description of procedures and systemsto compile and promulgate the airspacecontrol order that provides airspace controlprocedures and/or guidance in effect for aspecified time period. The airspace controlorder would normally contain:

• Modifications to guidance and/orprocedures contained in the ACP.

• Active or current IFF/SIF procedures.

• Location and procedures associatedwith active procedural airspace

c o n t r o l m e a s u r e s ( H I D A C Z ,JEZ, F E Z , M E Z , M R R , L LT R ,coordinating altitude, air routes,corr idors, restr icted operationszones, and other appropr ia teprocedures).

• Procedures for entering and transitingactive restricted operations zones (e.g.,amphibious objective area, navalcontrol zones).

• Location of active orbit areas.

• Active UAV launch and recovery areasand mission areas.

APPENDIX BPROCEDURAL AIRSPACE CONTROL MEASURES

B-1

to-air weapons are normally givenpreference to conduct air defenseoperations except under specificconditions.

• Uses. An air defense action area is anengagement area used for preference ofa specific weapon system over anotherwithout excluding the other from useunder certain operational conditions.From an airspace control perspective, anair defense action area provides airspaceusers with location of air defense areasfor mission planning purposes.

• POC. AADC.

c. Air Defense Area

• Description. An air defense area is aspecifically defined airspace for whichair defense must be planned andprovided.

• Uses. An air defense area defines, in anarea of operations, the area to bedefended.

• Considerations. An air defense area isa planning or division-of-responsibilityaid; it is not used as an airspace controlmeasure.

• POC. AADC.

d. Air Defense Identification Zone(ADIZ)

• Description. An ADIZ is airspace ofdefined dimensions within which theready identification, location, andcontrol of airborne vehicles arerequired.

1. Purpose

This appendix provides a description,considerations, and uses of Service measuresfor controlling airspace. The followingairspace control measures are provided to aidin defining airspace control requests, orders,and plans. A sample airspace control requestis provided in the Annex.

2. Procedural Airspace ControlMeasures

a. Air Corridor

• Description. An air corridor is arestricted air route of travel specified foruse by friendly (primarily Army) aircraftand established to prevent friendly forcesfrom firing on friendly aircraft.

• Uses. Air corridor procedures are usedto route aviation combat elementsbetween such areas as forward armingand refueling points, holding areas, andbattle positions. Altitudes of an aircorridor do not exceed the coordinatingaltitude, if established.

• Point of Contact (POC). I f acoordinat ing al t i tude has beenestabl ished, an air corr idor i simplemented by the using authority. If acoordinating altitude has not beenestablished, an air corridor is establishedby the ACA at the request of theappropriate ground commander.

b. Air Defense Action Area

• Description. An air defense action areaand the airspace above it is an areawithin which friendly aircraft or surface-

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• Uses. Associated with nations orareas of operation, the ADIZ isnormally the transition betweenprocedural control areas (outside)and the posit ive control areas(inside). Typically, ADIZ is used forsovereign national boundaries, or inthe case of areas of operations, foridentification into the rear areas.

• Considerations. See flight informationpublications/ICAO for theater-specificADIZ and associated procedures andlimitations.

• POC. AADC.

e. Air Defense Operations Area

• Description. An air defense operationsarea and the airspace above it is an areawithin which air defense procedures arespecified. It may include designation ofone or more of the following:

•• Air defense action area.

•• Air defense area.

•• Air defense identification zone.

•• Firepower umbrella.

• Uses. Air defense operations areas areestablished to minimize mutualinterference between air defense andother operations. These areas are notused for airspace control but aidp l a n n i n g a n d d i v i s i o n o fresponsibilities. From an airspacecontrol perspective, these areas provideairspace users with the location of airdefense operations for mission planningpurposes.

• Considerations. See individualdescriptions for air defense actionarea, air defense area, air defense

identification zone, and firepowerumbrella in this section.

• POC. See individual descriptions for airdefense action area, air defense area, airdefense identification zone, andfirepower umbrella in this section.

f. Airspace Control Area

• Description. An airspace control areais airspace that is laterally defined by theboundaries of an area of operations. Theairspace control area may be divided intoairspace control sectors.

• Uses. Airspace control areas are a meansof planning or dividing responsibility.

• Considerations. Geographicallydefined, an airspace control area mayinclude political boundaries.

• POC. ACA.

g. Airspace Control Sector

• Description. An airspace control sectoris a subelement of the airspace controlarea established to facilitate the controlof the overall area. Airspace controlsector boundaries normally coincide withair defense organization subdivisionboundaries.

• Uses. An airspace control sectorprovides airspace control of an area by acomponent or other airspace control-capable entity best able to provide controlin that geographic area.

• Considerations. An airspace controlsector interface with the airspace controlsystem needs to be developed.

• POC. Airspace control sectors ared e s i g n a t e d b y t h e A C A i nconsideration of joint force

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Procedural Airspace Control Measures

component, host-nation, andmult inational airspace controlcapabilities and requirements.

h. Airspace Coordination Area

• Description. An airspace coordinationarea is a three-dimensional block ofairspace of defined dimensions and usedas a restrictive fire support coordinationmeasure.

• Uses. An airspace coordination area isused primarily in close air supportsituations for high-volume fire. Friendlyaircraft are reasonably free from friendlysurface fires, with artillery, helicopters,and fixed-winged aircraft given specificlateral or vertical airspace within whichto operate.

• Considerations. Timely implementationof the area is dependent on the groundsituation. Burden of deconfliction restswith the ground commander.

• POC. An airspace coordination area isestablished by the ACA at the request ofthe appropriate ground commander.

i. Amphibious Defense Zone

• Description. An amphibious defensezone is the area encompassing the AOAand additional adjoining airspace asneeded for the accompanying naval forcefor the purpose of air defense.

• Uses. An amphibious defense zoneprovides an antiair warfare area forprotection of the amphibious task force.

• Considerations. If an amphibiousdefense zone overlaps other land-based air defense areas, appropriatec o o r d i n a t i o n f o r d i v i s i o n o fresponsibilities and boundaries must beconducted.

• POC. CATF.

j. Amphibious Objective Area

• Description. An AOA is a geographicarea, delineated in the initiatingdirective for purposes of command andcontrol, within which is located theobjective(s) to be secured by theamphibious task force. This area mustbe of sufficient size to ensureaccomplishment of the amphibious taskforce’s mission and provide sufficientarea for conducting necessary sea, air,and land operations. The airspaceassociated with this area is included inthe AOA. When dissolved, airspacecontrol passes to the ACA.

• Uses. With respect to airspacecontrol, AOA allows the Commander,Amphibious Task Force freedom of airoperations within the AOA.

• Considerations. Coordination withnonorganic aircraft for entry, exit, anddeconfliction operations within the AOAwith operations just outside the AOAnormally requires continuous, activeinvolvement of the affected commandersand staffs.

• POC. JFC.

k. Base Defense Zone (BDZ)

• Description. BDZ is an air defense zoneestablished around an air base andlimited to the engagement envelope ofshort-range air defense weapon systemsdefending that base. BDZs have specificentry, exit, and IFF proceduresestablished.

• Uses. From an airspace controlperspective, a BDZ provides airspaceusers with location of the engagementzone for the air defense systems

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defending a base for mission planningpurposes.

• Considerations. See short-range airdefense zone (SHORADEZ) in thissection.

• POC. AADC.

l. Coordinating Altitude

• Description. A coordinating altitudeis a procedural method to separatefixed- and rotary-winged aircraft bydetermining an altitude below whichfixed-wing aircraft normally will notfly and above which rotary-wingaircraft normally will not fly. It mayinclude a buffer zone for smalla l t i tude deviat ions and extendfrom the forward edge of thecommunications zone to the FLOT.The coordinating altitude does notrestrict either fixed- or rotary-wingedaircraft when operating against or inthe immediate vicinity of enemyground forces. Fixed- or rotary-winged aircraft planning extendedpenetration of this altitude will notifythe appropriate airspace controlfaci l i ty. However, approvalacknowledgment is not required priorto fixed-wing aircraft operatingbelow the coordinating altitude orrotary-wing aircraft operating abovethe coordinating altitude.

• Uses. Coordinating altitude allowsprocedural separation of aircrafttypes.

• Considerations. See-and-avoidprocedures are used during visualmeteorological conditions.

• POC. The coordinating altitude isnormally specified in the ACP, which isapproved by the JFC.

m. Falcon Radials

• Description. Falcon radials are theplanned magnetic bearings along whichaircraft depart or return to aircraft-capable ships.

• Uses. Falcon radials provide tracking,control, and assistance to friendlyaircraft within the antiair warfaresurveillance area of the battle group.

• POC. Antiair warfare commander(AAWC).

n. Fighter Engagement Zone

• Description: FEZs normally will beestablished in those areas where noeffective surface-to-air capability isdeployed. These operations usually takeplace in airspace above and beyond theengagement ranges of surface-based(land and sea), short-range air defensesystems, and are an alternative type ofengagement operation if the detailedcontrol aspects of joint engagementoperations cannot be met. FEZ is an airdefense control measure.

• Uses. From an air defense perspective,FEZ normally is used when fighteraircraft have the clear operationaladvantage over surface-based systems.These advantages could include range,density of fire, rules of engagement, orcoordination requirements. From anairspace control perspective, providesairspace users with location of theengagement zone for fighter aircraft formission planning purposes.

• Considerations. Coordination andflexibility within the combat airspacecontrol system may be a limiting factorwith FEZ. Under fighter engagementzone operations, surface-to-air missilesystems will not be allowed to fire

B-5


weapons unless targets are positivelyidentified as hostile and assigned byhigher authority, or unless they are firingin self defense.

• POC. AADC.

o. Firepower Umbrella

• Description. Firepower umbrella is anarea of specified dimensions defining theboundaries of the airspace over a navalforce at sea within which the fire of aship’s antiaircraft weapons can endangeraircraft, and within which specialprocedures have been established for theidentification and operation of friendlyaircraft.

• POC. AAWC.

p. High-Altitude Missile EngagementZone (HIMEZ)

• Description. Normally applied to long-range surface-to-air missiles, a HIMEZwill limit the volume of airspace withinwhich these weapons may conductengagements without specific directionof the AADC. HIMEZ is an air defensecontrol measure.

• Uses. From an air defense perspective,HIMEZ normally is used when a high-altitude missile system has a clearoperational advantage over using aircraft.These advantages could include range,command and control, rules ofengagement, or response time. From anairspace control perspective, providesairspace users with location of theengagement zone of a high-altitudemissile system for mission planningpurposes.

• Considerations. Design of the HIMEZis contingent on specific weapon systemcapabilities.

• POC. AADC.

q. High-Density Airspace Control Zone

• Description. HIDACZ is an area inwhich there i s a concentratedemployment of numerous and variedweapons or airspace users. A high-density airspace control zone has defineddimensions that usually coincide withgeographical features or navigationalaids. Access to and air defense weaponsstatus within a high-density airspacecontrol zone is normally approved by theappropriate commander.

• Uses. HIDACZ allows ground/Marineair-ground task force commanders torestrict a volume of airspace from usersnot involved with ongoing operations.Restricts use of the airspace because ofthe large volume and density of firessupporting the ground operations withinthe described geographic area.

• Considerations. The volume of airtraffic demands careful coordination tolimit the potential conflict amongaircraft needed for mission essentialoperations within the HIDACZ ando t h e r a i r s p a c e u s e r s .Whenestablishing a HIDACZ, consider thefollowing:

•• Minimum risk routes (MRR) into andout of the HIDACZ and to the target area.

•• Air traffic advisory as required.Procedures and systems also must beconsidered for air traffic control serviceduring instrument meteorologicalconditions.

•• Procedures for expeditious movementof aircraft into and out of the HIDACZ.

•• Coordination of fire support, as wellas air defense weapons control orders or

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Joint Pub 3-52

status within and in the vicinity of theHIDACZ.

•• Location of enemy forces inside ofand within close proximity to theHIDACZ.

• POC. HIDACZ is nominated by theground commander and approved by theACA.

r. Joint Engagement Zone

• Description. JEZ is airspace of specifieddimensions within which multiple airdefense weapon systems (surface-to-airmissiles and fighters) of one or moreService components are simultaneouslyemployed and operated.

• Uses. From an airspace controlperspective, JEZ provides airspaceusers with location of the jointengagement zone for mission-planningpurposes.

• Considerations. JEZs are highlydependent on correct differentiationbetween friendly, neutral, and enemyaircraft. Procedures for effectively usinga JEZ are under development.

• POC. AADC.

s. Low-Altitude Missile EngagementZone (LOMEZ)

• Description. LOMEZ is a volume ofairspace established to controlengagements of low- to medium-altitudesurface-to-air missiles. Subject toweapon system capabilities, the LOMEZnormally will extend beyond the forwardedge of the battle area.

• Uses. From an airspace controlperspective, LOMEZ provides airspaceusers with location of the engagement

zone of low-altitude missile systems formission planning purposes.

• Considerations. The design of theLOMEZ is contingent on specificweapon system capabilities.

• POC. AADC.

t. Low-Level Transit Route

• Description. LLTR is a temporarybidirectional corridor of defineddimensions that facilitates the low-levelpassage of friendly aircraft throughfriendly air defenses and controlled orrestricted airspace. LLTR currently isused only within the North AtlanticTreaty Organization (NATO).

• Uses. LLTR normally is used by highperformance aircraft. LLTR is anairspace control measure in NATO.

• Considerations. LLTR is a proceduralmethod. See NATO Regional AirspaceControl Plans (MIKE-Plans).

• POC. ACA.

u. Minimum Risk Route

• Description. An MRR is a temporarycorridor of defined dimensionsrecommended for use by high-speed,fixed-wing aircraft that presents theminimum known hazards to low-flyingaircraft transiting the combat zone.MRRs are established considering thethreat, friendly operations, knownrestrictions, known fire supportlocations, and terrain.

• Uses. MRR is an airspace controlmeasure used primarily by cross-FLOToperations. Close air support aircraft donot usually use MRRs in the vicinity ofthe target area.

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• Considerations. MRRs are establishedbased on known threats.

• POC. ACA.

v. Positive Identification RadarAdvisory Zone (PIRAZ)

• Description. PIRAZ is a designated areawithin which Navy ships (usually navaltactical data systems equipped) separatefriendly from hostile aircraft.

• Uses. PIRAZ provides tracking, control,and assistance to friendly aircraft withinthe antiair warfare surveillance area ofthe battle group.

• POC. AAWC.

w. Restricted Operations Area (ROA)

• Description. ROA is airspace of defineddimensions created in response tospecific operational situations orrequirements within which the operationof one or more airspace users isrestricted. Also known as a RestrictedOperations Zone.

• Uses. An ROA is an airspace controlmeasure used to separate and identifyareas. For example, artillery, mortar,naval gunfire support, UAV operatingareas, aerial refueling, concentratedinterdiction areas, areas of search andrescue (SAR), SOF operating areas, andareas in which the AADC has declared“weapons free.” Commonly used fordrop zones, landing zones, SAR areas,UAV launch and recovery sites, UAVmission areas, and special electronicsmission aircraft.

• Considerations. ROA can adverselyaffect air defense operations; therefore,air defense missions generally havepriority over ROAs.

• POC. ACA.

x. Return To Force (RTF)

• Description. RTFs are planned routeprofiles for use by friendly aircraftreturning to an aircraft-capable ship.

• Uses. RTF provides a means for easilyidentifying friendly aircraft.

• POC. AAWC.

y. Short Range Air Defense EngagementZone (SHORAD)

• Description. Areas of SHORADdeployment may fall within a LOMEZor HIMEZ. It is possible that some areasmay be solely defended by SHORADassets. A SHORADEZ can beestablished to define the airspace withinwhich these assets will operate. Becausecentralized control over the SHORADweapons may not be possible, these areasmust be clearly defined and disseminatedso friendly aircraft can avoid them.

• Uses. SHORADEZ is normallyestablished for the local air defense ofhigh-value assets. From an airspacecontrol perspective, SHORADEZprovides airspace users with the locationof the engagement zone of short-rangeair defense systems for mission planningpurposes.

• Considerations. Centralized control ofSHORADEZ may not be possible.

• POC. AADC.

z. Special Use Airspace

• Description. Special use airspace is aterm used to define airspace for a specificpurpose. It may also designate airspacein which no flight activity is authorized.

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General subdivisions (regions, sectors,and AOA) are not special use airspace.

• Uses. Special use airspace is typicallyapplied to BDZs and cap/orbit areas.

• Considerations. Special use airspacetypically is a peacetime term containedin FAAH 7610.4 (Special MilitaryOperations) to include militaryoperating areas, Air Traffic Controlassigned airspace (ATCAAs), and otherairspace.

• POC. ACA.

aa. Standard Use Army Aircraft FlightRoute (SAAFR)

• Description. SAAFR are routesestablished below the coordinatingaltitude to facilitate the movement ofArmy aviation assets and normallylocated in the corps through brigade rearareas of operation.

• Uses. SAAFR is an airspace controlmeasure used by Army assets foradministrative and logistic purposes.

• POC. If altitudes are at or below thecoordinating altitude, SAAFR isimplemented by the using authority. Ifa coordinating altitude has not beenestablished, an air corridor is establishedby the ACA at the request of theappropriate ground commander. SeeFM 100-10 for additional information.

bb. Weapons Engagement Zone (WEZ)

• Description. In air defense, WEZ isairspace of defined dimensions withinwhich the responsibility for engagementnormally rests with a particular weaponsystem. These include FEZ, HIMEZ,LOMEZ, SHORADEZ, and JEZ.

• Uses. WEZ defines air defense areas byweapon system. From an airspacecontrol perspective, WEZ providesairspace users with location of the airdefense engagement for missionplanning purposes.

• Considerations. Design of the WEZ isdependent on specific weapon systemcapabilities.

• POC. AADC.

cc. Weapons Free Zone

• Description. A weapons free zone isan air defense zone established for theprotection of key assets or facilities, otherthan air bases, where weapons systemsmay be fired at any target not positivelyrecognized as friendly.

• Uses. A weapons free zone is an airdefense control measure normally usedfor high-value assets defense and in areaswith limited command and controlauthority. From an airspace controlperspective, this zone provides airspaceusers with location of a weapons free areafor mission planning purposes.

• POC. AADC declares weapons freewith the ACA establishing the zone.

ANNEX A TO APPENDIX BAIRSPACE CONTROL REQUEST REPRESENTATIVE FORMAT

B-A-1

TO:

FROM:

SUBJECT: Request for Airspace

(A) Airspace Control Measure Requested

(B) Location (Lat/Long)

(C) Altitude(s)

(D) Valid/Void Times (normally ZULU)

(E) Type Aircraft/Mission

(F) Controlling Agency

(G) Comments

NOTE: This format is representative of the appropriate US Message Text Format (USMTF).Refer to Joint Pub 6-04.10, “US Message Text Formatting Program, Descriptionof US Message Text Formatting Program,” (to become CJCSI 5725.02) andassociated directives for detailed instructions.

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Annex A to Appendix B

Joint Pub 3-52

Intentionally Blank

APPENDIX CREFERENCES

C-1

The development of Joint Pub 3-52 is based on the following primary sources:

1. Title 10, US Code, as amended by DOD Reorganization Act of 1986.

2. DOD Directive 5100.1, “Functions of the Department of Defense and Its MajorComponents.”

3. Joint Pub 0-2, “Unified Action Armed Forces (UNAAF).”

4. Joint Pub 1-01, with Change 1, “Joint Publication System: Joint Doctrine and JointTactics, Techniques, and Procedures Development Program.”

5. Joint Pub 1-02, “DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms.”

6. Joint Pub 3-0, “Doctrine for Joint Operations.”

7. Joint Pub 3-56.1, “Command and Control for Joint Air Operations.”

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Intentionally Blank

APPENDIX DADMINISTRATIVE INSTRUCTIONS

D-1

1. User Comments

Users in the field are highly encouraged to submit comments on this publication to theJoint Warfighting Center Attn: Doctrine Division, Fenwick Road, Bldg 96, Fort Monroe,VA 23651-5000. These comments should address content (accuracy, usefulness, consistency,and organization), writing and appearance.

2. Authorship

The lead agent for this publication is the US Air Force. The Joint Staff doctrine sponsorfor this publication is the Director, J-7.

3. Change Recommendations

a. Recommendations for urgent changes to this publication should be submitted:

TO: CSAF WASHINGTON DC//XOXD//FROM: JOINT STAFF WASHINGTON DC//J5/J7-JDD//

Routine changes should be submitted to the Director for Operational Plans andInteroperability (J-7), JDD, 7000 Joint Staff Pentagon, Washington, D.C. 20318-7000.

b. When a Joint Staff directorate submits a proposal to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefsof Staff that would change source document information reflected in this publication, thatdirectorate will include a proposed change to this publication as an enclosure to its proposal.The Military Services and other organizations are requested to notify the Director, J-7,Joint Staff, when changes to source documents reflected in this publication are initiated.

c. Record of Changes:

CHANGE COPY DATE OF DATE POSTEDNUMBER NUMBER CHANGE ENTERED BY REMARKS_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

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4. Distribution

a. Additional copies of this publication can be obtained through Service publication centers.

b. Only approved pubs and test pubs are releasable outside the combatant commands,Services, and Joint Staff. Release of any joint publication to foreign governments orforeign nationals must be requested through the local embassy (Defense Attache Office)to DIA Foreign Liaison Branch, C-AS1, Room 1A674, Pentagon, Washington, D.C.20301-7400.

c. Additional copies should be obtained from the Military Service assigned administrativesupport responsibility by DOD Directive 5100.3, 1 November 1988, “Support of theHeadquarters of Unified, Specified, and Subordinate Joint Commands.”

By Military Services:

Army: US Army AG Publication Center2800 Eastern BoulevardBaltimore, MD 21220-2898

Air Force: Air Force Publications Distribution Center2800 Eastern BoulevardBaltimore, MD 21220-2896

Navy: CO, Navy Aviation Supply OfficeDistribution Division (Code 03443)5801 Tabor AvenuePhiladelphia, PA 19120-5000

Marine Corps: Marine Corps Logistics BaseAlbany, GA 31704-5000

Coast Guard: Coast Guard Headquarters, COMDT (G-REP)2100 2nd Street, SWWashington, D.C. 20593-0001

d. Local reproduction is authorized and access to unclassified publications is unrestricted.However, access to and reproduction authorization for classified joint publications mustbe in accordance with DOD Regulation 5200.1-R.

GLOSSARYPART I—ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

GL-1

AADC area air defense commanderAAWC antiair warfare commanderACA airspace control authorityACO airspace control orderACP airspace control planACS airspace control systemADIZ air defense identification zoneAOA amphibious objective areaAOR area of responsibilityATC air traffic controlATCAA air traffic control assigned airspaceATO air tasking order

BDZ base defense zone

CATF commander, amphibious task forceCJCSI Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff InstructionC4 command, control, communications, and computers

DOD Department of Defense

FEZ fighter engagement zoneFLOT forward line of own troopsFID foreign internal defense

HIDACZ high-density airspace control zoneHIMEZ high-altitude missile engagement zone

ICAO International Civil Aviation OrganizationIFF identification, friend or foeIFF/SIF identification, friend or foe/selective identification feature

JEZ joint engagement zoneJFACC joint force air component commanderJFC joint force commanderJOA joint operations areaJTTP joint tactics, techniques, and procedures

LLTR low-level transit routeLOMEZ low-altitude missile engagement zone

MEZ missile engagement zoneMOOTW military operations other than warMRR minimum-risk route

NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization

OPCON operational control

PIRAZ positive identification radar advisory zonePOC point of contact

ROA restricted operations areaRTF return to force

SAAFR standard use Army aircraft flight zoneSAR search and rescueSEAD suppression of enemy air defenseSHORAD short-range air defenseSHORADEZ short-range air defense zoneSIF selective identification featureSOF special operations forces

UAV unmanned aerial vehicleUNAAF Unified Action Armed Forces

WEZ weapon engagement zone

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Joint Pub 3-52

PART II—TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

GL-3

active air defense. Direct defensive actiontaken to nullify or reduce the effectivenessof hostile air action. It includes suchmeasures as the use of aircraft, air defenseweapons, weapons not used primarily in anair defense role and electronic warfare.(Joint Pub 1-02)

airborne early warning. The detection ofenemy air or surface units by radar or otherequipment carried in an airborne vehicle,and the transmitting of a warning to friendlyunits. (Joint Pub 1-02)

air corridor. A restricted air route of travelspecified for use by friendly aircraft andestablished for the purpose of preventingfriendly aircraft from being fired on byfriendly forces. (Joint Pub 1-02)

air defense. All defensive measures designedto destroy attacking enemy aircraft ormissiles in the Earth’s envelope ofatmosphere, or to nullify or reduce theeffectiveness of such attack. (Joint Pub1-02)

air defense action area. An area and theairspace above it within which friendlyaircraft or surface-to-air weapons arenormally given precedence in operationsexcept under specified conditions. (JointPub 1-02)

air defense area. 1. overseas—A specificallydefined airspace for which air defense mustbe planned and provided. 2. UnitedStates—Airspace of defined dimensionsdesignated by the appropriate agency withinwhich the ready control of airborne vehiclesis required in the interest of national securityduring an air defense emergency. (Joint Pub1-02)

air defense identification zone. Airspace ofdefined dimensions within which the readyidentification, location, and control ofairborne vehicles are required. Also calledADIZ. (Joint Pub 1-02)

air defense operations area. An area andthe airspace above it within whichprocedures are established to minimizemutual interference between air defenseand other operations; it may includedesignation of one or more of the following:air defense action area, air defense area,air defense identification zone, and/orfirepower umbrella. (Joint Pub 1-02)

airspace control. See airspace control in thecombat zone. (Joint Pub 1-02)

airspace control area. Airspace which islaterally defined by the boundaries of thearea of operations. The airspace controlarea may be subdivided into airspacecontrol sub-areas. (Joint Pub 1-02)

airspace control authority. The commanderdesignated to assume overall responsibilityfor the operation of the airspace controlsystem in the airspace control area. (JointPub 1-02)

airspace control center. The airspace controlauthority’s primary airspace controlfacility, including assigned Servicecomponent, host nation, and/or alliedpersonnel and equipment. (Joint Pub 1-02)

airspace control facility. Any of the severalService component, host nation, or alliedfacilities that provide airspace control in thecombat zone. (Joint Pub 1-02)

airspace control in the combat zone. Aprocess used to increase combat

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effectiveness by promoting the safe,efficient, and flexible use of airspace.Airspace control is provided in order toprevent fratricide, enhance air defenseoperations, and permit greater flexibilityof operations. Airspace control does notinfringe on the authority vested incommanders to approve, disapprove, ordeny combat operations. Also calledcombat airspace control; airspace control.(Joint Pub 1-02)

airspace control order. An orderimplementing the airspace control planthat provides the details of the approvedrequests for airspace control measures. Itis published either as part of the air taskingorder or as a separate document. Alsocalled ACO. (Joint Pub 1-02)

airspace control plan. The documentapproved by the joint force commander thatprovides specific planning guidance andprocedures for the airspace control systemfor the joint force area of responsibility/joint operations area. Also called ACP.(Approved for inclusion in the nextedition of Joint Pub 1-02)

airspace control sector. A subelement of theairspace control area, established tofacilitate the control of the overall area.Airspace control sector boundariesnormally coincide with air defenseorganization subdivision boundaries.Airspace control sectors are designated inaccordance with procedures and guidancecontained in the airspace control plan inconsideration of Service component, hostnation, and allied airspace controlcapabilities and requirements. (Joint Pub1-02)

airspace control system. An arrangementof those organizations, personnel, policies,procedures and facilities required toperform airspace control functions. (JointPub 1-02)

airspace coordination area. A three-dimensional block of airspace in a targetarea, established by the appropriate groundcommander, in which friendly aircraft arereasonably free from friendly surface fires.The airspace coordination area may beformal or informal. (Approved forinclusion in the next edition of Joint Pub1-02.)

airspace management. The coordination,integration, and regulation of the use ofairspace of defined dimensions. (Joint Pub1-02)

airspace restrictions. Special restrictivemeasures applied to segments of airspaceof defined dimensions. (Joint Pub 1-02)

air tasking order. A method used to taskand disseminate to components,subordinate units, and command andcontrol agencies projected sorties/capabilities/forces to targets and specificmissions. Normally provides specificinstructions to include call signs, targets,controlling agencies, etc., as well as generalinstructions. Also called ATO. (Joint Pub1-02)

air traffic control facility. Any of thecomponent airspace control facilitiesprimarily responsible for providing airtraffic control services and, as required,limited tactical control services. (Joint Pub1-02)

amphibious objective area. A geographicalarea, delineated in the initiating directive,for purposes of command and controlwithin which is located the objective(s) tobe secured by the amphibious task force.This area must be of sufficient size toensure accomplishment of the amphibioustask force’s mission and must providesufficient area for conducting necessary sea,air, and land operations. (Joint Pub 1-02)

GL-5

Glossary

area air defense commander. Within aunified command, subordinate unifiedcommand, or joint task force, thecommander w i l l ass ign overa l lresponsibility for air defense to a singlecommander. Normally, this will bethe component commander with thepreponderance of air defense capabilityand the command, cont ro l , andcommunications capability to plan andexecute integrated air defense operations.Representation from the other componentsinvolved will be provided, as appropriate,to the area air defense commander’sheadquarters. Also called AADC. (JointPub 1-02)

base defense zone. An air defense zoneestablished around an air base and limitedto the engagement envelope of short-rangeair defense weapons systems defending thatbase. Base defense zones have specificentry, exit, and identification, friend or foeprocedures established. Also called BDZ.(Joint Pub 1-02)

campaign plan. A plan for a series of relatedmilitary operations aimed at accomplishinga strategic or operational objective withina given time and space. (Joint Pub 1-02)

combat airspace control. See airspace controlin the combat zone. (Joint Pub 1-02)

combat zone. 1. That area required bycombat forces for the conduct of operations.2. The territory forward of the Army reararea boundary. (Joint Pub 1-02)

combined operation. An operationconducted by forces of two or moreallied nations acting together for theaccomplishment of a single mission. (JointPub 1-02)

concept of operations. A verbal or graphicstatement, in broad outline, of a

commander’s assumptions or intent inregard to an operation or series ofoperations. The concept of operationsfrequently is embodied in campaign plansand operation plans; in the latter case,particularly when the plans cover a seriesof connected operations to be carried outsimultaneously or in succession. Theconcept is designed to give an overallpicture of the operation. It is includedprimarily for additional clarity of purpose.Also called commander’s concept. (JointPub 1-02)

coordinating altitude. A procedural airspacecontrol method to separate fixed- androtary-wing aircraft by determining analtitude below which fixed-wing aircraftwill normally not fly and above whichrotary-wing aircraft normally will not fly.The coordinating altitude is normallyspecified in the airspace control plan andmay include a buffer zone for small altitudedeviations. (Joint Pub 1-02)

drone. A land, sea, or air vehicle that isremotely or automatically controlled.(Joint Pub 1-02)

fighter engagement zone. See weaponengagement zone. (Joint Pub 1-02)

firepower umbrella. An area of specifieddimensions defining the boundaries of theairspace over a naval force at sea withinwhich the fire of ships’ antiaircraftweapons can endanger aircraft, and withinwhich special procedures have beenestablished for the identification andoperation of friendly aircraft. (Joint Pub1-02)

fire support coordination. The planning andexecuting of fire so that targets areadequately covered by a suitable weaponor group of weapons. (Joint Pub 1-02)

GL-6

Glossary

Joint Pub 3-52

foreign internal defense. Participation bycivilian and military agencies of agovernment in any of the action programstaken by another government to free andprotect its society from subversion,lawlessness, and insurgency. Also calledFID. (Joint Pub 1-02)

forward line of own troops. A line whichindicates the most forward positions offriendly forces in any kind of militaryoperation at a specific time. The forwardline of own troops normally identifies theforward location of covering and screeningforces. Also called FLOT. (Joint Pub 1-02)

functional component command. Acommand normally, but not necessarily,composed of forces of two or more MilitaryDepartments which may be establishedacross the range of military operations toperform particular operational missionsthat may be of short duration or may extendover a period of time. (Joint Pub 1-02)

high-altitude missile engagement zone. Seeweapon engagement zone. (Joint Pub 1-02)

high-density airspace control zone.Airspace designated in an airspace controlplan or airspace control order, in whichthere is a concentrated employment ofnumerous and varied weapons and airspaceusers. A high-density airspace control zonehas defined dimensions, which usuallycoincide with geographical features ornavigational aids. Access to a high-densityairspace control zone is normallycontrolled by the maneuver commander.The maneuver commander can also directa more restrictive weapons status withinthe high-density airspace control zone.Also called HIDACZ. (Joint Pub 1-02)

identification, friend or foe. A system usingelectromagnetic transmissions to whichequipment carried by friendly forcesautomatically responds, for example, by

emitting pulses, thereby distinguishingthemselves from enemy forces. Also calledIFF. (Joint Pub 1-02)

identification, friend or foe/selectiveidentification feature procedures. Thedirectives that govern the use ofidentification, friend or foe selectiveidentification feature equipment. (JointPub 1-02)

joint engagement zone. See weaponengagement zone. (Joint Pub 1-02)

joint for ce. A general term applied to a forcecomposed of significant elements, assignedor attached, of two or more MilitaryDepartments, operating under a singlecommander authorized to exerciseoperational control. (Joint Pub 1-02)

joint force air component commander. Thejoint force air component commanderderives authority from the joint forcecommander who has the authority toexercise operational control, assignmissions, direct coordination amongsubordinate commanders, redirect andorganize forces to ensure unity of effort inthe accomplishment of the overall mission.The joint force commander will normallydesignate a joint force air componentcommander. The joint force air componentcommander’s responsibilities will beassigned by the joint force commander(normally these would include, but not belimited to, planning, coordination,allocation, and tasking based on the jointforce commander’s apportionmentdecision). Using the joint forcecommander’s guidance and authority, andin coordination with other Servicecomponent commanders and otherassigned or supporting commanders, thejoint force air component commander willrecommend to the joint force commanderapportionment of air sorties to various

GL-7

Glossary

missions or geographic areas. Also calledJFACC. (Joint Pub 1-02)

joint operations area. An area of land, sea,and airspace, defined by a geographiccombatant commander or subordinateunified commander, in which a joint forcecommander (normally a joint task forcecommander) conducts military operationsto accomplish a specific mission. Jointoperations areas are particularly usefulwhen operations are limited in scope andgeographic area or when operations are tobe conducted on the boundaries betweentheaters. Also called JOA. (Joint Pub 1-02)

low-altitude missile engagement zone. Seeweapon engagement zone. (Joint Pub 1-02)

low level transit route. A temporary corridorof defined dimensions established in theforward area to minimize the risk to friendlyaircraft from friendly air defenses or surfaceforces. (Joint Pub 1-02)

minimum-risk route. A temporary corridorof defined dimensions recommended foruse by high-speed, fixed-wing aircraft thatpresents the minimum known hazards tolow-flying aircraft transiting the combatzone. Also called MRR. (Joint Pub 1-02)

minimum-risk level. A specific altitude oraltitude block that allows homeboundaircraft to return in a homebound directionwithout lateral restrictions. Also calledMRL. (Joint Pub 1-02)

point defense. The defense or protection ofspecial vital elements and installations;e.g., command and control facilities, airbases. (Joint Pub 1-02)

positive control. A method of airspacecontrol which rel ies on posi t iveidentification, tracking, and direction ofaircraft within an airspace, conducted withelectronic means by an agency having the

authority and responsibility therein. (JointPub 1-02)

procedural control. A method of airspacecontrol which relies on a combination ofpreviously agreed and promulgated ordersand procedures. (Joint Pub 1-02)

restricted operations area. Airspace ofdefined dimensions, designated by theairspace control authority, in responseto specific operational situations/requirements within which the operationof one or more airspace users is restricted.(Joint Pub 1-02)

rules of engagement. Directives issued bycompetent military authority whichdelineate the circumstances and limitationsunder which United States forces will initiateand/or continue combat engagement withother forces encountered. Also called ROE.(Joint Pub 1-02)

Service component command. A commandconsisting of the Service componentcommander and all those Service forces,such as individuals, units, detachments,organizations and installations under thecommand including the support forces, thathave been assigned to a combatantcommand or further assigned to asubordinate unified command or joint taskforce. (Joint Pub 1-02)

short-range air defense engagement zone.See weapon engagement zone. (Joint Pub1-02)

standard use army aircraft flight route.Routes established below the coordinatingaltitude to facilitate the movement of Armyaviation assets. Routes are normally locatedin the corps through brigade rear areas ofoperation and do not require approval bythe airspace control authority. Also calledSAAFR. (Joint Pub 1-02)

GL-8

Glossary

Joint Pub 3-52

unmanned aerial vehicle. A powered, aerialvehicle that does not carry a humanoperator, uses aerodynamic forces toprovide vehicle lift, can fly autonomouslyor be piloted remotely, can be expendableor recoverable, and can carry a lethal ornonlethal payload. Ballistic or semiballisticvehicles, cruise missiles, and artilleryprojectiles are not considered unmannedaerial vehicles. Also called UAV. (JointPub 1-02)

weapon engagement zone. In air defense,airspace of defined dimensions withinwhich the responsibility for engagement ofair threats normally rests with a particularweapon system. Also called WEZ. (JointPub 1-02)

a. fighter engagement zone. In air defense,that airspace of defined dimensions withinwhich the responsibility for engagement ofair threats normally rests with fighteraircraft. Also called FEZ.

b. high-altitude missile engagement zone.In air defense, that airspace of defineddimensions within which the responsibilityfor engagement of air threats normally restswith high-altitude surface-to-air missiles.Also called HIMEZ.

c. low-altitude missile engagement zone.In air defense, that airspace of defineddimensions within which theresponsibility for engagement of airthreats normally rests with low- tomedium-altitude surface-to-air missiles.Also called LOMEZ.

d. short-range air defense engagementzone. In air defense, that airspace ofdefined dimensions within which theresponsibility for engagement of air threatsnormally rests with short-range air defenseweapons. It may be established within alow- or high-altitude missile engagementzone. Also called SHORADEZ.

e. joint engagement zone. In air defense,that airspace of defined dimensions withinwhich multiple air defense systems(surface-to-air missiles and aircraft) aresimultaneously employed to engage airthreats. Also called JEZ.

weapons free zone. An air defense zoneestablished for the protection of key assetsor facilities, other than air bases, whereweapon systems may be fired at any targetnot positively recognized as friendly. (JointPub 1-02)

Assess-ments/

Revision

CJCSApproval

TwoDrafts

ProgramDirective

ProjectProposal

J-7 formally staffs withServices and CINCS

Includes scope of project,references, milestones,and who will developdrafts

J-7 releases ProgramDirective to Lead Agent.Lead Agent can beService, CINC, or JointStaff (JS) Directorate

STEP #2Program Directive

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The CINCS receive the pub andbegin to assess it during use

18 to 24 months followingpublication, the Director J-7, willsolicit a written report from thecombatant commands andServices on the utility and qualityof each pub and the need for anyurgent changes or earlier-than-scheduled revisions

No later than 5 years afterdevelopment, each pub is revised

STEP #5Assessments/Revision

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Submitted by Services, CINCS, or Joint Staffto fill extant operational void

J-7 validates requirement with Services andCINCs

J-7 initiates Program Directive

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STEP #1Project Proposal

All joint doctrine and tactics, techniques, and procedures are organized into a comprehensive hierarchyas shown in the chart above. is in the series of joint doctrine publications.The diagram below illustrates an overview of the development process:

Joint Pub 3-52 Operations

JOINT DOCTRINE PUBLICATIONS HIERARCHY

JOINT PUB 1-0

PERSONNELand

ADMINISTRATION

JOINT PUB 4-0 JOINT PUB 5-0 JOINT PUB 6-0

LOGISTICS C4 SYSTEMSPLANS

JOINT PUB 0-2

JOINT PUB 1

UNAAF

JOINTWARFARE

JOINTDOCTRINE

PUBLICATION

Lead Agent forwards proposed pub to Joint Staff

Joint Staff takes responsibility for pub, makesrequired changes and prepares pub forcoordination with Services and CINCS

Joint Staff conducts formalstaffing for approval as a Joint Publication

STEP #4CJCS Approval

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Lead Agent selects Primary Review Authority(PRA) to develop the pub

PRA develops two draft pubs

PRA staffs each draft with CINCS, Services,and Joint Staff

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STEP #3Two Drafts

ENHANCEDJOINT

WARFIGHTINGCAPABILITY

INTELLIGENCE

JOINT PUB 2-0

OPERATIONS

JOINT PUB 3-0

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